综英课文
英语专业综英教程课文
NEVER GIVE IN, NEVER, NEVER, NEVERWinston Churchill1Almost a year has passed since I came down here at your Head Master’s kind invitation in order to cheer myself and cheer the hearts of a few of my friends by singing some of our own songs. The ten months that have passed have seen very terrible catastrophic events in the world —ups and downs, misfortunes — but can anyone sitting here this afternoon, this October afternoon, not feel deeply thankful for what has happened in the time that has passed and for the very great improvement in the position of our country and of our home?Why, when I was here last time we were quite alone, desperately alone, and we had been so for five or six months. We were poorly armed. We are not so poorly armed today; but then we were very poorly armed. We had the unmeasured menace of the enemy and their air attack still beating upon us, and you yourselves had had experience of this attack; and I expect you are beginning to feel impatient that there has been this long lull with nothing particular turning up!2But we must learn to be equally good at what is short and sharp and what is long and tough. It is generally said that the British are often better at the last.They do not expect to move from crisis to crisis; they do not always expect that each day will bring up some noble chance of war; but when they very slowly make up their minds that the thing has to be done and the job put through and finished, then, even if it takes months — if it takes years — they do it.3Another lesson I think we may take, just throwing our minds back to our meeting here ten months ago and now, is that appearances are often very deceptive, and as Kipling well says, we must ―…meet with Triumph and Disaster. And treat those two impostors just the same.‖4You cannot tell from appearances how things will go. Sometimes imagination makes things out far worse than they are; yet without imagination not much can be done. Those people who are imaginative see many more dangers than perhaps exist; certainly many more will happen; but then they must also pray to be given that extra courage to carry this far-reaching imagination.But for everyone, surely, what we have gone through in this period —I am addressing myself to the school — surely from this period of ten months this is the lesson: never give in, never give in, never, never, never, never — in nothing, great or small, large or petty — never give in except to convictions of honour and good sense. Never yield to force; never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy. We stood all alone a year ago, and to many countries it seemed that our account was closed, we were finished. All this tradition of ours, our songs, our school history, this part of the history of this country, were gone and finished and liquidated.5Very different is the mood today. Britain, other nations thought, had drawn a sponge across her slate. But instead our country stood in the gap. There was no flinching and no thought of giving in; and by what seemed almost amiracle to those outside these islands, though we ourselves never doubted it, we now find ourselves in a position where I say that we can be sure that we have only to persevere to conquer.6You sang here a verse of a school song: you sang that extra verse written in my honour, which I was very greatly complimented by and which you have repeated today. But there is one word in it I want to alter — I wanted to do so last year, but I did not venture to. It is the line: ―Not less we praise in darker days.‖7I have obtained the Head Master’s permission to alter darker to sterner.―Not less we praise in sterner days.‖8Do not let us speak of darker days: let us speak rather of sterner days.These are not dark days; these are great days — the greatest days our country has ever lived; and we must all thank God that we have been allowed, each of us according to our stations, to play a part in making these days memorable in the history of our race.SPACE INV ADERSRichard Stengel1 At my bank the other day, I was standing in a line snaking around some tiredvelvet ropes when a man in a sweat-suit started inching toward me in his eagerness to deposit his Social Security check. As he did so, I minutely advanced toward the woman reading the Wall Street Journal in front of me, who, in mild annoyance, began to sidle up to the man scribbling a check in front of her, who absent-mindedly shuffled toward the white-haired lady ahead of him, until we were all hugger-mugger against each other, the original lazy line having collapsed in on itself like a Slinky.2 I estimate that my personal space extends eighteen inches in front of my face,one foot to each side, and about ten inches in back —though it is nearly impossible to measure exactly how far behind you someone is standing. The phrase ―personal space‖ has a quaint, seventies ring to it (―You’re invading my space, man‖), but it is one of those gratifying expressions that are intuitively understood by all human beings. Like the twelve-mile limit around our national shores, personal space is our individual border beyond which no stranger can penetrate without making us uneasy.3 Lately, I’ve found that my personal space is being invaded more than everbefore. In elevators, people are wedging themselves in just before the doors close;on the street, pedestrians are zigzagging through the human traffic, jostling others, refusing to give way; on the subway, riders are no longer taking pains to carve out little zones of space between themselves and fellow-passengers; in lines at airports, people are pressing forward like fidgety taxis at red lights.4 At first, I attributed this tendency to the ―population explosion‖ and therelentless Malthusian logic that if twice as many people inhabit the planet now as did twenty years ago, each of us has half as much space. Recently, I’ve wonderedif it’s the season: T-shirt weather can make proximity more alluring (or much, much less). Or perhaps the proliferation of coffee bars in Manhattan — the number seems to double every three months —is infusing so much caffeine into the already jangling locals that people can no longer keep to themselves.5 Personal space is mostly a public matter; we allow all kinds of invasions ofpersonal space in private. (Humanity wouldn’t exist without them.) The logistics of it vary according to geography. People who live in Calcutta have less personal space than folks in Colorado. ―Don’t tread on me‖ could have been coined only by someone with a spread. I would wager that people in the Northern Hemisphere have roomier conceptions of personal space than those in the Southern. To an Englishman, a handshake can seem like trespassing, whereas to a Brazilian, anything less than a hug may come across as chilliness.6 Like drivers who plow into your parked and empty car and don’t leave a note,people no longer mutter ―Excuse me‖ when they bump into you. The decline of manners has been widely lamented. Manners, it seems to me, are about giving people space, not stepping on toes, granting people their private domain.7 I’ve also noticed an increase in the ranks of what I think of as space invaders,mini-territorial expansionists who seize public space with a sense of manifest destiny. In movie theatres these days, people are staking a claim to both armrests, annexing all the elbow room, while at coffee shops and on the Long Island Railroad, individuals routinely commandeer booths and sets of facing seats meant for foursomes.8 Ultimately, personal space is psychological, not physical: it has less to do withthe space outside us than with our inner space. I suspect that the shrinking of personal space is directly proportional to the expansion of self-absorption: people whose attention is inward do not bother to look outward. Even the focus of science these days is micro, not macro. The Human Genome Project is mapping the universe of the genetic code, while neuroscientists are using souped-up M.R.I.machines to chart the flight of neurons in our brains.9 In the same way that the breeze from a butterfly’s wings in Japan mayeventually produce a tidal wave in California, I have decided to expand the contracting boundaries of personal space. In the line at my bank, I now refuse to move closer than three feet to the person in front of me, even if it means that the fellow behind me starts breathing down my neck.ALIENATION AND THE INTERNETWill Baker1The Internet provides an amazing forum for the free exchange of ideas.Given the relatively few restrictions governing access and usage, it is the communications modal equivalent of international waters. It is my personal belief that the human potential can only be realized by the globalization of ideas.I developed this position years before the Internet came into widespread use.And I am excited at the potential for the Internet to dramatically alter our global society for the better. However I am also troubled by the possible unintended negative consequences.2There has been much talk about the ―new information age.‖ But much less widely reported has been the notion that the Internet may be responsible for furthering the fragmentation of society by alienating its individual users. At first this might sound like an apparent contradiction: how can something, that is on the one hand responsible for global unification by enabling the free exchange of ideas, alienate the participants?3I had a recent discussion with a friend of mine who has what he described as a ―problem‖ with the Internet. When I questioned further he said that he was ―addicted,‖ and has ―forced‖ himself to go off-line. He said that he felt like an alcoholic, in that moderate use of the Internet was just not possible for him. I have not known this fellow to be given to exaggeration, therefore when he described his Internet binges, when he would spend over twenty-four hours on line non-stop, it gave me pause to think. He said, ―the Internet isn’t real, but I was spending all my time on line, so I just had to stop.‖ He went on to say that all of the time that he spent on line might have skewed his sense of reality, and that it made him feel lonely and depressed.4The fragmentation of society has been lamented for some time now. It seems to me that it probably began in earnest after World War II when a generation returned from doing great deeds overseas. They won the war, and by God they were going to win the peace. Automobile ownership became commonplace and suburbs were created. ―Progress‖ was their mantra. So even prior to the Internet’s widespread popularity, folks w ere already becoming distanced from their extended families and neighbors. And when we fast-forward to today we see an almost cruel irony in that people can and often do develop on-line relationships with folks on the other side of the globe, without leaving their homes. But at the expense of the time that would have otherwise been available for involvement in other activities which might foster a sense of community in their villages, towns and cities.5Last weekend my wife and I invited our extended family to our home to celebrate our daughter’s birthday. During the celebration my young nephew spent the entire time on my computer playing a simulated war game. My brother-in-law and I were chatting nearby and it struck us that in generations past, his son, my nephew, would have been outside playing with his friends. But now the little fellow goes on line to play his games against his friends in cyberspace.6It seems to me that the Internet is a powerful tool that presents an opportunity for the advancement of the acquisition and application of knowledge. However, based on my personal experience I can understand how, as they surf the web some folks might be confronted with cognitive overload.And I can also understand how one might have his or her sense of reality distorted in the process. Is the Internet a real place? Depending upon how a ―realplace‖ is defined it might very well be. At the very least, I believe that when we use the Internet, we are forced to ask fundamental questions about how we perceive the world about us—perhaps another unintended consequence. Some would argue that the virtual existences created by some users who debate, shop, travel and have romance on line are in fact not real, while others would argue that, since in practical terms, folks are debating, shopping, traveling and having romance, the converse is true.7 All of this being said, I believe that the key to realizing the potential of theInternet is in achieving balance in our lives. This would allow us to maximize its potential without losing our sense of place. However, like most things, that is easier said than done. It seems to me that we are a society that values immediate gratification above all else, and what better place to achieve it than in cyberspace, where the cyber-world is your cyber-oyster. The widespread use of the automobile forever changed our society and culture, and perhaps a similar sort of thing is occurring now. I am not at all certain where the ―information superhighway‖ will lead us: some say to Utopia, while others feel it’s the road to hell. But I do know that we all have the ability to maintain our sense of place in the world. Whether we choose to take advantage of this ability is another matter.THE TAPESTRY OF FRIENDSHIPEllen Goodman1It was, in many ways, a slight movie. Nothing actually happened. There was no big-budget chase scene, no bloody shoot-out. The story ended without any cosmic conclusions.2Yet she found Claudia Weill’s film Girlfriend gentle and affecting. Slowly, it panned across the tapestry of friendship – showing its fragility, its resiliency, its role as the connecting tissue between the lives of two young women.3When it was over, she thought about the movies she had seen this year –Julia，The Turning Point and now Girlfriends. It seemed that the peculiar eye, the social lens of the cinema, had drastically shifted its focus. Suddenly the Male Buddy movies had been replaced by the Female Friendship flicks.4This wasn’t just another binge of trendiness, but a kind of cinema vérité.For once the movies were reflecting a shift, not just from men to women but from one definition of friendship to another.5Across millions of miles of celluloid, the ideal of friendship had always been male – a world of sidekicks and ―partners‖ of Butch Cassidys and Sundance Kids. There had been something almost atavistic about these visions of attachments – as if producers culled their plots from some pop anthropology book on male bonding. Movies portrayed the idea that only men, those direct descendants of hunters and Hemingways, inherited a primal capacity for friendship. In contrast, they portrayed women picking on each other, the way they once picked berries.6Well, that duality must have been mortally wounded in some shootout at the You’re OK, I’m OK Corral. Now, on the screen, they were at least aware of the subtle distinction between men and women as buddies and friends.7About 150 years ago, Coleridge had written, ―A woman’s friendship borders more closely on love than man’s. Men affect each other in the reflection of noble or friendly acts, whilst women ask fewer proofs and more signs and expressions of attachment.‖8Well, she thought, on the whole, men had buddies, while women had friends. Buddies bonded, but friends loved. Buddies faced adversity together, but friends faced each other. There was something palpably different in the way they spent their time. Buddies seemed to ―do‖ things together; friends simply ―were‖ together.9Buddies came linked, like accessories, to one activity or another. People have golf buddies and business buddies, college buddies and club buddies. Men often keep their buddies in these categories, while women keep a special category for friends.10 A man once told her that men weren’t real buddies un til they had been―through the wars‖ together –corporate or athletic or military. They had to soldier together, he said. Women, on the other hand, didn’t count themselves as friends until they had shared three loathsome confidences.11Buddies hang tough together; friends hang onto each other.12It probably had something to do with pride. You don’t show off to a friend;you show need. Buddies try to keep the worst from each other; friends confess it.13 A friend of hers once telephoned her lover, just to find out if he was home.She hung up without a hello when he picked up the phone. Later, wretched with embarrassment, the friend moaned, ―Can you believe me? A thirty-five-year-old lawyer, making a chicken call?‖ Together they laughed and made it better.14Buddies seek approval. But friends seek acceptance.15She knew so many men who had been trained in restraint, afraid of each other’s judgment or awkward with each other’s affection. She wasn’t sure which.Like buddies in the movies, they would die for each other, but never hug each other.16She had reread Babbitt recently, that extraordinary catalogue of male grievances. The only relationship that gave meaning to the claustrophobic life of George Babbitt had been with Paul Riesling. But not once in the tragedy of their lives had one been able to say to the other: You make a difference.17Even now men shocked her at times with their description of friendship.Does this one have a best friend? ―Why, of course, we see each other every February.‖ Does that one call his most intimate pal long distance? ―Why, certainly, whenever there’s a real reason.‖ Do those two old chums ever have dinner together? ―You mean alone? Without our wives?‖18Yet, things were changing. The ideal of intimacy wasn’t this parallel playmate, this teammate, this trenchmate. Not even in Hollywood. In the doublestandard of friendship, for once the female version was becoming accepted as the general ideal.19After all, a buddy is a fine life-companion. But one’s friends, as Santayana once wrote, ―are that part of the race with which one can be human.‖。
综英unit2 课文翻译文稿
• 尽管内心会有一些挣扎，今天有许多学生 都情愿按收入潜力来选择学术机构、 专业 和职业。1989年有一次针对全国（美国） 大学生的广泛调查，其中72%的学生 说他 们上大学的首要目的是毕业后挣大钱，这 种思想是这一代人的特点。有研究显 示，
这一代人的父母辈（即婴儿潮一代）中的 大多数上大学是为了自我发展，为了开发 批判性思维能力和形成个人的人生观。
对教授乃至对自己都要求不高，他们对制 度化教育的模式没有任何异议，遵守规则， 努力学习，而后获得学位。
• 过于强调成绩和标准化考试的高等教育机构对这 种态度起到了推波助澜的作 用。大学的录取程序
是一门不完善的科学，几乎无法区分有志于学习 的学生和那些 怀有其 他目的的学生。如此一来， 遴选过程有意无意地强化了对衡量成绩的具体指
难以满足的学生虽然人数不多，却一眼都 能看出来。他们为学习而学习，乐在 其中，
兴奋之情溢于言表，他们不懂就问，充满 好奇，把每次提问都视为一次心智 历险的 机会 .
• 的色彩，却也有其实际意义的一
面。早上高高兴兴上班的人工作起来会更 有效率，更富于创造性，并且乐此不疲。
质量。一些学生对此浑然不知，也不以为 耻，他们牺牲自己的爱好和精神生 活去追
求肤浅的目标，从而强化了社会的价值取 向，只有每个特蕾莎担当起自己的 责任才 能扭转这一趋势。
标的过分重视。这样，学生不得不牢记，成功的 衡量标准是平均成绩( GPA)，他 誓们最好把精力 放在对目标的追求上，而不是放在对知识的探寻 和渴求上。在这一过 程中，他们也时常毁了自己。
• ·尽管负面例子不胜枚举，希望还是有的。 我们在这一代人身上也捕捉到了理想 主义
之光，意志坚定、求知欲强烈的人并没有 因多数同学的随波逐流而受干扰。好 奇心
综英6课文译文
ENGLISH 6 课文译文（U1-U10）Lesson1 Sexism in School （学校中的性别歧视）如果一个男孩在课堂上喊出来，他会得到老师的观注。
如果一个女孩在课堂上喊出来，她会被告之先举手再发言。
老师表扬男孩比女孩多，会给男孩更多的学业帮助，老师更能接受男孩在课堂讨论中评论。
这只是一些老师怎样偏爱男孩的例子。
通过这样的优势，男生就能增加更好的教育机会，可能得到高工资或者晋级快。
虽然许多人认为课堂歧视在70年代早期就消失了，但它并没有消失。
教育不是一种供人观看的体育运动。
许多研究者，最近的有加州大学洛杉矶分校前教育系系主任John Goodlad，也是“一个被称为学校的地方”的作者，他们表明，当学生参与课堂讨论时，他们对学校持有更积极的态度，这种积极的态度能增进学习。
女生在课堂上比较被动，在高考中比男生得分低，这决不是一种巧合。
大多数老师声称，女生参加课堂讨论和男生一样，也经常会被提问。
但刚刚完成的长达三年的研究发现，不是这样的，男生显然会控制整个课堂氛围。
当我们给老师、行政人员看了课堂讨论视频，问谁说得多时，老师们异口同声说女生说得多。
但事实上，在视频中，男生比女生说得多的比例是3：1在我们的研究中，实地研究者对4个州的小学4年级、6年级、初中2年级以及哥伦比亚特区等100多个班级的学生进行了观察。
老师和学生有男的、女的、黑人、白人、来自城市的、郊区的、农村社区的。
一半的课程是语言艺术和英语，这些课程传统上是女生占优势；另一半课程是数学和科学，这些传统上是男生的领域。
我们发现所有的年级、所有的社区、所有的学科中，都是男生控制住了课堂交流，他们比女生参与课堂互动多，随着时间的推移，他们参与的越来越多。
我们的研究否定了传统的假设，女生在阅读课上统治课堂讨论，而男生则是在数学课上。
我们发现不管是在语言艺术、英语还是数学、科学这些科目中，往往男生得到老师的观注要比女生多。
有些批评家声称，如果老师对男生说得多，这仅仅是因为男生在吸引老师注意力上更加自信，这是个经典的例子，吱嘎响的轮子就能被上油。
综英课文翻译
几年前我写了一本书，其中一部分谈到英国人在印度所遭的困境。
美国人觉得自己若在印度不会如此窘迫，读该书时便无拘无束，他们越读越自在，其结果，是让书的作者赚了一张支票。
我用这支票买下一片树林，林子不大，几乎没有什么树，还有一条该死的公共小道从中横穿而过。
但这是我拥有的第一份财产，因而如果别人和我一样感到遗憾，那是很正常的事。
他们因恐怖而生变的语调，会对自己提出这样一个重要问题：财产对人的性格会起什么样的影响？我们这里不探讨经济学，私人财产对整个社区的影响，完全是另外一个问题------也许是个更重要的问题，我们只是就财产从心理方面进行探讨，你所拥有的东西会对你产生什么影响？我的树林又怎么影响了我呢？首先，它让我感觉沉重不便起来。
财产确实能起到这一效果。
它使人笨重，而笨重的人是进不了天国的。
《圣经》中那个不幸的百万富翁并不坏，只是胖而已，他大腹便便，屁股浑圆，在水晶门内东挪西插想挤进去，肥嘟嘟的身体两侧被挤得到处青肿，却看见他的下方，一只较瘦的骆驼穿过针眼，织进了上帝的袍子。
[2]《新约》的四部福音书全把胖子与迟缓连在一起，指出了一个明显却被人忽略的事实，那就是拥有太多的东西必然会造就行动不便。
有家具就需要经常抹灰，抹灰要仆人，有仆人你就得给他买保险。
这许多事绞在一起，使你在接受赴宴邀请或如约前往约旦河沐浴之前，不得不三思而行了。
有关财产问题福音书中有些地方还有更深入的阐述，其观点与托尔斯泰近似，即财产是罪恶的。
这里面涉及的苦行主义令人费解，我也不敢苟同。
但说到财产对人的直接影响，他们确实一语中的，财产让人笨重。
根据定义，笨重的人不可能像闪电一样，迅速地从东移到西。
一位体重14石的大主教登越讲坛，和基督的到来肯定形成鲜明对比。
我的树林让我感到笨重不便。
其次，它老让我惦记着这片树林要是再大些就好了。
一天，我听到树林里传来细枝折断的声音，很不高兴。
心想，一定是有人在采黑莓，弄坏了灌木丛。
待走近一看，发现不是人踩断了树枝，是一只鸟，我高兴极了。
英语专业综英教程课文
NEVER GIVE IN, NEVER, NEVER, NEVERWinston Churchill1Almost a year has passed since I came down here at your Head Master’s kind invitation in order to cheer myself and cheer the hearts of a few of myfriends by singing some of our own songs. The ten months that have passedhave seen very terrible catastrophic events in the world —ups and downs,misfortunes — but can anyone sitting here this afternoon, this October afternoon, not feel deeply thankful for what has happened in the time that has passed andfor the very great improvement in the position of our country and of our home?Why, when I was here last time we were quite alone, desperately alone, and wehad been so for five or six months. We were poorly armed. We are not so poorlyarmed today; but then we were very poorly armed. We had the unmeasuredmenace of the enemy and their air attack still beating upon us, and youyourselves had had experience of this attack; and I expect you are beginning tofeel impatient that there has been this long lull with nothing particular turningup!2But we must learn to be equally good at what is short and sharp and what is long and tough. It is generally said that the British are often better at the last.They do not expect to move from crisis to crisis; they do not always expect thateach day will bring up some noble chance of war; but when they very slowlymake up their minds that the thing has to be done and the job put through andfinished, then, even if it takes months — if it takes years — they do it.3Another lesson I think we may take, just throwing our minds back to our meeting here ten months ago and now, is that appearances a re often verydeceptive, and as Kipling well says, we must “…meet with Triumph andDisaster. And treat those two impostors just the same.”4You cannot tell from appearances how things will go. Sometimes imagination makes things out far worse than they are; yet without imaginationnot much can be done. Those people who are imaginative see many moredangers than perhaps exist; certainly many more will happen; but then they mustalso pray to be given that extra courage to carry this far-reaching imagination.But for everyone, surely, what we have gone through in this period —I amaddressing myself to the school — surely from this period of ten months this isthe lesson: never give in, never give in, never, never, never, never — in nothing,great or small, large or petty — never give in except to convictions of honourand good sense. Never yield to force; never yield to the apparentlyoverwhelming might of the enemy. We stood all alone a year ago, and to manycountries it seemed that our account was closed, we were finished. All thistradition of ours, our songs, our school history, this part of the history of thiscountry, were gone and finished and liquidated.5Very different is the mood today. Britain, other nations thought, had drawn a sponge across her slate. But instead our country stood in the gap. There was no flinching and no thought of giving in; and by what seemed almost amiracle to those outside these islands, though we ourselves never doubted it, wenow find ourselves in a position where I say that we can be sure that we haveonly to persevere to conquer.6You sang here a verse of a school song: you sang that extra verse written in my honour, which I was very greatly complimented by and which you haverepeated today. But there is one word in it I want to alter — I wanted to do solast year, but I did not venture to. It is the line: “Not less we praise in darkerdays.”7I have obtained the Head Master’s permission to alter darker to sterner.“Not less we praise in sterner days.”8Do not let us speak of darker days: let us speak rather of sterner days.These are not dark days; these are great days — the greatest days our countryhas ever lived; and we must all thank God that we have been allowed, each of usaccording to our stations, to play a part in making these days memorable in thehistory of our race.SPACE INVADERSRichard Stengel1 At my bank the other day, I was standing in a line snaking around some tiredvelvet ropes when a man in a sweat-suit started inching toward me in his eagernessto deposit his Social Security check. As he did so, I minutely advanced toward thewoman reading the Wall Street Journal in front of me, who, in mild annoyance,began to sidle up to the man scribbling a check in front of her, whoabsent-mindedly shuffled toward the white-haired lady ahead of him, until wewere all hugger-mugger against each other, the original lazy line having collapsedin on itself like a Slinky.2 I estimate that my personal space extends eighteen inches in front of my face,one foot to each side, and about ten inches in back —though it is nearlyimpossible to measure exactly how far behind you someone is standing. Thephrase “personal space” invading myhas a quaint, seventies ring to it (“You’re space, man”), b ut it is one of those gratifying expressions that are intuitivelyunderstood by all human beings. Like the twelve-mile limit around our nationalshores, personal space is our individual border beyond which no stranger canpenetrate without making us uneasy.3 Lately, I’ve found that my personal space is being invaded more than everbefore. In elevators, people are wedging themselves in just before the doors close;on the street, pedestrians are zigzagging through the human traffic, jostling others,refusing to give way; on the subway, riders are no longer taking pains to c arve outlittle zones of space between themselves and fellow-passengers; in lines at airports, people are p ressing forward like fidgety taxis at red lights.and the4 At first, I attributed this tendency to the “population e xplosion” relentless M althusian logic that if twice as many people inhabit the planet now asdid twenty years ago, each of us has half as much space. Recently, I’ve wonderedif it’sthe season: T-shirt weather can make proximity more alluring (or much, much less). Or perhaps the proliferation of coffee bars in Manhattan — the numberseems to double every three months —is infusing so much caffeine into thealready jangling locals that people can no longer keep to themselves.5 Personal space is mostly a public matter; we allow all kinds of invasions ofpersonal space in private. (Humanity wouldn’t exist without them.) The logisticsof it vary according to geography. People who live in Calcutta have less personalspace than folks in Colorado. “Don’t tread on me” could have been coined only by someone with a spread. I would wager that people in the Northern Hemispherehave roomier conceptions of personal space than those in the Southern. To anEnglishman, a handshake can seem like trespassing, whereas to a Brazilian,anything less than a hug may come across as chilliness.6 Like drivers who plow into your parked and empty car and don’t leave a note,you. The decline of people no longer mutter “Excuse me” when they bump intomanners has been widely lamented. Manners, it seems to me, are about givingpeople space, not stepping on toes, granting people their private domain.7 I’ve also noticed an increase in the ranks of what I think of as space invaders,mini-territorial expansionists who seize public space with a sense of manifestdestiny. In movie theatres these days, people are staking a claim to both armrests,annexing all the elbow room, while at coffee shops and on the Long IslandRailroad, individuals routinely commandeer booths and sets of facing seats meantfor foursomes.8 Ultimately, personal space is psychological, not physical: it has less to do withthe space outside us than with our inner space. I suspect that the shrinking ofpersonal space is directly proportional to the expansion of self-absorption: peoplewhose attention is inward do not bother to look outward. Even the focus of sciencethese days is micro, not macro. The Human Genome Project is mapping theuniverse of the genetic code, while neuroscientists are using souped-up M.R.I.machines to chart the flight of neurons in our brains.wings in Japan may9 In the same way that the breeze from a butterfly’seventually produce a tidal wave in California, I have decided to expand thecontracting boundaries of personal space. In the line at my bank, I now refuse tomove closer than three feet to the person in front of me, even if it means that thefellow behind me starts breathing down my neck.ALIENATION AND THE INTERNETWill Baker1The Internet provides an amazing forum for the free exchange of ideas.Given the relatively few restrictions governing access and usage, it is thecommunications modal equivalent of international waters. It is my personalbelief that the human potential can only be realized by the globalization of ideas.I developed this position years before the Internet came into widespread use.And I am excited at the potential for the Internet to dramatically alter our globalsociety for the better. However I am also troubled by the possible unintendednegative consequences.2There has been much talk about the “new information age.” But much less widely reported has been the notion that the Internet may be responsible forfurthering the fragmentation of society by alienating its individual users. At firstthis might sound like an apparent contradiction: how can something, that is onthe one hand responsible for global unification by enabling the free exchange ofideas, alienate the participants?3I had a recent discussion with a friend of mine who has what he described as a “problem” with the Internet. When I questioned further he said that he was-line. He said that he felt like an “addicted,” and has “forced” himself to go offalcoholic, in that moderate use of the Internet was just not possible for him. Ihave not known this fellow to be given to exaggeration, therefore when hedescribed his Internet binges, when he would spend over twenty-four hours online non-stop, it gave me pause to think. He said, “the Internet isn’t real, bu was spending all my time on line, so I just had to stop.” He went on to say tha all of the time that he spent on line might have skewed his sense of reality, andthat it made him feel lonely and depressed.4The fragmentation of society has been lamented for some time now. It seems to me that it probably began in earnest after World War II when ageneration returned from doing great deeds overseas. They won the war, and byGod they were going to win the peace. Automobile ownership becamecommonplace and suburbs were created. “Progress” was their mantra. So evenwidespread popularity, folks were already becoming prior to the Internet’sdistanced from their extended families and neighbors. And when wefast-forward to today we see an almost cruel irony in that people can and oftendo develop on-line relationships with folks on the other side of the globe,without leaving their homes. But at the expense of the time that would haveotherwise been available for involvement in other activities which might foster asense of community in their villages, towns and cities.5Last weekend my wife and I invited our extended family to our home tobirthday. During the celebration my young nephew celebrate our daughter’sspent the entire time on my computer playing a simulated war game. Mybrother-in-law and I were chatting nearby and it struck us that in generationspast, his son, my nephew, would have been outside playing with his friends. Butnow the little fellow goes on line to play his games against his friends incyberspace.6It seems to me that the Internet is a powerful tool that presents an opportunity for the advancement of the acquisition and application ofknowledge. However, based on my personal experience I can understand how,as they surf the web some folks might be confronted with cognitive overload.And I can also understand how one might have his or her sense of realitydistorted in the process. Is the Internet a real place? Depending upon how a “realplace” is defined it might very well be. At the very least, I believe that when weuse the Internet, we are forced to ask fundamental questions about how weperceive the world about us—perhaps another unintended consequence. S omewould argue that the virtual existences created by some users who debate, shop,travel and have romance on line are in fact not real, while others would arguethat, since in practical terms, folks are debating, shopping, traveling and havingromance, the c onverse is true.7 All of this being said, I believe that the key to realizing the potential of theInternet is in achieving balance in our lives. This would allow us to maximize itspotential without losing our sense o f place. However, like most things, that iseasier said than done. It seems to me that we are a society that values immediategratification above all else, and what better place to achieve it than in cyberspace,where the cyber-world is your cyber-oyster. The widespread use of theautomobile forever changed our society and culture, and perhaps a similar sort ofthing is occurring now. I am not at all certain where the “informationsuperhighway” will lead us: some say to Utopia, while others feel it’s the ro hell. But I do know that we all have the ability to maintain our sense of place inthe world. Whether we choose to take advantage of this ability is another matter.THE TAPESTRY OF FRIENDSHIPEllen Goodman1It was, in many ways, a slight movie. Nothing actually happened. T here was no big-budget chase scene, no bloody shoot-out. The story ended withoutany cosmic conclusions.2Yet she found Claudia Weill’s filmGirlfriend gentle and affecting. Slowly, it panned across the tapestry of friendship – showing its fragility, its resiliency,its role as the connecting tissue between the lives of two young women.3When it was over, she thought about the movies she had seen this year –Julia，The Turning Point and now Girlfriends. It seemed that the peculiar eye,the social lens of the cinema, had drastically shifted its focus. Suddenly the MaleBuddy movies had been replaced by the Female Friendship flicks.rité.4This wasn’t just anotherbinge of trendiness, but a kind of cinema véFor once the movies were reflecting a shift, not just from men to women butfrom one definition of friendship to another.5Across millions of miles of celluloid, the ideal of friendship had alwaysof Butch Cassidys and been male –a world of sidekicks and “partners” Sundance Kids. There had been something almost atavistic about these visionsof attachments – as if producers culled their plots from some pop anthropologybook on male bonding. Movies portrayed the idea that only men, those directdescendants of hunters and Hemingways, inherited a primal capacity forfriendship. In contrast, they portrayed women picking on each other, the waythey once picked berries.6Well, that duality must have been mortally wounded in some shootout atNow, on the screen, they were at least aware of the You’re OK, I’m OK Corral.the subtle distinction between men and women as buddies and friends.7About 150 years ago, Coleridge had written, “A w oman’s f riendshipMen affect each other in the reflection borders more closely on love than man’s.of noble or friendly acts, whilst women ask fewer proofs and more signs andexpressions of attachment.”8Well, she thought, on the whole, men had buddies, while women had friends. Buddies bonded, but friends loved. Buddies faced adversity together,but friends faced each other. There was something palpably different in the waythings together; friends simply they spent their time. Buddies seemed to “do” “were” together.9Buddies came linked, like accessories, to one activity or another. People have golf buddies and business buddies, college buddies and club buddies. Menoften keep their buddies in these categories, while women keep a specialcategory for friends.10 A man once told her that men weren’t real buddies until they had been“through the wars” together –corporate or athletic or military. They had tocount themselves as soldier together, he said. Women, on the other hand, didn’tfriends until they had shared three loathsome confidences.11Buddies hang tough together; friends hang onto each other.12It probably had something to do with pride. You don’t show off to a friend;you show need. Buddies try to keep the worst from each other; friends confessit.13 A friend of hers once telephoned her lover, just to find out if he was home.She hung up without a hello when he picked up the phone. Later, wretched with-five-year-old embarrassment, the friend moaned, “Can you believe me? A thirtylawyer, making a chicken call?” Together they laughed and made it better.14Buddies seek approval. But friends seek acceptance.15She knew so many men who had been trained in restraint, afraid of each other’s judgment or awkward with each other’s affection. She wasn’t sure wh Like buddies in the movies, they would die for each other, but never hug eachother.16She had reread Babbitt recently, that extraordinary catalogue of male grievances. The only relationship that gave meaning to the claustrophobic life ofGeorge Babbitt had been with Paul Riesling. But not once in the tragedy of theirlives had one been able to say to the other: You make a difference.17Even now men shocked her at times with their description of friendship.Does this one have a best friend? “Why, of course, we see each other everyDoes that one call his most intimate pal long distance? “Why, February.” a real reason.” Do those two old chums ever have certainly, whenever there’sdinner together? “You mean alone? Without our wives?”18Yet, things were changing. The ideal of intimacy wasn’t this parallel playmate, this teammate, this trenchmate. Not even in Hollywood. In the doublestandard of friendship, for once the female version was becoming accepted asthe general ideal.19After all, a buddy is a fine life-companion. But one’s friends, as Santayana once wrote, “are that part of the race with which one can be human.”。
综英课文句子解释
Lesson11.Nature had endowed the rest of the human race with a sixth sense and left me out.Everybody, except me, was born with the ability to think.2.In this instance, he seemed to me ruled not by thought but by an invisible and irresistiblespring in the neck.At that time, it seemed to me that he was not controlled by thought, and it was the working of his genes that compelled him to turn his head toward young girls.3.Technically, it is about as proficient as most businessmen’s golf, as honest as most politicians’intentions ,or as coherent as most books that get written.Practically, grade-three thinking is as incompetent as most businessmen’s golf, as dishonest with most politicians’ speech, as incoherent as most publications.4.They have immense solidarity , we had better respect them ,for we are outnumbered andsurrounded.Grade-three thinkers usually represent the great majority. We had better respect them because we are fewer in number and surrounded by them.5.Man enjoys agreement as cows will graze all the same way on side of a hill.It is human nature to enjoy agreement because it may bring peace, comfort and harmony, just as cows will eat the same part of grass as the same way as the others do.6.It was Ruth all over again. I had some very good friends who stood by me, and still do .But myacquaintances vanished ,taking the girls with them.What had happened to Ruth and I now happened again and again. I had some good friends who supported me and share the same belief with me. But my grade-two thinking frightened away many of my acquaintances.Lesson 21.Bella was the boarding-house lovely, but no one had taken advantage of the fact.Bella was young and pretty and was seen as the beauty of the boarding-house, but no one had shown any particular interest in her.2.He possessed a brain ,and since no one understood it when he used it, it was resented.He was too smart for them, and everybody felt annoyed.3.But Mrs. Mayton never allowed more than three minutes to go by without a word; and sowhen the silence had reached its allotted span, she turned to Penbury and asked.But Mrs. Mayton would not tolerate any silence for more than three minutes. So when no one broke the silence within three minutes she lost her patience and, turning to Penbury and asked.4.It found the spot all right.The weapon went through Mr. Wainwright’s heart.5.No, I answered ,I have come to cure it.“No,” Miss Wicks answered, “I have come to put an end to your cough.”Lesson 31.Most students are usu. Introduced to the study of history by way of a fat textbook andbecome quickly immersed in a vast sea of names ,dates, events and statistics.For most students, they begin their study of history with a thick textbook in which there are a great number of names, dates and statistics for them to remember.2.They cannot help but feel that two diametrically opposed points of view about an eventcannot both be right, yet they lack the ability to decide between them.Students cannot help feeling that two completely differently points of view about an event cannot both be true, but they do not have the ability to judge which one is true.3.Can we eliminate all disagreement? If the state of our knowledge were such that it providedus with a model of unquestioned validity that completely explained human behavior ,we can .Can we get rid of all disagreement? We can if our knowledge could give us a perfect model that completely explained human behavior. Unfortunately no such model has ever existed.Lesson 41.“My parents , and my wife’s parents, and our priest, decided that I wasn’t feeling up to it, andfinally I decided so too.”“My relatives and friends persuaded me not to go to the ceremony personally because it was too risky. At last, I decided so too.”2.“…I’m a sculpture ,not a demonstrato r.”“I’m only a sculptor and I was not interested in politics.”3.In Orlando you develop a throat of iron.“When black folks in Orlando drank brandy, frequently they had to put back their head anddrink it up in one gulp in order to avoid police detection, and because brandy is a very strong drink, you gradually develop a very strong throat —like a throat of iron.”4.So I thought I’d go and see the window, and indulge certain pleasure human feelings.“So I thought I’d go and see the window, and enjoy secretly some pleasant feelings —feeling s of pride for one’s genius.”5.You know it’s by one of your own boys, don’t you?“You may not know that this sculpture was made by a black person like you.”6.She knows it won’t be an easy life.“The mother in the sculpture knows that there will be much suffe ring waiting for her and her baby.”7.I didn’t feel like a drink at that time of life.“I don’t want to have a drink because it is very late now. As a black man, I am not allowed to stay in the city late at night.”8.He wasn’t looking round to see if anyone mi ght be watching.He wasn’t caring about other people’s opinion concerning his walking along with such a black man like me.9.Our land is beautiful , but it breaks my heart.“I felt proud of the beautiful scenery of our country, but I also felt sorry about it s Apartheid laws.”10.….as though they wanted, to touch me somewhere and didn’t know how…It looked as if these white people wanted to forget the racial difference and to know me, but it’s a pity they do not know how. The invisible barrier was still there bet ween the white and the black.Lesson 51.Some days I couldn’t look at her at all. My hands would shake and my voice used to crack whenI spoke and I’d feel sick in my stomachI loved her so much that sometimes I did not even dare to look at her. Often when I saw her, my voice would go hoarse and I would feel sick.2. She was generally very nice and polite, but, so far as romance went, I think I was definitely at the bottom of the reserves as far as she was concerned.She was nice and polite to me just as she was to everybody. But if we are talking about love, I definitely would be the last one to win her heart. (I definitely would be her last choice.)3. How rotten. Aren’t people rotten, sometimes?How terrible! How disgusting! Don’t you think people are te rrible, deserting their friends like that?4. Sharon, it’s passing thing, I promise. It’s something we all go through.Sharon, I can assure you that this feeling won’t last very long. You will grow out of it. We all have this experience when we are young.5. Sharon, understandably, is a little shaken by this outburst.Sharon had never expected Trudy to say these things about her husband. She is shocked.6. Nobody would miss her except the national union of bakers.Nobody cares whether she lives or dies. She is of no importance to anybody except to the national union of bakers, because she is such a big consumer of their products.7. Douglas reacts like a charger on hearing the bugle call.Douglas responds like a fearless horse when it hears the bugle call.8. She lands a blow that Vic doesn’t care for.She gives him a blow that he does not quite like/a blow he does not find amusing/a blow that hurts.9. Sharon comes up for air and props herself against the side of the pool, breathlessly and strangely happy.Sharon comes to the surface to take a breath. She leans against the side of the swimming pool and appears breathless and happy in an odd way.Lesson61. They rest upon mere tradition, or on sb.’s bare assertion unsupported by even a shadow of proof… (Para. 1)They are only based on tradition, or on somebody’s assertion, but are not supported even by the least amount of proof.2. It is consistent with all our knowledge of psychology to conclude that each would have grown up holding exactly the opposite belie fs to those he holds now…We can conclude, based on all our knowledge of psychology, that each would have grown up having exactly the opposite beliefs to what they have now.3. Of course we do not cease… to adopt new beliefs on mere suggestions… to take on ly the most striking examples, the enormous influence of newspapers and the effectiveness of skilful advertisingOf course it does not mean that when we grow up we no longer have these mistaken beliefs. We still do. We are still easy and often willing victims of newspapers and advertising.4. Much of what passes as such is not, strictly, thinking at all. It is the mere “parroting” of ideas picked up by chance and adopted as our own without question. Most people, most of the time, are mere parrots.Most peop le, most of the time, are mere parrots. They simply echo, or repeat others’ ideas without question.5. It may be part of the traditional belief of the people or the race.A person’s racial, cultural, national, political, class, gender, generation identity,while enabling him/her to see the world in a unique approach, also tends to limit his/her vision.6. The age-long struggle of the greatest intellects in the world to shake off that assumption is one of the marvels of history.It took many scientists of greatest learning hundreds of years to struggle against the assumptionthat the planets moved in circles. The success of getting rid of that assumption is one of the miracles in human history.7. Many modern persons find it very difficult to credit the fact that men can ever have supposed otherwise. Yet—they did.Many modern people are hard to believe that for some time men had ever thought they were thinking with their hearts. Yet it is true that the ancient people really thought in that way.8. Other beliefs are held through self-interest. Modern psychology leaves us no room for doubt on this point. We adopt and cling to some beliefs because—or partly because—it “pays” us to do so.We hold and cling to some beliefs merely because it is in our interest to believe them. Modern psychology has already proved this point, and as a result, there is nothing to doubt9. Indeed, he would probably be highly indignant if told of what anyone familiar with modern psychology can recognize so plainly.He would surely feel furious if someone told him a plain fact that he had held some beliefs through self-interest, which anyone who is familiar with modern psychology can recognize very easily.10. But we may extend the term to cover also his interest in social position; popularity with his fellows; the respect and goodwill of those whose respect and goodwill he values.But the meaning of this term might be understood in a broader sense. It may include his concern for position, popularity, fame, respect, love, etc.11. In adult l ife, as we have often observed, a bitter quarrel may change a man’s opinion entirely. Antagonism to a man usually produces some antagonism to his opinions.There was a time when we believed that we should oppose whatever our enemies supported and support whatever our enemies opposed. This often proved to be wrong.12. What keen satisfaction we find in belittling the opinions, or attacking the opinions, of somebody of whom we are jealous, or of somebody against whom we bear a grudge!If we dislike or envy a person, we will tend to disregard or attack his opinions, from which we may acquire a strong satisfaction.Lesson 81.In some respects, globalization is merely a trendy word for an old process.To some extent, globalization is not new. The world has always been in the process of market expansion, which is referred to as “globalization”—a fashionable term used only recently. 2.Europeans saw economic unification as an antidote to deadly nationalism.Europeans regarded economic unification as a way to prevent nationalism.3. A decade later, even after Asia’s 1997—1998 financial crisis, private capital flows dwarfgovernmental flows.Ten years later, even after Asia’s financial crisis of 1997—1998, private capital flows are still greater in number than governmental capital flows.4.The recent takeover struggle between British and German wireless giants is exceptional onlyfor its size and bitterness.The only difference between the recent takeover struggle between British and German radio giants and other cases is that this takeover is much bigger and a lot bitter.5.Meanwhile, Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa—whose embrace of the world economyhas been late or limited—fared much less well.Meanwhile, Latin America and sub-Sahara Africa, whose integration with the world economy has been late and limited, were not so lucky.6.The Asian financial crisis raised questions on both counts.The Asian financial crisis brought these two questions to people’s attention: investment funds were not well used and trade flows became too lopsided.7.What prevented the Asian crisis from becoming a full-scale global economic downturn hasbeen the astonishing U. S. economy.It was the surprisingly vigorous growth of the U. S. economy that saved the Asian crisis from escalating into an all-round economic depression.8.It remains possible that abrupt surges of global capital, first moving into Asia and then out,will have caused, with some delay, a larger instability.It is still possible that sudden increase or withdrawal of the world’s ca pital, first moving into Asia and then out of it, will have made Asia more unstable.9.But this does not mean that a powerful popular backlash, with unpredictable consequences,is not possible.But this does not mean that a powerful hostile reaction from ordinary people, which will have unpredictable consequences, is not possible.。
综英课文重点翻译
Unit11.Those memories of forking out thousands of pounds a year so that he could eat well and go to the odd party,began to fade.那些每年为孩子支付费用让他可以吃好参加新奇排队的记忆开始渐渐消退。
2.This former scion of Generation Y has morphed overnight into a member of GenerationGrunt.这位前“千玺一代〞的后裔一夜之间变成哼哼唧唧的一代的成员3.I passed the exams,but at the interviews they accused me of being‘too detached’and talking in language that was‘too technocratic’,which I didn’t think possible,but obviously it is我通过了考试，但是面试时他们却责备我太冷漠，致辞像技术政治论者，我不这样认为，但显然我实在是这样的。
4.For the rest it is9-to-5“chilling〞before heading to the pub.其余的都是朝九晚五的“无所事事〞，晚上去酒吧喝酒打发时间。
5.I went to a comprehensive and I worked my backside off to go to the good university.我上的是一所综合性中学，我拼命读书才考上一所好的大学。
6.but having worked full-time since leaving school herself,she and her husband find it tricky to advise him on how to proceed.她自从离开学校就开始做全职工作，因此她和她的丈夫觉察建议孩子如何继续找工作是件很棘手的事情7.Carry on life as normal and don’t allow them to abuse your bank account or sap your reserves of emotional energy父母要过正常的生活，不要让孩子滥用你的银行卡或榨干你的感情能量8.After that the son or daughter needs to be nudged firmly back into theSaddle.在这之后，儿女就该被父母坚决要求继续求职9.If you ask me,real life is not all it’s cracked up to be.Twelve years at school and three years at university,teachers banging on about opportunities in the big wide world beyond ou r sheltered life as students,and what do I find依我看，现实生活并没有人们想象的那么美好。
大学英语综合课程课文原文阅读
Unit TwoActive Reading 1The first oyster1 "Here you are, try this, it's delicious," said my father, waving an oyster in front of my nose.2 I frowned."I don't want to. I don't like it," I said.3 "Nonsense, how do you know you don't like it if you haven't tried it," he reasoned. "Just slide it into your mouth, and taste the Atlantic Ocean.4 He's right, I thought, but sometimes you can also work out what you like just by looking at it. And to be frank, I thought the oyster looked rather nasty.5 The restaurant was in a French seaside resort, and the waiter had already brought an enormous portion of seafood, crabs, prawns, lobsters and all sorts of shellfish clinging onto each other, as well as a bottle of white wine in a bucket of ice. My mother was busy shopping, and my father had decided to take me, his ten-year-old son, to lunch, and to mark an important event in my life, as important to my father as coming of age: my first oyster.6 What on earth must the first man to eat an oyster have been thinking about?I say "man" because surely no woman would be quite so foolish. "Well, I'm feelinga bit hungry, let's have a look in this rock pool .yes, that looks pretty yummy to me!" Doesn't seem very likely. It sounds more like a schoolboy challenge. "Here, you try this oyster, and I'll try this juicy bacon sandwich, and we'll see who has more fun!"7 Outside the skies were grey and a strong wind was blowing off the sea. It looked as gloomy as I felt. There was no hope left, the only feeling was hunger, and the only emotion was the fear of lost innocence as I realized there could be no escape from my first oyster.8 "Could I have some fish and chips?" I asked hopefully, suddenly feeling homesick for my favourite dish.9 "Certainly not! They don't serve fish and chips here, only the very best seafood in the whole region. You won't taste finer anywhere for miles around," he replied, pouring himself another glass of wine. "Now, stop complaining, try oneoyster for me, then you can have something nice and easy to eat, maybe some prawns with bread and butter," he suggested, striking a note of compromise for the first time during the whole meal.10 But with the clear perception which only a ten-year-old boy can have,I still understood that the compromise included eating that oyster, sitting on the side of my father's plate.11 My father continued to eat his way through the mountain of seafood. On his plate was a pile of discarded lobster claws, and alongside was a battery of implements used to crack the shells, and scrape out every last piece of meat. He paused every mouthful and raised his glass. Now and then he waved the oyster at me, teasing me to eat it, but saying nothing. I just looked at my empty plate in despair.I thought about the food which I most liked, my mother's home baking, and a silent tear slid down my cheek.12 Finally, my father picked up the oyster again, and I knew it was all over.I took it between a finger and thumb, and held it to my lips. "Suck it into your mouth. Hold it there, taste the salt and the sea, and then swallow. Then I'll get you something you like," he said. His voice was kinder now as he knew he had won.13 I did as I was told. The oyster was slippery and the taste was unlike anything I have ever tasted before or since.14 My father watched me, half smiling as if to say, "What do you think?" As I swallowed, he raised his glass to me and said, "Cheers!" I had finally earned his love and respect.15 But I never ate oysters again.Active Reading 2Chocolate1 Chocolate, which must be one of the world's popular foods, first came to Europe in the 16th century from Central America. It is made from the beans of the cacao tree, Theobroma cacao, which means "food of the gods". The Aztecs used to crush the beans into a paste and add spices to make a stimulating and nourishing drink (or cocoa as it became known). It was used in religious ceremonies and it was so highly valued that even taxes were paid in cocoa beans. When Europeans brought it back from their voyages, they added a sweet flavour, and the drink soon became very popular as an expensive luxury.2 Solid chocolate as we know it today first appeared in the 1800s. Cocoa beans were crushed into a powder, mixed with a liquid, then heated and poured into a mould, forming shapes as it cooled. The next development was learning how to get cocoa butter from the beans, a process first tried in 1825. The beans are crushed into a paste which is put under high pressure and forms a liquid chocolate and cocoa butter. In 1882, Rudolphe Lindt of Switzerland began to add extra cocoa butter to his chocolate, making it smoother. The chocolate sets into bars which will easily snap into pieces and then melt in the mouth. Cocoa butter melts at the same temperature as that of the human body, 97˚ F.3 The world's best-selling type of chocolate, milk chocolate, which is sweeter and smoother than dark chocolate, didn't appear until the end of the 19th century. In 1875, another Swiss manufacturer, Daniel Peter perfected the process.A concentrated form of milk, condensed milk, had recently been invented and this was easier to mix with cocoa paste. Dove Chocolate, first manufactured in 1956 by Mars, USA, is now the most popular chocolate bar in China.4 As we know, most people enjoy chocolate. But what accounts for its amazing popularity or even the properties that have made millions of people confess to being chocaholics? Around 40 per cent of women and 15 per cent of men admit to having a very strong feeling of wanting chocolate, especially in the late afternoon and evening. Most of them would agree they have a "sweet tooth". Scientists know that it can be inherited from our parents and this has been proved in laboratory experiments with mice. If a parent likes chocolate, so does the child. This genetic trait makes us prefer to eat things with a sweet taste.5 However, it is not just the large amounts of sugar in modern chocolate that explains its success. If this were the case, other products containing sugar would have the same effect on us. We don't want other sweet foods the way we want chocolate, as it doesn't make us feel good in the same way.6 It is also known that chocolate helps release hormones in the brain called endorphins. These chemicals make us feel happy and give us a sense of well-being, similar to the feeling we have when we're in love! Although there are about 300 different chemicals in chocolate, including minerals and vitamins, it is not really known how all of these affect us.Reading Across CulturesStreet food around the worldThe words "fast food" usually conjure up an image of hamburgers and French fries. We think of an unhealthy meal served in excess packaging to modern citizens who regard food as fuel rather than as something to enjoy.In fact, fast food is not a modern phenomenon at all. Travel anywhere in the world and you will encounter the sights and sounds of street vendors, selling a variety of local dishes, usually made from a few basic local ingredients, which are freshly cooked and served while you wait.Commercial fast food is made using an industrial process where pre-prepared ingredients are cooked in large quantities and reheated. Wherever you go in the world and eat at McDonald's, the food will taste exactly the same.Street food, on the other hand, is prepared and cooked on the spot in most places. All you have to do is take in the delicious smells, and watch and wait while the vendor freshly prepares your snack. Although hygiene may be unreliable in some places, the food tends to be cooked very fast at high temperatures and so the chances are it is safe to eat.In every continent there is a tradition of street vendors, from the noodle sellers in Asia to the roadside falafel stands found all over the Middle East. Commuters taking the Shinkansen in Japan may stop to pick up a Bento box before getting on the train. The cries of the satay seller wheeling his cart down the street in Southeast Asia will draw out local people and tourists alike. In India a spicy mix of varied ingredients called Chaat is found everywhere.What characterizes street food, as opposed to commercial fast food, is that it is bought in the street. And being full of local flavours and ingredients it will always be surprising and interesting to the visitor.。
综合英语课文译文
绝不屈服，绝不，绝不，绝不温斯顿·丘吉尔1 将近一年前，应贵校校长盛情邀请，我来到这里唱了几首我们自己的歌曲，既为自己加油，也为一些朋友打气。
过去的10个月中全世界发生了可怕的、灾难性的事件——盛衰浮沉、厄运磨难——但是，今天下午，这个10月的下午，在座有哪一位不会因为这段时间所发生的一切，因为我们家国境况的改善，而心存感激呢？是的，上次我来这里时我们还孤立无援，形单影只，这种状况持续了五六个月。
当时我们装备简陋，现在有所改善，但那时真是家徒四壁。
我们曾面临着敌人的巨大威胁，而他们至今对我们狂轰滥炸，你们自己对于这种袭击都有亲身感受；我料想你们已经开始按捺不住了，因为这么长的一段时间里，我们碌碌无为，按兵不动。
2 但我们必须学会同样善于应付短暂而干脆与漫长而艰难的局面。
人们普遍认为英国人最终总是会胜出的。
他们不指望关键时刻接踵而至；他们不是一直期待每天都有决战的重大机会；不过一旦深思熟虑之后决意出手，即便需要经年累月，他们也矢志不渝。
3 回首10个月前我们在此地的相聚，对比现在，我觉得我们可以汲取的另一个教训就是，事物的表象常常是很有欺骗性的。
吉卜林说得好：我们必须“……面对胜利和灾难，以同样的方式对待这两个骗子。
”4 光看表象很难判断事物将何去何从。
有时想象的情景比事实糟糕很多，但缺乏想象人们会碌碌无为。
那些想象力丰富的人们也许预想的危险比现实多很多；当然，还会发生很多危险；然而他们也必须祈祷获得更多勇气来维持这样深远的想象。
当然，对每个人而言，我们在这个阶段经历的一切——我正在对学校发表演讲——诚然这是我们从这10个月中得到的教训：绝不屈服，绝不屈服，绝不，绝不，绝不，绝不——无论事务巨细——都绝不屈服，除非你坚信屈服是光荣的明智之举。
绝不屈服于强权，绝不屈服于貌似气势排山倒海的强敌。
一年前我们孤军作战，许多国家都以为我们被彻底打败了，我们完蛋了。
我们所有的传统，我们的歌曲，我们的校史，我们国家的这部分历史，已经消逝、告终与完结。
综英15课文翻译
Daydreams of What You’d Rather BeKierkegaard once confided to his journal that he would have been much happier if he had become a police spy rather than a philosopher. Richard Nixon always wanted to be a sportswriter. If one considers these fantasies together they seem to have got weirdly crossed. It is Nixon who should have been the police spy. On the other hand, Kierkegaard would probably have made an extraordinarily depressing sportswriter (Fear and Trembling: The Angest of Bucky Dent)克尔凯郭尔曾经在他的日记中写到如果他能成为一名警探，而不是一个哲学家的话，他会感到更加快乐。
于此同时，理查德·尼克松一直想成为一名体育专栏的作家。
如果你把这些空想放在一起考虑的话，他们似乎有莫名的关联。
尼克松应该成为警探。
另一方面，克尔凯郭尔应该成为一个极度厌世不安的体育专栏作家(恐惧和颤抖：巴奇丹特昂)We have these half-secret old ambitions to be something else, to be someone else, to leap out of the interminable self and into another skin another life. It is usually a brief out-of-body phenomenon, the sort of thing that we think when our gaze drifts away in the middle of a conversation. Goodbye. The imagination floats through a window into the conjectural and finds there a kind of bright blue antiself. The spirit starts itself in a brief hypothesis, an alternative a private myth. What we image at such moments can suggest peculiar truths of character.我们有一些鼓而有之的雄心壮志，想要成为某样东西或者是其他的人，要从无休止的自我飞跃而成另一种面貌，过的一种生活。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
动物的魔力
许多科学家认为把动物器官移植到人体内是唯一能够长期解决世界范围内人体器官短缺问题的措施。
本文是玛格丽特·西蒙斯对最新发展的看法。
世界范围内，可供移植的人体器官短缺。
举例来说，在英国，有6 000人正需要器官移植——5 000人要换肾脏，其余的人需要移植心脏、肺或者肝脏。
然而，每年仅能实施大约1 750例肾脏移植手术、500例心脏或者心脏和肺移植手术以及650例肝移植手术。
等待者的名字每年以5%的速度递增。
在美国，需要器官的30 000人中仅有一半可以得到满足。
因而，动物器官移植到人体，也就是异种移植（该词汇来源于希腊语xeros，意思是陌生的或外国的）引起了很大的兴趣，大多数科学家相信这是唯一的一项解决器官短缺问题的措施。
自本世纪初以来，有人实验过异种移植，但都不成功。
存活时间最长的是一个婴儿，名叫法依，1984年换上了狒狒的心脏，维持了仅20天。
任何器官移植的主要问题是更换器官后的病人的免疫系统排斥移植来的器官。
因此，免疫系统发起巨大的进攻，激活了一种叫做防御素的酶，该酶进攻异体，最后也把病人杀死了。
当移植器官发生在人与人之间时，如果两人的组织准确相配，并且病人能长期使用名为免疫抑制剂的药，就可以克服这种抵制性。
该抑制剂在十多年前首次使用。
用异种移植，排斥性更严重。
举例来说，一颗正常猪的心脏，若输入人体血液，在15分钟内就会毁坏。
过去几年来，大量的研究已经进入准备动物器官的阶段。
这些动物通过饲养，基因发生了改变，它们被称为转基因种类。
动物胚胎被注射人类基因，以产生人体防御素的抑制素，控制防御素的释放，因而移植后，人体防御素认为跨基因的动物器官仿佛是人类器官。
比较适合用作器官移植的动物不是其他的灵长目动物，而是猪。
那些灵长目动物曾被认为是异种移植的最佳候选动物。
具有讽刺意味的是，其他的灵长目动物很象人。
能够传染猴子和猿的同一病毒也可以传染给人。
一个灵长目动物的器官移植后可以传递致命的疾病。
爱滋病极有可能起源于一种猴子身上的病毒，这种病毒由猴子传染给了人。
尽管猪的器官在功能和大小上与人类相近，但该物种与人类关系甚远，不会将致命病毒传染给人类。
而且猪的价格便宜，又容易繁殖。
英国有个叫伊木特兰的生物技术公司，坐落在剑桥城内，正计划在今年某个时候进行首次临床实验：把猪器官移植于人体。
去年，剑桥的科学家成功地把猪心脏移植给了猴子。
60天以后，一些猴子仍然活着。
这打破了美国科学家创造的最长存活期仅为30小时的记录。
假若伊木特兰公司的实验能够按计划进行，到2000年左右就可以研制出转基因的猪器官，包括肾脏和肺。
"这将给世界上成千上万的病人带来希望；否则，他们会因为等待供移植的心脏、肺或肾脏而死去，"
伊木特兰的主管克里斯托弗·萨姆浦勒说。
现阶段，该公司尚未考虑猪肝脏的移植。
然而，异种移植既要克服科学障碍，又要克服道德障碍。
猪胰岛素已经用于治疗糖尿病患者，猪心脏瓣膜已经用于心脏修复手术。
因此，动物器官的使用不会引起轩然大波。
但是，如同人们预料的那样，动物权利保护者不同意人类处于医疗目的而饲养并杀死大量的动物。
而且，动物保护协会苏格兰分部经理雷斯·瓦尔德指出，供移植的器官被取走后，猪剩下的部分怎么办呢？肉用于人类消费吗？"如果是这样的话——记住，猪包含着人类基因——这不是人类自食其肉吗？"
迟到无理由
每个办公室里总有几个人上班习惯性地迟到。
经理在一个多元文化环境中怎样处理这个问题呢？是因为不同文化有不同的时间概念，他应当耐心点呢？还是应当采取惩罚措施？
学者们告诉我们，西方人和亚洲人对待时间的态度不同。
从文化角度考虑，西方人更趋向于生活在现在和不远的将来中，而亚洲人则倾向于生活在古代和遥远的将来。
亚洲人设法避免成为时间的神经质的奴隶，把时间视为永恒中正在逝去的瞬间。
他们喜欢这种"零重力"的感觉，这种感觉来自于那种没有直接目的和紧急目标的旅行。
对许多亚洲人而言，幸福不单单是个时间问题，生命是长途旅程。
与其匆匆忙忙，他们更愿意保持一种稳定的步伐。
静静地观察季节的变更和孩子们的成长当然不是浪费时间的表现。
西方人坚信幸福就在下一座山上。
再多一点点时间、金钱或奋斗，就会到达那儿。
尤其是美国人，生活在时间紧迫的日程表和最后的期限中。
但是，怎样将学者们辛勤研究所得出的理论与办公室需要守时这一问题联系起来？难道我们应该从文化观的不同去推断当今有些办公室雇员迟到是可以理解的？难道这意味着经理应该忽略守时是办公室的纪律？
表面看来，似乎是经理不得不对某些文化背景的人群在守时方面更加容忍一些。
但这在都市文明中无法保证。
这就会为暗示在这样的文化（亚洲文化）中时间定位逊于西方的学术研究提供证据。
这混淆了完全不同的两个概念：奉行守时和时间的哲学观。
坚信时间是以世纪而不是以秒衡量的信念与一个人每天在办公室是否守时完全无关。
没有一个亚洲雇员会用文化借口作为迟到的理由。
他定会用一些较现代的理由，比如堵车了，表慢了，或停车困难。
这些理由与西方白领使用的理由毫无两样。
为什么反复迟到的这些理由在亚洲可以被接受，而在西方这种人却被认为是不可信赖、不可相信的呢？
问题可能是，在我们亚洲社会生活中，我们对朋友和亲属比较宽容。
尽管在市中心约会时他们让我们等了半个小时，我们不认为他们对我们的友谊或感情不以为然，也不认为他们不尊重别人。
更糟糕的是，我们让他们以各种模糊的理由原谅了他们自己。
但是，在我们社会生活中如何对待迟到者是个人的事情。
在现代商界，我们承受不起这种灵活性。
没有人会介意一个极少迟到的人偶尔迟到一次。
守时不应当成为一种流行。
但在工作环境中必须要有一种遵守纪律的风气，从而使人们重视守时。
即使在那些时间比较灵活的公司里，也要有雇员必须在办公室的固定时间段。
否则，就不可能召集不同部门的人开会。
一些公司选择错开上下班时间，以便雇员能够避开上下班高峰期。
但这并不意味着不再需要守时。
迟到，总的来说，只是一小部分雇员的问题。
经理应通过提醒，如果有必要，通过反复提醒尽量使他们改掉坏习惯。
这不是一项很容易的任务，在有些情况下，需要相当大的耐心。
但是，我们应当抛弃学者的观念，即认为期望守时是对文化的漠视。
应当立即摈弃这些陈词滥调。