语言学课件Lecture 2 - Phonology
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大学语言学LecturePonology精品PPT课件
• while phonologists are interested in the patterning of such sounds and the rules that underlie such variations.
• Phonological analysis relies on the principle that certain sounds cause changes in the meaning of a word or phrase, whereas other sounds do not.
2. Phonetics & phonology
• 3) Phoneticians are concerned with how sounds differ in the way they are pronounced. Eg. how these two [t]s differ in the way they are pronounced in the word “tea” & “too” ;
• The minimal pairs test • The phoneme theory • Allophonic variations
• pit VS bit
2.2 Phonemic contrast音位对立
• If the phonetically similar sounds are two distinctive phonemes, e.g./p/ & /b/ in “pit”& “bit”, they are said to form a phonemic contrast.
• A simple methodology to demonstrate this is to take a word, replace one sound by another, and see whether a different meaning results.
• Phonological analysis relies on the principle that certain sounds cause changes in the meaning of a word or phrase, whereas other sounds do not.
2. Phonetics & phonology
• 3) Phoneticians are concerned with how sounds differ in the way they are pronounced. Eg. how these two [t]s differ in the way they are pronounced in the word “tea” & “too” ;
• The minimal pairs test • The phoneme theory • Allophonic variations
• pit VS bit
2.2 Phonemic contrast音位对立
• If the phonetically similar sounds are two distinctive phonemes, e.g./p/ & /b/ in “pit”& “bit”, they are said to form a phonemic contrast.
• A simple methodology to demonstrate this is to take a word, replace one sound by another, and see whether a different meaning results.
2-phonology
Classification of English monophthongs 1. In terms of the position of the tongue A. front[前元音]: front[前元音 前元音]: B. central [中元音]: [中元音 中元音]: C. back [后元音]: [后元音 后元音]:
Classification of English consonants
2. In term of place of articulation: A. bilabial [双唇音]: [p, b, m, w] 双唇音] B. labiodental [唇齿音]: [f, v] 唇齿音] C. dental [齿音]: [θ, +] 齿音]: D. alveolar [齿龈音]: [t, d, s, z, n, l, r] 齿龈音]: E. palatal [颚音]: j] 颚音]: F. velar [软腭音]: [k, g, ŋ] 软腭音]: G. glottal [喉音]: [h] 喉音]:
2. What’s phonetics: A reWhat’ redefinition
Phonetics [语音学] is a branch of linguistics [语音学 语音学] that studies speech sounds with regard to their articulation, physical properties, and perception.
Classification of English vowels
A dichotomy 1. Monophthongs [单元音]: individual [单元音 单元音]: vowels 2. Diphthongs [双元音]: : vowels which are [双元音 双元音]: produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions. [ei, ai, au, әu, +, iә, eә, uә]
英语语言学第二章讲课ppt课件
allophone音位变体
and
A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Broad transcription 宽式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols only.
Narrow transcription 严式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics 变音符. Diacritics are a set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Bilabial 双唇音 Labiodental 唇齿音 Dental 齿音 Alveolar 齿龈音 Palatal 腭音 Velar 软腭音 Glottal 喉音
of how speech sounds are produced. (2) Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 studies how
unit 2 Phonology
• Speech sounds in English are grouped into broad categories: consonants and vowels.
• What is a consonant?
• --Consonant: The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air-stream at some point of the vocal tract.
glides.
• In terms of place of articulation, the English
consonants are classified as:
•
Bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar,
palatal, velar, glottal.
• The two classifications can be combined to describe a consonants:
central/ back vowels
•
the openness of the mouth ------ close/
semi-close/ semi-open/ open vowels
•
the shape of lips
rounded/ unrounded vowels
--of vowels
• What is a vowel?
• --Vowel: The sounds in the production of which no vocal organs come very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.
• What is a consonant?
• --Consonant: The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air-stream at some point of the vocal tract.
glides.
• In terms of place of articulation, the English
consonants are classified as:
•
Bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar,
palatal, velar, glottal.
• The two classifications can be combined to describe a consonants:
central/ back vowels
•
the openness of the mouth ------ close/
semi-close/ semi-open/ open vowels
•
the shape of lips
rounded/ unrounded vowels
--of vowels
• What is a vowel?
• --Vowel: The sounds in the production of which no vocal organs come very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.
语言学教程课件2 Phonetics and Phonology
Phonology phonetics and phonology ideas and concepts theories and approaches
2.1 Phonetics
The field study Speech sounds and non-speech sounds Pulmonic and non-pulmonic speech
Position of the vocal folds: voicing (initial & the widest aperture)
Position of the vocal folds: glottal stop
Description of speech sounds
We use Phonetic Alphabets to describe speech sounds
mouth Soft palate in lowered position Uvula: the loose hanging end of the soft palate Pharynx Blade of the tongue: including the tip, the part
Diacritics: any mark in sound description additional to letters or other basic elements. [¨], [˜]
Narrow description: detailed Broad description: general
opposite the teeth ridge
Speech Organs 2
Front of the tongue: the part opposite the hard palate
2.1 Phonetics
The field study Speech sounds and non-speech sounds Pulmonic and non-pulmonic speech
Position of the vocal folds: voicing (initial & the widest aperture)
Position of the vocal folds: glottal stop
Description of speech sounds
We use Phonetic Alphabets to describe speech sounds
mouth Soft palate in lowered position Uvula: the loose hanging end of the soft palate Pharynx Blade of the tongue: including the tip, the part
Diacritics: any mark in sound description additional to letters or other basic elements. [¨], [˜]
Narrow description: detailed Broad description: general
opposite the teeth ridge
Speech Organs 2
Front of the tongue: the part opposite the hard palate
语言学导论第二章
lodger
calling
singing robber
utter
2)classification of English vowels: monophthongs单元音: 1.the part of the tongue that is held highest: front: [i:, i, e, æ , ɑ ] central: [ə: , ə, ʌ ] back: [u:, u, Ɔ: , Ɔ, ɑ:] 2.width of the mouth: open: [ æ , ʌ , Ɔ, ɑ, ɑ:]
2.in terms of place of articulation: bilabial双唇音: [p, b, m, w] labiodental唇齿音: [f, v] dental齿音: [, ] alveolar齿龈音: [t, d, s, z, n, l, r] palatal腭音: [ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ, j] velar软腭音: [k, g, ŋ ] glottal喉音: [h]
D pull shot park hock hot cop much cut
Sound discrimination: A B C peer pair fear dear dare sheer spear spare really poor pull found town tone sell red raid men less lace wet seal sail feel
(2)articulatory phonetics: 1)speech organs: 1.three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity (the pharynx/throat) the oral cavity (the mouth) the nasal cavity (the nose) 2.the throat glottis(声门) vocal cords(声带) larynx---Adam’s apple
语言学_Chapter 2_Phonetics
– The speech sounds: production, transmission, perception – Sound patterns
PHONETICS PHONOLOGY
2.1 The phonic medium
语音学 语音的 发生、传递、感知 不涉及到意义 基本单位：音素 phone （或者可以区别意义、或者不可区别意义）
classify and describe them?
• 2. How many consonants are there in English? How • • 3. What is the major difference of English vowels
and consonants? to classify and describe them?
Manner of Articulation
• ... concerns the size of the air
passage:
– the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period; – they may narrow the space considerably; or – they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.
Of course not! All languages have both voiceless and voiced sounds contrasting in their phonological systems. Try to pronounce English vowels, they are ______. Pronounce [b, g] and [p, k]. Can you find any difference?
PHONETICS PHONOLOGY
2.1 The phonic medium
语音学 语音的 发生、传递、感知 不涉及到意义 基本单位：音素 phone （或者可以区别意义、或者不可区别意义）
classify and describe them?
• 2. How many consonants are there in English? How • • 3. What is the major difference of English vowels
and consonants? to classify and describe them?
Manner of Articulation
• ... concerns the size of the air
passage:
– the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period; – they may narrow the space considerably; or – they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.
Of course not! All languages have both voiceless and voiced sounds contrasting in their phonological systems. Try to pronounce English vowels, they are ______. Pronounce [b, g] and [p, k]. Can you find any difference?
英语语言学概论第二章phonology(共14张PPT)
said to form a minimal pair.
Pill/bill; pill/till; till/kill; kill/dill/; dill/gill
big/peg; peak/leap
Minimal pairs
Four requirements for identifying minimal pairs:
2.3.1 Coarticulation (协同发音)
Map PK Lamb
[mæp]
[læm]
A nasal + a vowel
Soft palate: from the lowered position to the raised position
Proceeding influenced following (perseverative)
Broad and narrow transcriptions
Velarization rule (软腭化): A vowel + a nasal
the
string,
the
two
sound
combinations
are
phonemic contrast, complementary distribution
Allophone: phonetic variants/realizations of a phoneme
A phoneme is realized as allophone 1 + allophone 2 +…
E.g.: /p/=[ ph ] + [ p ] (unreleased)
Allophones
Two requirements for phones to fall into the same phoneme:
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1. The pharyngeal cavity lungs windpipe pharynx (声门) glottis vocal cords: voicing / voiceless epiglottis (会厌)
2. The oral cavity Lips (labia唇) Teeth (dentes齿) Tooth-ridge (alveoli齿龈) Hard palate ( 硬腭) Soft palate (velum软腭) Uvula （小舌) Tip of tongue （舌尖） Blade of tongue (舌面) Front of tongue (舌前部) Back of tongue (舌后部) Tongue root (舌根) The most flexible part here in this cavity is the tongue, which is responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other. So, there is no surprise that the word “language’ itself derives from the Latin word “lingua”, meaning the “tongue”.
LECTURE TWO PHONOLOGY
Su Zhanghai
2.1 The phonic medium of language
Speech is prior to writing for several reasons Phonic medium of language and speech sounds The limited-numbered sounds produced by humans through their speech organs which are meaningful in human communication constitute the Phonic Medium of Language; and the individual sounds within this range are the Speech Soe used to record the sound waves for specific research.
2.2.2 Organs of Speech The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity (the throat), the oral cavity (the mouth) and the nasal cavity (the nose).
1.
Classification of English consonants: Two ways: 1) In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into the following types Stops/Plosives (闭塞／爆破）6 Fricatives (摩擦音）9 Affricates (塞擦音) 2 Laterals / liquids (侧音/ 边[通]音/ 流音) 2 Approximants/ glides/ semivowels (近音/ [中]通音/ 滑 音/ 半元音) 2 Nasals (鼻音) 3
24
Stops 6 VL VD Fricatives 9 VL VD Affricates 2 VL VD
Bilab ial 4
Libiodental 2
Dental
2
Alveol ar 7
Palata Velar l 5 3
Glota l 1
p b f v θ X
t d s z
Auditory phonetics: looks at the sounds from the hearer’s point of view, i.e., how the sounds are perceived by the hearer. Acoustic phonetics: studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.
3. Broad transcription: The transcription of speech sounds which uses ordinary symbols (letter-symbols only). 4. Narrow transcription: The transcription of speech sounds using more specific symbols (letter-symbols together with diacritics).
k g d h
Nasals 3
Liquids 2 Glides 2
VD
VD VD
m
w
n l, r
j
2. Classification of English vowels criteria (parameters) of vowel description: (monophthongs) ① the position of highest part of the tongue front, central, back ②the height of tongue raising * high, middle, low ③ the openness of the mouth close, semi-close, semi-open, open ④ the shape of the lips (the degree of lip-rounding ) rounded, unrounded
2. diacritics: when some sounds differ each other only in very subtle ways, or in some detailed aspects, the phoneticians invented another set of symbols which are added to the letter symbols to indicate the finer distinctions between them. This set of symbols are referred to as diacritics.
Also in the speech sounds of Japanese, it is very common to notice the distinction between aspirated and unaspirated.
2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds Two broad categories: Consonants (辅音） Obstruction of air flow E.g. [b], [k], [d], … [+voiced][-voiced] Vowels （元音） No air obstruction E.g. [i:] [e] [au], …
3. The nasal cavity
2.2.3 Orthographic representations of speech sounds: broad and narrow transcriptions Five conceptions to remember : IPA/ Diacritics/ Broad transcription/ Narrow transcription/ aspirated vs unaspirated 1. IPA: a standardized and internationally accepted phonetic system used to transcribe speech sounds devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 and underwent several revisions after then, the basic principle of which is to use one letter selected from one major European language to represent one speech sound.
Example: help Broad transcription: [help] Narrow transcription: [hełph] Commonly used diacritics: 。. ~
5. aspirated vs unaspirated A sound may have many variations Example : [p] in peak, pit, etc., the sound [p] is produced with a strong puff of air, so it is aspirated [ph] [p] in speak, spit, etc., the air is withheld to some extent when the sound [p] is produced, so it is referred to as unaspirated [p=] or simply [p]
A sound may have many variations Example 1: [p] in peak is aspirated [ph] [p] in speak is unaspirated [p=] or simply [p] Example 2: [l] in lead is clear [l] [l] in deal is dark [ł] Symbols for such more specific sounds are called diacritics (变音符)