上海市长宁、嘉定区2018届高三一模英语试题含答案

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2018届上海市各区高三英语一模试题汇编：阅读理解C篇(带答案已经校对)

Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)Crude awakeningA battle between two energy exchanges[1] OPEN-OUTCRY trading is supposed to be an odd, outdated practice, rapidly being replaced by sleeker, cheaper electronic systems. Try telling that to the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), the world’s largest commodities exchange. On November 1st the NYMEX opened an open-outcry pit(公开叫价交易厅）in Dublin to handle Brent crude futures（布伦特原油期货）, the benchmark（基准）contract for pricing two-thirds of the world’s oil.[2] The NYMEX is trying to grab liquidity from London’s International Petroleum Exchange (IPE), which trades the most Brent contracts; the New York exchange has so far concentrated on West Texas Intermediate, an American bench mark grade. The new pit is a response to the IPE’s efforts to modernise. On the same day as NYMEX traders started shouting Brent prices in Dublin, the IPE did away with its morning open-outcry session: now such trades must be electronic, or done in the pit after lunch.[3] The New York exchange claims that customers, such as hedge funds (对冲基金) or energy companies, prefer open-outcry because it allows for more liquidity. Although most other exchanges are heading in the opposite direction, in commodity markets such as the NYMEX, pressure from “locals”--self-employed traders--is helping to support open-outcry, although some think that customers pay up to five times as much as with electronic systems. Even the IPE has no plans to close its floor. Only last month it signed a rental agreement, lasting until 2017, for its trading floor in London.[4] Dublin’s new pit is “showing promise”, says Rob Laughlin, a trader with Man Financial, despite a few technical glitches. On its first day it handled 5,726 lots of Brent (each lot, or contract, is 1,000 barrels), over a third of the volume in the IPE’s new morning electronic session. By the year’s end, predicts Mr Laughlin, it should be clear whether the venture will be feasible. Itwould stand a better chance if it moved to London. It may yet: it started in Ireland because regulatory approval could be obtained faster there than in Britain.[5] In the long run having both exchanges offering similar contracts will be unsustainable (不可持续的). Stealing liquidity from an established market leader, as the NYMEX is trying to do, is a hard task. Eurex, Europe’s largest futures exchange, set up shop in Chicago this year, intending to grab American Treasury-bond contracts from the Chicago Board of Trade. It has made little progress. And the NYMEX has tried to get Brent contracts before, without success.[6] Given the importance of liquidity in exchanges, why do the IPE and the NYMEX not work together? There have been talks about cooperation before, and something might yet happen. Some say that the freewheeling NYMEX and the more serious IPE could never mix. For now, in any case, the two exchanges will compete until one has won --across the Irish Sea as well as across the Atlantic.63. According to the text, the NYMEX and IPE are __________.A. both using open outcry trading as a major trading formB. partners that benefit each other in their business activitiesC. rivals that are competing in the oil trading marketD. both taking efforts to modernize their trading practice64. The word “glitches” in Line 2, Paragraph 4 most probably means __________.A. backwardnessB. disappointmentsC. engineersD. problems65. From Paragraph 4 we can infer that __________.A. trading volume in the IPE’s new morning electronic session is fallingB. London is a better business location for energy exchanges than DublinC. Britain’s regulators are less efficient than those of IrelandD. the Dublin pit of the NYMEX will be more prosperous next year66. We can draw a conclusion from the text that __________.A. it’s very unlikely that the NYMEX and the IPE could combine their businessesB. the NYMEX will fail in Ireland as many precedents have shownC. the two energy exchanges will figure out a way to cooperate with each otherD. the market environment for both energy exchanges is getting betterKeys:63-66: C D B ASection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.( C )①Australians have long been known for having a relaxed and casual attitude to life. According to Dr Tanya King, senior lecturer from Victoria’s Deakin University, “It’s Australians’ egalitarianism, sense of humor and informal language that are most commonly mentioned as examples of this attitude”.②Egalitarianism roots in the way that the nation was built. In Australia’s founding era in the late 1700s, criminal settlers were often cruelly treated and robbed of their basic human rights by governors. The criminal class, who were mostly working-class Brits and Irish, was unable to seek civic positions that were reserved for immigrants who were not the criminal, with the latter arguing that if criminals gained equal rights it would be ‘rewarding criminality’. Bec ause of this, an egalitarian spirit was worn as a symbol of honor by many criminal settlers. They may not have had power, education or wealth, but they had a shared belief in equality.③The informal way Australians use language is also believed to root in criminal times. Philologist Sidney Baker once wrote that ‘no other class would have a better talent for creating new terms to fit in with their new conditions in life’. Cockney rhyming slang brought over by the British working class was abbreviated even further –so ‘have a Captains Cook’ (have a look), became ‘ava captains’. This same practice was used to economize ordinary clauses. Words like ‘good day’ became ‘g’day’, and barbecue was ‘barbie’.④The tough conditions of settler times also played a part in Australians’ dry, self-criticizing and sarcastic（讽刺的）sense of humor. While in many countries it’s considered poor taste to find humor in difficult circumstances, Australians tend to look at the lighter side. On one road trip, as I hit the state line and entered Victoria, I drove past some blackened trees, the leftovers of a recent bushfire. A road sign warning drivers about wildlife was half-melted and bent, but the shape of a hopping kangaroo was still distinct. Behind the figure, someone had drawn flames making it look asthough the animal’s tail was on fire. I couldn’t help but laugh – it was a brilliant reminder of the country’s ‘nothing upsets us’ and anti-authoritarian attitude.⑤And one thing you can’t help but notice when driving around Australia is the country’s plentiful amounts of space. This, along with considerable leisure time plus favorable climate, all contribute to Australians’ relaxed attitude.63. The underlined word “egalitarianism” is closest to __________ in meaning.A. criminalityB. crueltyC. equalityernmentalism64. Which of the following is a feature of the way Australians use language?A. They use more slangs than other people.B. They give new meanings to existent words.C. They favour shortened forms of expressions.D. They coin terms in memory of criminal times.65. What can be inferred from paragraph 4?A. Kangaroos’ living condition s are getting tougher.B. Forest fires threaten Australian s’ life to a great extent.C. Potential danger is here and there on the roads in Victoria.D. Australians’ jokes may not be as careless as they seem on the surface.66. The passage mainly talks about __________.A. how the late 1700s impacted AustraliaB. why Australians enjoy casual life so muchC. what cont ributes to Australians’ relaxed lifestyleD. how Australians present their attitude towards lifeKeys: 63-66 CCABSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)Dental health: Brush with confidenceChildren should be taught to brush their teeth regularly. But the suspicion remains among some people, dentists included, that even so, certain children are doomed to develop dental cavities. The hypothesis behind this fear is that some combinations of genes may give rise to the sorts of oral bacteria which are responsible for cavities. If true, that would be sad for the youngsters concerned. But a study just published in Cell Host and Microbe, by Andres Gomez and Karen Nelson of the J. Craig Venter Institute, in San Diego, suggests it isn’t true.The mouth is home to many species of microbes. Most are good. Some, though, are well known to secrete acidic waste products when fed sugar. This acidity weakens teeth, causing them to decay.To try to fin d out whether a child’s genes play any role in encouraging such acid-secreting bugs, Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson set up an experiment with twins.Their“volunteers”were 280 pairs of fraternal twins and 205 pairs o f identical twins, all aged between five and 11, who had not taken antibiotics during the previous six months. The children were asked to stop brushing their teeth the evening and the morning before the crucial moment of data collection. This was when the researchers swabbed the children’s gingival sulci（the clefts between teeth and gums, in which bacteria collect）to find out what was there. The children also had their teeth scored by dentists as belonging to one of three categories: having no signs of current or previous dental cavities: having signs of current or previous cavities affecting the enamel（a tooth’s hard, outer layer）; or having signs of cavities that penetrated the enamel and affected the underlying dentine as well.Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson found that, though identical twins shared many groups of bacteria which were not shared by fraternal twins, none of these was a type responsible for cavities. Moreover, similarities in bacterial flora were greatest among five-to seven-year-olds, weaker among seven- to nine-year-olds and weakest among nine-to 11-year-olds. This suggests that any role genes do play in regulating the mouth’s ecology fades with time.Far from supporting the idea that some children are fated to suffer from cavities no matter how well they brush their teeth, these results make it clear that the power to control the growth of the relevant bacteria is very much within reach of children and their parents. Brushing, however, may not be the onlyapproach. Avoiding sugary foods is obviously de rigueur. It seems likely, though, that which other foods a child eats may help shape his oral ecosystem, too. This is an area of ongoing research. But, as in the intestines（肠道）, so in the mouth, scientific medicine is at last coming to grips with the fact that the mixture of microbes present is both important and capable of manipulation, to the benefit of the host.63. What doe s“hypothesis”refer to in paragraph 1?A. Children’s failure to brush their teeth properly leads to tooth decay.B. Some children are programmed to develop tooth decay.C. Youngsters are suspicious of the effectiveness of tooth-brushing.D. Some genes are more likely to lead to dental cavities.64. Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson conducted an experiment to find out .A. whether genes have anything to do with dental decayB. which group of twins are more likely to have decayed teethC. what kinds of foods tend to give rise to tooth decayD. why the ecosystem of the intestines is similar to that of the mouth65. Which of the following statements is UNTRUE according to the passage?A. Scientists are not yet sure how ecosystem of the mouth is formed.B. The role genes play in controlling ecosystem of the mouth weakens with the time.C. The children are classified into three groups according to the degrees of dental cavities.D. Identical twins are not as genetically close to each other as fraternal twins.66. What can we learn from the last paragraph?A. The existence of multiple microbes benefits children’s oral ecosystem.B. What a child eats enhances the healthfulness of a child’s oral ecosystem.C. Cutting down on sugar intake is the most likely way to prevent tooth decay.D. Parents are in no position to help their children maintain healthy oral ecosystem.Keys: 60-62 DCBSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.( C )Many United States companies have made the search for legal protection from import competition into a major line of work. Since 1980, the United States International Trade Commission (ITC) has received about 280 complaints alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies(补贴) by foreign governments. Another 340 charge that foreign companies “dumped”their products in the United States at “less than fair value.”Even when no unfair practices are claimed, the simple claim that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief(救济).Contrary to the general impression, this request for import relief has hurt more companies than it has helped. As corporations begin to function globally, they develop a complicated web of marketing, production, and research relationships. The complexity of these relationships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief laws will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company. Internationalization increases the danger that foreign companies will use import relief laws against the very companies the laws were designed to protect. Suppose a United States-owned company establishes an overseas plant to manufacture a product while its competitor makes the same product in the United States. If the competitor can prove injury from the imports—and that the United States company received a subsidy from a foreign government to build its plant abroad—the United States company’s products will be uncompetitive in the United States, since they would be subject to duties.Perhaps the most shameful case occurred when the ITC investigated allegations(控诉) that Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping rock salt, used to deice roads. The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign conglomerate（联合企业）with United States operations was crying for help against a United States company with foreign operations. The “United States”company claiming injury was a unit of a Dutch conglomerate, while the “Canadian”companies included a unit of a Chicago firm that was the second-largest domestic producer of rock salt.63.The passage is chiefly concerned with_______________.A. arguing against the increased internationalization of US corporations.B. warning that the application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended consequences.C. recommending a uniform method for handling claims of unfair trade practices.D. advocating the use of trade restrictions for "dumped" products but not for other imports.64.What can be inferred about the minimal basis for a complaint to the ITC ____________.A. A foreign competitor is selling products in the US at less than fair market value.B. A foreign competitor has greatly increased the volume of products shipped to the US.C. The company requesting import relief has been banned from exporting products.D. The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale of imports in the US.65.What is the function of the last paragraph?A. It summarizes the discussion and suggests additional areas for research.B. It makes a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier.C. It uses a specific case to illustrate a problem in the previous paragraph.D. It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier.66.Which of the following is most likely to be true of US trade laws?A. They will eliminate the practice of "dumping" products in the US.B. Those applied to international companies will help to gain more profits.C. They will affect US trade with Canada more negatively than trade with other nations.D. Those helping one unit within a parent company won’t necessarily help other units. Keys:63-66 BDCDSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)More than five million different kinds of organisms(生物体) live on the Earth. For thousands of years, humans have searched for ways to organize this diversity(多样性). In the eighteenthcentury, a Swedish professor, physician, and naturalist named Carolus Linnaeus developed the system of naming and classifying organisms that we use today.Linnaeus contributed to the modern classification of organisms in two ways. He first developed a convention for naming life forms.Before Linnaeus came up with a standardized system of naming, there were often many names for a single species, and these names tended to be long and confusing. Linnaeus decided that all species names should be in Latin and should have two parts, one indicating the genus(plural: genera), a group that includes similar species and one indicating the specific name of the species. When written alone, the specific name is meaningless since many different species in different genera have the same specific name. The specific name familiaris, for example, is commonly used to describe species. Therefore, when used by itself, it would not describe any one organism. When the genus is also given, however, as in Canis familiaris, we know that the name refers to a specific organism: the domestic dog.Linnaeus was also the originator of modern taxonomy, a system of classifying nature based on hierarchical(分层的) groupings. Linnaeus first grouped life forms into three broad groups, called kingdoms. These kingdoms were animals, plants, and minerals. He divided each of these kingdoms into classes, classes into orders, orders into genera (genus is singular) and then genera into species, grouping organisms according to shared physical characteristics.Although modern taxonomists still use the hierarchical structure of Linnaeus’s classification system as well as his method of grouping organisms according to observable similarities, they have added hierarchical levels and significantly changed Linnaeus’s original groupin gs. The broadest level of life is now a domain. All living things fit into only three domains. Within each of these domains there are kingdoms. Each kingdom contains phyla (singular is phylum), followed by class, order, family, genus, and species.In addition to the Linnaean kingdoms of plants and animals, biologists recognize prokaryotes, protists, and fungi as separate kingdoms. The prokaryotes are the oldest and most abundant group of organisms. They are also the smallest cellular organisms. Common bacteria, which have been known to survive in many environments that support no other form of life, fall into this category. The protist kingdom is made up of a variety of single-celled or simple multicellular organisms. Protists do not have much in common. They are, essentially, those organisms which do not fit into any other kingdom. Fungi compose a third kingdom. Like plants, the cells of fungi have cell walls,giving them a tube-like structure. However, fungi do not produce their own carbon as plants do. Rather, they acquire nutrients by absorbing and digesting carbon produced by other organisms. Yeasts and mushrooms are examples of fungi.63. The writer gives the scientific name of the domestic dog in paragraph 3 in order to__________.A. demonstrate Linna eus’s method of classificationB. introduce the need for a better system of naming organismsC. criticize the complexity of Linnaeus’s naming systemD. illustrate the necessity of including two parts when naming organism64. Which of the following can be learned from the passage?A. The hierarchical structure of Linnaeus’s system for classifying is no longer in use.B. Linnaeus’s original system of classification consisted of 3 domains.C. Linnaeus’s original system of classification is used today with lit tle modifications.D. Modern taxonomists have added categories and regrouped organisms.65. Which of the following is TRUE about protists?A. They do not share the characteristics of any of the other four kingdoms.B. They are grouped together based on similar characteristics.C. They are limited to single-cell organisms.D. They acquire nutrients by eating other organisms.66. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. The Father of Modern TaxonomyB. Classifying OrganismsC. Development in Life FormsD. Linnaeus’s Classification SystemKEYS: 63-66 DDABSection BDirections:Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or Unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. B. C and D. Choose theone that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)One of the main challenges facing many countries is how to maintain their identity in the face of globalization and the growing multi-language trend. "One of the main reasons for economic failure in many African countries is the fact that, with a few important exceptions, mother-tongue education is not practiced in any of the independent African states." said Nellie Alexander, Director of the Project for the Study of Alternative education in South Africa at the University of Cape Town.In response to the spread of English and the increased multi-language trends arising from immigration, many countries have introduced language laws in the laws in the last decade. In some, the use of languages other than the national language is banned in public spaces such as advertising posters. One of the first such legal provisions was the 1994 "Toubon Law" in France, but the idea has been copied in man y countries since then. Such efforts to govern language use are often dismissed as futile by language experts, who are well aware of the difficultly in controlling fashions in speech and know from research that language switching among bilinguals is a natural process.It is especially difficult for native speakers of English to understand the desire to maintain the “purity” of a language by law. Since the time of Shakespeare, English has continually absorbed foreign words into its own language. English is one of the most mixed and rapidly changing languages in the world, but there has not been a barrier to acquiring prestige and power. Another reason for the failure of many native English speakers to understand the role of state regulation is that it has never been the Anglo-Saxon way of doing things. English has never had a state-controlled authority for the language, similar, for example, to the Academic Francaise in France.The need to protect national languages is, for most western Europeans, a recent phenomenon—especially the need to ensure that English does not unnecessary take over too many fields. Public communication, education and new modes of communication promoted by technology, may be key fields lo defend.63. Neville Alexander believes that?A. mother-tongue education is not practiced in all African countriesB. globalization has resulted in the economic failure of AfricaC. globalization has led to the rise of multi-language trendsD. lack of mother-tongue education can lead to economic failure64. The underlined word “futile” (i n paragraph 2) most probably means “”.A. workableB. practicalC. uselessD. unnecessary65. Why do many English-speaking countries not support the language protection effortsdescribed in the passage?A. They think language protection laws are ineffective.B. They want their language to spread to other countries.C. They have a long history of taking words from other languages.D. It reduces a language's ability to acquire international importance66. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. English has taken over fields like public communication and educationB. Many sheets of national culture are threatened by the spread of English.C. Most language experts believe it is important to promote a national language.D. Europeans have long realized the need to protect their national languages.KEYS: 63-66 D C C BSection BDirections:Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)With the coming of big data age, data science is supposed to be starved for, of which the adaption can point a profound change in corporate competitiveness. Companies, both born in the digital era and traditional world are showing off their skills in data science. Therefore, it seems to have been creating a great demand for the experts of this type.Mr Carlos Guestrin, machine learning professor from University of Washington argues that all software applications will need in built intelligence within five years, making data scientists-people trained to analyze large bodies of information-key workers in this emerging “cognitive” technology economy. There are already critical applications that depend on machine learning, a subfield of data science, led by recommendation programs, fraud detection systems, forecasting tools and applications for predicting customer behavior.Many companies that are born digital-particularly internet companies that have a great number of real-time customer interactions to handle-are all-in when it comes to data science. Pinterest, for instance, maintains more than 100 machine learning models that could be applied to different classes of problems, and it constantly fields requests from managers eager to use this resource to deal with their business problem.The factors weighing on many traditional companies will be the high cost of mounting a serious machine-learning operation. Netflix is estimated to spend $ 150m a year on a single application and the total bill is probably four times that once all its uses of the technology are taken into account.Another problem for many non-technology companies is talent. Of the computer science experts who use Kaggle, only about 1,000 have deep learning skills, compared to 100,000 who can apply other machine learning techniques, says Mr Goldbloom. He adds that even some big companies of this type are often reluctant to expand their pay scales to hire the top talent in this field.The biggest barrier to adapting to the coming era of “smart” applications, however, is likely to be cultural. Some companies, such as General Electric, have been building their own Silicon Valley presence to attract and develop the digital skills they will need. Despite the obstacles, some may master this difficult transition. But companies that were built, from the beginning, with data science at their center, are likely to represent serious competition.63. Which one is obstacle for many traditional companies to popularize learning operation?A. Technological problemB. Expert crisisC. High costD. Customer interactions64. What can not be interred from the passage about the machine learning?A.Machine learning operations are costly in Netflix.B.Machine learning plays an important role in existent applications.。

2018-2019学年嘉定一中高三上英语第一次月考上海市英语试卷及答案

嘉定一中2018学年第一学期高三学业水平练习（一）英语Ⅱ. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections：After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Spare Time To Read,Reading is not just about learning a certain skill. Nor it is just about learning how to create prettier combination of words. Reading is the best form of communication ___21___ is in a higher rank than more conversation. Many successful people ___22___（share）the same kind of wisdom so far that if you want to become a kind of person you should try your best to spend time with this kind of people. If you want to become ___23___ with good manners, you should try to make friends with people who have good manners. If you want to become someone knowledgeable, you should try to stay in touch with ___24___（learn）people. If you want to become someone successful, you surely should communicate with those ___25___ are actually successful. But unfortunately, outstanding people are usually far away from us. If you yourself are not outstanding enough, it's almost impossible for you ____26___（reach）them. And this is what reading is for.A book is the picture of a great mind. Through reading you ___27___ communicate with those great minds. And this kind of communication is beyond time and space. Reading can bring you ___28___ ______ the cage of your daily life. It shows you new opportunities that you've never seen. For a lot of people, this may be the only method to change their lives. ___29___ ______ ______ busy you are, don't forget to spare some time to do it. If you don't find yourself time to read, you'll eventually find ___30___ without any time to live the life that you want to live.Section BDirection: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note thatA good night’s sleep is of great importance for the learning and memory process. It’s important because it stores the training exercises and the learning exercises into our more ___31___ memory while we’re sleeping 7-8 hours in bed. And then the next morning when you wake up your mind is better prepared to act on that information.But what about getting rest during the middle of the day? Short ___32___ of sleep may help our brains work better, or so says a recent study on napping. Taking a nap may also help this group of people fight off ___33___ memory loss. Many Americans do nap. But one-third of all adults in the United States are also chronically tired, notes the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It found that 50 million to 70 million Americans have chronic sleep ___34___. So, someone who naps as a way of paying off a sleep debt may not experience the same ___35___ from napping as a healthy, well-rested person would. Also, many people may not want to admit that they take a nap. They may think that napping shows they are weak or lack energy. That only kids, the very old, sick or lazy people nap is not an ___36___ opinion.In fact, Americans sometimes do a very strange thing. Some brag about how few hours of sleep they need each night. Health experts ___37___ that adults get seven to eight hours of sleep each night. People who claim they only sleep five hours a night may think they are somehow stronger than the ___38___ human-superhuman, if you will.However, that may be changing. Many offices now offer napping rooms and napping cafes are ___39___ in many U.S. cities, including Washington, D.C. While resting in the middle of the work day may seem like a ___40___ to Americans, napping is very much part of a normal, everyday life in other parts of the world.Ⅲ. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections：For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.It’s amazing how little we have developed in many respects. We may speak without respect of the poor old Romans because they ___41___ the craziness of slaughter（杀戳）that went on in their playing fields. We may ___42___ them because they lived 2000 years ago and obviously knew no better. Why do boxing matches, for instance, attract such ___43___ interest? Human beings remain as blood-thirsty as ever they were. The only difference between ourselves and the Romans is that while they were ___44___ enough to admit that they enjoyed watching hungry lions tearing people apart and eating them alive, we find all sorts of sophisticated arguments to ___45___ sports which should have been banned long ageIt really is ___46___ that in this day and age we should still allow hunting or bull-fighting, that we should be prepared to sit back and watch two men strike violently and repeatedly each other to be badly injured in a boxing ring, that we should be relatively unmoved by the sight of one or a number of racing cars crashing and ___47___ into flames. Let us not deceive ourselves. Any talk of ‘the sporting spirit’ is not true. People take part in violent sports because of the high ___48___ they bring. Millions of people are disappointed if a big fight is over in two rounds instead of fifteen. They feel disappointment because they have been ___49___ of the extreme pleasure of witnessing long-lasting torture and violence.Why should we ban violent sports if people enjoy them so much? You may well ask. The answer is simple: they are ___50___. For centuries man has been trying to improve himself spiritually and emotionally. But at least we no longer ___51___ the sight that mad men were shut up in cages, which were ___52___ in the past. Prisons are no longer the forbidding places they used to be. Social welfare systems are in operation in many parts of the world. Big efforts are being made to ___53___ wealth fairly. These changes have come about not because human beings have suddenly and unaccountably improved, but because positive steps were taken to ___54___ the law. If we banned dangerous and violent sports, we would be moving one step further to ___55___ mankind. We would recognize that violence is harmful to the mind or morals.41.A. hated B.enjoyed C.praised D.adopted42.A. brag B.beg C.struggle D.forgive43.A. universal B.local C.foreign D.overseas44.A. rude B.special C.honest D.strange45.A. fight B.protect C.protest D.defend46.A. incredible B.incomplete C.inactive D.impossible47.A. breaking B.tearing C.testing D.bursting48.A. prizes B.rewards C.favors D.efforts49.A. deleted B.left C.deprived D.crashed50.A. unstable B.unpaid C.uncivilized D.unsatisfactory51.A. tolerate B.punish C.settle D.discuss52.A. common B.popular C.fashionable D.obvious53.A. disappear B.contribute C.attribute D.distribute54.A. spoil B.change C.modify D.polish55.A. searching B.seeking C.improving D.emergingSection BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.（A）Kids should be allowed to learn to judge their own work. A kid learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time: if corrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the language those around him use. Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people’s. In the same way, kids learn to do all the other things: they learn to do without being taught to walk, run, climb, whistle, ride a bicycle, compare their own performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes. But in school we never give a kid a change to find out his mistakes and correct them for himself. We do it all for him. We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him, or correct it unless he was made to. Let him work out, with the help of other kids if he wants it, what this word says, what the answer is to that problem, whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not.If it is a matter of right answer, as it may be in mathematics or science, give him the answer book. Let him correct his own papers. Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work? Our job should be to help the kid when he tells us that he can’t find the way to get the right answer. Let the kids learn what all educated persons must learn, how to measure their own understanding, and how to know what they know or do not know.56.The passage suggests that learning to speak and learning to ride a bicycle are ___.A.different from learning other skillsB.the same as learning skillsC.more important than other skillsD.not really important skills57.According to the passage, the best way for kids to learn things is by _____.A.listening to skilled people’s adviceB.asking older people many questionsC.making mistakes and having them correctedD.doing what other people do58.Which of the following does the writer think teachers should not do?A.Give kids correct answers.B. Allow kids to make mistakes.C.Point out kids’ mistakes to them.D.Let kids mark their own work.59.According to the writer, teachers in school should ___.A.point out kids’ mistakes whenever foundB.allow kids to learn from each otherC.give kids more book knowledgeD.always correct kids’ mistakes（B）HOW YOUR MONEY HELPSMembership activities made a contribution of over £ 3 million to the Museum last year. Your support plays a vital role, thank you. Join now!In 2015 Members responded to an appeal to acquire the Stoney Waterloo Album. Through their extraordinary generosity, and that of the American Friends of the British Museum, the Museum secured this historic album in the 200th anniversary year of the Battle of Waterloo.Visit Designed by Sir Robert Smirke and completed in 1857, the Grade 1 listed Bloomsbury building requires frequent and paintaking work to maintain it. For much of the past year regular work has been undertaken to the main portico(门廊) as part of ongoing, vital repairs to the stonemasonry(石雕).The British Museum is a museum of the citizen ---its collection is for the whole of the UK. Last yar 3 million visitors saw British Museum objects on display in museums and galleries across the UK. The Sikh fortress turban tour has been the most popular, reaching over 250,000 visitors and nine museums across the country.Visit citizen.britishmuseum. org to learn more.One of the most ambit ions buildings developments in the British Museum’s history--- the World Conservation and Exhibitions Centre—was completed with the support of our Members. The building in the northwest corner of the Museum site houses new state-of-the-art conservation and science laboratories, new storage facilities, a loans hub, and the Sainsbury Exhibitions Gallery.Visit buildings. The Portable Antiquities Scheme(PAS), managed by the British Museum, recently announced the discovery of a significant Viking store of valuables in Oxfordshire. The PAS offers the only mechanism for recording such finds, which are made publicly available on its online database at .60.According to the passage, you can infer that _______.A.this is an introduction to the British MuseumB.this is a page from a science magazineC.this is a page from the homepage of the British MuseumD.this is an advertisement on a page of the British Museum61.If you want to know more about the museum of the citizen, you can visit _____.B.citizen. @D.buildings. 62.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A.The Battle of Waterloo happened in the year 1915.B.Three million visitors saw British Museum objects on display in museum in 2015.C.The Grade Ⅰ listed Bloomsbury building can be visited in Oxfordshire.D.Membership activities push forward the development of the British Museum.（C）Living in the U.S.A today is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorf’s words there are social changes everywhere. Technology, the application of knowledge for practical ends, is a major source of social change.Yet we would do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation; it does not exist naturally. A spear （矛）or a robot is as much a cultural as a physical object. Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machine parts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter. For a bird looking for an object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well. The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl drive home the human quality of technology; they provide cases in which well-planned systems suddenly went wrong and there was no ready hand to set them right. Since technology is a human creation, we are responsible for what is done with it. Pessimists（悲观主义者）worry that we will use our technology eventually to blow our world and ourselves to pieces. But they have been saying this for decades, and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish. Whether we will continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, the impact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination.Few technological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than the computer revolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specialized machines that can do the tasks that once only people could do. There are those who say that the switch to an information-based economy is in the same camp as other great historicalmilestones, particularly the Industrial Revolution. Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that it was not the machines. The primary reason why it was a revolutionary is that it led to great social change. It gave rise to mass production and, through mass production, to a society in which wealth was not confined to the few.In somewhat similar fashion computers promise to revolutionize the structure of American life, particularly as they free the human mind and open new possibilities in knowledge and communication. The Industrial Revolution supplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanical methods. The computer extends this development to supplement and replace some aspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods. It is the capacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions that represents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties in predicting the impact on society.63.A spear or a robot has the quality of technology only when it ____.A.is severed both as a cultural and a physical objectB.has different purposesC.is useful to both man and animalsD.is made use of by human beings64.The examples of the Challenger and Chernobyl show that ____.A.technology can be used to destroy our earth if it is not controlled by manB.technology belongs to man, so we should be responsible for itC.technology is likely to be wrong because it is a human creationD.technology never goes wrong unless it is used by man65.According to the author, why the introduction of the computer is a revolution is that _____.A.the computer has made the human mind smarter than beforeB.the computer can finish the work that could only be done by people beforeC.the computer has greatly affected society potentiallyD.the computer has brought human beings an information technology66.By using the phrase“the human quality of technology”in Para.2, the author refers to the fact that technology____.A.has affected the human life greatlyB.can replace some ways of human beingsC.has various qualities which human beings do not haveD.has some characteristics which human beings haveSection CDirections：Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentenceLego recently announced that they will start producing pieces from sustainable sugar cane. The toys, which will be indistinguishable from classic Legos, will also feature botanical elements like levels, bushes, and trees. ___67___ “We want to make a positive impact on the world around us, and are working hard to make great play products for children using sustainable materials,”said Tim Brooks, vice president, environmental responsibility at the Lego Group, in a statement.“This is a great first step in our ambitious commitment of making all Lego bricks using sustainable materials.”___68___ It is a soft, durable and flexible plastic—technically identical to those produced using conventional plastic. Lego says that we needn’t worry about the quality of the new products, as they’ve tested the plant-based plastic to ensure that it meets the high standards for quality and safety that consumers except from the company. ___69___ Children and parents will not notice any difference in the quality or appearance of the new elements, because plant-based polyethylene has the same properties as conventional polyethylene.The move is part of Lego’s campaign to use sustainable materials in its core products and packaging by 2030, a move in which they have already invested $165 million. According to a research report, 4% of the world’s petroleum is used as a raw material to make plastic, and another 4% is used in the plastic-making process. ___70___ With this in mind, Lego has partnered with WWF to play their part, joining the Bioplastic Feedstock Alliance（BFA），which supports the responsible development of plastics made from plant material.The LEGO Group’s decision to pursue sustainably sourced bio-based plastics represents an incredible opportunity to reduce dependence on limited resources, and their work with the Bioplastic Feedstock Alliance will allow them to connect with other companies to continue to think creatively about sustainability.Ⅳ. Summary WritingDirections：Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Why Starbucks In China Is So ExpensiveChina’s national television network CCTV recently launched another of its campaigns against yet another foreign brand that has become hugely popular in China: Starbucks. The report intended to spark something about the Starbucks Pricing Controversy and compared the price of a latte at Starbucks in China with those in other countries around the world, the Price of a 354ml Medium Cup Latte—27 yuan RMB at a Starbucks in Beijing; 24.25 yuan RMB at a Starbucks in London, UK; 19.98yuan RMB at a Starbucks in Chicago, USA; 14.6 yuan RMB at a Starbucks in Bombay, India.The report basically was true: Starbucks in China is more expensive than pretty much anywhere else in the world. But it completely missed the point: Regarding the cost structure, as others have pointed out, they have a high cost model for producing coffee beverages and other products. Principally, they are often located in high rent areas, and are optimized（使…最优化）for service quality rather than cost-efficiency. Regarding how they are able to charge such high prices, it’s largely a product of branding and convenience.In china, Starbucks, and many other ca fé chains like them, don’t just sell caffeinated beverages, they provide a luxury service for middle and upper class consumers; they sell class consciousness, status. The fact that they are expensive is one of their biggest selling points. It is a well kno wn fact that Starbucks is expensive, and this isn’t a commercially inhibiting factor, it’s one of the chain’s best marketing strategies. Starbucks doesn’t just sell coffee in China, but sells status. It’s the same rule for just about every other company ma rketing its good and services towards China’s money classes: luxury items in China are far more expensive than in the West for no other reason than the fact that this country has a rather large, new rich consumer class which desires the status symbols to separate themselves from the masses.Ⅴ. TranslationDirections：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.所有成功人士都知道每一分钟都很重要。

上海市2017-2018年各区高三英语一模试题汇编--摘要写作(Summary-Writing)-老师版(全部带答案已经校对)

IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Wilderness TherapyWhen most people hear the term “psychotherapy”, they picture traditional talk therapy –someone sitting on a couch or chair talking about their troubling thoughts and feelings with a psychologist or other mental health professional. However, talk therapy isn’t the only type of psychotherapy used to help individuals struggling with depression, anxiety, and a whole host of other challenging disorders, emotional struggles, and other types of problems. In reality, therapy takes place in all kinds of settings. One of them is wilderness therapy.When the campsite is set up and the fire is lit, the doctor is in. Wilderness therapy is a successful, and sometimes controversial (有争议的) way to help troubled youth by teaching life and social skills on the hiking trail. Intensive group therapy and one-on-one sessions are coupled with outdoor activities like mountain climbing and fly-fishing to teach self-reliance and responsibility. Programs promise to reform even the most wayward (任性的) of offenders, including teens with depression, anger management issues, or eating disorders.While wilderness therapy can be effective, certain methods have come under fire for using unethical, and sometimes abusive (施虐的) techniques to help struggling youth. Wilderness programs are loosely regulated, so not all programs are staffed by qualified professionals. Upon closer examination, some “therapy” groups seemed to be just military-style boot camps with little mental health benefit.Even legal wilderness therapy groups have been criticized for partnering with teen escort (陪同) companies to forcibly remove unwilling participants from their homes to attend the program. While controversy and risk exist, wilderness therapy might be a creative way to teach life skills when other methods have failed.Keys:Wildness therapy is a kind of psychotherapy, which is a successful one with argument. It is aimed to reform youths in trouble by having them get involved in outdoor activities. It is criticized/blamed for some of its methods, lack of professional staff and not being mentallybeneficial. However, it is a creative way to equip youths with life and social skills. (60 words)IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Are Open Offices Good for Us?Four years ago, Chris Nagele did what many other technology executives have done before –moved his team into an open concept office. His staff had been entirely working from home, but he wanted everyone to be together, to connect and cooperate more easily. It quickly became clear, though, that Nagele had made a huge mistake. Everyone was distracted and productivity suffered and nine employees were unhappy, not to mention Nagele himself. About three years after moving into the open office, Nagele moved the company into a 10,000-square foot office where everyone now has their own space — complete with closing doors.Numerous companies have held the open office — about 70% of US offices are open concept — and very few have moved back into traditional spaces with offices and doors. But research that we’re 15% less productive, we have huge trouble co ncentrating in open working spaces, has contributed to a growing criticism against open offices.Beside the cheaper cost, one main argument for the open workspace is that it increases teamwork. However, it’s well documented that we rarely brainstorm brilliant ideas when we’re just shooting the breeze in a crowd. Instead, as many of us know, we’re more likely to hear about the Christmas gift a colleague is buying for a family member, or problems with your deskmate’s spouse.For jobs that require focus, like writing, advertising, financial planning and computer programming, some companies that aren’t ready to abandon open plans are experimenting with quiet and closed spaces. The trouble with that, is some of us don’t feel comfortable leaving the team to go off on our own—it can feel as if we’re not pulling our weight if we’re not present. That’s particularly true in high-pressure environments. Some of us even feel that escaping to a quiet room is a sign of weakness.Keys:Though open offices is meant to raise cooperation, employees feel it hard to concentrate, thus reducing productivity.Quiet and closed spaces are better choices for jobs demanding concentration, but some have a feeling of discomfort or weakness to work alone. (40 words)IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.According to an official report on youth violence.“In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence.”Given that this is the case, why aren’t students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. It is reported that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult. For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence.If the conflict occurs, students can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution: stay calm. Once the student feels calmer. Once the student feels calmer. He or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words and accusations only add fuel to the emotional fire while soft words can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.After that, they can use another key strategy for conflict resolution. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side: and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterwards, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the speaker’s position. Then the two people should change roles.Finally, students need to consider what they are hearing. An argument doesn’t mean trying to figure out the fault of the other person but means understanding what the real issue is. As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller.（280 words）Keys:Violence is officially reported to have become the greatest threat to teenagers’ lives, andstudents should learn to how to manage conflict.While conflict is inevitable, which students should know, keeping calm and carefully listening to each other is advisable.Reviewing what they hear and understanding what the real issue is will make the conflict become smaller.（58 words）IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.To airline and airport operators, fog is an enemy. When the white, misty blanket hides runways, airplanes cannot take off or land. Changes in flight schedules cost the airlines several million dollars each year.Fog is an concentration of tiny water droplets suspended in the air. It most often occurs when warm, most air is suddenly cooled. To clear the air of fog, it is necessary to evaporate the droplets or cause them to join together and fall as rain or snow.In 1968, a new fog-sweeping machine was tested for dissipating(驱散）the most common king of fog, which occurs at temperature above freezing. The machine consists of 100-foot-long plastic tube mounted on a mobile blower. As the machine moved across the airport, chemicals were blown through the tube and up into the fog. One of the chemicals reduces the surface tension on the water droplets so that they would join together more easily. Another chemical gave an electronic charge to the droplets, so that they attracted each other and fell as rain.Cold fog, which occurs at temperatures below freezing, causes only a small percentage of airport shutdowns. Cold fog is fairly easy to eliminate. For quite a few years, airports have used cloud-seeding methods to dissipate cold fog. An airplane drops crystals of dry ice into the fog. Soon, snow falls and the air clears.In the 1900s, another kind of weapon against fog was developed. Pilots who are flying through fog fire a pulse of laser light toward the runway. The light that would normally be reflected by the fog is screened out by a sensor. When the laser pulse returns, the sensor opens briefly to admit only the light reflected from the runway, thus enabling the laser to “see” the runway through the fog.These new “whether weapons” are helping to win the war against fog.Keys:Fog, a concentration of tiny water droplets suspending in the air, is airline and airport operators’ enemy, but machines have helped to win the war against it. The fog-sweeping machine dissipates common fog, and the cloud-seeding machine can eliminate cold fog. Another weapon enables pilots to “see” the runway through the fog. (55 words)IV．Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.We see it everywhere. A tired parent, at the end of a stressful day, loses it — and a child suffers. We’d like to help if we could, but we hesitate. Is it our business to intervene(干涉)? And if we do, will we embarrass and offend the parent, making him or her even more angry with the child? Isn’t it wiser to walk past without comment? After all, none of us is a perfect parent.There seems to be a common assumption in our society that intervening on behalf of a child in a public place is necessarily hurtful and critical. It needs to be neither. There is a world of difference between hurtful criticism (“How dare you treat your child like that?”) and helpful intervention done in a caring way (“It can be really hard to meet their needs when you’re so busy. Is there anything I can do to help?”) There is nothing essential in intervention that requires one to be offensive.My friends and I have witnessed some really harmful acts: hitting, severe verbal abuse, hurtful comparisons to brothers and sisters, and so on. These children accept this treatment because they are too helpless and inexperienced to stand up for themselves. That emotional abuse(虐待) leaves no outward scars should not excuse us from helping these children. Those of us who can recognize damaging treatment have an obligation to step in.There is one more reason for intervening that is nearly always overlooked in these discussions, but which I consider to be the most significant: the lifelong effect it can have on the child. Many adults in counseling sessions still recall with gratitude the one time that a stranger stepped in on their behalf, and how much it meant: that someone cared, and that the child’sfeelings of anger and frustration were recognized and accepted. These adults have stated to me that this one intervention changed their lives and gave them hope. Are we to bypass the opportunity to make such a big difference in the life of a child?Keys:People may hesitate to help when they see children abused by their parents in public because they are afraid to embarrass and offend the parent. However, intervention can be done in a non-offensive way. Since children are too young to stand up for themselves, we are obliged to intervene, which may have a lifelong effect on their future/growth. (58 words)Ⅳ. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.California condors are North American’s largest birds, will wing-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico. Electrical lines have been killing them off. “As they go in to rest for the night, they just don’t see the power lines,” says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once. So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before the training was introduced, 66% of set-freed condors died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.Lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney failures and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.Rideout’s team thinks that the California condors’ average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years. “Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for no w,” he says. “They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.”Keys:Two measures have been taken to save California condors from extinction for decades. First, to keep condors away from electrical lines, electric shock training let them experience bitter but not fatal shock. Second to clear lead from their blood, some are given medical treatment at the zoo. As the statistics show, these efforts have had good results.(57 words)Ⅳ. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.A Father’s Influence Makes for Better GradesAdolescents from low-income families in particular are more likely than their middle-class peers to underachieve and to drop out of school. Studies have shown that a positive attitude towards school work and the support and encouragement from their parents can help at-risk youngsters to overcome the economic barriers and lack of resources they face. Most of the evidence about the effects of parental involvement comes from research on mothers. Little is known, however, about how adolescents experience their fathers’ warmth and the beliefs and behaviors that are most affected by it.This new study is part of a larger one focusing on low-income families conducted in four middle schools in the southwestern United States. Data were analyzed from questionnaires completed by 183 sixth-graders about how optimistic and motivated they were about their schoolwork, and how they experienced their fathers. The questionnaires were completed primarily by respondents of Mexican American, African American and European American descent. Their maths and language arts grades were also obtained.Their findings show how fathers can support their teenagers in ways that result in greater optimism, self-efficacy, and, ultimately, higher achievement at school.These positive effects extend to both sons and daughters, while in different ways. Experiencing their father’s warmth first influences daughters’ sense of optimism, and then spills over into their feeling more determined and certain about their academic abilities. This in turn leads to better math grades. There is a more direct link be tween their fathers’ involvement and teenage boys’ belief in their ability to succeed on the academic front. This heightened self-confidence increased their success in English language arts classes.Suizzo suggests that counselors and educators should encourage fathers to communicate warmth and acceptance to their children, because of the positive influence these emotions have on their well-being.Keys:Evidence shows that mothers can help children overcome difficulties, but a recently study finds that fathers also have positive influence. They can help children feel more optimistic and self-confident, which boosts the math score of teenage girls and the language abilities of boys. Therefore, fathers should be encouraged to convey care and recognition to their children. (56 words)IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.For many well-educated travelers, buying a copy of Lonely Planet is the first task before taking a vacation abroad. Founded in 1973, Lonely Planet is the biggest guidebook series in many countries. It’s published in 11 languages including Chinese.But when the BBC confirmed on March 19 that it had sold the entire Lonely Planet series to a US billionaire at a significant deficit(赤字), many commented that the deal sang the swan song for the printed guidebook.The rise of the Internet and the prevalence of smartphones have become a burden on the print media. Why would travelers bring a heavy guidebook when they can download the apps to their smartphone in an instant? Furthermore, alternative and free travel content is readily available on the Internet, from Wikivoyage to TripAdvisor which provide excellent guidance on your trips.But the Internet is not the only reason that guidebooks are in decline. It is also widely accepted that the physical guidebook has such complete content that can kill any sense of personal exploration. With the guide books, all those backpacker feet ended up following routine trade routes, and in those routes was little room for initiative.It’s also pointed out that the guidebook is not exactly good for tourism. Often the shops and restaurants that thrived on a recommendation in the guidebook relaxed and discovered that it didn’t matter: the legions of eager travelers keep on coming anyway. They gradually become uncompetitive.And yet, despite the rise of new media, it’s believed there is still a place for printed guidebooks, at least for the time being as books still offer readers the kind of feeling that virtual tools can’t provide, more of a compelling, touchable interaction.Keys:The changing-hands of the influential Lonely Planet at financial losses signified the breakdown of physical guidebooks. The decline is attributed to free quality content online and convenient smartphone apps. Besides, guidebooks’ comprehensiveness harm s innovation and recommended businesses ultimately get slack and lose edge. However, offering different experience, guidebooks still have room for existence currently. (55 words)IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.From Burn Survivor to Global InspirationLast October, the Kona Ironman World Championship witnessed an unbelievable finish. Turia Pitt, an Australian woman who suffered severe burns when caught in a bush fire during a marathon six years ago, successfully challenged herself.Pitt spent 864 days in a hospital and went through more than 200 operations. Doctors said she would never run again, but she proved them wrong.Crossing the line in the Hawaiian darkness, Pitt showed incredible emotion as the race commentator (现场解说员) announced: “Turia Pitt, you are an ironman!” On social media, peoplearound the world applauded her determination.Apart from continuing to be a star athlete, Pitt is also a motivational speaker now. She is sharing her journey of recovery with others to help raise awareness about the importance of organ donation, which she believes saved her life.Pitt was 24 years old when she and five others encountered the fire. Doctors had to remove the burnt skin and replace it with donated skin that could fight infection. None could be found in Australia and doctors were forced to search abroad. They finally found skin that could be used in the United States.“I’m not being dramatic, but it was the skin that saved my life,” said Pitt. “I decided to live my life to the best of my abilities because I never wanted those donors, wherever they are, to think I was ungrateful for their gift.”So Pitt set herself a big goal: the Kona Ironman World Championship. In order to compete, she had to first learn how to stand, walk and even talk all over again. And because of her burns, she also has trouble sweating and regulating her body temperature.Despite these disadvantages, Pitt completed the race in just 14 hours. She said this achievement would not be possible without the donated skin, highlighting the importance of organ donation.Keys:Turia Pitt met with a fire during a marathon and got severely burnt 6 years ago. But she eventually survived and recovered with the donated skin. What inspired people more was that she finished the Kona Ironman World Championship despite all the disadvantages she had after the surgery. She is now promoting organ donation with her own recovery experience. (59 words)IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.“Where You Go” Doesn’t Matter So MuchDuring the fall months at high school guidance counseling programs, juniors run to the stage to participate in an exercise to try and help them understand that it is not “where you go” thatmatters. They hold posters featuring the names and faces of famous people while their peers and parents shout out with confidence the names of elite colleges (名校) they assume the celebrities attended.The “oohs” and “aahs” follow as the audience learn that Steven Spielberg, Steve Jobs and Bill Gates dropped out of college and that Ken Burns graduated from Hampshire College. If even a few stressed students and their anxious parents benefit from this information, it is a worthwhile exercise. Even better is giving the students an assignment to identify the happy, successful people in their own circle of family, friends, co-workers and neighbors and challenging them to go and ask “if or where they went to college?” as a means of broadening the conversation in their search for a life after high school.The key to success in college and beyond has more to do with what students do with their time during college than what college they choose to attend. A long-term study of 6,335 college graduates published by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that graduating from a college where entering students have higher SAT scores—one marker of elite colleges—didn’t pay off in higher post-graduation income. Researchers found that students who applied to several elite schools but didn’t attend them—either because of rejection or by their own choice—are more likely to earn high incomes later than students who actually attended elite schools.In a summary of the findings, the bureau says that “evidently, students’ motivation, ambition and desire to learn have a much stronger effect on their later success than average academic ability of their classmates.”Keys:By asking the students to guess the colleges some celebrities attended and to investigate the educational background of their successful acquaintances, high school programmes indicate that the successful people don’t necessarily graduate from famous colleges.According to a research, not the universities people attended but their proper time management, efforts and willingness contribute most to lifelong success. (57 words)/By launching a campaign in which the students get to know the educational background of some famous and successful people, some high school instructing projects are intended to reveal that compared with the colleges the students attend, the efforts they made during the college count. Besides, students’ willingness and the eagerness to learn account more for lifelong success.(58 words)/With worthwhile guidance counseling programmes informing not “Where you go” but proper time management counts, the students and their parents are shocked to discover some celebrities didn’t graduate from first-class university. Nationwide research found high SATs didn’t mean high income. Those who applied but rejected will be successful if motivated, ambitious and active in learning. (55 words)IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Sales strategiesHow can a company improve its sales? One of the keys to more effective selling is for a company to first decide on its “sales strategy”. In other words, what is the role of the salesperson? Is the salesperson’s job narrative, suggestive, or consultative?The “narrative” sales strategy depends on the salesperson moving quickly into a standard sales presentation. His or her pitch highlights the benefit for the customer of a particular product or service. This approach is most effective for customers whose buying motives are basically the same.The “suggestive” approach is tailored more for the individual customer. The salesperson must be in a position to offer alternative recommendations that meet a particular customer’s needs. One key aspect of the suggestive approach is the need for the salesperson to engage the buyer in some sort of discussion. The salesperson can then use the information from the customer to suggest an appropriate product or service.The final strategy demands that a company’s sales staff act as “consultants” for the buyer. In this role, the salesperson must acquire a great deal of information about the customer. They do this through market research, surveys, and face-to-face discussions. Using this information, the salesperson makes a detailed prese ntation tailored to a consumer’s needs. More and more sales teams are switching from a narrative or a suggestive approach to a more consultative strategy. As a result, corporations value creativity and analytical skills.Keys:Such sales strategies as narrative, suggestive and consultative strategies can improve a company’s sales. The narrative strategy refers to a standard presentation suitable for buyers with similar motives, while the suggestive strategy means the salesperson should offer alternative choices of a particular customer. Finally, the presentation in consultative strategy is designed to meet a consumer’s specific needs.(60 words)IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.When a rather dirty, poorly dressed person kneels at your feet and puts out his hands to beg for a few coins, do you hurry on, not knowing what to do, or do you feel sad and hurriedly hand over some money? What should our attitude to beggars be? There can be no question that the world is full of terribly sad stories. It must be terrible to have no idea where our next meal is going to come from. It seems cruel not to give some money to beg gars.Certainly, most of the world’s great religions order us to be open hearted and share what we have with those less fortunate than ourselves. But has the world changed? Maybe what was morally right in the old days, when one knew exactly who in the village had suffered misfortune and needed help, is no longer the best idea. Quite a few people will not give to beggars. Let us look at their arguments.First, some believe that many city beggars dress up on purpose to look pitiable and actually make a good living from begging. Giving to beggars only encourages this sort of evil. Secondly, there is the worry that the money you give will be spent on beer, wine or drugs. Thirdly, there is the opinion that there is no real excuse for begging. One might be poor, but that is no reason for losing one’s sense of pride and self-dependence.Related to this is the opinion that the problem should be dealt with by the government rather than ordinary people. Some people think beggars should go to the local government department and receive help.It is hard to come to any final conclusion; there are various cases and we must deal with them。

2018-2019学年长宁区高三年级英语一模测试卷（含答案解析版）

长宁区2018-2019学年度第一学期期末质量检测试卷高三英语(满分140分，完卷时间120分钟)I. Listening ComprehensionSection A (10分)Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1.音频A. At the dress shop.B. At the butcher‟s.C. At the hairdresser‟s.D. At the grocery store.【答案】C【解析】【详解】此题为听力题，解析略。

2.音频A. Play the violin.B. Stay at home.C. Write a composition.D. Attend the concert.【答案】D【解析】【详解】此题为听力题，解析略。

3.音频A. $4.B. $31.C. $40.D. $69.【答案】B【解析】【详解】此题为听力题，解析略。

4.音频A. Someone witnessing a crime.B. A salesman of the shop.C. Someone looking for the robber.D. A friend of the woman.【答案】A【解析】【详解】此题为听力题，解析略。

2018上海各区高三英语一模——11选10(包含答案)

【2018-宝山区一模】Section BDirections: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.The discovery builds on earlier findings showed that a class of genes called splicing (胶接) factors is progressively switched off as we age. The research team found that splicing factors can be switched back on with chemicals, making aging cells not only look ____31____ younger, but start to divide like young cells.The researchers applied compounds chemicals based on a ____32____ naturally found in red wine, dark chocolate, red grapes and blueberries, to cells in culture. The chemicals ____33____ splicing factors, which are progressively switched off as we age to be switched back on. Within hours, the cells looked younger and started to rejuvenate, behaving like young cells.The discovery has the ___34_____ to lead to therapies that could help people age better, without experiencing some of the degenerative effects of getting old. Most people by the age of 85 have experienced some kind of chronic illness, and as people get older they are more prone to stroke, heart disease and cancer.Professor Harries as saying, “This is a first step in trying to make people live ___35_____ lifetime, but with health for their entire life. Our data suggests that using chemicals to switch back on the major class of genes that are switched off as we age might provide a means to ____36____ to old cells.”Dr Eva Latorre, Research Associate at the University of Exeter, who carried out the experiments, was surprised by the ____37____ and rapidity of the changes in the cells.“When I saw some of the cells in the culture dish ___38_____ I couldn’t believe it. These old cells were looking like young cells. It was like magic,” she said. “I repeated the experiments several times and in each case the cells rejuvenated. I am very excited by the implications and potential for this research.”As we age, our tissues accumulate senescent cells which are alive but do not grow or ____39____ as they should. These old cells lose the ability to correctly regulate the output of their genes. This is one reason why tissues and organs become susceptible to disease as we age. When activated, genes make a message that gives the ____40____ for the cell to behave in a certain way. Most genes can make more than one message, which determines how the cell acts.Splicing factors are crucial in ensuring that genes can perform their full range of functions.31. I 32. B 33. H 34. D 35. C 36. J 37. A 38. E 39. G 40. F【2018-崇明区一模】Section BCompany Builds World’s First Automobile V ending Machine（自动贩卖机）Thanks to used-car website Carvana, it is now possible to buy your own set of wheels at the touch of a button, from the world’s first and only coin-operated car vending machine in Nashville, Tennessee. It’s quick, easy, and not cheap, but cheaper than buying a car the old way.The company has been working on the concept for the past two years. Their __31__ car vending machine was installed in Atlanta in 2013. But they’ve spent time improving the design, in order to take user experience to the next level. “Our new Vending Machine is a state-of-the-art, multi-story structure that delivers our customers’ cars by merely __32__ a special coin,” said Carvana CEO Ernie Garcia.The machine consists of a five-story glass tower that can hold up to 20 cars at a time. The tower basically serves as a(n) __33__ point for used cars that customers purchase through the website, enabling __34__ pricing and eliminating delivery costs.Customers can access a long list of specifications, ratings, reviews, and lots of other details about the cars they’re interested in on the Carvana website. They even get __35__ tours that point out every scratch on the body of the car. Once the car is chosen and paid for, the company usually delivers the car to the customer for a seven-day trial period. This usually means the delivery costs are worked into the the __36__ of the vehicle.But with the Vending Machine, customers are able to go to pick up their cars straight away. It’s a win-win __37__ that allows Carvana to cut down on staff and overhead（间接费用）, and save customers about $2,000 as well. According to the company, it also makes for a great __38__ experience – placing an oversized coin in a slot（硬币投币口）and watching their car roll down automatically.“Carvana’s __39__ is to create a better way to buy a car, and this n ew Vending Machine will be a one-of-a-kindexperience, __40__ just how simple and easy we’ve made it to buy a car online,” Garcia said. He added the company plans to build more car vending machines in the future.31. E 32. C 33. D 34. B 35. J 36. G 37. A 38. K 39. F 40. H【2018-奉贤区一模】Section BThere’s nothing more annoying than settling down to sleep and hearing the sound of a mosquito buzzing around you.The only thought most of us ever give to this noise is “I need to get rid of this insect, immediately”, but it turns out that the mosquito is actually quite a(n) __31__ creature.A term of scientists from Oxford University in the UK, in __32__ with the Royal Veterinary College in London and Chiba University in Japan, recently published a study that found some interesting facts about the world’s most __33__ insect.By placing eight cameras inside a tiny film studio, the scientists could study several mosquitoes up close. The high-tech cameras filmed the insects at 1,000 frames per second, meaning the scientists were able to study the insects’ __34__ in never-before-seen detail. However, it wasn’t always straightforward.“Recording mosquitoes during free-flight represented a huge technical challenge due to their small size, __35__ wing beat frequency, and the presence of large antennae and legs that can __36__ the view of their wings,” S imon Walker of Oxford University, co-author of the study, wrote.Published in the journal Nature, the study found that mosquitoes flap their wings around 800 times a second. As a __37__, house flies flap their wings about 200 times a second, and hummingbirds 50 times a second.Richard Bomphrey of the Royal Veterinary College, the study’s leader, believes that mosquitoes have a unique flying method that sets them apart from other flying insects.“We predicted that they must make use of clever tricks, as t he wings __38__ their direction at the end of each。

2017-2018上海嘉定一中高三英语教学质量调研(一)英语试题

2017-2018上海嘉定一中高三英语第一次月考第Ⅰ卷Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary（共20分，每题1分）Section ADirections：After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Shanghai opened its first community fridge, with the aim of cutting food waste and helping residents in need. It is located on Puxiong Road, Putuo District.The fridge ___21___（house）in a community reading room for the elderly and can be used from 8:30 am to 11:30 am and 1:30 pm to 5 pm. The stock yesterday included boxes of milk, yogurt and pastries. The foods are supplied by two local supermarkets nearby, a restaurant and a food bank.___22___（co-launch）by Puxiong Community and Shanghai Oasis Public Service Development Center, the project was inspired by“solidarity fridges”in Spain, ___23___ residents and restaurants can drop off leftovers to curb food waste.However, ___24___（ensure）food safety and sourcing, the fridge in Puxiong Community so far only accepts food from certain institutions. Five volunteers take turns to be responsible for accepting food and cleaning the fridge.“I think this is a brilliant idea, and would be even better if it can spring up around the city,”a 79-year-old resident Zhu Guoxin told Shanghai Daily.“However, I hope in the future individual residents can also be able to put their leftovers or other edible snacks here. Just ___25___ the scheme in Spain.”26______ ______ the shared fridge, the community and Shanghai Oasis Public Service Development Center are also working on a food bank scheme ___27___（serve）low-income families as well as providing medical treatment in the community.“Packaged food that can be preserved for a long time will be put in food bank to serve residents most in need,”said Ella Zhang, the program director with the public service center, “___28___ cooked food or fresh food will be sent to the sharing fridge”. She said the Green Food Bank project first started in 2014 and operated from about 50 spots in Shanghai, with food supplied mainly by local farms, food manufactures, retailers and restaurants.“Now some five-star hotels ___29___（contact）us to share their leftovers too.”The project in Puxiong Community is sponsored by Changshou Funds of Changshou subdistrict government. If successful, the program will be spread to the ___30___ 34 communities in the subdistrict.Section BDirections：Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Would you be happier if you spent more time discussing the state of the world and the meaning of life--- and less time talking about the weather?It may sound counterintuitive（违反直觉的）, but people who spend more of their day having deep discussions and less time engaging in small talk seem to be happier, said Matthias Mehl, a psychologist at the University of Arizona who published a study on the ___31___.“We found this so interesting, because it could have gone the other way — it could have been ‘Don't worry, be happy’ — as long as you surf on the ___32___ level of life you're happy, and if you go into the essential depths you'll be unhappy,” Dr. Mehl said.But, he ___33___, deep conversation seemed to hold the ___34___ to happiness for two main reasons: both because human beings are driven to find and create ___35___ in their lives, and because we are social animals who want and need to ___36___ with other people.“By engaging in meaningful conversations, we manage to impose meaning on a(n) ___37___ pretty messy world,”Dr. Mehl said.“And interpersonally, as you find this meaning, you bond with your interactive partner, and we know that interpersonal connection and integration is a core ___38___ foundation of happiness.”Dr. Mehl’s study was small and doesn’t ___39___ a cause-and-effect relationship between the kind of conversations one has and one’s happiness. But that’s the ___40___ next step, when he will ask people to increase the number of deep conversations they have each day and cut back on small talk, and vice versa.Ⅱ. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections：For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Robert Frank, an economist at Cornell, believes that his profession is restricting cooperation and generosity. In the U.S., economics professors give __41__ money to charity than professors in other fields. Economics students in Germany are more likely than those from other majors to recommend an overpriced plumber (水管工) when they are paid to do it. Economics majors tend to rate __42__ as “generally good,” “correct,” and “moral” more than their peers.Does studying economics change people? Maybe not. It could be self-selection: students who already believe in self-interest are __43__ to economics. But this doesn't exclude the possibility that studying economics pushes people further toward the selfish extreme. By spending time with like-minded people, economics students may become __44__ that selfishness is widespread and reasonable -- or at least that giving is rare and foolish.“As a business school professor, these effects worry me, as economics, __45__ every aspect of our lives, is taught widely in business schools, providing a __46__ for courses in management, finance, and accounting.” says Frank.If economics can __47__ pro-social behavior, which is central to the well-being of people or society, what should we do about it? A change in economics and business __48__ is suggested. Courses in behavioral economics, which considers the role of “social preferences” like __49__, fairness and cooperation, are required for students of economics major. In fact, economics courses not involving some behavioral economics are considered both an ___50___ education and a poor preparation to be a practising economist. Also, __51__ width, economics majors are required to take courses in social sciences like sociology and psychology, which place considerable emphasis on how people are __52__ about others, not only themselves. __53__, within economics courses, we should do a better job __54__ the principle of self-interest, which involves anything a person values -- including helping others.Not until then may the prophecy (预言) by Nobel Prize-winning economist and philosopher Amartya Sen be __55__. Calling economists “rational fools,” he observed: “The purely economic man is indeed close to being a social fool.”41. A. fewer B. less C. smaller D. more42. A. teamwork B. greed C. desire D. economics43. A. opposed B. entitled C. drawn D. attached44. A. convinced B. depressed C. relaxed D. doubtful45. A. depending on B. adapting to C. differing from D. relating to46. A. potential B. judgment C. foundation D. reason47. A. assess B. research C. discourage D. cause48. A. education B. standard C. approach D. application49. A. competition B. evaluation C. community D. generosity50. A. inaccessible B. informal C. inadequate D. insignificant51. A. in case of B. in terms of C. in relation to D. in need of52. A. concerned B. anxious C. curious D. enthusiastic53. A. However B. Therefore C. Furthermore D. Otherwise54. A. claiming B. defining C. overlooking D. recalling55. A. broken B. predicted C. challenged D. fulfilledSection BDirections：Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them in passage A, B, and C. There are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.（A）It was Saturday. As always, it was a busy one, for“Six days shall you labor and do all your work”was taken seriously back then. Outside, Father and Mr. Patrick next door were busy chopping firewood. Inside their own houses, Mother and Mrs. Patrick were engaged in spring cleaning.Somehow the boys had slipped away to the back lot with their kites. Now, even at the risk of having Brother caught to beat carpets, they had sent him to the kitchen for string (线). It seemed there was no limit to the heights to which kites would fly today.My mother looked at the sitting room, its furniture disordered for a thorough sweeping. Again she cast a look toward the window. “Come on, girls! Let’s take string to the boys and watch them.”On the way we met Mrs. Patrick, laughing guiltily as if she were doing something wrong, together with her girls.There never was such a day for flying kited! We played all our fresh string into the boys’ kites and they went up higher and higher. We could hardly distinguish the orange-colored spots of the kites. Now and then we slowly pulled one kite back, watching it dancing up and down it the wind, and finally bringing it down to earth, just for the joy of sending it up again.Even our fathers dropped their tools and joined us. Our mothers took their turn, laughing like schoolgirls. I think we were all beside ourselves. Parents forgot their duty and their dignity; children forgot their everyday fights and little jealousies. “Perhaps it’s like this in the kingdom of heaven,”I thought confusedly.It was growing dark before we all walked sleepily back to house. I suppose we had some sort of supper. I suppose there must have been a surface tidying-up, for the house on Sunday looked clean and orderly enough. The strange thing was, we didn’t mention that day afterward. I felt a little embarrassed. Surely none of the others had been as excited as I. I locked the memory up in that deepest part of me where we keep “the things that cannot be and yet they are.”The years went on, then one day I was hurrying about my kitchen in a city apartment, trying to get some work out of the way while my three-year-old insistently cried her desire to “go park, see duck.”“I can’t go!”I said. “I have this and this to do, and when I’m through I’ll be too tired to walk that far.”My mother, who was visiting us, looked up from the peas she was shelling, “It’s a wonderful day,” she offered, “really warm, yet there’s a fine breczc. Do you remember that day we flew kites?”I stopped in my dash between stove and sink. The looked door flew open and with it a rush of memories. “Come on.”I told my little girl. “You’re right, it’s too good a day to miss.”Another decade passed. We were in the aftermath (余波) of a great war. All evening we had been asking our returned soldier, the youngest Patrick Boy, about his experiences as a prisoner of war. He had talked freely, but now for a long time he had been silent. What was he thinking of – what dark and horrible things?“Say!” A smile slipped out from his lips. “Do you remember --- no, of course you wouldn’t. It probably didn’t make the impression on you as it did on me.”I hardly dared speak. “Remember what?”“I used to think of that day a lot in POW camp(战俘营), when things weren’t too good. Do you remember the day we flew the kites?”56. By“we were all besides ourselves,”the writer means that they all _____.A. felt confusedB. went wild with joyC. looked onD. forgot their fights57. What did the writer think after the kite-flying?A. The boys must have had more fun than the girls.B. They should have finished their work before playing.C. Her parents should spend more time with them.D. All the others must have forgotten that day.58. Why did the writer finally agree to take her little girl for an outing?A. She suddenly remembered her duty as a mother.B. She was reminded of the day they flew kites.C. She had finished her work in the kitchen.D. She thought it was a great day to play outside.59. The youngest Patrick Boy is mentioned to show that _____.A. the writer was not alone in treasuring her fond memoriesB. his experience in POW camp threw a shadow over his lifeC. childhood friendship means so much to the writerD. people like him really changed a lot after the war（B）A team of U.S. and Ethiopian scientists has discovered the fossilized（变为化石的）remains of what they believe is humankind’s first walking ancestor, a hominid（原始人）that lived in the wooded grasslands of the Horn of Africa nearly 4 million years ago.The bones were discovered in February at a new site called Mile, in the northern African region of Ethiopia. They are considered to be 3.8-4 million years old. The fossil include a complete tibia（胫骨）from the lower part of the leg, parts of a high-bone, ribs, vertebrae（脊椎）, a collar-bone, pelvis（骨盆）and a complete shoulder-blade. There also is an ankle bone which, with the tibia, proves they walked upright.The bones are the latest in a growing collection of early human ones that help explain the development history of man.“Right now we can say this is the world’s oldest bipedal---an animal walking on two feet and what makes this important is because what makes us human is walking upright,”Latimer said.“This new discovery will give us a picture of how our 4-million-year-old ancestors walked upright. It opens the door on a poorly known period and it will help us understand the early periods of human evolution（演化）before Lucy.”Paleontologists（古生物学家）before discovered in Ethiopia the remains of Ardipithecus-ramidus, a traditional part with important ape characteristics dating as far back as 4.5 million years but there is some argument over whether it walked upright on two legs. Scientists know little about A. ramidus. A few skeletal bones suggest it was even smaller than Australopithecus afarensis, the 3.2 million-year-old species known by the nearly complete“Lucy”fossil.Scientists are yet to classify the new find, which they believe falls between A. ramidus and A. afarensis. The fossil would help join the two parts. “It is a once in a lifetime find ,” latimer said.60. The passage mainly tells readers that ______.A. a bone was discovered in EthiopiaB. there is a once in a lifetime find in EthiopiaC. remains discovered in Ethiopia may be the oldest walking hominidD. human evolution before Lucy is completely known61. Which of the following can prove whether humans can walk upright?A. The thigh-bone and ribs.B. The ankle bones and tibia.C. The tibia and vertebrae.D. The pelvis and shoulder-blade.62. Which of the following shows the right order according to the timeline?（C）There was a time, not that long ago, when women were considered smart if they played dumb to get a man, and women who went to college were more interested in getting a“Mrs. Degree”than a bachelor’s. Even today, it’s not unusual for a woman to get whispered and unrequested counsel from her grandmother that an advanced degree could hurt her in the marriage market."There were so many misperceptions out there about education and marriage that I decided to sort out the facts," said economist Betsey Stevenson, an assistant professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. So along with Wharton colleague Adam Isen, Stevenson calculated national marriage data from 1950 to 2008 and found that the marriage penalty women once paid for being well educated has largely disappeared."In other words, the difference in marriage rates between those with college degrees and those without is very small," said Stephanie Coontz, a family historian at Evergreen State College. The new analysis also found that while high-school dropouts had the highest marriage rates in the 1950s, today college-educated women are more likely tomarry than those who don’t finish high school.Of course, expectations have changed dramatically in the last half century. "In the 1950s, a lot of women thought they needed to marry right away," Coontz said. "Real wages were rising so quickly that men in their 20s could afford to marry early. But they didn’t want a woman who was their equal. Men needed and wanted someone who knew less." In fact, she said, research published in 1946 documented that 40 percent of college women admitted to playing dumb on dates. "These days, few women feel the need to play down their intelligence or achievements," Coontz said.The new research has more good news for college grads. Stevenson said the data indicate that modern college-educated women are more likely to be married before age 40, are less likely to divorce, and are more likely to describe their marriages as "happy". The marriages of well-educated women tend to be more stable because the brides are usually older as well as wiser, Stevenson said.63. Not long ago, it was believed that women went to college in order to ___.A. find a husbandB. get smart in the marriage marketC. learn to be a good wifeD. marry someone with a bachelor’s degree64. According to the first paragraph, what grandmother whispers to her granddaughter is usually______.A. taken as a warningB. regarded as out-of-dateC. given voluntarilyD. accepted unwillingly65. What did Betsey Stevenson find about well-educated women in the past?A. Their marriage rate was higher than at present.B. Their marriage rate was lower than at present.C. Their divorce rate was higher than at present.D. Their divorce rate was lower than at present.66. The effect of education on marriage has been found to be _____.A. favorableB. insignificantC. long-lastingD. extensiveSection CDirections：Read the following passage and fill in each blank with the sentence that best fits the context. EachFigure skating as we know it got its start in the mid-19th century. At that time, an American named Jackson Haines combined dancing and skating for the first time. Americans did not accept Haines’ technique, so he moved to Vienna, Austria, where he was an immediate success. Some 50 years later, Haines’ style finally caught on in the United States.___67___ Events for pairs and singles first appeared at the London 1908 Summer Games. Ice dancing joined the Olympics in 1976, when the Games were held in Innsbruck, Austria.In single skating, each skater performs a short routine of required steps. ___68___ The pairs event follows the same format, but with one male and one female together.___69___ But unlike pairs skating, ice dance does not include overhead lifts and jumps. An ice dancecompetition is made up of three parts: one set to music that has a required rhythm and tempo, and two parts set to whatever music the ice dancers choose.A panel of nine judges scores the quality of each figure skating performance, but only seven out of nine scores are used. To determine which judges’ scores will be used, there is a random draw before each event. Skaters are given a grade for each step, jump, spin, or any other element that is part of their routine. They also receive an “overall”score for each performance. ___70___第Ⅱ 卷Ⅱ. TranslationDirecitons：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 夏天天气炎热，请避免长时间暴晒。

上海市各区2017-2018年高三英语一模汇编----六选四--老师版（已经校对）

Section CDirections:Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It‘s very likely that you‘ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization‘s activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.Let‘s begin with the question of why people volunteer. 67 For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory (义务的) volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people‘s wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g., ―I volunteer because it‘s important to me‖) to an external factor (e.g., ―I volunteer because I‘m required to do so‖). When that happe ns, people become less likely to volunteer in the future. 68 Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question, researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. 69 The researchers note that attention should begiven to ―training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience‖.Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view ―volunteer‖ as an important social role. 70 Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as ―Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.‖ Consistent with the researchers‘ expectations, they found a positive relationship between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results, once again, lead to defin ite advice: ―Once an individual begins volunteering, continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity.... Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity‖.Keys:67-70: F B E CSection CDirections:Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.necessarily true. If we had a crystal ball, we could guess what consumer behavior would be in the future if a minimum wage increase goes through. But you just can‘t.‖Keys:67-70 FDABSectionCDirections:Read the following passage and choose the most suitable statement from A-F for each Blank. There are two extra statements, which you do not need.Nanotechnology Grows FastThanks to advances in technology, the science fiction of the past has become the―sciencefact‖of today, like the 1966 sci-fi Fantastic Voyage（《神奇旅程》）. In the film, a man with veryimportant knowledge was dying. The only way to save him was by using experimentalminiaturization technology. A number of scientists were shrunk to a tiny size and injected into theman‘s body to locate the source of the problem and save him.67Over the past severaldecades, the science of nanotechnology has been developing rapidly, and, just as in thefilm, it involves working with objects of a very small size.Something very similar to the medial procedure seen in Fantastic Voyage is already beingused to help save lives today. Tiny crystals known as―quantu m dots（量子点）‖，whose diametersare one thousandth of a human hair, are injected into the body of a cancer patient.68Upon findinga tumor, these quantum dots release their medicine, and then light themselves up tso that doctorscan see exactly where the cancer cells are.69 We may soon find our everyday lives being affected by it. Are you tired ofhaving to charge the batteries in your mobile devices? Soon, you don‘t need to. Scientists areworking on solar-cell vests that will absorb energy from the sun as you walk around and providepower for your devices.Eric Drexler, an author and scientist, believes that nanotechnology will lead to a new kind ofmanufacturing, one in which products are assembled atom by atom. By rearranging atoms, youcan turn one kind of molecule into another. For example, a wood molecule can be transformed into a metal molecule. If this is done many times according to a design, a large object such as an ax might eventually be created, just by rearranging atoms.70 .Although we have already seen its first practical applications, even more dramatic advances will be made in the future.Keys:67-70 AFECSection CDirections:Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.As people recognize the dangers of fossil fuel plants, especially the risk of global warming from carbon dioxide production—nuclear power begins to look more attractive. But what about the waste—all that highly radioactive debris(残核) that will endure for thousands of years? Nuclear waste is one of the biggest technical issues that any future president is likely to face.______67________Plutonium(钚) has a half-life of 24,000 years. Even after 100,000 years, the radiation will still be above 10% of the level it had when it left the reactor.______68_________How can we possibly prove that this material can be kept safe for 100000 years?Still the US government persists in pursuing ―safe‖nuclear waste disposal(处理). It has created nuclear waste facilities buried deep within Yucca Mountain , Nevada. To keep the waste safe, the storage rooms are 1,000feet below the surface. _______69__________. It needs at least 2 square miles. The cost of the facility is expected to reach $100 billion ,with hundreds of billions of dollars more in operating costs. To make matters worse, earthquakes happen often in the Yucca Mountain region. More than 600 earthquakes of magnitude of 2.5 and higher have occurred within 50 miles in the last decade alone. Although that was millions of years ago, how sure can we be that the waste facility won‘t be torn apart by another eruption?________70_________ Why not just send the waste into the sun? Well, maybe that‘s notsuch a good idea, since on launch some rockets do crash back down to the earth. Some scientists have proposed that the waste be put in ships and sunk under the oceans. Yet just the fact that scientists make such suggestions seems to emphasize how the problem really is.Keys:67-70 ECDASection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Staying young foreverIt used to be a matter of fact when Peter Pan —a character from James Matthew Barrie‘s 1911 book —said: ―All children, except one, grow up.‖ _______67_________According to the NPD Group, a US market research company, sales of toys to adults in the UK increased by more than 20 percent in 2016, three times the pace of the children‘s toy market itself. These toys ranged from puzzles and Lego building sets to vehicle models and action figures. And more than half of the sales came from millennials —people born between the 1980s and 2000s.―Adults of the 21st century are channeling their inner child, one toy at a time,‖ commented website Koreaboo. _______68_________ .According to Frederique Tutt, an analyst at NPD, the motivation of these grown-ups is to escape the stress of today‘s fast-paced world. They are driven toward the more immediate pleasures brought by toys than those brought by, say, getting a promotion, which is far less easy to achieve. ―It reminds me of the playful side of life,‖ Rob Willner, a 25-year-old PhD student in the UK, told The Telegraph when talking about his love for Lego, which he said brings him both comfort and entertainment._______69_________ To Frank Furendi, a professor at the University of Kent in the UK, the fact that so many adults are pursuing ―the thrills of youth‖ is the evidence that ―adulthood has got nothing attractive about it anymore‖, he told The New York Times. ―That‘s actually quite sad.‖________70________ According to Canadian comic book artist Todd McFarlane, collecting toys could simply be a way for people to express their individuality. ―It‘s just pop culture stuff. It‘s stuff that says, ‗I like a little of this and I like a little of that‘,‖ he told ABC News. ―It‘s no big deal.‖So now that over 100 years have passed since Peter Pan, perhaps it‘s time to introduce a new ―fact‖, as stated in the tagline of the UK fashion brand KIDULT: ―Growing old is mandatory(强制的), but growing up is optional.‖Keys:67-70 DBFC\Section CDirections: Read the following passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Each sentence can be used only once .Note that there aretwo more sentences than you need.The latest research suggests that the key factor separating geniuses from the merelyaccomplished is not IQ, a generally bad predictor' of success.67Top performers spend more hours practising theircraft. If you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, you'd take a girl who possessed a slightly above average language ability. It wouldn‘t have to be a big talent, just enough so that she might gain some sense of distinction. Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally some similar qualities. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same family background, orshared the same birthday.68 It would give her some idea of a fascinating circle she might someday join.It would also help if one of her parents died when she was 12, giving her a strong sense of insecurity and fuelling a desperate need for success, Armed with this ambition, she wouldread novels and life stories of writers without end. This would give her a primary knowledge of her field. She‘d able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly understand its inner workings.Then she would practise writing. Her practice would be slow, painstaking and error focused. By practising in this way, site delays the automatizing process. Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious, automatically performed skills. By practising slowly, by breaking skills down into tiny parts and repealing, she forces the brain to internalize a better pattern of performance. Then she would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream offeedback, viewing her performance from the outside, correcting the smallest errors, pushing her to take on tougher challenges. By now she is redoing problems-how do I get characters into a room-dozens and dozens of times. 69.The primaryquality our young writer possesses is not some mysterious genius. It's the ability to develop a purposeful, laborious and boring practice routine. The latest research takes some of the magic out of great achievement. But it underlines a fact that is often neglected. Public discussion is affected by genetics and what we're "hardwired" to do. And it's true that genes play a role in our capabilities.70 We construct ourselves through behavior.Keys:67-70 FEC ASection CDirections: Read the following passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.There are a lot of different people in the world, but despite our differences we all want to get along. Humans are social beings, and we enjoy being treated nicely.67It is about treating people with respect and care.Be a good listener. To start a conversation, it is important to listen first, especially when you are in a group. Don‘t indulge（放纵）yourself in instant chant when you have just arrived. Examine the situation and the conversation, and then say whatever you think fit. It is better to say something valuable, rather than something meaningless. 68Don‘t try to change people. It is not your job to change anyone else. It is not in your power to change anyone else.Let other people live how they want to live.69If you do not like how someone acts, you can arrange things so that you interact with them as little as possible. You can always maintain a good attitude towards them so that your relationship with them might be change.Keep a smile. A little laughter goes a long way, and a smile cases tensions, wheres a frow n can create tensions. If someone teases you, try to laugh at it off. If someone is frowning, smile at them. Be mindful of your facial expression. If you are persistently and optimistic, people will cheer up when they are see you coming.70Some people do not take hints. Some people d not read body language. For these people, it really works to just say,‖ I really want us to work well together. I will help you and back you up, and you help me and beck me up.‖KEYS:67-70:DFEBSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.In the radio drama ―Nau em Taim‖ aired in Papua New Guinea, a widowed father takes up dynamite(炸药) fishing—profitable but disastrous for the reef. Then he meets a dashing marine scientist who warns him off. The idea is that by the end of the drama, both he—and the listeners—will give up dynamite for sustainable fishing.The show‘s producer, the Population Media Center (PMC) in Vermont, has been a pioneer of programmes with the goal of fostering development. ___67___ In Vietnam Khat Vong Song uses radio drama to teach its listeners about domestic violence. In Kenya Mediae promotes civil rights with a television soap called ―Makutano Junction‖.Evidence that radio and television soaps can change behaviour was first spotted in the 1970s. ___68___ About twenty years later, economists at the Inter-American Development Bank, found that Brazilians receiving Globo, a television network promoting modern family concepts, had fewer children. Another follow-up study discovered that, as cable television spread, the birth rate in certain rural area dropped.Some argue that the influence was because couch potatoes were less likely to make babies. But research in Ethiopia showed that dramas can have a direct effect. Inquiries about ways to reduce birth rates rose by 157% among married women who listened to the soap operas ―Yeken Kignet‖ and ―Dhimbibba‖. ___69___ Male listeners sought tests for HIV/AIDS four times as much as male non-listeners.―The results are the best when people identify with characters,‖ says Betty Oala of the PMC.This is why the organization does extensive research, takes on local writers and uses native languages.Not only are soaps effective, but they are also cheap. Radio programmes can cost as little as three cents to reach a listener in Africa. ___70___ Although producers do not hide their purposes many scholars think that there could be a fight over morals and the aimful results of soap dramas.A drop in birth rates may seem like good news to a woman activist, but bad to a religious worker.Keys:67-70 FDAESection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.A.B.C.E.F.The Best Language for MathWhat‘s the best language for learning math? Hint: You‘re not reading it.Chinese, Japanese and Korean use simpler number words and express math concepts more clearly than English. The language gap is drawing growing attention as confusing English number words have been linked in several studies to weaker counting and arithmetic skill in children in English-speaking countries.67 Among the researchers are Karen Fuson, a professor in the School of Educationat Northwestern University, and Li Yeping, an expert on Chinese math education at Texas A&M University.Chinese has just nine number words, while English has more than two dozen. The trouble starts at ―11‖. English has a unique word for the number, while Chinese (as well as Japanese and Korean, among other languages) have words that can be translated as ―ten-one‖– spoken with the ―ten‖ first. 68 .English number words over 10 don‘t as clearly label place values. Number words for the teens reverse the order of the ones and ―teens‖, making it easy for children to confuse, say, 17 with 71. As a result, children working with English number words have a harder time doingmulti-digit addition and subtraction (减法). 69 .It also feels more natural for Chinese speakers than for English speakers to use the ―make-a-ten‖ addition and subtraction strategy. When adding two numbers, students break down the numbers into parts and regroup them into tens and ones. For instance, 9 plus 5 becomes 9 plus 1 plus 4. 70 .Many teachers in America have increased instruction in the make-a-ten method and called for first-graders to use it to add and subtract.Now, you should feel lucky that you are learning math in China. Thanks to your mother tongue, all math problems just come less confusing and difficult to you!Keys:67-70 CFBDSection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.A.Parents simply cannot control all the possible paths their children maytake.B.Research in developmental psychology ought to help parentsrelax.C.If a woman works outside the home, she‘s depriving her children of her constant attention, but ifshe stays home, she tends to give her children too muchlove.D.According to Freud, after the first five ―formative years‖ ended in the crisis of the OedipalComplex (俄狄浦斯情结), the child‘s personalitywassetforlife.E.Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is moredelicate.F.Obviously it‘s good to give children stimulation and attention from the start, but one wrong stepwill not doom the child to psychologicaldamage.Parenting Anxiety RelievedWoman are insecure because there is no commonly accepted idea of what it means to be a good mother. Fathers have it easier in this regard; they just have to show up and they are automatically considered ―good‖, whereas mothers are always trying to prove to themselves and the world that theyaren‘t―bad‖.67 .her child‘s personality. In recent years, however, some psychologists tell mothers that th e first three years of life are the most important, while others think that all critical events happen during the first year.In some ways, things are getting worse. Years ago, a woman was allowed five years to shape Ironically, this pani c about doing the right thing to produce the perfect child is probably the worst thing for the child and the parent. 68Here is why.First, it i s not harmful to children if their mothers work. Mothers who neglect their own need and abilities for the sake of their children do not benefit their children, their marriage or themselves.Second, there is no crucial moment or stage in early childhood in which a child‘s fate is determined forever. 69 Children are more flexible than that.Research also finds that some children who have had the best parental care and guidance later give in to drugs, addi ction, mental illness or violence. 70 Between the parents‘best efforts and theresulting child lie other factors: the child‘s nature, geneti cally influenced characters, e xperiences outside the family and the child‘s knowledge of events. Parents can help an inborn shy child learn to cope better in situations that make the child anxious, but they aren‘t going to turn her into Britney Spears.Keys:66-70 CBFASection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Plus-size women might be socially frowned upon (不赞成) and openly avoided by the fashion industry. ___67___A study done a few years ago by Plunkett Research, a market-research firm, found that 67% of American women were ―plus-size,‖ meanin g size 14 or larger. That figure might not have changed much, but in 2016, only 18% of clothing sold was plus-size, according to NPD Group, another research firm.Designers and retailers have long thought of the plus-size as high-risk. Predicting what these customers will buy can be difficult, as they tend to be more cautious about styles. Making larger clothes is more expensive; but higher costs for fabric cannot always be passed on to consumers. ___68___ ―We have money but nowhere to spend it,‖ says Krist ine Thompson, who runs a blog which has nearly 150,000 followers on Instagram.At last, that is changing. Fast-fashion brands, including Forever 21 and a fashion line sold in partnership with Target, a giant retailer, have expanded their plus-size collections. ___69___ Revenue in the plus-size category increased by 14% between 2013 and 2016, compared with growth of 7% for all apparel (服装). Takings (营业额) were $21.3 billion last year. Social media has played an important role in changing attitudes in the fashion business, says Madeline Jones, editor and co-founder of PLUS Model Magazine.Nonetheless, designer brands still hold back. ___70___ For those that are willing to take achance, several internet startups (创业公司) that deliver personally styled outfits to individuals, including plus-size women, offer data to ―straight-size‖ designers.Not all plus-size shoppers are convinced. Laura Fuentes, a hairstylist from Abilene, Texas, says that many upmarket (高端市场的) department stores still keep their plus-size clothing sections poorly organized, badly stocked and dimly lit, if they stock larger clothes at all. Yet such complaints should be taken with a pinch of salt (有所保留), says Ms. Thompson. ―We‘re nowhere near where we should be but we‘ve made progress,‖ she says.Keys:67--70: DBECSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Overnight, eating fried chicken in the People‘s Square is OUT; instead, people started to drink HEEKCAA and eat Bao Master. This year, the queues in front of the doors of ―Wanghong delicacies‖ were so dense that a cup of tea has been hyped to over 80 Y uan by scalpers (黄牛) and local bloggers even customized a one-day tour to eat in Shanghai.To a great extent, Wanghong phenomenon depends on merchants‘ business strategy. ______67______. Business also works on publicity. Before HEEKCAA‘s arrival in Shanghai, it has advertised through microblog, local life service and other self-media, which has generated a certain amount of heat among the public. Once people make the purchase, the ―sense of accomplishment‖ will urge some of them to show off at their Wechat moments, which is good for brand image. Also, when a product is quickly recognized by consumers, capitals will come in great numbers. The boost of capitals undoubtedly helps the subsequent publicity of the brand.______68______. In the Internet era, the spread of information is so fa st that it doesn‘t matter whether the tea tastes good or bad; it‘s just a matter of whether you ever drink it. There is a word for this behavior —―fomo‖, which means fear of missing out. Oxford University professor said this is not new. As social animals, humans have a strong desire to be part of a group, to be accepted, recognized, valued and remembered. A little baby cries for a hug and a child makes small trouble to get noticed. These behaviors are, in the eyes of sociologists, anxious for existence. It‘s just that social media today that make it easier for people to perceive other people‘s lives, and have a sense of loss not to join them when they know what others are doing.10-20 Y uan is the exchange value of milk tea, but it‘s the symbol value of the goods that encourages people to ―pull the grass‖. Just like the lipstick, mailbox and graffiti wall that have been on the list of Wanghong, people want to use relatively controllable spending to gain satisfaction from a moments‘ thumb up. ______69______.With the development of society, consumers are not just buying a product but its brand culture and quality of life, so the appearance of light consuming is inevitable. However, ―Wanghong economy‖ is always short-lived because this consumer group is changeable in affection. Consumers who come by ―physical attractiveness‖ will quickly vanish if there is no implicit value or connotation to support. ______70______. Besides, consumers should make rational consumption instead of just following the trend.Keys:67--70 FEBCSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Imagine you're standing in line to buy an afterschool snack at a store. You step up to the counter and the cashier scans your food. Next, you have to pay. But instead of scanning a QR code with your smartphone, you just hold out your hand so the cashier can scan your fingerprint. Or, a camera scans your face, your eyes or even your ear._____67____ As technology companies move away from traditional password, biometric（生物识别）security, which includes fingerprint, face and voice ID, is becoming increasingly popular.In 2013, Apple introduced the iPhone 5s, one of the first smartphones with a fingerprint scanner. Since then, using one‘s fingerprint to unlock a phone and make mobile payments has become commonplace, bringing convenience to our lives. And since last year, Samsung has featured eye-scanning technology in its top smartphones, while Apple‘s new iPhone X can even scan a user‘s face._______68_____―Biometrics, ideally, are good,‖John Michener, a biometric expert, told tech webs ite Inverse. ―In practice, not so much.‖When introducing the new iPhone‘s Face ID feature at Apple‘s Keynote Event in September, Phil Schiller, Apple‘s senior vice president, said, ―______69_______‖.But it‘s already been done. In a video posted on community website Reddit on Nov 3, two brothers showed how they were each able to unlock the same iPhone X using their own face, Quartz reported. And they aren‘t even twins.―We may expect too much from biometrics,‖Anil Jain, a computer science professor at Michigan State University, told CBS news. ―No security systems are perfect.‖Earlier this year, Jain found a way to trick biometric security. Using a printed copy of a thumbprint, she was able to unlock a dead person's smartphone for police.―It‘s good to see biometrics being used more,‖Jain told CBS News, ―because it adds another factor for security. ______70_______‖.Keys:67-70 D A F CSection C。

上海市2018届高三英语一模考试汇编解答题新人教版精品

2018届（2018学年）上海市高三英语一模——简答（长宁）“Neither a borrower nor a lender be.” Although this might be excellent advice in matters concerning family and friends, borrowing and lending are frequently the foundation of a booming economy.A loan is a sum of money borrowed for a limited period. A loan may be obtained from an individual or from an institution such as a bank and is generally granted at a specific rate of interest. Interest is the fee that the borrower pays to use the money. An extremely high rate of interest --- and certainly any amount more than law permits --- is called usury. Lending money can be a risky business, for there is always the possibility that the borrower may not be able to pay the loan. For this reason, a lender generally requires the borrower to register something valuable of his or hers, known as collateral (抵押), as a part of the loan agreement. A house or an automobile, investments in the stock market, even the value of a business, are all examples of collateral that a lender may be willing to accept in the event that the borrower fails to pay the loan.There are two major sorts of loans: consumer loans and commercial loans. A consumer loan is one that is made to an individual, and it may be to buy a house or an automobile or to finance an education. A commercial loan may be used to start a new business, pay for new equipment and staff, or expand an office or factory. The business of making loans also contributes to a healthy economy by enhancing the employment market. Loans allow consumers to buy and improve homes, creating jobs for carpenters, architects and etc. Loans enable businesses to expand, and when these businesses open a branch office or a new store, they also increase their consumption of office supplies, furnishings, and computers.In a booming economy, money circulates quickly, and each deal represents earnings for someone. It may be reasonable to say that a certain level of debt is normal, even necessary, to a healthy economy as long as the individual borrower or business is careful and try not to take on more than a manageable amount of debt.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81.“Neither a borrower nor a lender be.”is excellent advice for keeping good familyand friends while it is __________.82.What is the purpose of collateral in a loan agreement?83.Different from commercial loans, consumer loans may be used to __________.84.How can the individual borrower or business profit from a booming economy?81. not for building / developing a booming / fast-growing economy82. To prevent the borrower from not paying the loan. / …83. fulfill / achieve the purpose of personal development / …84. By being careful and avoiding being in too much debt / …（闸北）A son in many developing countries means insurance, who will inherit his father's property and help support the family. However, to parents, a daughter is just another expense. Her place is in the home, not in the world of men. A girl can't help but feel inferior when everything around her tells her that she is worth less than a boy. Her future is, to some extent, shaped as soon as her family limits her opportunities and treat her as second-rater, which explain why women in developing countries perform much worse than men both in study and career.Deep discrimination (歧视)against women creates a firm force that keeps girls from living up to their full potential. It also leaves them victims to severe physical and emotional harm. These “servants of the household" come to accept that li fe will never be any different. What's most harmful, it results not only in millions of individual tragedies, but also in the lost potential for the entire country. Studies show there is a direct link between a country's attitude toward women and its social and economic progress. The status of women is central to the health of a society. If one part suffers, so does the whole.To deal with the situation, many women turn to education. Educated women are essential to ending sex discrimination, starting by reducing the poverty The most basic skills in literacy and Maths open up opportunities for better-paying jobs for women. Uneducated women in rural areas of Zambia, for instance, are twice as likely to live in poverty as those who have had eight or more years of education.Women who have had some schooling are more likely to get married later, survive childbirth, have fewer and healthier children, and make sure their own children complete school. Understanding the importance of hygiene (卫生）and nutrition, they are more likely to stay in physical wellness.Nevertheless, the comprehensive change for a society speaks for the more far-reaching meaning of women education. As women get the opportunity to go to school and obtain higher-level jobs, they gain status in their communities, which translates into the power to influence their families and societies. Such power may, together with other forces of outside interference, make even bigger changes possible and gradually lighten up women's fates in these countries.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. What two facts make a woman achieve less than men in developing countries?82. The most severe result of discrimination against women is ________________________.83. Why are educated women in developing countries more likely to remain healthy?84. High social position at home helps women to have the ability to ________________________.81. Her family limiting her opportunities and treating her as second-rater.82. the lost potential for the entire country83. Because they understand the importance of hygiene and nutrition.84. influence their families and societies（杨浦）Pizza Hut lovers, you can now smell just like your favorite food. Pizza Hut launches its own perfume that smells like a fresh pizza pie. This is not a joke —although it started as one! While it might seem like an unusual venture for the brand famous for pizza, the company’s perfume is already available as a limited edition product. fuck myselfAccording to the Globe and Mail, the project started out as a joke by Grip Limited, an advertising firm that works with Pizza Hut in Canada, who asked the chain’s Facebook fans to imagine the pleasant smell of a fresh-delivered pie as a perfume — and to name it. Fans responded to the idea so enthusiastically that Grip Limited decided to take the joke a step further and make the perfume a reality.A month and a half later, to celebrate that Pizza Hut Canada had gotten 100,000 fans, the chain’s community managers an nounced that the first 100 people to message them would actually get a bottle of Pizza Hut perfume. And sure enough, the bottles were shipped to those 100 lucky fans before Christmas.Grip Limited isn’t the only company to attract attention with odd aroma s (芳香). Four years ago, Burger King offered a $4 meat-scented body spray for men. Before that in 2018, Stilton created a perfume meant to mimic (模拟) the scent of blue cheese.Pizza Hut Canada has not announced any plans to make more of the perfume in the future. But the chain also said in the release that it’s possible the perfume could appear in stores in the future.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. Some people consider the perfume a joke because they think Pizza Hut is a_______________.82. _______________________________ pushed Grip Limited to turn the joke into reality.83. Who are the lucky birds to get the perfume?84. Why did Pizza Hut follow Burger King’s steps to release a perfume?81. famous brand for pizza82. The fans’ enthusiastic response to the project / idea / activity83. The first 100 people to message the Pizza Hut Canada84. To attract public attention（徐汇）If you need another reason to give thanks at the dinner table on Thanksgiving Day, how’s this: people who maintain an “attitude of gratitude” tend to be happier and healthier than those who don’t, according to an instructive article this week in the Wall Street Journal.The WSJ’s Melinda Beck reports that adults who feel grateful have “more energy, more optimism, more social connections and more happiness than those who do not, according to studies conducted over the past decade. Now a new study conducted by researchers at Hofstra University — the results of which are set to be published in an upcoming issue of the Journal of Happiness Studies — finds similar benefits of gratitude for adolescents as well.Dr. Jeffrey J. Froh, assistant professor of psychology and lead researcher of the new study, surveyed 1,185 students aged from 14 to 19 and found that grateful students reported higher grades, more life satisfaction, better social integration and less envy and depression than their peers who were less thankful and more materialistic. Additionally, feelings of gratitude had a more powerful impact on the students’ lives overall than materialism.What the majority of the research suggests is that gratitude should be chronic （长期的）in order to make a lasting difference in well-being. Dr. Robert Emmons, professor of psychology at the University of California, Davis, and a pioneer in gratitude research, told the WSJ that in order to reap（收获）all of its benefits, feeling gratitude must be rooted into your personality, and you must frequently acknowledge and be thankful for the role other people play in your happiness: “The key is not to leave it on the Thanksgiving table,” he said.For older children and adults, one simple way to cultivate gratitude is to literally count your blessings. Keep a journal and regularly record whatever you are grateful for that day. Be specific. Listing “my friends, my school, my dog” day after day means that “gratitude tiredness” has set in, Dr. Froh says. Writing “my dog licked my face when I was sad” keeps it fresher. The real benefit comes in chan ging how you experience the world. Look for things to be grateful for, and you’ll start seeing them.Studies show that using negative, insulting words —even as you talk to yourself —can darken your mood, as well. Fill your head with positive thoughts, express thanks and encouragement aloud and look for something to be grateful for, not criticize, in those around you, especially loved ones.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. According to the article i n the Wall Street Journal, people who don’t maintain an “attitude of gratitude” tend to be ______________.82. What are the major findings of the new study at Hofstra University about?83. According to the passage, how can people probably avoid “grat itude tiredness”?84. In order not to darken our moods, we’d better stop ________________.81. less happy and healthy82. Benefits of gratitude for adolescents. / Adolescents benefit from feeling gratitude.83. By regularly recording specific things they are grateful for.84. using negative, insulting words（松江）My wife and I recently completed a trip to China with China Highlights. It was a very memorable vacation. From start to finish, China Highlights was very helpful and supportive. The start of our trip began with an Internet search for a tour agency that would meet our needs and expectations. After reviewing and submitting questions to websites of many companies, we selected China Highlights. Our decision was based on the speed and content of their responses, along with the significant amount of support information provided both on their websites and in their emailed attachments. In addition, the proposed journey and price for a private tour including plane fares between cities and first class seats on a high speed train were strong incentives (激励) to select China Highlights. Their assistance and flexibility in finalizing the itinerary, with favorable payment terms, further convinced us that we made a good choice. We relied on his recommendations for several pre-departure and planning issues Up to the time of departure, Michael was always available to quickly response to our ongoing questions and ensured that we left fully prepared.From the time that we first arrived in Beijing and at every destination of the trip, the guide and the driver were at the airport / train station with signs for us. Conversely, as we left each city, they took care in getting us to the proper check-in area on time, with enough instructions for us to easily continue boarding THE transportation despite obvious communication issues since we did not speak Chinese. In hindsight, our concerns about travelling between locations were unnecessary. Similarly, travelling throughout the cities, as we visited each attraction, was very comfortable. The guides kept us informed of historical and local information. One suggestion would be to pre-identify any sites to visit and have them included in the final journey rather than try to change during the visit.The sights that we visited were most impressive. Obviously, the Great Wall, Forbidden City and Tiananmen Square, and the Terra Cotta Soldiers were everything we expected. The guides were very knowledgeable, and helped us understand many aspects of these areas.After we returned home, China Highlights followed up to make sure that we were satisfied with our trip, and to get any feedback that we wanted to provide. They evenaddressed some minor issues that we cited. Overall, China Highlights went over and above our expectations.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. What made the couple choose China Highlights during their visit to China?82. The overseas visitors were satisfied with China Highlights services except ___________________.83. During their visit, not only the sights but also ________________ made a great impression on them.84. How did China Highlights improve its quality of service after the visitors finished their journey?25.That China Highlights was very helpful and supportive.25.changing final journey during the visit.25.the knowledgeable and helpful guides and the driver25.It followed up to get any feedback / It addressed some minor issues that visitors cited（青浦）Oscar-winning director Ang Lee’s new epic “Life of Pi” r eveals the relationship between a teenage Indian boy and a Bengal tiger. But in reality, the predators（食肉动物）are under increasing threat from humans. Animal rights group PETA is hoping to use the popularity of the film to focus people’s attention on the re al life of Bengal tigers.With the rising demand for tiger parts from East Asia, illegal hunting remains a tremendous danger for the remaining cat population. Back in 1947, there were 40,000 tigers in India, but the number is experiencing a sharp decline to 1,718 despite campaigns to protect the animal.Rising man-animal conflict is also one of the leading causes of decline in tiger numbers. In one of numerous reported attacks on the endangered big cats, villagers near the Bangladesh-India border, armed with sticks and boat oars, set upon the animal suspected to have attacked a local fisherman and beat it to death earlier this month. So far this year, 58 tiger deaths have been reported in the country.“The first instinct when a tiger is spotted is to just kill it,” grieved Gurmeet Sapal, a wildlife filmmaker. “The feeling of fear and revenge is so strong that it shuts out any other emotion. What we don’t realize is that the tiger never attacks humans until it is forced to.”India has been struggling to stop the tiger's decline in the face of the loss of habitat as well that encourages the animals to leave the forest for food. “The tiger’s rapidly exhausted prey base causes the predator to go all out to get its food. Consequently, livestock and human beings become easy prey, which leads inevitably to conflict,” says a wildlife conservationist.Filmmaker Sapal says it is only normal for people to think of the tiger as a dangerous animal, but its image as a human killer bears some injustice. “Tigers never kill fo r sport nor store meat. They kill their prey only in case of hunger. ”(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in no more than ten words)81. PETA hopes “Life of Pi” can __________________________________.82. Why did the villagers beat the tiger to death?83. As a result of the loss of habitat, __________________________________ are morelikely to be the big cat’s victims.84. When will tigers attack and kill people according to the article?81. focus people’s attention on the real li fe of Bengaltigers.82. Because it was suspected to have attacked a local fisherman83. livestock and human beings84. When (they are) hungry or attacked.（普陀）A long-awaited final report from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concludes that foods from healthy cloned animals and their offspring are as safe as those from ordinary animals, effectively removing the last US regulatory barrier to the marketing of meat and milk from cloned cattle, pigs and goats.The 968-page "final risk assessment," not yet released but obtained by The Washington Post, finds no evidence to support people’s concerns that food from clones may have hidden risks.But, recognizing that a majority of consumers are wary of（谨慎的）food from clones—and that cloning could damage the good image of American milk and meat—the report includes hundreds of pages of raw data so that others can see how it came to its conclusions.The report also acknowledges that human health concerns are not the only subject raised by the coming-out of cloned farm animals.“Moral, religious and ethical concerns have been raised,” the agency notes in a document accompanying the report. But the report is “exactly a science-based assessmen t.” It reports, because the agency is not authorized by law to consider those issues.In practice, it will be years before foods from clones make their way to store shelves in large quantities, in part because the clones themselves are too valuable to kill or milk. Instead, the expensive animals’replicas(复制品) of some of the finest farm animals ever born — will be used firstly as breeding stock to create what supporters say will be a new generation of superior farm animals.When food from those animals hits the market, the public may yet have its say. FDA officials have said they do not expect to require food from clones to be labeled as such, but they may allow foods from ordinary animals to be labeled as not from clones.81. What conclusion has FDA drawn after the public waited for a long time?82. Foods from clones won’t be available soon partly because _________________.83. With the appearance of cloned farm animals, people care more about_________________ problems.84. How will foods from ordinary animals be labeled?81. FDA concluded foods from healthy cloned animals and their offspring are safe .82. the clones themselves are too valuable to kill or milk.83. human health, moral, religious and ethical84. They will be allowed to be labeled as not from clones.（浦东）We delight in the stories passed down to us by oldergenerations. Tales from the past reveal our loved ones’ truepersonalities that we didn’t know before and can unite familymembers. But they are still just small pieces from a lifetimeof experience, leaving a wealth of personal memories and stories that can go untold.A growing company, LifeBook, is helping people to ensure that the rich, personal histories of our loved ones can be captured in detail in elegant, well-crafted books that can be handed down through the generations. These individual autobiographies, professionally written and illustrated with photographs, hold a lifetime of memories and can form an everlasting family legacy.Linden, who commissioned(委托写) a book on her father from LifeBook, said, ‘It has been a wonderful thing, both for myself and my father. He was quite worried about it at first, but once it got going he established a very good relationship with Will, his interviewer, and I know they had lots of fun and laughs. He started looking forward to the meetings very much, someone showing interest in him outside the family.’Now, LifeBook is becoming increasingly popular as a gift, requested by sons and daughters who wish to preserve the memories of their older loved ones for future generations. The process of creating a LifeBook brings family members closer together as they learn more about the family’s past. And for the authors, LifeBook gives them a project to focus on. It also gives them the benefits of face-to-face companionship in the weekly interviews.For Linden, it was a highly positive experience, ‘I feel very happy because I have given my father this huge gift. It has made him happier and he’s got a newfound interest in life. He’s got more things to talk ab out and,I think, a sense of great pride.’‘Also it’s something he can hand down to futuregenerations. We’re all thrilled with the book, delighted—and I’m sure he’ll want to do volume two very soon.’(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TWELVE WORDS.)81. Tales from the past generations can not only ___________________.82. What does the company, LifeBook, do in those special books?83. Linden’s father started to look forward to the meetings with the interviewerbecause _________.84. Besides a project to focus on, what else can creating a LifeBook bring its author?81. reveal our loved ones’ true personalities but also unite family members82. It helps capture the rich, personal histories of our loved ones.83. someone was showing interest in him outside the family84. The benefits of face-to-face companionship.（闵行）At present, in many American cities especially, many teachers in the public schools say they are underpaid. They point to jobs such as secretary or truck driver, which often pay more to start than that of a teacher. In many other fields, such as law, medicine, computer science, a beginning worker may make more than a teacher who has taught for several years.Teaching has never been a profession that attracted people interested in high salaries. It is by history a profession that has provided rewards in additionto money—the satisfaction of sharing knowledge, of influencing others, of guiding young people. But in the past several years, there are more difficulties in teaching, for many, than there are rewards.Unruly (不守规矩的) students, especially in big cities, large classes and a lack of support from the public in terms of money and understanding have led many public school teachers to leave the profession.As a result, many of the best students, who would have chosen teaching as their life career in the past, are going into other fields.Another reason for this change in teacher candidates is the changing status of women in the United States. Until the late 1960s and 1970s, one of the most popular choices for women was teaching. But as other professions, such as law and medicine opened up to women, women stopped pouring into teacher training programs. Thus, excellent candidates for the teaching profession declined.Bit by bit government officials and others realized that the status of the teacher had suffered. They talked about change. But the change in a vast society like the United States is not easy. People’s at titudes have formed over many years, and sometimes change takes many years.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. What are many teachers in the public schools of America complaining about?82. What is the consequence of the public school teachers’ leaving the profession?83. The changing status of women in the United States is one of the causes forwomen to ________________________.84. According to the last paragraph, the status of the teachers in the UnitedSates will _____________________ within years.81. low pay / being under-paid / not being well-paid82. causing some best students not to choose teaching profession / some best studentsdon’t choose teaching profession83. choose careers other than teaching / choose other careers instead of teaching84. not be changed / remain unchanged（静安）All we have a clock located inside our brains. Similar to your bedside alarm clock, your internal clock runs on a 24-hour cycle. This cycle, called a circadian (昼夜节奏的) rhythm, helps control when you wake, when you eat and when you sleep.Somewhere around puberty, something happens in the timing of the biological clock. The clock pushes forward, so adolescents and teenagers are unable to fall asleep as early as they used to. When your mother tells you it's time for bed, your body may be pushing you to stay up3 for several hours more. And the light coming from your computer screen or TV could be pushing you to stay up even later.This shift is natural for teenagers. But staying up very late and sleeping late can get your body's clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark. It can also make it hard to get out of bed in the morning and may bring other problems, too. Teenagers are put in a kind of a gray cloud (提不起精神的状态) when they don't get enough sleep, says Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. It affects their mood and their ability to think and learn.But just like your alarm clock, your internal clock can be reset. In fact, it automatically resets itself every day. How? By using the light it gets through your eyes.Scientists have known for a long time that the light of day and the dark of night play important roles in setting our internal clocks. For years, researchers thought that the signals that synchronize the body's clock were handled through the same pathways that we use to see. But recent discoveries show that the human eye has two separate light-sensing systems. One system allows us to see. The second system tells our body whether it's day or night.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. The clock located inside our brains is similar to our bedside alarm clock because ________________________________________.82. Children before puberty tend to __________________________________than adolescents.83. The author wants to tell the reader that_____________________________________.84. What did the previous researchers think about the human eye's light-sensing system?81. it has a cycle of 24 hours82. fall asleep earlier at night83. staying up late affects teenagers' ability to think and learn.84. The human eye had one light-sensing system.（金山）Phonxay is one of the poorest districts of Laos, and many of its villages are only accessible by footpath. Our destination this hot morning is a concrete water tank which was helped to build by a UK organization because of the lack of clean drinking water. The tank has made a big difference; it gives water to over 800 People. But lately, the clean water supply has come under pressure from new arrivals, people who have come down from the hill areas, and there will not be enough clean water to go round.There are also serious worries about resources in Laos. The Chinese are building a 400 km railway link, and about 150,000 Chinese workers will be involved. What will this do to local clean water supplies? How will the workers be fed?The vast majority of Laotians live on farms. But with foreign investors wanting to buy up land, local people will have to be moved to make room for them. Heavily dependent on both foreign aid and foreign investment, Laos still falls well behind its neighbours. Its biggest economic problem is the lack of locally trained skilled workforce.But there are reasons to be hopeful for the future. Laos is beautiful, and foreign tourism continues to grow. Although all local media are government-run, the Internet is not controlled and the BBC and CNN are Available to those with satellite dishes.The government has also achieved impressive results in rural development, with communities benefiting not just from cleaner water but the construction of new schools and regular visits from medical teams. Poverty will not be history in Laos within the next decade, but with small steps forward and a bit of outside help, the country could find itself out of the UN's least-developed category by 2180.(Note: Answer the quesTlOns or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.) 81. What is putting pressure on the local supply of clean water?82. ____________________________ is the most serious limitation on Laos' economic growth.。

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上海市嘉定区2018学年度第一学期质量监控试卷高三英语(满分140分，考试时间120分钟）2018.12.27I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. Fascinating. B. Useful. C. Difficult. D. Boring.2. A. In a restaurant. B. In a factory.C. In a department store.D. In an office.3.A. A librarian. B. A psychologist. C. A Publisher. D. A teacher.4. A. He prefers to join the woman later. B. He intends to eat out tonight.C. He wants to watch the basketball game.D. He hates to lose the championship.5. A. It was quite delightful. B. It was not well organized.C. Careful preparations had been done.D. People made a mess on the ground.6. A. He is quite unhappy with the woman. B. He is eager to know the woman's reply.C. The woman should make full use of her time.D. The woman doesn't have to be in a hurry.7. A. Go on smoking B. Cry out his heart.C. Talk with the doctor.D. Carry on with exercise.8. A. Boss and shop assistant. B. House agent and client,C. Interviewer and job hunter.D. Manager and customer.9. A. She had better stay up late tonight. B. She has to get more sleep at night.C. She should avoid distractions in class.D. She must improve her grades gradually.10. A.The man only filled his tank half full. B. The man can't read the instrument.C. The car is breaking down on the wayD. The car has run out of gasoline.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question，read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. purchasing less expensive objects available.B. Buying only essentials and a treat on occasion.C. Learning to cook for yourself at home.D. Living on less money than you earn.12. A. To have a better health B. To keep their promises.C. To avoid being hurt easily.D. To gain a desired friendship.13. A. Life skills needed to be learnt at an early age.B. Great ways of saving money in the early years.C. Practical skills to cook nutritious food at home.D. Methods of gathering wisdom instead of bitterness.Questions 14 through 17 are based on the following passage.14. A. To work on the rented land peacefully. B.To get used to the terribly cold weather.C. To tell his kids stories every night.D. To break the poverty cycle of his family.15. A.He worked in the dairy with his mother. B.He learned to mend his own clothes.C. He had a strong passion for words.D.He got well educated at school.16. A. 25. B. 27. C. 28. D. 37.17. A. He was considerably influenced by his mother.B. Farm work turned out to be quite easy for him.C. He had already become famous before his father passed away.D. people in Scotland regarded him as a successful farmer singer.Questions 18 through 20 are based on the following conversation.18. A. Harbin is her favorite city. B. She doesn't like places in the south.C. Russia is a beautiful country.D. She can't stand the heat in summer.19. A. Driving a car by themselves in the local country.B. Getting a group of ten people traveling together.C. Flying at the weekend with special fare tickets.D. Inviting more friends to share the happiness.20. A. Not knowing any local people. B. Unable to find a fellow traveller.C. unable to speak Russian.D. Not having any interpreter ·II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Is sport always fun ?One afternoon in the last week of term, I saw three children form my son’s school in tears being comforted by teachers. That morning, my 11-year -old had stomach pains and (21) ______(throw ) up several times when I noticed his sickness. Talking to other mothers, I heard about other children with stomachache or difficulty sleeping the night before.What caused so much suffering ? Sports day ---- not sports day at a highly competitive independent school, but at a large village primary. (22) ______ it causes no problem to the children who can fly (23) _____ the wind, for those who are poorly coordinated (动作协调), overweight or just not good at sport, it is terrible. Even for those who enjoy (24) ______(run ) but who fall halfway down the track in front of the entire school and their parents, it can prove a disaster.As for the reason (25) ______ we put our children through this annual suffering, some May say that competition is character-buliding or it is a tradition of school life; some may assume (26) ______ really matters is taking part not winning. I just felt pity for those children in tears or in pain.Team games at the end of the “sport” were fun (27) ______ (watch) because they produced some close races, enormous enthusiasm and lots of shouting. More importantly , (28) ______(hide ) a little form everyone’s gaze, the children who were not so fast or so quick atpassing the ball had the excitement of being on the winning side.I wish that sports day could (29)________(abandon) and replaced with some other summer event. perhaps an afternoon of team games, with a few races for those who want them, would be (30) ________(stressful )for the children and a lot more fun for the spectators.Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.This invention, commonly used in offices and households throughout the world, came about as a result of a series of accidents. In 1968 Spencer Silver, who was working for a company called 3M at the time, was trying to produce super-strong adhesive, a substance making things sticky together, to be used in the building of planes. This, however, wasn’t successful and instead he succeeded in creating an extremely weak adhesive that was 31 to pressure. This new adhesive had two advantages: it could be removed from surfaces quite easily and it could be reused. In spite of these two 32 features, nobody could see any practical use for it. In the end, the invention was 33 .A few years later, Art Fry, a product development engineer working for 3M, decided to use this adhesive for 34 use. He stuck strips of paper in a book as page marker and a whole new concept was born. However, the idea still w asn’t without35 . The challenge was to make the glue stay on the sticky note itself, rather than peeling off and staying on the surface it was 36 to. Two more 3M employees were brought in and set the task of producing a coat ing for the adhesive so that it wouldn’t come off and they 37 just that. Unfortunately, 3M bosses still believed that this invention wasn’t going to be 38 successful and people would continue to use crap paper(小纸条) for their notes rather than sticky notes. This is why sticky notes were only tested within the company, where they became extremely popular. It wasn’t until many years later that 3M bosses finally decided to give out a vast amount of free 39 to other companies to see if anyone would be interested in buying them. To their surprise, 90 per cent of the companies approached went on to order more sticky notes. This went beyond anybody’s 40 . Nowadays, sticky notes come in a variety of shapes and colours and are sold in more than 100 countries.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.About five years ago, when the first generation of wearable fitness trackers became popular,they were announced as the dawn of a revolution. Health experts and busniesspeople alike said that giving people access to real-time calorie (卡路里)- burning and step-count data would inspire them to lose weight, eat better and -most important- ____41____ more. But even as the U.S. market for ___42____ devices hits $7 billion this year, there’s evidence that their promise isn’t quite paying off.The U.S. has an exercise problem, with 28% of Americans ages 50 and over considered wholly ___43____. That means 31 million adults move no more than is necessary to perform the most basic functions of daily life. Wearables, experts ___44___, were going to change that.But limited academic research has been done to figure out whether wearables ____45____ people’s behavior in the long term. The little research that does exist isn’t ____46____. For a recent study in the Journal of the American Medical Association, researchers wanted to see whether activity trackers would help overweight people lose more weight over two years than if they just did a weight-loss intervention(干预) alone. They didn’t. “We found that just giving people a device doesn’t mean it’s going to ____47____ something you think it’s going to lead to,” says John Jakicic, the author of the study, from the University of Pittsburgh. “These activity trackers don’t engage people in strategies that make a ___48___ in terms of long-term change”Another new study highlighted a different challenge: user ____49___. By the end of a yearlong study of 800 people, just 10% of participants were still wearing the trackers, according to, Eric Finkelstein, a professor at the Duke- NUS Medical School in Singap ore. “We didn’t find that Fitbits really have much of an effect,” he says. This may well be because people expect trackers to do something they’re not designed to do-- ____50____, force them to change their behavior. “There’s ____51____ among people about their function, a measurement too l and an intervention,” Finkelstein says. A scale counts pounds, ____52____, but won’t teach you how to eat less. “When people put these devices on, they might interact with the app(应用程序) for the first few weeks, maybe the first few months, but there comes a point where that starts to fall off,” says Finkelstein.To be ____53___, some of the costlier add higher-tech wearables have features baked into them that encourage users to move more, says Shelten Yuen, Fitbit’s vice president of research. Among them: shaking sensors, movement reminders and social- media combination, all designed to ____54____ users to make better health choices every day. But more research will be needed to determine whether or not these ____55____ -- or others like them--measurably improve people’s health and fitness levels.41. A. learn B. purchase C. exercise D. perform42. A. wearable B. electronic C. hi-tech D. built-in43. A. misunderstood B. inactive C. discourage D. unchangeable44. A. announced B. determined C. hoped D. noticed45. A. limit B. understand C. interpret D. change46. A. encouraging B. interesting C. pioneering D. challenging47. A. benefit from B. result in C. add to D. look for48. A. design B. movement C. profit D. difference49. A. reduction B. participation C. creation D. expectation50. A. namely B. therefore C. however D. shortly51. A. argument B. popularity C. confusion D. interaction52. A. by the way B. in other words C. of course D. for example53. A. fair B. cute C. accessible D. technical54. A. persuade B. motivate C. follow D. teach55. A. concepts B. sensors C. scales D. featuresSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.(A)In Michael Morpurgo’s novel War Horse, the horse is not only the principal character,he is the teller of his own story.Set in England and France 100 years ago War Horse tells the story of Joey, a handsome young horse who strikes up a close relationship with Albert, the teenage son of Joey’s owner.But war breaks out and they are separated and plunged into the horrors of the war in France.Both survive and are finally reunited after a remarkable series of events seen through the eyes of the splendid war horse, Joey.The following cutting comes from near the beginning of the book after Albert, much to his father’s surprise, has succeeded in training Joey to pull the plough.56. What amazed Albert’s father was that Joey could_______.A. help turn the soilB. survive the horrible warC. tell his own storiesD. make friends with people57. As for the coming war,Mother said that________.A. their village would get involved very soon.B. both Albert and Joey could be tough fightersC. the old duke’s death maybe meant nothing to themD. Albert was not grown up enough to join the army58. Which of the following best describes Albert according to Joey’s account in war horse?A. Imaginative but timidB. Innocent but braveC. Quiet but thoughtfulD. Ambitious but cold(B)Clare College CambridgeClare is the second oldest college in Cambridge University, having initially been founded in 1326 and refounded by Elizabath de Clare in 1338. Today, we uphold her educational and social goals and College is a booming community of over 100 Fellows, 450 undergraduate students, 200 graduate students and 100 staff.The College welcomes visitors, but please remember it is a working environment supporting academic scholarship. We hope you will enjoy the beauty of the gardens and buildings, but it is essential that visitors:●conduct themselves quietly around the College;●avoid blocking paths or doorways;●do not enter areas marked “Private” or “Closed”Historic buildings have steep steps and some rough surfaces. So please mind your steps. Please help to maintain the appearance of the College grounds by:●not picnicking or dropping litter;●keeping to the pathways in Old Court;●not smoking while on the College grounds.The Porters cabins provide first aid facilities. Unfortunately, Clare College does not have public toilets.PhotographyVisitors may use hand held cameras. Photography for commercial purposes requires prior permission in writing from the Head Porter.Preservation and DonationsClare College receives no state funding for the preservation of these historic buildings and gardens, but relies instead on donations. If you would like to support the work of the College, its buildings or gardens. Please contact the Development Office (http: www. ). We welcome inquires.59.From the writing we can learn that Clare College_________.A. only opens part of her buildings and gardens to the publicB. mainly gets the money from donators and the governmentC. enjoys a growing reputation as the second largest in Cambridge UniversityD. welcomes cameramen to take photos on campus for different purposes60. Suppose you are a tour guide with a group at Clare College, which of the following might trulyput you to trouble?A.A couple insist enjoying their lunch on the lawn.B.A child needs to go to the bathroom all of a sudden.C.An elderly woman falls off the steps and hurts herself.D.Some tourists keep exchanging ideas in a loud voice.61.We can most probably get this piece of writing from_________.A. the academic website of Cambridge UniversityB. the Development Office of Clare CollegeC. the Head Porter of Cambridge UniversityD. the main entrance of Clare College(C)Not setting homework can be impossible in certain situations. There are many arguments in favour of homework, and most teachers would agree with many, if not all, of the following:homework is a perfect opportunity to go over calmly what was done with the teacher, and rethink and develop that initial input; homework offers a moment for students to work as individuals and develop learner self-governance outside the classroom;students and parents expect homework to be set and to be corrected. Nevertheless, the drawbacks that homework may have are often overlooked.There are two key issues which need to be raised when dealing with the concept of homework. Firstly, there is the question of home. Often homework os not done at home at all, but at a friend’s house, on the street, on the bus on the way to class or sitting on the step outside school before it ope ns. What’s more, all too often, for it to be done effectively at home, homework requires the participation and involvement of other adults. Parents play a crucial role in a child’s education, but they cann’t always be available, for a number of very valid reasons, and a tutor’s ability to aid, guide, encourage and simply organize a son or daughter’s study may be limited in many ways. The implication are unsetting: if homework is crucial to success in class, some children have an automatic disability.Considering the second part of the compound noun opens up further questions. If the idea of home can be problematic, so too can the concept of work.Again, this will depend enormously on the context but , very often there is a lot of work put in. Demands on their time and attention span(持续时间)and all sorts of other impositions mean homework is usually something to get out of the way, to be ticked off as done, with the exercises completed as fast as possible. It is not always seen as useful times spent developing and strengthening what is done in class but, rather, as something quickly finished to keep the teacher at bay. It might be correct or not, copied from a friend or cut and pasted from the internet, but the important thing is that a teacher sees the exercise completed and, as a result, the task achieved: how much effort went into that result is not always appreciated or easy to evaluate and, evenWhen work clearly falls below standard, and the mere fact of its having been done is often good enough. Teacher and students are happy because everyone has officially fulfilled their commitment.The ideal that students go home, think back to what they did with their teacher, use the great resources their books and the internet provide to revise, reflect and put everything theyhave seen in class in place, into action, into practice, does not often happen with some students.62. Which of the following is not among the advantages of homework according to paragraph 1?A. Solidifying the knowledge and skills learnt in class.B. Developing the ability of the independent learning.C. Building a closer teacher-student relationship.D. Meeting the requirements of students and parents.63. Speaking of the significant impact of homework upon children’s success in class, some are justinferior to others because_______.A. their tutors are not always available to support themB. they are born without the ability to deal with conceptsC. their family circumstances limit their learning abilityD. some unknown reasons greatly hold up their progress64.“Keep the teacher at bay”(paragragh3) means the way homework is done____.A. imposes enormous meaningless evaluating work on teachersB. blocks teachers from knowing more about their studentsC. displays the great efforts students make to satisfy their teachersD. shows achievements teachers expect to accomplish in their work65. What can be inferred from the passage?A. Homework is hardly functioning as is naturally expected.B. Parents need to stand away from their children’s homewo rk.C. Students prefer doing homework elsewhere instead of at home.D. The quality of homework is usually teachers’first concern.66.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage？A. Are you ready for homework yet?B. Is there a way out for homework?C. Home and Work: it’s hard to combine.D. Homework or No homework: it is your choice.Section CDirections: Read the following passages. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than youZoos have existed since ancient times and were features of the great courts of Egypt and China. The display of unusual animals form foreign countries was, for a long time, a show of wealth and power. Today, zoos focus on the preservation of animals species and the education of the public. __67___Some animals are distinctly unsuited for life in a zoo, however noble the aims of the organization. Keeping elephant in captivity (囚禁) has long caused argument among animals rights activists. Elephant in the wild wander constantly, covering a wide territory on a daily basis. In captivity, they have no choice but to stand still for long periods of time. ___68____. Yet elephants are a threatened species in their native environments and are heavily caught for ivory(象牙)，leather and meat illegally. To protect the species form the wild due to injury or abandonment.___69___. The chances are, if a zoo has nothing but cement floors and metal enclosures, the animals will not do as well. Many famous zoos now construct enclosures allowing animals freedom of movement and native vegetation. Some zoos have even begun housing species of animals together that normally interact in the wild, such as certain types of monkeys.Zoos are not a perfect solution for preservation.____70___. They are undeniably helpful in repopulating declining animal species and encouraging a preservationist outlook, but they are unquestionably primary in their treatment of some animals. Hopefully, animal activists and zoo advocates will continue to work together, finding ways to create the best environment for captive animals in breeding and repopulation efforts.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.The advantages of social networkingWhy do most people sign up to social networking sites? The main reason is to stay in touch with other people. These sites also help people to find their childhood friends that they have lost touch with. Renewing these long-lost friendships is just a click away. It is very exciting to be able to catch up with friends and keep up with their news on am almost daily basis thanks to frequent updates.Keep up-to-date,however,doesn’t have to be restricted to friends and acquaintances(相识的人）.What many people tend to forget is that they can also use networking sites for professional reasons. It is actually a great way of finding out about upcoming job opportunities. Friends might know about job vacancies that may not be advertised elsewhere or they can even recommend their friends for certain jobs. Even people already employed can promote their business online. This is particularly important for artists, actors and musicians who can create pages devoted to their band or theatre company, and inform fans about their gigs(现场演唱会）or latest exhibitions. In addition, the sites can be used to allow the public to give instant feedback on the artists’ work and to interact with their favourite artist.Another great advantage of social networking sites is how easy it is to organise an event with your friends. Thanks to different settings people can organise their friends by different criteria(标准）. These criteria could be how close friends they are, common interests and hobbies or where they live. This means if a certain event takes place, for example, an open-air concert or a football match, all they have to do is invite the right group of friends to attend. Some networking sites offer a range of quizzes and games, so friends living on opposite sides of the globe can invite each other to participate and compete in a variety of games without leaving their homes.V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72. 保持身体健康是硬道理。