电动助力转向ecu激励信号系统设计毕业设计论文
汽车电动助力转向系统设计 毕业论文
汽车电动助力转向系统设计毕业论文本章主要介绍汽车电动助力转向系统设计的背景和意义，以及论文的目的和结构安排。
汽车转向系统是车辆控制的重要组成部分，它直接影响着驾驶员的操控感受和行车安全性。
随着科技的发展，传统的液压助力转向系统逐渐被电动助力转向系统所取代。
电动助力转向系统通过电力传动装置提供操控力，相较于液压助力转向系统具有更高的效率、更好的节能性和可靠性。
本文的目的是设计一种可靠、高效的汽车电动助力转向系统。
在研究的基础上，将重点关注系统的结构设计、控制算法优化、故障诊断等方面。
通过对系统的设计和优化，可以提高汽车的操控性和安全性。
本文结构安排如下：第二章将介绍汽车电动助力转向系统的背景与发展；第三章将详细阐述系统的设计原理与结构；第四章将重点探讨控制算法的优化与实现；第五章将研究系统的故障诊断方法与技术；最后，第六章将总结全文，并提出进一步研究的展望。
通过本文的研究和实践，相信可以为汽车电动助力转向系统的设计与优化提供一定的参考和借鉴，推动汽车技术的发展与进步。
在这一部分，我们将对汽车电动助力转向系统设计相关的文献进行综述。
我们将总结已有的研究成果，以及当前存在的问题。
具体内容}本文详细介绍了汽车电动助力转向系统设计的方法和步骤，涵盖了传感器选择、电机控制、系统优化等方面。
传感器选择在汽车电动助力转向系统设计中，选择合适的传感器是至关重要的。
传感器可以检测车轮的转向角度、转向速度以及转向力等参数，为后续的电机控制提供必要的数据支持。
常见的传感器包括转向角度传感器、转向速度传感器和转向力传感器。
在选择传感器时，需考虑其精度、响应速度和可靠性等因素，并确保其能与电机控制系统良好地配合。
电机控制在汽车电动助力转向系统中，电机控制是实现转向功能的核心部分。
电机控制系统通过接收传感器提供的数据，计算并控制电机的输出力矩，从而实现汽车的转向功能。
电机控制的关键是控制算法的设计和实现。
常见的电机控制方法有PID控制、模糊控制和神经网络控制等。
汽车电液助力转向系统ECU的设计与开发
汽车电液助力转向系统ECU的设计与开发系统介绍电动液压助力转向系统（EHPS）主要由以下几部分组成,它们是助力转向控制单元(ECU)、助力转向传感器、带电动泵的齿轮泵、储油罐、转向传动装置、CAN 总线系统。
我们的主要工作是助力转向控制单元(ECU)的软硬件研究与开发。
助力转向控制单元根据助力转向传感器传来的信号为主，兼或考虑CAN 总线上的车辆速度来进行电动泵的转速控制，进而控制齿轮泵的泵油量来达到控制助力转向传动装置的目的。
这样我们就可以根据车辆方向盘的转向角速度和车辆当前的行驶速度来确定我们当前所需要的转向助力的大小。
1．ECU 设计概要1．1 ECU 的CPU 的选择控制器（ECU）的设计关键是选择一种适用于特定控制目标的单片机，对车辆电动液压助力转向系统来说，它对单片机要求有如下几个特点：①抗环境干扰，满足汽车级芯片温度范围的要求，即-40~+125℃。
②有较多的I/O 口，以实现多种控制功能；快速的计算速度，以满足实时控制要求。
③采用标准的通讯接口，以便于诊断功能的实现，同时具有与车辆上其它CPU 进行通讯的能力。
④有较好的性能价格比，便于批量装车，使之成为一种普及型产品。
基于上述特点采用16 位单片机对电动液压助力转向系统是一种适中的选择。
并且国外电动液压助力转向系统产品目前绝大多数都选用这一档次的单片机。
Infineon XC164CM 正是这一适中产品，它是Infineon 公司为车辆控制系统设计的16 位单片机。
1．2 ECU 模块设计500)this.style.width=500;”border=“0” />见图1，所设计的基于Infineon XC164CM 单片机，它包括输入、输出、故障诊断、车辆信息数据传输四个模块。
①输入模块输入采用XC164CM 的输入捕捉功能CAPCOM 单元，每个输入通道对应一个独立的CAPCOM 通道。
CAPCOM 通道可以在每个事件接收后发出中断，它有一个捕捉寄存器CCx，。
电动助力转向ECU激励信号系统设计-任务书
[19]Yoon W J,Reinhall P G,Seibel E J.Analysis of electro active polymer bending:a component in a low cost ultrathin scanning endoscope[J].Sensors and Actuators A,2007：40-48
二、设计内容、技术要求（研究方法）
（一）研究的基本内容
1、研究汽车电动助力转向系统的结构和工作原理。
2、学习LABVIEW软件，对信号发生器进行设计。
3、将数据采集卡与ECU和电机连接起来，对其检测效果进行试验验证。
（二）拟解决的主要问题
1、生成电动助力转向ECU所需的车速，扭矩信号等。
2、能够模拟各种工况下ECU的输入信息。
（4）信号激励系统软件设计：第7~13周（4月11日~5月22日）
（5）实验分析：第14周（5月23日~5月29日）
（6）毕业设计评阅、审核及修改不足：第15~17周（5月30日~6月12日）
五、主要参考资料
[1]李书龙.汽车电动助力转向系统的研究与开发[D].东南大学，2001:62-65.
[2]刘照.汽车电动助力转向系统动力学分析与控制方法研究[J].汽车研究与开发，2003,(2):22-24.
指导教师签字：
年 月 日
教研室主任签字：
年 月 日
3、进行实验分析
三、设计完成后应提交的成果
电路连接图，电压放大器，LABVIEW软件对信号的编程，设计说明书
四、设计进度安排
汽车电动助力转向系统的研究大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：汽车电动助力转向系统的研究文献、资料英文题目：The auto electric power steering system research 文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：2017.02.14英文原文The auto electric power steering system researchAlong with automobile electronic technology swift and violent development, the people also day by day enhance to the motor turning handling quality request. The motor turning system hanged, the hydraulic pressure boost from the traditional machinery changes (Hydraulic Power Steering, is called HPS), the electrically controlled hydraulic pressure boost changes (Electronic Hydraulic Power Steering, is called EHPS), develops the electrically operated boost steering system (Electronic Power Steering, is called EPS), finally also will transit to the line controls the steering system (Steer By Wire, will be called SBW).The machinery steering system is refers by pilot's physical strength achievement changes the energy, in which all power transmission all is mechanical, the automobile changes the movement is operates the steering wheel by the pilot, transmits through the diverter and a series of members changes the wheel to realize. The mechanical steering system by changes the control mechanism, the diverter and major part changes the gearing 3 to be composed.Usually may divide into according to the mechanical diverter form: The gear rack type, follows round the world -like, the worm bearing adjuster hoop type, the worm bearing adjuster refers sells the type. Is the gear rack type and follows using the broadest two kinds round the world -like (uses in needing time big steering force).In follows round the world -like in the diverter, the input changes the circle and the output steering arm pivot angle is proportional; In the gear rack type diverter, the input changes the turn and the output rack displacement is proportional. Follows round the world -like the diverter because is the rolling friction form, thus the transmission efficiency is very high, the ease of operation also the service life are long, moreover bearing capacity, therefore widely applies on the truck. The gear rack type diverter with follows round the world -like compares, the most major characteristic is the rigidity is big, the structure compact weight is light, also the cost is low. Because this way passes on easily by the wheel the reacting force to the steering wheel, therefore has to the pavement behavior response keen merit, but simultaneously also easy to have phenomena and so on goon and oscillation, also its load bearing efficiency relative weak, therefore mainly applies on the compact car and the pickup truck, at present the majority of low end passenger vehicle uses is the gear rack type machinery steering system.Along with the vehicles carrying capacity increase as well as the people to the vehicles handling quality request enhancement, the simple mechanical type steering system were already unable to meet the needs, the power steering system arise at the historic moment, it could rotate the steering wheel while the pilot to provide the boost, the power steering system divides into thehydraulic pressure steering system and the electrically operated steering system 2kinds.Hydraulic pressure steering system is at present uses the most widespread steering system.The hydraulic pressure steering system increased the hydraulic system in the mechanical system foundation, including hydraulic pump, V shape band pulley, drill tubing, feed installment, boost installment and control valve. It with the aid of in the motor car engine power actuation hydraulic pump, the air compressor and the generator and so on, by the fluid strength, the physical strength or the electric power increases the pilot to operate the strength which the front wheel changes, enables the pilot to be possible nimbly to operate motor turning facilely, reduced the labor intensity, enhanced the travel security.The hydraulic pressure boost steering system from invented already had about half century history to the present, might say was one kind of more perfect system, because its work reliable, the technology mature still widely is applied until now. It takes the power supply by the hydraulic pump, after oil pipe-line control valves to power hydraulic cylinder feed, through the connecting rod impetus rotation gear movement, may changes the boost through the change cylinder bore and the flowing tubing head pressure size the size, from this achieved changes the boost the function. The traditional hydraulic pressure type power steering system may divide into generally according to the liquid flow form: Ordinary flow type and atmospheric pressure type 2 kind of types, also may divide into according to the control valve form transfers the valve type and the slide-valve type.Along with hydraulic pressure power steering system on automobile daily popularization, the people to operates when the portability and the road feeling request also day by day enhance, however the hydraulic pressure power steering system has many shortcomings actually: ①Because its itself structure had decided it is unable to guarantee vehicles rotates the steering wheel when any operating mode, all has the ideal operation stability, namely is unable simultaneously to guarantee time the low speed changes the portability and the high speed time operation stability;②The automobile changes the characteristic to drive the pilot technical the influence to be serious;③The steering ratio is fixed, causes the motor turning response characteristic along with changes and so on vehicle speed, transverse acceleration to change, the pilot must aim at the motor turning characteristic peak-to-peak value and the phase change ahead of time carries on certain operation compensation, thus controls the automobile according to its wish travel. Like this increased pilot's operation burden, also causes in the motor turning travel not to have the security hidden danger; But hereafter appeared the electrically controlled hydraulic booster system, it increases the velocity generator in the traditional hydraulic pressure power steering system foundation, enables the automobile along with the vehicle speed change automatic control force size, has to a certain extent relaxed the traditional hydraulic pressure steering system existence question.At present our country produces on the commercial vehicle and the passenger vehicle uses mostly is the electrically controlled hydraulic pressure boost steering system, it is quite mature andthe application widespread steering system. Although the electrically controlled hydraulic servo alleviated the traditional hydraulic pressure from certain degree to change between the portability and the road feeling contradiction, however it did not have fundamentally to solve the HPS system existence insufficiency, along with automobile microelectronic technology development, automobile fuel oil energy conservation request as well as global initiative environmental protection, it in aspect and so on arrangement, installment, leak-proof quality, control sensitivity, energy consumption, attrition and noise insufficiencies already more and more obvious, the steering system turned towards the electrically operated boost steering system development.The electrically operated boost steering system is the present motor turning system development direction, its principle of work is: EPS system ECU after comes from the steering wheel torque sensor and the vehicle speed sensor signal carries on analysis processing, controls the electrical machinery to have the suitable boost torque, assists the pilot to complete changes the operation. In the last few years, along with the electronic technology development, reduces EPS the cost to become large scale possibly, Japan sends the car company, Mitsubishi Car company, this field car company, US's Delphi automobile system company, TRW Corporation and Germany's ZF Corporation greatly all one after another develops EPS.Mercedes2Benz Siemens Automotive Two big companies invested 65,000,000 pounds to use in developing EPS, the goal are together load a car to 2002, yearly produce 300 ten thousand sets, became the global EPS manufacturer. So far, the EPS system in the slight passenger vehicle, on the theater box type vehicle obtains the widespread application, and every year by 300 ten thousand speed development.Steering is the term applied to the collection of components, linkages, etc. which allow for a vessel (ship, boat) or vehicle (car) to follow the desired course. An exception is the case of rail transport by which rail tracks combined together with railroad switches provide the steering function.The most conventional steering arrangement is to turn the front wheels using ahand–operated steering wheel which is positioned in front of the driver, via the steering column, which may contain universal joints to allow it to deviate somewhat from a straight line. Other arrangements are sometimes found on different types of vehicles, for example, a tiller orrear–wheel steering. Tracked vehicles such as tanks usually employ differential steering — that is, the tracks are made to move at different speeds or even in opposite directions to bring about a change of course.Many modern cars use rack and pinion steering mechanisms, where the steering wheel turns the pinion gear; the pinion moves the rack, which is a sort of linear gear which meshes with the pinion, from side to side. This motion applies steering torque to the kingpins of the steered wheels via tie rods and a short lever arm called the steering arm.Older designs often use the recirculating ball mechanism, which is still found on trucks and utility vehicles. This is a variation on the older worm and sector design; the steering column turns a large screw (the "worm gear") which meshes with a sector of a gear, causing it to rotate about its axis as the worm gear is turned; an arm attached to the axis of the sector moves the pitman arm, which is connected to the steering linkage and thus steers the wheels. The recirculating ball version of this apparatus reduces the considerable friction by placing large ball bearings between the teeth of the worm and those of the screw; at either end of the apparatus the balls exit from between the two pieces into a channel internal to the box which connects them with the other end of the apparatus, thus they are "recirculated".The rack and pinion design has the advantages of a large degree of feedback and direct steering "feel"; it also does not normally have any backlash, or slack. A disadvantage is that it is not adjustable, so that when it does wear and develop lash, the only cure is replacement.The recirculating ball mechanism has the advantage of a much greater mechanical advantage, so that it was found on larger, heavier vehicles while the rack and pinion was originally limited to smaller and lighter ones; due to the almost universal adoption of power steering, however, this is no longer an important advantage, leading to the increasing use of rack and pinion on newer cars. The recirculating ball design also has a perceptible lash, or "dead spot" on center, where a minute turn of the steering wheel in either direction does not move the steering apparatus; this is easily adjustable via a screw on the end of the steering box to account for wear, but it cannot be entirely eliminated or the mechanism begins to wear very rapidly. This design is still in use in trucks and other large vehicles, where rapidity of steering and direct feel are less important than robustness, maintainability, and mechanical advantage. The much smaller degree of feedback with this design can also sometimes be an advantage; drivers of vehicles with rack and pinion steering can have their thumbs broken when a front wheel hits a bump, causing the steering wheel to kick to one side suddenly (leading to driving instructors telling students to keep their thumbs on the front of the steering wheel, rather than wrapping around the inside of the rim). This effect is even stronger with a heavy vehicle like a truck; recirculating ball steering prevents this degree of feedback, just as it prevents desirable feedback under normal circumstances.The steering linkage connecting the steering box and the wheels usually conforms to a variation of Ackermann steering geometry, to account for the fact that in a turn, the inner wheel is actually traveling a path of smaller radius than the outer wheel, so that the degree of toe suitable for driving in a straight path is not suitable for turns.As vehicles have become heavier and switched to front wheel drive, the effort to turn the steering wheel manually has increased - often to the point where major physical exertion is required. To alleviate this, auto makers have developed power steering systems. There are two types of power steering systems—hydraulic and electric/electronic. There is also ahydraulic-electric hybrid system possible.A hydraulic power steering (HPS) uses hydraulic pressure supplied by an engine-driven pump to assist the motion of turning the steering wheel. Electric power steering (EPS) is more efficient than the hydraulic power steering, since the electric power steering motor only needs to provide assist when the steering wheel is turned, whereas the hydraulic pump must run constantly. In EPS the assist level is easily tunable to the vehicle type, road speed, and even driver preference. An added benefit is the elimination of environmental hazard posed by leakage and disposal of hydraulic power steering fluid.An outgrowth of power steering is speed adjustable steering, where the steering is heavily assisted at low speed and lightly assisted at high speed. The auto makers perceive that motorists might need to make large steering inputs while manoeuvering for parking, but not while traveling at high speed. The first vehicle with this feature was the Citroën SM with its Diravi layout, although rather than altering the amount of assistance as in modern power steering systems, it altered the pressure on a centring cam which made the steering wheel try to "spring" back to the straight-ahead position. Modern speed-adjustable power steering systems reduce the pressure fed to the ram as the speed increases, giving a more direct feel. This feature is gradually becoming commonplace across all new vehicles.Four-wheel steering (or all wheel steering) is a system employed by some vehicles to increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed.In most four-wheel steering systems, the rear wheels are steered by a computer and actuators. The rear wheels generally cannot turn as far as the Alternatively, several systems, including Delphi's Quadrasteer and the system in Honda's Prelude line, allow for the rear wheels to be steered in the opposite direction as the front wheels during low speeds. This allows the vehicle to turn in a significantly smaller radius — sometimes critical for large trucks or vehicles with trailers.Electronic power steering systemWhat it isElectrically powered steering uses an electric motor to drive either the power steering hydraulic pump or the steering linkage directly. The power steering function is therefore independent of engine speed, resulting in significant energy savings.How it works :Conventional power steering systems use an engine accessory belt to drive the pump, providing pressurized fluid that operates a piston in the power steering gear or actuator to assist the driver.In electro-hydraulic steering, one electrically powered steering concept uses a high efficiency pump driven by an electric motor. Pump speed is regulated by an electric controller to vary pump pressure and flow, providing steering efforts tailored for different driving situations. The pump can be run at low speed or shut off to provide energy savings during straight ahead driving (which is most of the time in most world markets).Direct electric steering uses an electric motor attached to the steering rack via a gear mechanism (no pump or fluid). A variety of motor types and gear drives is possible. A microprocessor controls steering dynamics and driver effort. Inputs include vehicle speed and steering, wheel torque, angular position and turning rate.Working In Detail:A "steering sensor" is located on the input shaft where it enters the gearbox housing.The steering sensor is actually two sensors in one: a "torque sensor" that converts steering torque input and its direction into voltage signals, and a "rotation sensor" that converts the rotation speed and direction into voltage signals. An "interface" circuit that shares the same housing converts the signals from the torque sensor and rotation sensor into signals the control electronics can process.Inputs from the steering sensor are digested by a microprocessor control unit that also monitors input from the vehicle's speed sensor. The sensor inputs are then compared to determine how much power assist is required according to a preprogrammed "force map" in the control unit's memory. The control unit then sends out the appropriate command to the "power unit" which then supplies the electric motor with current. The motor pushes the rack to the right or left depending on which way the voltage flows (reversing the current reverses the direction the motor spins). Increasing the current to the motor increases the amount of power assist.The system has three operating modes: a "normal" control mode in which left or right power assist is provided in response to input from the steering torque and rotation sensor's inputs; a "return" control mode which is used to assist steering return after completing a turn; and a "damper" control mode that changes with vehicle speed to improve road feel and dampen kickback.If the steering wheel is turned and held in the full-lock position and steering assist reaches a maximum, the control unit reduces current to the electric motor to prevent an overload situation that might damage the motor. The control unit is also designed to protect the motor against voltage surges from a faulty alternator or charging problem.The electronic steering control unit is capable of self-diagnosing faults by monitoring the system's inputs and outputs, and the driving current of the electric motor. If a problem occurs, the control unit turns the system off by actuating a fail-safe relay in the power unit. This eliminates all power assist, causing the system to revert back to manual steering. A dash EPS warning light is also illuminated to alert the driver. To diagnose the problem, a technician jumps the terminals on the service check connector and reads out the trouble codes.Electric power steering systems promise weight reduction, fuel savings and package flexibility, at no cost penalty.Europe's high fuel prices and smaller vehicles make a fertile testbed for electric steering, a technology that promises automakers weight savings and fuel economy gains. And in a short time, electric steering will make it to the U.S., too. "It's just just a matter of time," says Aly Badawy, director of research and development for Delphi Saginaw Steering Systems in Saginaw, Mich. "The issue was cost and that's behind us now. By 2002 here in the U.S. the cost of electric power steering will absolutely be a wash over hydraulic."Today, electric and hybrid-powered vehicles (EV), including Toyota's Prius and GM's EV-1, are the perfect domain for electric steering. But by 2010, a TRW Inc. internal study estimates that one out of every three cars produced in the world will be equipped with some form of electrically-assisted steering. The Cleveland-based supplier claims its new steering systems could improve fuel economy by up to 2 mpg, while enhancing handling. There are true bottom-line benefits as well for automakers by reducing overall costs and decreasing assembly time, since there's no need for pumps, hoses and fluids.Another claimed advantage is shortened development time. For instance, a Delphi group developed E-TUNE, a ride-and-handling software package that can be run off a laptop computer. "They can take that computer and plug it in, attach it to the controller and change all the handling parameters -- effort level, returnability, damping -- on the fly," Badawy says. "It used to take months." Delphi has one OEM customer that should start low-volume production in '99.Electric steering units are normally placed in one of three positions: column-drive, pinion-drive and rack-drive. Which system will become the norm is still unclear. Short term, OEMs will choose the steering system that is easiest to integrate into an existing platform. Obviously, greater potential comes from designing the system into an all-new platform."We have all three designs under consideration," says Dr. Herman Strecker, group vice president of steering systems division at ZF in Schwaebisch Gmuend, Germany. "It's up to the market and OEMs which version finally will be used and manufactured.""The large manufacturers have all grabbed hold of what they consider a core technology," explains James Handysides, TRW vice president, electrically assisted steering in Sterling Heights, Mich. His company offers a portfolio of electric steering systems (hybrid electric, rack-, pinion-, and column-drive). TRW originally concentrated on what it still believes is the purest engineering solution for electric steering--the rack-drive system. The system is sometimes refered to as direct drive or ball/nut drive.Still, this winter TRW hedged its bet, forming a joint venture with LucasVarity. The British supplier received $50 million in exchange for its electric column-drive steering technology and as sets. Initial production of the column and pinion drive electric steering systems is expected to begin in Birmingham, England, in 2000."What we lack is the credibility in the steering market," says Brendan Conner, managing director, TRW/LucasVarity Electric Steering Ltd. "The combination with TRW provides us with a good opportunity for us to bridge that gap." LucasVarity currently has experimental systems on 11 different vehicle types, mostly European. TRW is currently supplying its EAS systems for Ford and Chrysler EVs in North America and for GM's new Opel Astra.In 1995, according to Delphi, traditional hydraulic power steering systems were on 7596 of all vehicles sold globally. That 37-million vehicle pool consumes about 10 million gallons in hydraulic fluid that could be superfluous, if electric steering really takes off.The present invention relates to an electrically powered drive mechamsm for providing powered assistance to a vehicle steering mechanism. According to one aspect of the presentinvention, there is provided an electrically powered driven mechanism for providing powered assistance to a vehicle steering mechanism having a manually rotatable member for operating the steering mechanism, the drive mechanism including a torque sensor operable to sense torque being manually applied to the rotatable member, an electrically powered drive motor drivingly connected to the rotatable member and a controller which is arranged to control the speed and direction of rotation of the drive motor in response to signals received from the torque sensor, the torque sensor including a sensor shaft adapted for connection to the rotatable member to form an extension thereof so that torque is transmitted through said sensor shaft when the rotatable member is manually rotated and a strain gauge mounted on the sensor shaft for producing a signal indicative of the amount of torque being transmitted through said shaft.Preferably the sensor shaft is non-rotatably mounted at one axial end in a first coupling member and is non-rotatably mounted at its opposite axial end in a second coupling member, the first and second coupling members being inter-engaged to permit limited rotation therebetween so that torque under a predetermined limit is transmitted by the sensor shaft only and so that torque above said predetermined limit is transmitted through the first and second coupling members.The first and second coupling members are preferably arranged to act as a bridge for drivingly connecting first and second portions of the rotating member to one another.Preferably the sensor shaft is of generally rectangular cross-section throughout the majority of its length.Preferably the strain gauge includes one or more SAW resonators secured to the sensor shaft.Preferably the motor is drivingly connected to the rotatable member via a clutch.Preferably the motor includes a gear box and is concentrically arranged relative to the rotatable member.Various aspects of the present invention will hereafter be described, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which :Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view of a vehicle steering mechanism including an electrically powered drive mechanism according to the present invention,Figure 2 is a flow diagram illustrating interaction between various components of the drive mechanism shown in Figure 1 ,Figure 3 is an axial section through the drive mechanism shown in Figure 1, Figure 4 is a sectional view taken along lines IV-IV in Figure 3,Figure 5 is a more detailed exploded view of the input drives coupling shown in Figure 3, andFigure 6 is a more detailed exploded view of the clutch showing in Figure 3. Referring initially to Figure 1 , there is shown a vehicle steering mechanism 10 drivingly connected to a pair of steerable road wheels The steering mechanism 10 shown includes a rack and pinion assembly 14 connected to the road wheels 12 via joints 15. The pinion(not shown) of assembly 14 is rotatably driven by a manually rotatable member in the form of a steering column 18 which is manually rotated by a steering wheel 19.The steering column 18 includes an electric powered drive mechanism 30 which includes an electric drive motor (not shown in Figure 1) for driving the pinion in response to torque loadings in the steering column 18 in order to provide power assistance for the operative when rotating the steering wheel 19.As schematically illustrated in Figure 2, the electric powered drive mechanism includes a torque sensor20 whichmeasures the torque applied by the steering column 18 when driving the pinion and supplies a signal to a controller 40. The controller 40 is connected to a drive motor 50 and controls the electric current supplied to the motor 50 to control the amount of torque generated by the motor 50 and the direction of its rotation.The motor 50 is drivingly connected to the steering column 18 preferably via a gear box 60, preferably an epicyclic gear box, and a clutch 70. The clutch 70 is preferably permanently engaged during normal operation and is operative under certain conditions to isolate drive from the motor 50 to enable the pinion to be driven manually through the drive mechanism 30. This is a safety feature to enable the mechanism to function in the event of the motor 50 attempting to drive the steering column too fast and/or in the wrong direction or in the case where the motor and/or gear box have seized.The torque sensor 20 is preferably an assembly including a short sensor shaft on which is mounted a strain gauge capable of accurately measuring strain in the sensor shaft brought about by the application of torque within a predetermined range.Preferably the predetermined range of torque which is measured is 0-lONm; more preferably is about l-5Nm.Preferably the range of measured torque corresponds to about 0-1000 microstrain and the construction of the sensor shaft is chosen such that a torque of 5Nm will result in a twist of less than 2°in the shaft, more preferably less than 1 ° .Preferably the strain gauge is a SAW resonator, a suitable SAW resonator being described in WO91/13832. Preferably a configuration similar to that shown in Figure 3 of WO91/13832 is utilised wherein twoSAW resonators are arranged at 45° to the shaft axis and at 90°to one another.Preferably the resonators operate with a resonance frequency of between 200-400 MHz and are arranged to produce a signal to the controller 40 of 1 MHz ±500 KHz depending upon the direction of rotation of the sensor shaft. Thus, when the sensor shaft is not being twisted due to the absence of torque, it produces a 1 MHz signal.When the sensor shaft is twisted in one direction it produces a signal between 1.0 to 1.5 MHz. When the sensor shaft is twisted in the opposite direction it produces a signal between 1.0 to 0.5 MHz. Thus the same sensor is able to produce a signal indicative of the degree of torque and also the direction of rotation of the sensor shaft.Preferably the amount of torque generated by the motor in response to a measured torque of between 0-10Nm is 0-40Nm and for a measured torque of between l-5Nm is 0-25Nm.Preferably a feed back circuit is provided whereby the electric current being used by the motor is measured and compared by the controller 40 to ensure that the motor is running in the correct direction and providing the desired amount of power assistance. Preferably the controller acts to reduce the measured torque to zero and so controls the motor to increase its torque output to reduce the measured torque.A vehicle speed sensor (not shown) is preferably provided which sends a signal indicative of vehicle speed to the controller. The controller uses this signal to modify the degree of power assistance provided in response to the measured torque.Thus at low vehicle speeds maximum power assistance will be provided and a high vehicle speeds minimum power assistance will be provided.The controller is preferably a logic sequencer having a field。
(电子行业企业管理)电子助力转向系统毕业设计
AUTO POWER STEERING SYSTEM DESIGN
ABSTRACT
As people living standard rise, buying a car is no longer is a very difficult thing, so cars in safety, comfort and stability of more and more people concern, car turned to the performance of the system is the stability and security of the car important indicators of, power steering, just as its name implies, is to assist the driver for automobile direction adjusted for the drivers of the steering wheel hard reduce strength, and to reduce the workload of the driver to reduce fatigue driving, has very great help.
第 2 章液压助力转向系统的原理分析.................................6 §2.1 液压控制阀的结构介绍 ....................................6 §2.2 汽车直线行驶时液压控制阀的状态 ..........................8 §2.3 汽车左转向时液压控制阀的状态 ............................9 §2.4 汽车右转向时液压控制阀的状态 ...........................10
动电助力转向系统的设计--大学毕设论文
电动助力转向系统的设计（初稿）重庆大学工程硕士学位论文学生姓名：刁小旭指导教师：邓兆祥教授兼职导师：高工工程领域：车辆工程重庆大学机械工程学院二O一一年八月Research on construction design and comprehensive evaluation about H logisticspark in ChongQing.A Thesis Submitted to Chongqing UniversityIn Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for theDegree of Master of EngineeringByWang ChenSupervisor by Prof. Zhu Cai ChaoPluralistic Supervisor by Senior Eng.Mao You JunMajor: M echanical EngineeringCollege of Mechanical EngineeringChongqing UniversityAugust 2011重庆大学硕士学位论文中文摘要摘要铝护套作为高压电缆生产工艺中的重要环节之一，具有铠装、静电屏蔽、阻水和导通故障电流等多种作用。
铝护套的质量对保证电缆的安全运行有着重要的作用，这也是本文写作的动因。
铝护套的生产工艺比较多，大致上可以分为：保护焊连续生产工艺、液压铝棒式连续生产工艺以及铝杆式连续挤压生产工艺。
由于铝护套生产工艺属于连续生产的项目，需要从铝杆放线、电缆放线、前后牵引以及挤压成型、冷却轧纹、收线成盘等几大部分。
面面俱到的进行项目介绍有一定难度，所以本文重点就铝护套成型的定径模及相关工艺进行介绍。
本文依托某大型电缆企业的双铝杆式铝护套挤压机的调试和产品试制，主要分析了铝护套的生产工艺、模具设计。
本文通过对各项工艺参数和模具设计的深入分析，运用模具设计理论及材料的合理选择，行成完整的研究方案。
汽车电动助力转向系统的设计
毕业设计（论文）题目汽车电动助力转向系统的设计专业学号学生指导教师答辩日期 20**年12月28日毕业设计（论文）任务书说明：请同学们下载后，上述五页与论文使用同材质纸张打印，此页不必打印。
目录摘要 (I)Abstract (II)第1章绪论 (1)1.1 汽车转向系统简介 (1)1.1.1 转向系的设计要求 (1)1.2 EPS的特点及发展现状 (2)1.2.1 EPS与其他系统比较 (2)1.2.2 EPS的特点 (2)1.2.3 EPS在国内外的应用状况 (3)1.3 本课题的研究意义 (4)第2章电动助力转向系统的总体组成 (5)2.1 电动助力转向系统的机理及类型 (5)2.1.1 电动助力转向系统的机理 (5)2.1.2 电动助力转向系统的类型 (7)2.2 电动助力转向系统的关键部件 (9)2.2.1 扭矩传感器 (9)2.2.2 车速传感器 (9)2.2.3 电动机 (9)2.2.4 减速机构 (10)2.2.5 电子控制单元 (10)2.3 电动助力转向的助力特性 (11)第3章电动助力转向系统的设计 (12)3.1 对动力转向机构的要求 (12)3.2 齿轮齿条转向器的设计与计算 (12)3.2.1 转向系计算载荷的确定 (13)3.2.2 齿轮齿条式转向器的设计 (14)3.2.3 齿轮齿条转向器转向横拉杆的运动分析 (22)3.2.4 齿轮齿条传动受力分析 (24)3.2.5 齿轮轴的强度校核 (24)第4章转向传动机构的优化设计 (29)4.1 结构与布置 (29)4.2 用解析法求内、外轮转角关系 (30)4.3 转向传动机构的优化设计 (32)4.3.1 目标函数的建立 (32)4.3.2 设计变量与约束条件 (33)4.4 研究结论 (36)结论 (37)致谢 (39)参考文献 (40)附录1 (41)附录2 (46)摘要汽车转向系统可按转向的能源不同分为机械转向系统和动力转向系统两类。
电动助力转向系统设计
学号：常州大学毕业设计（论文）（2012届）题目学生学院专业班级校内指导教师专业技术职务校外指导老师专业技术职务二○一二年六月电动助力转向系统设计摘要：随着科学技术的进步，人们越来越乐于享受科技带来的美好生活。
作为现代生活的一部分，汽车也越来越与人们的生活紧密不分，与此同时，更舒服的驾驶体验，成为新宠。
首先就是本文将研究的：电动助力转向系统，它将给我们带来更加轻松方便的驾驶体验。
电动助力转向系统即：EPS 就是英文Electric Power Steering的缩写。
电动助力转向系统是汽车转向系统的发展方向。
该系统由电动助力电机直接提供转向助力，省去了液压动力转向系统所必需的动力转向油泵、软管、液压油、传送带和装于发动机上的皮带轮，既节省能量，又保护了环境。
另外，还具有调整简单、装配灵活以及在多种状况下都能提供转向助力的特点。
正是有了这些优点，电动助力转向系统作为一种新的转向技术，将挑战大家都非常熟知的，已具有50多年历史的液压转向系统。
本文分析了汽车电动助力转向系统的基本原理，对构成系统的总体方案和控制方法进行了仿真分析，并利用DSP F2812实现控制系统的全数字化，在此基础上完成了EPS 系统控制器的软、硬件系统的开发，最后又进行了EPS系统模拟台架试验。
由于国外技术壁垒，目前国内研究EPS系统尚处在初级阶段，技术还不是很成熟，需要更多的研发人员投入到这项工作中。
所以需要更多人的努力来攻克这个技术难题，早日成熟我国的EPS设备，不再受限于国外设备，从而达到国产化。
关键词：电动助力转向系统控制系统实验控制器软件开发Design of electric power steering systemAbstract：Along with science and technology progress, the people more and more are glad enjoy the happy life which the science and technology brings.As a part of modern life, cars are more and more closely with people living without, at the same time, more comfortable driving experience, become a new favorite. First of all is that this study: electric power steering systems, it will bring us even more easy and convenient driving experience.The electric power steering system: EPS is the English abbreviation of the electric power steering. The electric power steering system is the development direction of the steering system. The system is provided directly by the electric power motor power steering, eliminating the need for a hydraulic power steering system necessary for the power steering pump, hoses, hydraulic fluids, belts and engine pulley, not only save energy, protect the environment. In addition, a simple adjustment, flexible assembly and can provide the characteristics of the power steering in a variety of conditions. It is precisely because of these advantages, the electric power steering system as a new steering technology, the challenges we are very well known, and has 50 years of history hydraulic steering system.T his paper analyzes the basic principles of automotive electric power steering system, constitute the system's overall program and controls methodology, simulation analysis, and the use of DSP F2812 all-digital control system, the EPS system controller soft on this basis, The hardware system development, and finally the EPS system simulation bench.Due to technical barriers to foreign, domestic research on EPS system is still at an early stage, technology is not mature, need more developers to join in such efforts. More efforts are needed to overcome the technical difficulties, early maturing EPS devices in China, is no longer limited to equipment in foreign countries, so as to achieve localization.Keywords: Electric power steering system Control system Experiment Controller Software development目录摘要 (I)目录 (III)1绪论 (1)1.1前言 (1)1.2汽车转向系统的发展 (1)机械液压助力 (1)电子液压助力 (2)电动助力转向系统 (2)1.3国内外电动助力转向系统的研究现状和发展趋势 (2)系统的优点 (3)课题研究的意义 (4)课题的研究目标和内容 (4)1.4EPS系统会遇到的主要问题 (4)2 电动助力转向系统的硬件设计 (4)2.1EPS系统结构及其工作原理 (5)2.2电动助力转向系统的类型 (5)转向柱助力式 (5)小齿轮助力式 (6)齿条助力式 (6)2.3本系统所用的关键器件 (7)扭矩传感器 (7)电动机 (8)车速传感器 (8)电子控制单元（ECU） (8)电流传感器 (9)控制器的芯片简介 (9)2.4本系统控制器的组成 (9)2.5EPS控制系统硬件电路设计 (10)模数转换电路设计 (10)DSP F2812 PWM输出电路设计 (10)模拟信号滤波电路设计 (11)电动机反馈电流信号输入电路设计 (11)车速信号捕获电路设计 (12)电动机正反转判定电路设计 (13)电机驱动电路设计 (13)电机电流采样电路设计 (14)2.6ECU总体架构 (15)3电动助力转向系统的控制策略分析 (17)3.1转向驱动力矩与助力矩关系 (17)3.2EPS典型助力曲线 (17)直线型助力算法 (18)折线型助力算法 (18)曲线型助力算法 (18)3.3转向系统受力分析 (19)4对电动助力转向系统的建模及仿真 (21)4.1EPS系统的动力学模型 (21)建立转向系统动力学模型 (21)建立系统状态空间模型 (22)4.2EPS系统稳定性分析 (23)5转向系统的软件设计 (24)5.1主程序模块设计 (24)5.2主程序初始化模块 (26)口初始化 (26)初始化 (27)初始化 (28)5.3信号采集模块设计 (28)扭矩和电流信号采集设计 (28)车速信号采集设计 (29)6电动助力转向系统的台架试验及结果分析 (30)6.1EPS系统试验台架简介 (30)6.2EPS系统试验台的组成 (31)6.3汽车EPS性能试验台测控系统 (32)6.4试验结果分析 (33)7．结论 (36)参考文献 (38)致谢 (39)1绪论1.1前言随着世界经济的不断发展，人们的生活水平也不断提高。
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摘要本设计介绍了电动助力转向ECU激励信号系统的组成，对系统的结构与工作原理进行了分析和研究，建立了系统软件与硬件连接线路图，并绘制了不同车速下扭矩与电机输出电流之间的曲线关系图。
在硬件方面，对系统中的数据采集卡、电压放大器和ECU进行了分析和选择；在软件方面，利用LABVIEW软件模拟产生车速信号和扭矩信号。
信号通过数据采集卡输送到ECU内，ECU通过内部的计算后输出电流给电机，使电机执行相应的助力。
最后，本设计进行了电动助力转向ECU激励信号系统的试验，试验结果表明，激励信号设计是合理的，取得的结果符合汽车行驶时的工况。
关键词：LABVIEW虚拟仪器；ECU激励信号；数据采集卡；ECU；转向助力ABSTRACTThis design introduces the electric power steering system components of ECU stimulus, the system structure and working principle of the analysis and research, a system software and hardware connection circuit diagram, and draws a different speed and the motor output torque under the current diagram between the curves.On the hardware side, the system of data acquisition card, voltage amplifier and ECU were analyzed and choice; on the software side, the use of LABVIEW software, analog signals generated speed and torque signal. Signals transmitted to the ECU data acquisition card inside, ECU calculated by the internal output current to the motor, the motor implementation of appropriate help.Finally, the design of the electric power steering system ECU stimulus tests, test results show that the excitation signal design is reasonable, consistent with the results obtained when the vehicle driving conditions.Keywords: LABVIEW virtual instrument；ECU excitation signal；Data acquisition card；ECU；Steering目录摘要 (Ⅰ)ABSTRACT (Ⅱ)第1章绪论 (1)1.1研究电动助力转向ECU激励信号系统的目的和意义 (1)1.2电动助力转向系统的优点 (1)1.2.1电动助力转向的优点 (1)1.2.2电动助力转向ECU激励信号系统的优点 (2)1.3电动助力转向系统的国内外发展现状 (3)1.4本设计研究的内容 (4)第2章电动助力转向ECU激励信号系统 ........................................................ . (6)2.1电动助力转向ECU激励信号系统的组成 (6)2.2电动助力转向ECU激励信号系统的结构 (6)2.3 电动助力的理论分析 (7)2.3.1 引言 (7)2.3.2 EPS典型助力曲线 (7)2.4本章小结 (9)第3章硬件的设计 (10)3.1电动助力转向ECU激励信号系统的总体结构 (10)3.2数据采集卡 (11)3.3信号放大器的设计 (12)3.3.1 芯片的选择 (12)3.3.2 驱动电路的设计 (13)3.4 本章小结 (14)第4章电动助力转向ECU激励信号的生成 (15)4.1 LABVIEW的简介 (15)4.2 信号的生成 (16)4.3本章小结 (19)第5章实验分析 (21)5.1 简介 (21)5.2 实验仪器 (21)5.3扭矩与电动机助力电流的理论关系 (21)5.4 实验过程 (22)5.5实验结果 (24)5.6本章小结 (24)结论 (25)参考文献 (26)致谢 (28)附录A 外文文献 (29)附录B 外文文献的中文翻译 (32)第1章绪论1.1研究电动助力转向ECU激励信号系统的目的和意义随着社会生活水平提高和消费者需求多样化,现代汽车的性能和配置不断地提高,增加了汽车工程测试的复杂程度。
汽车工程测试中,经常需要测量多种信号并进行分析,如车速、转向盘转角、横摆角速度、侧倾角、俯仰角、横向加速度、纵向加速度、车体变形、电压、电流、温度、CAN总线信号、油液压力、真空度等。
一方面,汽车工程测试不断向着多物理量、高精度、大数据量、自动化的方向发展,另一方面,传统仪器由于功能固化、数据处理及分析能力差、存储数据量少等原因,越来越难以满足现代化汽车测试的需要。
为了方便ECU的开发与测试，除了真实的汽车环境外，往往还需要些模拟的汽车环境用于ECU实验室阶段的开发和测试。
汽车电动助力转向ECU激励信号系统的开发主要使用各种信号模拟系统产生各种真实的电动助力转向信号（例如方向盘扭矩信号和车轮车速信号）来驱动ECU的正常工作。
而现在ECU激励信号系统还利用了VI公司的LABVIEW虚拟仪器技术，开发上位机操作界面，通过USB与数据采集卡连接，上位机可以很好的实现系统各种信号的显示和控制。
电动助力转向ECU激励信号系统就是用LABVIEW软件生成的信号模拟实际通过传感器得到的信号（如车速信号，扭矩信号），并将生成的信号通过数据采集卡送给ECU，ECU通过内部的运算后送给电动机一个适当的电流，从而控制电动机的助力大小。
电动助力转向ECU激励信号系统的作用主要是通过调节信号的大小来测量出电动机输出端电流值，绘制出同一车速下，不同扭矩与电动机输出电流之间的曲线图，在与理论分析得到的扭矩—电动机输出电流曲线图进行对比，从而检测电动助力转向系统。
汽车电动助力转向系统是改变和保持汽车行驶方向的装置，它直接影响了汽车的操控性和稳定性，是汽车的重要性能之一。
1.2电动助力转向系统的优点1.2.1电动助力转向的优点1．提高了汽车的操纵性能EPS能在各种行驶工况下提供最佳助力，减少由路面不平所引起的对转向系统的扰动，改善汽车的转向特性，减小汽车低速行驶时的转向操纵力，提高汽车高速行驶时的转向稳定性，进而提高汽车的主动安全性。
并且可通过设置不同的转向力特性来满足不同对象使用的需要，提高了低速时的转向轻便性。
该系统由电动机直接提供转向助力，特别是在停车时，可获得最大的转向动力。
2．提高了汽车的燃油经济性和减少对环境的污染装有电动转向系统的车辆和装有液压助力转向系统的车辆对比实验表明，在不转向情况下、装有电动转向系统的车辆燃油消耗降低5.2％，在使用转向情况下，燃油消耗降低了5.5％。
同时EPS没有液压回路，不存在渗油的问题，因而减少了对环境的污染。
3．增强了转向跟随性和可靠性在EPS系统中，电动机与助力机构直接相连以使其能量直接用于车轮的转向。
这样增加了系统的转动惯量，电机部分的阻尼也使得车轮的反转和转向前轮摆振大大减小。
因此转向系统的抗扰动能力大大增强。
4．质量更轻、结构更紧凑该系统由电动机直接提供转向助力，在停车时，也可以获得最大的转向助力。
同时省去了液压动力转向系统所必需的动力转向油泵、软管、液压油、密封件、传送带和装于发动机上的皮带轮等，其零件比HPS大大减少，因而其质量更轻、结构更紧凑，在安装位置的选择方面也更容易，装配自动化程度更高，维修更简单。
同时由于液压油在低温时的粘度很大，存在低温时必须有个加温的过程，而EPS可以在-40℃以下很好地工作，基本上不存在受温度影响的问题。
1.2.2电动助力转向ECU激励信号系统的优点（1）模拟产生各种信号主要是利用NI公司的LABVIEW软件，通过对所需的信号编程，产生信号（正弦波，脉冲波，三角波等），然后将信号的波形通过DAQ输送出去，通过调节控制旋钮来改变输出信号的大小，从而达到检测系统的效果。
（2）信号输出简单NI公司LABVIEW虚拟仪器技术的信号产生与输出是一起的，他主要是通过数据采集卡(DAQ)的USB端口与电脑连接，然后另一端作为输入端与所需要的仪器连接到一起，进而将信号输入。
尤其注意的是，如果输出信号的电压与接收仪器的允许电压不相符合，那将连接一个电压调节器，将输入电压调节到一起所允许的范围内。
（3）实现对电动助力转向系统的检测电动助力转向ECU激励信号系统主要的影响信号有2种：车速信号和扭矩信号。
连接的线路如下：产生的信号→数据采集卡→电压调节器→ECU→电机。
ECU是用已经编好的程序，他将对输送过来的信号进行计算，然后输送一个电流给电动机，电动机接收信号后会按照命令进行运转。
我们可以调节信号旋钮来观察电机的运行状况，从而检测ECU。
1.3电动助力转向系统的国内外发展现状在国外，各大汽车公司对汽车助力转向系统的研究有20多年历史，随着近年来电子控制技术的成熟和成本的降低，EPS越来越受到人们的重视，并以其具有传统动力转向系统不可比拟的优点，迅速迈向了应用领域。
自1953年美国通用汽车公司在别克轿车上使用液压动力转向系统以来，液压动力转向系统给汽车到来了巨大的变化，几十年来的技术革新使液压动力转向技术发展异常迅速，出现了电控式液压助力转向系统。
1988年2月日本铃木公司首先在其Cervo 车上装备了EPS，随后又应用在Alto汽车上，1993年本田汽车公司在爱克NSX跑车上装备EPS并取得了良好的市场效果；1999年奔驰和西门子公司开始投巨资开发EPS。
上世纪九十年代初期，日本铃木，本田，三菱，美国Delph汽车公司，德国ZF等公司相继推出了自己的EPS,并装配在Ford Fiesta和Mazda323F等车上，此后EPS技术得到了飞速的发展。
经过20几年的发展，EPS技术日趋完善。
其应用范围已经从最初的微型轿车向更大型轿车和商用客车方向发展，如本田的Accord和菲亚特的Punto等中型轿车已经安装EPS，本田甚至还在其Acura NSX赛车上装EPS。