lecture2
Lecture 2 古希腊罗马神话 英文版 教学课件
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The Olympian Gods (
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• Athena (Minerva 密涅瓦): Goddess of wisdom, arts and crafts (制造技艺), and war; daughter of Zeus. • Apollo (Apollo): God of sun, prophecy, medicine, music, poetry, and archery (箭术); son of Zeus. • Artemis (Diana): Goddess of Moon, hunting, and chastity (贞 洁); daughter of Zeus and twin sister of Apollo. - 阿耳忒弥斯
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Vocabulary
• • • • 1. Demeter (Ceres): cereal: 谷物 2. Ares (Mars) marshal: n.& v. (陆军,空军) 元帅, 列举,排列,整理 martial: 好战的,军事的 martial art: 武艺,武术 (kungfu功夫) martial law: 军事管制法,戒严令 3. Hestia (Vesta) vestal: adj. & n. 贞洁的,纯洁的,贞 洁的女人,处女
Hestia(Vesta)
• Hestia (Vesta) was the Greek goddess of the hearth (壁炉前的地板) or fireplace (壁炉) and symbol of the home and family, the eldest daughter of Cronus and Rhea. Because of the importance of fire in life, the hearth was worshiped daily throughout the Greek world, with her sacred fire (圣火) burning and prayers offered to her before and after meal. In Rome, there was a small round temple honoring Vesta in the Forum of Rome (罗马广 场). In the temple she was represented not by a statue but by a fire burning on an altar (祭坛), which was kept burning continuously by priestesses known as vestal virgins. There were six vestal virgins, young unmarried women, and each of them served for 30 years, enjoying certain special rights in Roman political affairs and greatly respected by the people.
Lecture2英语专业教学课件
➢ “Father of American Poetry” ➢ “Pioneer of the New
Romanticism” ➢ “A gifted and versatile lyric
poet”
1. Works
《美洲光辉的兴起》
• “The Rising Glory of America” (1772) • “The House of Night” (1779, 1786) • “The British Prison Ship” (1781) • “To the Memory of the Brave Americans” (1781) • “The Wild Honey Suckle” (1786) • “The Indian Burying Ground” (1788) • “The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi”
• Philip Freneau: “The Wild Honey Suckle”
1. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
1. Works
《自传》
• The Autobiography • Poor Richard’s Almanack
《格言历书》
2. Life
Benjamin Franklin came from a Calvinist background. He was born into a poor candle-maker’s family. He had very little education. He learned in school only for two years, but he was a voracious reader. At 12, he was apprenticed to his elder half-brother, a printer. At 16, he began to publish essays under the pseudonym “Silence Do good” . At 17, he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune. He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher. In 1727 he founded the Junto club.
lecture 2--听辨
听力训练 VS 听辨过程 1
英语听力训练中比 较注重语言层面， 即十分注意语音、 语调和语言的表达 及用法。
译员在听辨过程中 所注重的是意思， 或是讲话者的意图 而不是具体的词句 表达。所以译员在 听到一段话之后在 头脑中形成的是一 个有逻辑关系的语 意整体，而不仅仅 是词句的简单集合。
听力训练 VS 听辨过程 2
• 对照关系：like, similarly, in a similar manner, likewise • 对比关系：different from, unlike, by contrast, on the other hand, on the contrary, • conversely
• 解释关系： that is to say, in other words, this means
先后次序：first of all, next, before, after, previously, simultaneously, eventually, finally
Bugs in LCII 恼人的听辨“虫”
1. unknown words 生词 2. culturally-burdened phrases or idioms 英语中 的文化陷阱（容易望文生义） 3. illogical flow of thought逻辑混乱 4. heavy accent 口音浓重 5. unfamiliar topic 不了解主题知识 6. too quick a delivery speed 语速过快 7. blurred point of view 意思不明确 8.数字
逻辑关系和对应的标示词
并列关系：and, too, at the same time, meanwhile, in the meantime, as well • • • • • 递进关系：also, moreover, in addition, furthermore, besides, not only, on top of that, apart from 转折关系：but, however, though, whereas, nevertheless, in fact, instead 让步关系：in spite of, despite， although, even though 因果关系：so, thus, hence, as a result, consequently, reason, because, for, due to, accordingly
lecture_2 归化与异化
• 随着文化交流的扩大,越来越多的英语谚语、习语 通过异化翻译进入汉语,为中国读者打开了一扇新 窗户,如: • In the country of the blind the one2eyed man is • king. (盲人国里,独眼称王。) • If the sky falls we shall catch lark. (天塌下来正好 • 捉云雀。) • Blood is thicker than water. (血浓于水。) • A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. (双鸟 • 在林,不如一鸟在手。)
归化与异化 (domestication and foreignization)
I.归化与异化 V.S. 意译与直译 II.翻译中的异化趋势 III.异化为主，归化为辅 IV.例子 V. 练习 VI.作业
I.归化与异化 V.S. 意译与直译
• 归化就是 “采取民族中心主义的态度，使 外语文本符合译入语的文化价值，把原作 者带入译入语文化” ； • 异化就是“接受外语文本的语言及文化差 异，把读者带入外国情景”。
• 所谓“异化”翻译，亦指以源语文化为中 心，译文保留源语文化的异域性 (foreignness)色彩保留源语与译语的语言 文化差异。具体说来，异化翻译包括以下 特点：(1)不完全遵循目的语语言与语篇规 范；(2)在适当的时候选择不通顺、艰涩难 懂的文体；(3)有意保留源语中的实观材料 或采用目的语中的古词语；(4)目的是为目 的语读者提供一次“前所未有的阅读经 验”。
• 1、 比尔新结识的女友确实是个迷人的 姑娘。 • 2、我们队是赢了，但有一阵子险些输掉。 • 3、他待人处世，八面玲珑。 • 4、我们是全国一体，全民一体。 • 5、众所周知，过度肥胖或消瘦都肯定是 不健康的。 • 6、他年纪轻轻，做事却相当老练。 • 7、他那些最能逗人乐的笑话Exercises: Translate the following idioms and sentences into Chinese: 1. a drop in the ocean 2. to praise to the skies 3. to fish in troubled waters 4. Walls have ears. 5. to laugh off one’s head 6. a die-hard 7. A rolling stone gathers no moss. 8. He just had forty winks. 9. You should keep your nose out of here.
Lecture2我们的身体——人体的科学教案
Lecture2 我们的身体——人体的科学(教案)一．教学目标1．知识性目标：大致了解身体结构；了解基本器官以及消化系统、呼吸系统的工作原理。
2．感受人体构造的“神奇”，培养探索性的好奇心。
3．介绍一些日常生活中自我保护和救助的小知识。
4．培养爱护身体的意识。
二．准备：1．课前在黑板上画人体结构图。
2．网球+网兜（模拟肺泡的结构）3．咀嚼、吞咽、消化、呼吸等的音效[注：六年级的教室里墙上有几个插座，事先不知，所以未带音箱去。
如果知道可以和mp3结合使用。
]三．教学设计Part I 引入：了解身体的意义我们今天要讲的话题是我们的身体。
可能有人觉得，这个话题太普通了，我们对自己的身体还不熟悉吗！是啊，我们每天每时每刻都在用自己的身体，可是我们真的很了解它吗？[跟着几个简单问题后，问：你有几颗牙齿？——资料：乳牙20颗，7-25换牙后（每换一颗牙需要半年）在乳牙后还会长出12 只恒磨牙，共32 颗，但有的人最后四颗磨牙终生不萌出或部份萌出。
全口牙齿总咬力男子为1408公斤，女子为936公斤；但如果失掉一颗牙齿，总咬力会减少200多公斤，缺二颗牙齿，总咬力减少50％-剩一半-牙齿需要配合才能最好地发挥作用，每一颗牙齿都要保护。
]其实这只是一个简单的例子，我们的身体中的奥秘还多着呢。
解答这些奥秘，有时候仅仅是为了满足我们的好奇心，但是另外有些时候是因为这些奥秘的答案实在太重要了，让人们不能忽视它。
比如，医生只有知道人体是怎么构造的，有哪些器官，这些器官在哪儿，都是怎么工作的，才能有效地诊断、治疗病人。
但是，在很长时间的一段时间里，医生连人体主要器官的位置都搞不清楚，因为当时解剖尸体是被禁止的（谁也不敢把人体“切开来”看看里面究竟是什么样）。
西方1800多年前有一位医学家叫盖仑，他认为解剖学对医生来说就像设计图纸对建筑师一样重要。
但是因为没法解剖人体，他只能解剖动物，比如猴子、猪、山羊、河马，然后从这些动物的结构上来猜测人体的结构。
Lecture 2-句法
• The difference between compound predicate（并列 谓语） and double predicate（双重谓语）.
Compare: Double predicate A bird fell dead to the ground. A bird fell to ground and died. compound predicate A bird died and fell to the ground. compound predicate A bird fell died to the ground. compound predicate A bird fell to the ground and it was dead. Compound sentence
Clause Elements • Subject: • • • • • •
That many college students take part-time job prevails on campus nowadays.
Different Forms of Subject Seeing is believing. To es can be trusted. It is our responsibility to make contribution to the society. There are a number of swans on the lake.
Morphology词法: how words are formed and what changes the word may undergo when it enters a clause or sentence, i.e. inflections, e.g. buy– buys, bought; 研究词形变化，如名词的数、格，动词的时态、语 态等。 Syntax句法: how clauses or sentences are formed, e.g. He bought it.– Did he buy it? 研究句子结构，如句子 的成分、语序以及句子的种类等。
【托福听力备考】TPO3听力文本——Lecture 2
【托福听力备考】TPO3听力文本——Lecture 2对于很多学生来说，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。
相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
Lecture 2 Film historyNarrator：Listen to part of a lecture in a film history class.Professor：Okay, we’ve been discussing films in the 1920s and 30s, and how back then film categories, as we know them today, had not yet been established. We said that by today’s standards, many of the films of the 20s and 30s would be considered hybrids, that is, a mixture of styles that wouldn’t exactly fit into any of today’s categories. And in that context, today we are going to talk about a film-maker who began making very unique films in the late 1920s. He was French, and his name was Jean Painlevé.Jean Painlevé was born in 1902. He made his first film in 1928. Now in a way, Painlevé’s films conform to norms of the 20s and 30s, that is, they don’t fit very neatly into the categories we use to classify films today. That said, even by the standards of the 20s and 30s, Painlevé’s films were a unique hybrid of styles. He had a special way of fusing, or some people might say, confusing, science and fiction. His films begin with facts, but then they become more and more fictional. They gradually add more and more fictional elements. In fact, Painlevé was known for saying that science is fiction.Painlevé was a pioneer in underwater film-making, and a lot of his short films focused on the aquatic animal world. He liked to show small underwater creatures, displaying what seemed like familiar human characteristics – what we think of as unique to humans. He might take a clip of a mollusk going up and down in the water and set it to music. You know, to make it look as if the mollusk were dancing to the music like a human being – that sort of thing. But then he suddenly changed the image or narration to remind us how different the animals are, how unlike humans.He confused his audience in the way he portrayed the animals he filmed, mixing up our notions of the categories human and animal. The films make us a little uncomfortable at times because we are uncertain about what we are seeing. It gives him films an uncanny feature: the familiar made unfamiliar, the normal made suspicious. He liked twists, he liked the unusual. In fact, one of his favorite sea animals was the seahorse because with seahorses, it’s the male that carries the eggs, and he thought that was great. His first and most celebrated underwater film is about the seahorse.Susan, you have a question?Student 1：But underwater film-making wasn’t that unusual, was it? I mean, weren’t there other people making movies underwater?Professor：Well, actually, it was pretty rare at that time. I mean, we are talking the early 1930s here.Student 1：But what about Jacques Cousteau? Was he like an innovator, you know, with underwater photography too?Professor： Ah, Jacques Cousteau. Well, Painlevé and Cousteau did both film underwater, and they were both innovators, so you are right in that sense. But that’s pretty much where the similarities end.First of all, Painlevé was about 20 years ahead of Cousteau. And Cousteau’s adventures were high-tech, with lots of fancy equipment, whereas Painlevé kind of patchedequipment together as he needed it. Cousteau usually filmed large animals, usually in the open sea, whereas Painlevé generally filmed smaller animals, and he liked to film in shallow water.Uh, what else? Oh well, the main difference was that Cousteau simply investigated and presented the facts – he didn’t mix in fiction. He was a strict documentarist. He set the standard really for the nature documentary. Painlevé, on the other hand, as we said before, mixed in elements of fiction. And his films are much more artistic, incorporating music as an important element.John, you have a question?Student 2：Well, maybe I shouldn’t be asking this, but if Painlevé’s films are so special, so good, why haven’t we ever heard of them? I mean, everyone’s heard of Jacques Cousteau.Professor： Well, that’s a fair question. Uh, the short answer is that Painlev é’s style just never caught on with the general public. I mean, it probably goes back at least in part to what we mentioned earlier, that people didn’t know what to make of his films – they were confused by them, whereas Cousteau’s documentaries were very straightforward, met people’s expectations more than Painlevé’s films did. But you true film history buffs know about him. And Painlevé is still highly respected in many circles.。
Lecture2
c2 = y2.
Let’s normalize p2 = 1. Then the competitive equilibrium prices and allocations are:
(p1, p2) =
y2 βy1
,
1
and (c1, c2) = (y1, y2).
• Solving for a competitive equilibrium (c.e.) — central planning problem A central planner maximizes the welfare of all agents subject to the economy’s resource constraint. Since all agents are identical in the current model, we can restrict our attention to the welfare of a representative agent.
k=x c1 + x = y1
c2 = y2 + (1 − δ)k + f (k)
– Representative consumer’s optimization problem:
max
c1,c2,x
u(c1, c2) = log c1 + β log c2
s.t. p1c1 + p2c2 = p1(y1 − x) + p2y2 + qx + P R
+
p2 p1
y2
.
Therefore,
p1 p2
=
y2 βy1
.
Connecting the equilibrium relative price in the consumption functions yields
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主题句的作用
• 提示读者这一段的主要写作目的是什么 • 让读者产生预感，知道其后大致要涉及什么 内容。 People view money differently. Some people consider money the root of all evil.
主题句的特点
• 1. 主题句应具有概括性，而扩展句需要具体。 • Each program will focus on a particular friend who can be either a celebrity or an everyday person. • Friend is a very popular talk show. • The cost of making fake products is usually lower than real ones. • We have to wonder why fake products are so prevalent.
But the pirated products really do much harm. First, they infringe intellectual property rights. Second, they offend against the rules of the market. As a result of piracy, companies investing in invention will inevitably run bankruptcy and our society will stop where it is.
提出中心思想 解释说明中心思想 总结重申中心思想 topic sentence support sentence conclusion
段落的三成分—— 段落的三成分—— 主题句
• 主题句是表示一个段落的中心思想的完 整句子，这种句子是一种高度概括性的陈 述，而不涉及具体细节。根据具体写作的 需要，主题句可放在段首、段中、段尾， 或段首段尾两次出现，或不明确写出，而 是暗示出来。
Lecture 2 The Paragraph
Outline
• • • • • 1. 关于段落 2. 段落的三成分 3. 段落的三要素 4.段落的拓展方法 4.段落的拓展方法 5. 练习
关于段落
• 段落就是用一系列在逻辑和结构上有联 系的句子来表述一个中心思想。段落的实 质性问题就是必须把中心思想表述清楚， 段落的长短取决于它在文章中的地位。一 般说来，段落由三个部分组成(过渡性段落 除外)，即： 主题句、扩展句和结论句。 主题句、扩展句和结论句
• A cat is not as devoted as a dog.
A dog will follow his master anywhere, but a cat keeps to the house it is used to; and even when the house changes hands, the cat will remain there, so long as it is kindly treated by the new owners. A cat does not seem to be capable of the personal devotion often shown by a dog. It thinks most of its own comfort, and its love is only cupboard love
主题句的形态和பைடு நூலகம்能
• 主题（a topic）作者的观点（an opinion or statement） • The benefits of participating in sports are numerous. • My favorite program is “Friend”. • I enjoy the programs about real people and real experience.
段落的三成分—— 段落的三成分—— 支持句
• 主题句的后面必须要跟上几个支持句用 来进一步阐述、解释、说明主题句。可以 用具体的事例、证据或进一步论证的手法 来达到支持主题句的目的。
• 一个段落的支持句 个段落的支持句有主要支持句(major 个段落的支持句 supporting sentences)和次要支持句(minor supporting sentences)之分。 • 主要支持句的特点是围绕段落主题句展开， 每一个支持句本身都不要求作进一步的说 明或证明，句与句之间的关系是相互独立 又是互相连接的。 • 次要支持句是指对主要支持句作进一步的 事实分析和举例说明。它从属于某一个或 某几个支持句。
• General Statement (一般陈述句) • Specific Statement (具体陈述句)
• The person ate a big meal. • Sandy ate a dozen eggs, a pound of bacon, six pieces of toast and drank a glass of orange juice before she went to class this morning.
The reasons of this phenomenon are very evident. Firstly, the lower price of pirated products attract most people. Many of us prefer to buy pirated books in lower price than buy a legal edition in very high price. Secondly, pirated products do not necessarily mean poor quality. Thirdly, in our country, people’s law awareness is very poor. Most of us do not realize the harm of pirated products.
• There are several factors affecting climate. One factor is the amount of sunlight received. Altitude ,or the height above the sea level, also determines climate. The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent（邻近的） land. In addition, climate is influenced by the general circulation(循环） of the atmosphere.
• 2.主题句应是一种观点而不是一个具体的事 实。如: • Many college students do part-time job. • Many college students do part-time jobs for various reasons. • Many people buy pirated products because the price is much lower than legal ones. • The reason why people buy pirated products is various.
习作评析 Can Money Buy Happiness 1. 有人认为金钱是幸福之本（source of happiness） 2. 也有人认为金钱是万恶之源（root of all evil） 3. 我的看法（my opinion）
Some say that society today is based on money. There is no (主题句) 主题句) question that money is important in our lives. People view 主题句） 转折句） （主题句） （转折句） money differently. Some people consider money a source of (主题句) 主题句) happiness. To them, money is everything. They dream of 主要支持句） 次要支持句） （主要支持句） （次要支持句） luxury homes, clothes, jewelry, etc. In other words, they 次要支持句） （次要支持句） dream of a luxurious lifestyle. They cannot imagine life 次要支持句） （次要支持句） without money and material things.
• Road is important in the development of history.
… It is the road which determines the sites of many cities and the growth and nourishment of all. It is the road which controls the development of strategies and fixes the sites of battles. It is the road that gives its frame-work to all economic development. It is the road which is the channel of all trade, and, what is more important, of all ideas. In its most humble function it is a necessary guide without which progress from place to place would be a ceaseless experiment; it is a sustenance without which organized society would be impossible, thus the road moves and controls all history.