Ideation-Entrepreneurship lecture 2
新理念大学英语学习大厅第二版综合教程二unit1-A
全新版第二版综合B2U1-APart I Listening Comprehension ( 11 minutes )Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear ten statements. Numbers 1 to 6 are based on Text A while the rest are based on Text B. Each statement will be read ONLY ONCE.Listen carefully and decide whether each statement is true or false.A) T1.B) F•Script: When Howard and Ellen came to Nanjing to study the early education in China, they stayed in Jinling Hotel.•正确答案：BA) T2.B) F•Script: The key slot was narrow, therefore the key should be positioned carefully.•正确答案：AA) T3.B) F•Script: All the staff members in the lobby would come to help Benjamin insert the key into the key slots successfully.•正确答案：BA) T4.B) F•Script: According to Howard, what middle-class Americans value in child education is that one can solve a problem effectively by oneself.•正确答案：AA) T5.B) F•Script: Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired.•正确答案：AA) T6.B) F•Script: American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge.•正确答案：AA) T7.B) F•Script: The common way to teach children about saving money is to open a bank account for them.•正确答案：AA) T8.B) F•Script: Children are not enthusiastic about savings accounts because it takes away money like a black hole.•正确答案：AA) T9.B) F•Script: In order to attract his children's attention, the author David offered a very high rate. •正确答案：AA) T10.B) F•Script: David's method helps children become rational consumers but they also become very mean.•正确答案：BSection BDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.•Project Zero was founded at the Harvard Graduate School of Education in 1967 by the philosopher Nelson Goodman to study and improve education in and through the arts. Goodman believed that arts learning should be studied as a serious (11)_________________ , but that “zero” had been firmly established about the field; (12)_________________ , the project was given its name.Today, Project Zero is building on this research to help create (13)_________________ of reflective, independent learners; to enhance deep understanding (14)_________________ disciplines; and to promote (15)_________________ thinking. Project Zero's mission is to understand and enhance learning, thinking, and creativity in the arts, as well as (16)_________________ disciplines, at the individual and institutional levels.Project Zero's (17)_________________ build on and contribute to detailed understandings of human cognitive development and the processes of learning in the arts and other disciplines. They place the learner at the center of the educational process, (18)_________________ the different ways in which an individual learns (19)_________________ of life, as well as differences among individuals in the ways they (20)_________________ and express their ideas.Script: Project Zero was founded at the Harvard Graduate School of Education in 1967 by the philosopher Nelson Goodman to study and improve education in and through the arts. Goodman believed that arts learning should be studied as a serious cognitive activity, but that "zero" had been firmly established about the field; hence, the project was given its name.Today, Project Zero is building on this research to help create communities of reflective, independent learners; to enhance deep understanding within and across disciplines; and to promote critical thinking. Project Zero's mission is to understand and enhance learning, thinking, and creativity in the arts, as well as humanistic and scientific disciplines, at the individual and institutional levels.Project Zero's research initiatives build on and contribute to detailed understandings of human cognitive development and the processes of learning in the arts and other disciplines. They place the learner at the center of the educational process, respecting the different ways in which an individual learns at various stages of life, as well as differences among individuals in the ways they perceive the world and express their ideas.正确答案：cognitive activity正确答案：hence正确答案：communities正确答案：within and across正确答案：critical正确答案：humanistic and scientific正确答案：research initiatives正确答案：respecting正确答案：at various stages正确答案：perceive the worldPart II Reading Comprehension ( 24 minutes )Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with several blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.••21. ______________________•正确答案：F22. ______________________•正确答案：C23. ______________________•正确答案：A24. ______________________•正确答案：O25. ______________________•正确答案：J26. ______________________•正确答案：D27. ______________________•正确答案：H28. ______________________•正确答案：M29. ______________________•正确答案：N30. ______________________•正确答案：BSection BDirections: There are several passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B),C) and D). You should decide on the best choice.•Passage OneQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.Let us suppose that you are in the position of a parent. Would you allow your children to read any book they wanted to without first checking its contents? Would you take your children to see any film without first finding out whether it is suitable for them? If your answer to these questions is "yes", then you are extremely permissive. If your answer is "no", then you are exercising your right as a parent to protect your children from what you consider to be undesirable influences. In other words, by acting as a censor yourself, you are admitting that there is a strong case for censorship.Now, of course, you will say that it is one thing to exercise censorship where children are concerned and quite another to do the same for adults. Children need protection and it is the parents' responsibility to provide it. But what about adults? Aren't they old enough to decide what is good for them? The answer is that many adults are, but don't make the mistake of thinking that all adults are like you. Censorship is for the good of society as a whole. Like the law, censorship contributes to the common good.Some people think that it is disgraceful that a censor should interfere with the works of art. Who is this person, they say, to ban this great book or cut that great film? No one can set himself up as a superior being. But we must remember two things. Firstly, where genuine works of art are concerned, modern censors are extremely liberal in their views ― often far more liberal than a large section of the public.Artistic merit is something which censors clearly recognize. And secondly, we must bear in mind that thegreat proportion of books, plays and films which come before the censor are very far from being "works of arts".When discussing censorship, we should not confine our attention to great masterpieces, but should consider the vast numbers of publications and films which make up the bulk of the entertainment industry. When censorship laws are relaxed, immoral people are given a license to produce virtually anything in the name of "art". There is an increasing tendency to equate artistic with "pornographic" (色情的). The vast market for pornography would rapidly be exploited. One of the great things that censorship does is to prevent certain people from making fat profits by corrupting the minds of others. To argue in favor of absolute freedom is to argue in favor of anarchy.Society would really be poorer if it deprived itself of the wise counsel and the restraining influence whicha censor provides.Permissive parents would ________.31.A) let their children read any books they like toB) not let their children see any films they like toC) not let their children read any books without first checking their contentsD) let their children see the films with their first checking•正确答案：AThe fact that parents check the contents of the book or the film for their children to read or see shows32.___________.A) the necessity of censorshipB) that many books and films are badC) that children need their parents to help them understand moreD) that the parents are permissive•正确答案：AWhich of the following statements is NOT true?33.A) Some adults can't tell right from wrong.B) Censorship is compared to the law because both of them perform good service to society as awhole.C) Censors pay attention only to genuine works of art.D) Censorship is necessary because many books, plays and films are far from being "works of art".•正确答案：CWhat does the word "corrupt" in Para.4 mean?34.A) Make morally bad.B) Hurt.C) Injure.D) Damage.•正确答案：AWhat would be the best title of this passage?35.A) Permissive Parents and Responsible ParentsB) Censorship and the LawC) Censors Value Artistic MeritsD) Censorship Performs Good Service to Society•正确答案：D•Passage TwoQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Personality is to a large extent inherent. A-type parents usually bring A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect if competition is important to the parents. It is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the "win at all costs" moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete with their classmates or against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon (马拉松) runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: "Rejoice, we conquer!"By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B's. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child's personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surlya mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B's are important and should beencouraged.In Para.2, the word "institution" refers to _________.36.A) establishmentB) social customC) lawD) school•正确答案：DAccording to the passage, A-type individuals are in most cases _________.37.A) impatientB) considerateC) aggressiveD) agreeable•正确答案：CThe author strongly objects to the practice of examination at schools because _________.38.A) the pressure is too great on the studentsB) some students are bound to failC) failure rates are too highD) the results of examinations are doubtful•正确答案：BThe selection of medical professionals is currently based on ___________.39.A) candidates' sensitivityB) academic achievementsC) competitive spiritD) surer values•正确答案：BFrom the passage we can draw the conclusion that _________.40.A) the personality of a child is well established at birthB) family influence dominates the shaping of one's characteristicsC) the development of one's personality is due to multiple factorsD) B-types can find no place in a competitive society•正确答案：CPart III Vocabulary and Structure ( 10 minutes )Directions: There are a number of incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell ______ he injure himself.41.A) in case thatB) in case ofC) in caseD) lest that•正确答案：CThis train ticket is ________ for five days.42.A) validB) valuableC) serviceableD) functional•正确答案：AAmong her _________ were sewing, cooking, playing the piano and dancing.43.A) obligationB) fulfillmentC) assignmentD) accomplishments•正确答案：DElectrical energy _________ from the sun in a round-about way is the most widely used energy today.44.A) to comeB) comingC) comeD) having come•正确答案：B_________, glasses can correct most sight defects in healthy eyes.45.A) When well fittedB) When fitting wellC) When being well fittedD) If to be fitted•正确答案：AThis is a highly _____ reference library, covering most of the materials related to space science.46.A) extendedB) automaticC) specializedD) motivated•正确答案：CWith photos provided by the police, Mr. Johnson _____ the suspect by the scar on his face.47.A) discoveredB) identifiedC) detectedD) coincided•正确答案：BThe courses, if properly conducted, will _____ the minds of the students.48.A) encourageB) stimulateC) renewD) refresh•正确答案：BThere are coal, oil, and metal _______ buried deep in the ground.49.A) sourcesB) substancesC) resourcesD) properties•正确答案：CJessica thoroughly enjoyed the voyage and was _______ sea-sick.50.A) nothing butB) not in the leastC) at any rateD) by all accounts•正确答案：BEveryone in the city has _______ to the large collection of books on various subjects in the city's public51.library.A) alternativeB) procedureC) accessD) process•正确答案：CThe discussion ______ a wide range of subjects, including sociology, ecology and economics.52.A) dealtB) didC) coveredD) had•正确答案：CThey _____ the local government to approve plans for their reform program.53.A) recommendedB) informedC) excitedD) urged•正确答案：DI can't bear the noise of my brother's radio. It ______ me from my work.54.A) distractsB) disturbsC) interruptsD) interfere•正确答案：ABy the last weekend, I had learned all the letters of the French ______.55.A) symbolB) patternC) alphabetD) sample•正确答案：CThe people who objected to the new approach were told that since work had already started there was56.no point in _______.A) denyingB) upsettingC) protestingD) competing•正确答案：CThe runners were ______ after the marathon.57.A) exhaustedB) amazedC) frightenedD) surprised•正确答案：AThe price of beer _______ from 50 cents to $4 per liter during the summer season.58.A) alteredB) rangedC) separatedD) differed•正确答案：BI am afraid that you have to alter your _______ views in light of the tragic news that has just arrived.59.A) indifferentB) distressingC) optimisticD) pessimistic•正确答案：CThe world's governments have done _______ nothing to combat the threat of nuclear accidents.60.A) inherentlyB) vitallyC) virtuallyD) identically•正确答案：CPart IV Translation ( 10 minutes )Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.•61. If we can make good use of time, ____________________ (我们就可以期望得到好的成效并获得丰厚利润).•正确答案：we may expect good results and big profits62. Though the politician tried to ____________________ (把公众的注意力从他的谎话上引开), the scandalstill hit the headlines.•正确答案：steer the public attention away from his lies63. For the little extra it'll cost, we ____________________ (还不如在这里再呆一个晚上).•正确答案：might just as well stay for another night64. The little boy ____________________ (似乎一点儿也不害怕) of walking alone at night.•正确答案：didn't seem to be in the least frightened65. ____________________ (他渴望游览巴黎) so much so that he often dreamt about it.•正确答案：He longed to visit Paris。
创新创业俱乐部 英文作文
创新创业俱乐部英文作文Title: Innovation and Entrepreneurship Club。
Innovation and entrepreneurship are two key drivers of economic growth and societal advancement. Recognizing the importance of fostering these qualities among young minds, the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Club (IEC) aims to provide a platform for students to explore their creative potential, develop innovative solutions, and cultivate an entrepreneurial mindset.At the heart of the IEC is a vibrant community of like-minded individuals driven by a passion for innovation and a desire to make a positive impact. Through a variety of activities and initiatives, the club seeks to inspire and empower its members to turn their ideas into reality and embark on entrepreneurial ventures.One of the primary objectives of the IEC is to foster a culture of creativity and innovation among its members.Through workshops, seminars, and guest lectures, students are exposed to different aspects of the innovation process, from ideation to execution. By engaging with experienced entrepreneurs and industry professionals, members gain valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities associated with bringing new ideas to market.In addition to educational events, the IEC also provides hands-on opportunities for members to apply their skills and knowledge in real-world settings. Entrepreneurship competitions, hackathons, and startup challenges offer students the chance to collaborate with their peers, refine their ideas, and pitch their projects to a panel of judges. These experiences not only help students develop their entrepreneurial skills but alsobuild confidence and resilience in the face of adversity.Furthermore, the IEC serves as a networking hub for aspiring entrepreneurs and innovators. Through networking events, mentorship programs, and industry partnerships, members have the opportunity to connect with potential collaborators, investors, and mentors who can provideguidance and support on their entrepreneurial journey. By building a strong network of peers and professionals, students can leverage collective expertise and resources to accelerate the growth of their ventures.Moreover, the IEC is committed to promoting entrepreneurship as a force for social change and sustainable development. By focusing on areas such associal entrepreneurship, impact investing, and sustainable innovation, the club encourages its members to address pressing global challenges and create positive change in their communities. Through projects and initiatives with a social or environmental mission, students learn how to harness the power of business to drive meaningful impact and create a more sustainable future.In conclusion, the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Club plays a vital role in cultivating the next generation of innovators and entrepreneurs. By providing a supportive and collaborative environment, along with access to resources and opportunities, the club empowers students to unleash their creative potential, pursue their passions, and make adifference in the world. Through its diverse range of activities and initiatives, the IEC aims to inspire, educate, and enable students to become catalysts for positive change in society.。
大学生创新创业训练计划项目官方英语
大学生创新创业训练计划项目官方英语下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor.I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copy excerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!Title: The University Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training ProgramIn an era of rapid globalization and technological advancement, nurturing the spirit of innovation and entrepreneurship among university students has be a strategic priority. This is exemplified by the University Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (USIETP), a groundbreaking initiative designed to foster creativity, critical thinking, and business acumen among tertiary-level learners.The USIETP is aprehensive project that integrates academic learning with real-world problem-solving, encouraging students to apply their theoretical knowledge in practical entrepreneurial ventures. It aims to cultivate a new generation of innovators and entrepreneurs who can contribute significantly to economic growth and social progress.The program epasses various stages, beginning with ideation workshops where students are guided to identify viable business opportunities. It then progresses to mentorship sessions where experienced entrepreneurs and industry experts provide guidance and support. Students are also offered training in business planning, financial management, marketing strategies, and legal aspects of starting a business.One of the key features of the USIETP is its emphasis on hands-on experience. Students are encouraged to participate in internships, startup incubators, and hackathons to gain practical skills and develop their ideas. The program also provides seed funding for promising projects, enabling students to transform their innovative concepts into tangible businesses.Moreover, the USIETP fosters a culture of collaboration and networking, connecting students with potential investors, partners, and like-minded peers. It promotes an open exchange of ideas, fostering a vibrantmunity of young innovators.The impact of the USIETP extends beyond the individual participants. By equipping students with the tools and mindset for innovation and entrepreneurship, it contributes to the development of a dynamic and resilient economy. It helps bridge the gap between academia and industry, ensuring that the latest research findings and technological advancements find their way into market solutions.In conclusion, the University Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program is a transformative initiative that harnesses the potential of young minds. It is a testament to ourmitment to preparing the next generation for the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century. Through this program, we aim to inspire, educate, and empower our students to be the trailblazers of tomorrow's innovative and entrepreneurial landscape.。
【9A文】新发展研究生英语综合教程2第一单元课文内容及翻译
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许多穷得跟乞丐似的父母也仍然相信他们的孩子能当上总统。
亚伯拉罕・林肯就做到了。
我们与林肯那个时代仅仅差65年。
依然健在的许多爷爷辈的人还能记得林肯时代。
就是他们最喜欢问你长大后想不想当总统。
回答说想当的小男孩数量多得惊人，而且他们是当真的。
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大学生创新创业训练计划用英语
大学生创新创业训练计划用英语English:The College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program aims to cultivate students' creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurial spirit through a series of courses, workshops, and mentorship opportunities. By providing students with the knowledge, skills, and resources needed to develop their own business ideas and bring them to market, the program helps to prepare the next generation of entrepreneurs. Participants will learn about ideation, market research, business planning, financial management, and marketing strategies, among other key aspects of entrepreneurship. They will also have the chance to work on real-world projects, collaborate with industry professionals, and pitch their ideas to potential investors. Through hands-on experience and guidance from experienced mentors, students will gain valuable practical skills and insights into the world of entrepreneurship.Translated content:大学生创新创业训练计划旨在通过一系列课程、研讨会和导师机会培养学生的创造力、创新精神和创业精神。
创业计划大赛（EntrepreneurshipProgramcompetition）
创业计划大赛（Entrepreneurship Program competition）Registration notice of the second "venture IDEA" competition of the school of economics and managementPreface：Do you have a refreshing idea?You can catch a market opportunity?Do you want your creativity to be in the spotlight?Sign up for the "start up IDEA" competition.Here the strong and strong dialogue, master and master Guozhao, thinking and thinking collision.The second pioneering IDEA competition of the school of economics and management of China Three Gorges University is about to start.A brief introduction of competition:"Entrepreneurship IDEA" competition (hereinafter referred to as "competition") is the touchstone of entrepreneurship competition". In order to attract more college students to give full play to their entrepreneurial mind, this competition will evaluate the innovative ideas of College students. Whether the idea can be implemented, whether it can be logical? You only have a good IDEA, you could become a good entrepreneur, this is an era of innovation, it is also a pioneering era, the worldis not the lack of wealth and ideas, just LET IS DO IT NOW, and change the fate, from the start. Therefore, the "business IDEA" contest for college student entrepreneurs not only provides the stage debut, more important is to provide a valuable opportunity to exercise ability, change the idea as they become a prerequisite for college students not less than.Two, the purpose of the competition: cultivate entrepreneurial awareness, improve entrepreneurial skills, stimulate entrepreneurial enthusiasm, carry forward entrepreneurship.Three, competition slogan: challenges, achievements, dreams, entrepreneurship, sailing lifeFour. Organization mechanism of competition:(1) organizer: School of economics and management, China Three Gorges University(two) Co organizer: Communist Youth League Committee and Management Science Association, School of economics and management, China Three Gorges UniversityFour-dimensional Marketing Planning AssociationFive, competition regulations:The aim of the competition is to hold the competition as an event that can improve the quality of students and give full play to their pioneering ideas.(two) the mode of competition:Preliminary: the individual idea subject, proposed the project ideas, writing project ideas. (Note: the number of words 1000---2000 words include: what is the idea, how to operate, how to profit, market prospects analysis, etc.)Preliminary final: winning players on their own team, to further improve the planning scheme of the group, I will invite college professional teacher guidance, in order to better implement in practice.The participants of the competition are postgraduates, students and students of China Three Gorges UniversityRegistration forms are distributed in each park: March 12th and 13 (interested students can receive on time)Registration and submission time: March 12th - March 18thThe participants may submit the entries to the G-3419 registration point of the student union office at the appointed time.Registration contact: Guo Mabiao 150******** (615387) 6#106 maleLiu Ying 150******** (620720) 2#622 femaleSix, competition schedule(1) the competition is divided into two stages(1) the first stage: (Preliminary)After participating in the competition, the students independently determine the direction and direction of the design, fully expand the research and design, and design the results of the research and design. The design should be designed in accordance with the prescribed time. At the same time, participants should fill in the registration form of entries.(2) the second stage: (final)The final team can get the final notice issued by the organizing committee, and the final program will be revised before the deadline for submission of the final program. The final competition is carried out in the form of on-site defense, and several questions are put forward by the jury in accordance with the program for each team entering the final. The final design should be based on the preliminary round, combined with the response and request of the enterprises and experts, focused on site preparation of statement and defense, need to use PPT text demonstration site statement,If the final program includes software, physical objects, design drawings, etc., must be displayed to the field experts, stating that the program time control within 5 minutes, the way of defense and style do not require. After the statement, the contestants will be asked by the judges of the final contest and the audience's on-site questions, and in the specified timeto give a clear answer. After the end of the defense, the judges awarded awards.(two) competition process:1, registration, qualification (March 12th ~13)2, submit the preliminary design plan (March 12th ~3 20)3, preliminary plan review, determine the entries in the final proportion4 final preparation (March 22nd ~3 27)5, final program review, according to the proportion of final design scheme6, final works design modification and improvement, ready for on-site ppt explanation statement7, on-site statements, answers to questions of judges and audience questions (March 31st)8, final program review, determine the final award list and reward level9, held a conference and awards of entrepreneurial heroes team recruitment shuangxuan.As long as you have entrepreneurial passion and dreams, even if your ideas are not awarded, you can do itThrough two-way choice, join the entrepreneurial team, accept economic management college professional teacher one to one creationIndustry guidance, participate in the realization of excellent entrepreneurial ideas. What are you waiting for? Come and join us!Seven. Competition arrangement(1) schedule:March 12th ~3 13: publicity, registrationMarch 12th ~3 20: collection of worksMarch 22nd: preliminary (without the reply, the judges only for project appraisal)March 31st (Thursday afternoon): finals, awards(two) propaganda work:Objective: to introduce the content, background, process, incentive measures and contact ways of the competition, and strive to expand the influence, attract students to participate in the competition, and better publicize the spirit of the contest.Eight, review methods(a) the judges to submit written works of contestants in the solicitation period as the standard score standard for evaluation by the Organizing Committee and the judges will make the work of quantization. Each work which meets the registration requirements is evaluated by several judges, and the sum of scores given by each judge is the final score of the work. A preliminary review focuses on Problems and guidance to the team, pay attention to the feedback of the evaluation opinions.(two) two stages of competition appraisal:(1): preliminary ideas and ideas PK(2) final: the team will further perfect the idea and form a perfect management and operation mode:Specific implementation: School of economics and management has a rich management knowledge, obtain outstanding ideas or players active in the first round, with a high degree of attention to the players to entrepreneurship competition, a team in the finals and School of economics will participate in the finals of the team for each invited senior tutor, in order to attend university the "Challenge Cup" competition of business plan.(three) invited leaders and faculty members to participate.(four) invite interested students to participate in the voting on the spot.Nine, awards settingGold Idea Award 5 (prize value 100 yuan)Silver idea award 10 (prize value 50 yuan)Copper idea award 10 (prize value 30 yuan)Note: the team or individual participating in the competition can add a credit to participate in the score, and get the rank award according to the assessment provisions (the weight of the comprehensive evaluation is 55%)。
BE250_Lecture_2-_Entrepreneurship_economic_theories_2_up
Entrepreneurship Theories:An OverviewPostgraduate ProgrammesModule EB901:Lecture 2: Entrepreneurship -An Economic PerspectiveProfessor Jay MitraEntrepreneurship and Innovation GroupEssex Business SchoolUniversity of Essex19 October, 2009The Old Normal: The pre-recession environment for business was the same as it was in past!?•Implication –the nature of business activity remains the same under all conditions & at all times. How we do business today is precisely the same as before!•Reality –Gambling, trading, speculating, risk-taking, and hedging –keywords of “millennium straddling”, casino-culture, economy •Example of Chicago: –Chicago Entertainment Tours -Horseshoe Casino in Indiana;–East of Horseshoe 3 casino boats (Trump, Harrah boat Majestic star)–20 minutes from Horseshoe –Chicago Mercantile Exchange (largest futures market in the world) -organised in pits for different contracts traded (agriculture &more exotic stock index –e.g. Standard and Poor, 500, Nasdaq, Nikkei (411.7 m contracts underlying value of $294 trillion)–Few blocks away –Chicago Board of Trades -1m contracts a dayS o u r c e :-D a t a o n C h i c a g o -B e l l , J (2009) ‘R a c e & C l a s s ’Fine dining, devoted epicureans, laid back sophistication+doubling of unemployment to 12.2% since 2008Worst credit rating, cuts in state spending on schools, prisons,health careLaying off staff for 3 days; paying workers in arrears+Pimco –biggest bond manager in the world ($840 bn for pension funds, universities, etc forecasting that financial markets will revert to meanSubdued growthBanking and securitisation markets –pale shadow of former identitiesCostlier finance & weak investment = reduction in stock of physical capitalGovernment involvement in banking and finance, car industry, commercial paper-marketThe New NormalImplications of New Normal88 banking crises in last 40 years (IMF) = 7 yrs after bust economy’sLevel of output = 10% below level if without crisisSerious consequences for unemployed (c 25m in 30 OECD countries);loss in fortune of employed; Unsustainable public debtValue of global shares down by $30 trillion (from 2008 to spring2009) ; Value of homes down $11trillion = 75% of global GDPProblem of lasting decline because of overpriced assets being accompanied by vast debtsProblem of ‘hysteresis’–protection of jobs by employed + atrophy of skills Unevenness of impactLesson Plan and Agenda •Lecture to cover:–The case for a theories of entrepreneurship –The value of theory–Evolution of entrepreneurship theory –aneconomic perspective–Making Sense of theory + ApplicationsWhy Entrepreneurship?•Growing importance associated with:–Revival of small businesses;–Spread of pro-market ideology;–Concern with unemployment and with adequacy of policies & instruments in societies with shrinking labour force –Innovation as “industrial religion”–Gradual realisation of wider domain of entrepreneurship –from individual search for opportunities to organisational innovation, to social entrepreneurship to entrepreneurial culturesEvolution of Study of Entrepreneurship•Business Schools at the forefront –chairs, journals, research•Need for entrepreneurial skills over & above managerial skills –general association with management•Early doubts about value of social science approach:•Social science can explain causes of entrepreneurship (why?) but does not contribute to its understanding (how?) –Jarillo, C & H. Stevenson (1990): ‘A Paradigm of Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Management’•Entrepreneurship = process by which individuals pursue opportunities without regard to resources they currently control (Jarillo and Stevenson, 1990) –including individuals & corporations•Limitations in Jarillo & Stevenson study since `social sciences also look at ‘how’questions ,’why’questions (causes) and ‘what’questions (cumulative effectsWhy Theory?•“Nothing as practical as a good theory”(Loasby, u.d.)•Making sense of experience & organising into repeated patterns to predict future/explain past•Role = throws features of scene into relief, give substance…illuminating beam not object of study.. (Shackle, 1972:’Epistemics and Economics, Cambridge, University of Cambridge Press)•Works through concentration on selected features not the complex whole –modelling•Why? Because reality is unmanageable!•Link between societal development & interest in entrepreneurship research –periods of economic difficulties = change & creation of new ways of thinkingThe Passage of Theory Small Business economics and management studies: David Birch (employment); Zoltan Acs & David Audretsch(innovation);Giacomo Beccatini & Sebastiano Brusco (regionaldevelopment); Arnold Cooper (technology-based firms);Howard Aldrich (networks & ethnicity); Jeffrey Timmons &William Wetzel (venture capital); Ian MacMillan, Peter Drucker& Rosabeth Moss Kanter (strategy); David Storey (smallbusiness); William Baumol (societal value); Roy Thurik (Growth 1985 -presentBehavioural science tradition: David McClelland, EverettHagen, Seymour Martin Lipset & Fredrick Barth; Israel Kirzner1950-1980 Joseph Schumpeter; US economists –Frederick Hawley, JohnBates Clark, Frank Knight1890-1920Austrian & German Economists: Johann von Thunen, HansEmil, von Mangolt, Carl Menger, Freidrich von Wieser & Eugenvon Bohm-Baewerk –tradition rooted in political science &administration1860 -1880Source: Adapted from Landstrom, H.(2005) ‘Pioneers in Entrepreneurship Research’in Corbetta, G, M.house and D. Ravasi (eds) ‘Crossroads of Entrepreneurship’New York, SpringerTheory and Economic & Social Realities Electronics, Computers, ICT, Internet, Bio-technology,Nanotechnology Electrification & automobilesModern Industrial Society Mechanised factories &railways TRANSFORMATIONSOF REALITY 1985 -1950-19701890 -19201850-1870PERIODS E = process; social relationships –entrepreneur as social catalyst & generator ofsocial capitalManagement studies; sociology; hybrid studies –global dimensions Entrepreneur asindividual (traits)Behavioural Scientists-US researchers E = function of themarket –entrepreneur acreator of instability &destructionEconomists –USA/Austrian researchers E= function of the market –ability of entrepreneurto perceive opportunitiesfor profitEconomists-Austrian & German researchers FOCUSRESEARCH Source: Adapted from Landstrom, H.(2005) ‘Pioneers in EntrepreneurshipResearch’in Corbetta, G, M.house and D. Ravasi (eds) ‘Crossroads of Entrepreneurship’New York, SpringerThe Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship •Entrepreneur = various definitions -typically, risk taker, organisation builder, decision maker, innovator•Entrepreneurship = Often associated with business enterprise = different aspects of business activity, not necessarily start-ups•“Entrepreneurship is the process, whereby people, money, markets, production facilities and knowledge are brought together to create a commercial enterprise which did not exist before”Landau (1982)•Tangible and intangible elements/Business Activity/NewnessWhat then is Entrepreneurship?•Implications and Questions–‘E’= process–Is it a constant feature of a person?–Unique combination of available factors, risk-taking unlike gambling–Serendipity/unprogrammed decision making –Does it only apply to business enterprise? (McClelland, 1965 extended scope to include salesmen, consultants, fundraiser and large firm officer)Economic Theory and the Entrepreneur •Entrepreneur does not appear in most economic theory•Why? Because of concept of equilibrium –“in balance”(not static but also dynamic as in growth or life cycles)•“An economy is in equilibrium when it generates messages which do not cause agents to change the theories which they hold or the policies which they pursue”(Frank Hahn, 1984 ‘Equilibrium and Macroeconomics, Basil Blackwell, Oxford)•Agents = decision makers (but not entrepreneurs!)•Popularity of equilibrium theory –drawn from success of physics & its scientific prestige; tackling problem of scarcity ( relationship between ends and means) ; also based on notion of opportunity foregone (;’opportunity cost)•‘E’springs from disequilibrium between demand and supply (Keynes, 1936; Kirzner 1982) -role of individual entrepreneur is reduced if cause is changes in aggregate supply and demand, economic maturation, major change;•If economic disequilibrium caused by innovation by entrepreneur than latter’s role is greater than environment (Schumpeter, 1934)Equilibrium Issues and the Market • 2 key questions:–What makes a market system work? (explanation)–How efficiently and effectively do they work? (appraisal)•Market system analysis consists of :–Complete data set–Simple motivational assumptions–Equilibrium system•“Pareto-efficiency”–no one could re-arrange things in such a way as to make one person better off without making someone else worse-off•In this situation the entrepreneur who introduces a new product poses a threat to equilibriumCritical Issues in Economic Theories of Entrepreneurship •Arbitrage & the bearing of uncertainty•Richard Cantillon (1680-1734): market opportunities for buying cheap (fixed price) & selling high (uncertain price) created by discrepancies between demand & supply –emphasis on risk & foresight but arbitrage brings competitive market into equilibrium•Frank Knight (1885-1972):Entrepreneurship characterised by uncertainty. Profit accruing to entrepreneuris reward for risk-taking in uncertain conditions (‘Risk, uncertainty and Profit,1916/1921•Israel Kirzner‘Competition and Entrepreneurship (1973):–Entrepreneur needs to be alert to identify & deal with profit-making opportunities (imperfections in market) which restores equilibrium–Entrepreneurial function = coordinating information by identifying gap between supply & demand, looking for imbalances in market•Co-ordination of means of production•Jean Baptiste Say (1803) -“The entrepreneur shifts economic resources out of an area of lower and into a higher productivity and greater yield”(E = combining means of production into an organism; entrepreneur = broker organising means ofproduction with aim of producing goods which have value or utilityEconomic Theories contd.•Classical economists (from Adam Smith onwards) failed to distinguish between function of entrepreneurship & ownership of capital•From Jeremy Bentham to John Stuart Mill, Alfred Marshall•Risk takers, people of authority, decision makers are not distinctive enough to be identified as a separate group called ‘entrepreneurs•Utility Function and Maximisation••Carl Menger(1840-1921): proponent of methodological subjectivism & individualism (economic phenomena = relations among people, not objects).Change dependent upon actions of individuals; entrepreneur = change agenttransforming resources into useful products & services (Mises& Hayek asfollowers)•Ludwig von Mises( 1881-1973): concept of “human action”to describe making the most of opportunities by anticipating the market, buy or produce more cheaply than competitors•Hayek’s notion of differential knowledge. Hayek’s critique of economic theory which underestimates importance of concrete practical knowledge (‘Hayek,F.H. (1972) ‘The Uses of Knowledge in Society’)•Entrepreneurship as Innovation: Joseph Schumpeter•‘Theory of Economic Development’(1934):–Economic growth stems from innovations or “new combinations”not from capital accumulation–Economic system = closed circular flow of seller of one commoditybeing buyer of another.–All actors adapt to new situation as changes are detected–Radical changes result from innovations (new products, methods of production, markets, investment goods, organisation of production, industrial units &branches), introduced by entrepreneurs–Innovations do not occur evenly but in “swarms”–Breaking down barriers stimulate other individuals–Upturn in economy has qualitative effects on economic system called “creative destruction”–Position changed in 1940s in the USA (entrepreneurship & innovation in existing, corporate organisations) –’Capitalism, Socialism & Democracy(1942)Economic Theories contd.•Schumpeter (1934):• E = Innovator/entrepreneurial function = innovation•Innovation defined as–introduction of new good–new method of production (not dependent on new scientific discovery)–new market opportunity–capture of new source of supply–developing a new organisationSchumpeter and the Business Cycles•Schumpeter referred to three types of business cycles: –short, medium and long cycles.•Short cycle of 3-4 years = ‘Kitchen cycle’;•Medium one of 9-10 years was called the ‘Jugular Cycle’;•Longer fluctuation of 54-60 years was identified as the ‘Kondratieff Cycle’•Schumpeter dated three waves,•the first from 1780s to 1842 (associated with the industrial revolution)•the second from 1842-1897 (linked with the development of railroads), and•the third from 1898 to 1930s (connected with innovations in the chemical, electric power and automobile industries).•Cyclical movement was characterised by a clustering of innovations rather than any movement in outputs, suggesting that specific innovations appear and are absorbed over half century cyclesLessons from Schumpeter1= value of the dynamic process of economic development, & especially of dynamic innovations generated by entrepreneurs constituting a powerful competitive force;2 = perhaps paradoxical, lesson is that innovation can lead to both prosperity and a subsequent recession. Slump can be avoided by preventing innovation because latter process disrupts status quo and decouples people from knowledge associated with steady state.Development of new portfolio of knowledge for next wave of innovation takes time and is dependent on trial and error. Pace cannot be forced through, for example, artificial price fixing by government. 3= Monopolistic situation may be good, at least temporarily for economic progress. Innovator may require protection of his/her new products/services through patents and licenses which could resultin the generation of pure economic or above-normal profits through the manipulation of price, quantity and production4 = Critical distinction that Schumpeter drew between those in possession of money or capital (capitalists and bankers) and those who had creative vision form new products and services (entrepreneurs)5 = By 1939 he had clearly introduced the concept of organisation of new production functionswhich suggested that there was something systematic in the process.Entrepreneurship and Innovation•Others have expanded Schumpeter’s innovator as entrepreneur concept:•March and Simon(1958)-distinction between investor & innovator•Peterson (1981)-entrepreneurship =unprogrammed innovative recombination of pre-existing elements of activity•Landau (1982) -entrepreneurship =innovativeness & risk bearing capacity•Drucker(1985) -entrepreneurship & intrapreneurship + systematic practice of innovation = entrepreneurship•Vesper (1994) -every new venture = innovationOther Key Economic Theorists •William Baumol:–Supply of entrepreneurs in society is constant butsocietal value of their self-interested ingenuity variesaccording to rewards they receive. Unproductive insome societies and destructive in others–3 distinctive propositions about entrepreneurship.•Firstly he suggests that the “rules of the game”(based onconditions, incentives, legislation) affecting new venturecreation and growth can change.•If so, and here he makes his second proposition,entrepreneurial behaviour, responds to these changes.•Thirdly, how entrepreneurship is distributed betweenproductive and unproductive activities affects the economy’scapacity for innovation and development.The Entrepreneurial Continuum•New Product/Venture Adoption Life Cycle EarlyMarketThe Chasm The Bowling Galley TornadoMain Stree t (Early)Main street (Mature)Main street (Declining Fault LineEnd of life R e v e n u e G r o w t h TimeSource: adapted fromMoore 2004Sigmoid ‘renewal’curve= hot spotsLevels of Economic Interpretation ArbitrageurSpeculatorCreative PersonInnovatorPeople Organisations EnvironmentMonopolisticDynamicSocialCreativeTechnologicalGlobalProcessProcess。
Lecture 2
The Research: EQ
GETS YOU HIRED
GETS YOU FIRED/PROMOTED
THE PROFESSIONAL SUCCESS
In every field, your EQ (emotional quotient) is 2 times as important as your cognitive abilities.
自我管理与成功 self-management & success
杜拉拉的启发 要升职 先升值 EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE – The Key to Excellence
12 rules for self-management 自我管理的12条法则
活着就是为了改变世界，难 道还有其他原因吗？
Define your version of Success
It’s a word that’s used often, but we are sold the idea by the media that it has to be material based (like big houses, expensive cars etc) This means that people are constantly striving to ‘keep up with the Joneses’, instead of realizing that they might already be successful by their own standards. Before you start working towards achieving success, it’s important to define what it means to you… Is it having a bigger house, better job, more time with your family..? List now what ‘being successful’ means for you..
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Another perspective
The difference between an idea and a business idea is that the latter is focused, has a specified market, and a defined sales channel: The idea itself will not make a business nor make a business successful An idea: Selling toys A business idea: Selling a specific brand of toy trains to enthusiasts, over the internet
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What differentiates an idea from a business idea?
Feasibility – actually doable with available or achievable resources Adaptability – preferably a business idea can be extended Scalability – not just a one-off thing Tradability – it can be priced and sold That is, it has to be F-A-S-T
The Business Idea
•Ideation, lecture 2
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Recap: The central steps of the entrepreneurial process
•Have an idea •Turn it into a business idea •Create a business model (write a plan) •Execute on this •Of course it’s not that simple...
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How do you sell silence?
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24Biblioteka 2 4What changes when you change the age of your market?
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Can you make a business out of selling fragments?
Ideas can be made into business ideas, but they aren’t born fully formed A business idea can be a:
Solution to a problem Way to fill a need Reaction to an opportunity A novelty
Work
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Evan William’s Pyra Labs
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Pyra Labs
• Pyra Labs is the company that coined the word Blogger, and made the service a big success. • CASE
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What is a business idea?
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Kawasaki talks back.
“I have an idea for the development of foods that can be sold as take-aways or bought at the supermarket and prepared at home. I think this idea has huge potential and could invite a new company into the market place--on a global basis or through franchising worldwide. I have a concept but not the expertise or the finance. The idea could be as good as Coca-Cola and worth millions, no billions. What and where do I go to "patent" my idea and get it off the ground or find a buyer or register for royalties? “ “I hate to tell you, but you have very little. Ideas are easy. Implementation is hard. Keep thinking. “
Source: springwise - /automotive/fractional_supercar_ownership/
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Paus
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Wikispaces
Demo of discussion forum: 1. Passwords and User-names have been sent 2. Questions on readings should be submitted as soon as the site is fully operative (between Tuesday, 9 Oct and Wednesday 10 Oct). Discussions can begin on afternoon of 11 October. 3. Questions on readings for the following three weeks should be submitted on Tuesdays by midnight.
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The Art of the Start
Guy Kawasaki ”If your organization never existed, . . .”
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IDEO
In their 2001 company history entitled ”Masters of Innovation”, written for their 10th anniversary by Jeremy Myerson, we learn about why this Palo Alto, California remains one of the best, if not the best design and development firm in the world. • Ranked as one of the most innovative companies in the world by Boston Consulting Group (2005 - 2007, Business Week) • Ranked #5 on Fast Company's list of the Top 25 Most Innovative Companies (2008) They are a multi-disciplinary organization with more than 350 staff worldwide and offices in Palo Alto, San Francisco, Chicago, Boston, New York, London, Munich, Tokyo and Shanghai
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The Moleskine City Notebook
Can you make something better by adding the unnecessary to it?
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Seasoned Skewers
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What can you add to an empty space?
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Let’s play…
(to learn more, check out: )
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Can you make something better by removing stuff from it?
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The Riedel “O”
A stem-less wine glass Sales in 2006: Projected at 3 million USD
What we know What we see What we live What’s happening in the world What’s happening in the economy Out of the blue…
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Common mistakes when thinking about business ideas
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Fractional supercar ownership
• • Offering "intelligent supercar ownership," écurie25 is a club that gives members the right to drive fine automobiles for 30-40 days per year. Like NetJets does for private jets, écurie25 takes care of the costs and trouble associated with outright ownership; members don't have to worry about depreciation, insurance and servicing. Customers can buy either 300 (GBP 4.500) or 600 (GBP 7.950) points per year, which they can trade in for their choice of cars. The 'supercars' are divided into three categories: F1, F2 and F3. F2 cars include the Porsche Boxster S and the TVR Sagaris. Taking one of these out for a spin on a weekday in October costs 8 points. A three-day weekend in August goes for 85 points. F1 cars include the Aston Martin Vantage and DB9, Bentley Continental and Ferrari F430 Spider. And for the acceleration of a lifetime, the most inexpensive F3 class includes British-built speed demon Ariel Atom.