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英语专业本科毕业论文格式翻译实践类

SCHOOL OF FOREIGN STUDIESSOUTH CHINA NORMAL UNIVERSITYA Report on the Translation of …--Reflections based on Dynamic Equivalence Theory 对……的翻译报告：基于动态等值理论的思考byZhang ZehaoSupervised byProf. Zhu QifengA senior thesis submitted to School of Foreign Studies, South China Normal University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree ofBachelor of ArtsJUNE, 2014Declaration of AuthorshipABSTRACTThis report is on the t ranslation of … . It is the author’s translation reflections and discussions based on Dynamic Equivalence Theory. …Three case studies are offered …The present report shows that … This report offers some suggestions for future translation practitioners…Key words: the first; the second; the third中文摘要本报告报导了对……的翻译实践情况，是作者基于动态等值理论对自己翻译实践的反思与讨论。

……报告分析了三个案例……本报告表明……本报告为未来的翻译实践者们提出的建议是……关键词：关键词1；关键词2；关键词3Table of ContentsABSTRACT (I)中文摘要 ......................................................................................................................................... I I Chapter One Introduction .. (1)1.1 Background (1)1.2 Purpose of the Translation/Interpretation Practice (1)1.3 Structure of the Present Report ........................................................ 错误!未定义书签。

毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】

因为学校对毕业论文中的外文翻译并无规定，为统一起见,特做以下要求：1、每篇字数为1500字左右，共两篇；2、每篇由两部分组成:译文+原文.3 附件中是一篇范本，具体字号、字体已标注。

外文翻译（包含原文)(宋体四号加粗）外文翻译一（宋体四号加粗）作者：(宋体小四号加粗）Kim Mee Hyun Director, Policy Research & Development Team，Korean Film Council（小四号）出处：(宋体小四号加粗)Korean Cinema from Origins to Renaissance(P358～P340) 韩国电影的发展及前景（标题：宋体四号加粗）1996～现在数量上的增长(正文:宋体小四）在过去的十年间，韩国电影经历了难以置信的增长。

上个世纪60年代，韩国电影迅速崛起，然而很快便陷入停滞状态,直到90年代以后，韩国电影又重新进入繁盛时期。

在这个时期，韩国电影在数量上并没有大幅的增长，但多部电影的观影人数达到了上千万人次。

1996年，韩国本土电影的市场占有量只有23.1%。

但是到了1998年，市场占有量增长到35。

8%，到2001年更是达到了50%。

虽然从1996年开始，韩国电影一直处在不断上升的过程中，但是直到1999年姜帝圭导演的《生死谍变》的成功才诞生了韩国电影的又一个高峰。

虽然《生死谍变》创造了韩国电影史上的最高电影票房纪录，但是1999年以后最高票房纪录几乎每年都会被刷新。

当人们都在津津乐道所谓的“韩国大片”时，2000年朴赞郁导演的《共同警备区JSA》和2001年郭暻泽导演的《朋友》均成功刷新了韩国电影最高票房纪录.2003年康佑硕导演的《实尾岛》和2004年姜帝圭导演的又一部力作《太极旗飘扬》开创了观影人数上千万人次的时代。

姜帝圭和康佑硕导演在韩国电影票房史上扮演了十分重要的角色。

从1993年的《特警冤家》到2003年的《实尾岛》，康佑硕导演了多部成功的电影。

翻译实践项目参考模板及写作要求

翻译实践项目参考模板及写作要求一、原文选材1. 翻译的原文须来源可靠，必须是英语原版出版物（含网站）上的文章，并未曾被人翻译过，且最好是近期文章，论文提交时须提供原文的原样影印件。

2. 原文篇幅限定在5,000个单词或以上，译文字数不限。

既可选用整篇文章，也可选择英语原版著作中字数相当的某个章节，但须保持连续性和整体性，不可自行做段落摘选。

3. 原文选材其体裁可根据学生所学专业设定在社科、经济、科普、文学等领域，例如可选原版英语商务经济文献、新闻专题报道、时事政治评论、科技普及文章、英美原版文学作品等各类文章。

4. 推荐英美原版杂志（可上网搜索）名单：The Atlantic Monthly【美】 Times【美】Newsweek【美】 The National Geographic【美】The Economist【美】 The New York Times【美】The Wall Street Journal【美】 Los Angeles Times【美】NEW YORK DAILY NEWS【美】 Reuters【英】等等。

二、译文要求1.能看穿原文字面和结构，结合上下文深究原文字里行间的实际含义，无重大信息遗漏，无脱离原文的无中生有，理解原文准确到位。

2.译文语言通顺自然，明确达意，能用符合译文习惯的语言准确表达原文意义。

摈除任何生硬晦涩、冗长累赘、望文生义、言不达意的表达。

【译文评分参照此要求酌情评定优、良、中、及格、不及格5个等级！】三、翻译评论1. 翻译评论须用英语撰写，字数限1,500个单词。

要求语言准确通顺，观点突出，主题鲜明，并杜绝语言表达上的语法错误。

2. 可采用下列2种形式：，一是综述，具体内容可结合自己的翻译体会，就原文的语言特色、文体风格、英汉差异等进行分析，并结合本人的翻译实践，就其翻译过程、翻译难点、翻译技巧、翻译效果以及译后的收获、感悟、启示等做出综合评论，可根据自己情况有所侧重，无须面面俱到；二是专题评论，可针对个人翻译过程中某个方面予以集中评论，无须面面俱到。

英语翻译实践报告论文精选(四篇)

英语翻译实践报告论文精选(四篇)英语翻译实践报告论文篇三怀着感动并期盼的心情20xx年10月8日，我们一行16人，乘着公车来到了xx区新疆学校，开头了为期一个月的实习生活。

在这一个月里，我真正体会到做一位老师责任的重要性，它使我的教学理论变为教学实践，使虚拟教学变为真正的面对面的教学。

与课堂上面对着同学讲课不同，在这里，要求我们的真正力量，最重要的是要有一颗责任心！一个月的实习，令我感慨颇多。

我实习的班级是五班级一班，记得我刚到课室的第一天，班主任陈老师要我和大家讲几句话，我简洁的跟同学们介绍了下自己，并告知他们接下来的一个月会与他们一同度过，同学们赐予了我热闹的掌声，看着眼前一张张真诚并稚嫩的脸，我的心里泛起深深的感动！新疆学校给我们的实践机会特别多，刚到的第一天我就开头了自己的第一堂课。

但是由于阅历不足和应变力量不强第一堂课讲的并不是特别胜利，班主任老师要求我多听课，多向阅历丰富的老师学习。

爱好对于一个学校生来说是至关重要的。

我深知这一点的重要，必需把同学的学习爱好调动起来，使他们在欢乐中主动学习。

无论是上英语还是语文，我都本着work hard,play harder的理念，以欢乐教学的方式，把嬉戏和教学融为一体，教他们唱英语儿歌，一个月的时间里，我教会了他们四首英文儿歌，同学的学习态度由“要我学”转化为了“我要学”。

学校五班级又是毕业班级，除了要求提高他们对学习的爱好，更重要的还是在于成果的要求，所以，在胜利提高同学的学习爱好之后，我又转变把战略变为力量教学，应校长的要求，教给他们一些生活化的英语口语，于是，我把目标索定了“美国俚语”这一环节，每天晚上回家的第一任务，就是翻查资料，找到适合于他们的一些美国俚语，比如“where can i wash my hands?” “may i have your name?” “where to?” 等。

在课堂上大家都很期盼“美国俚语”的环节，同学们都说：这样的英语既好玩又有用！一个月的时间，他们的口语有了明显的提高，无论课上还是课下，同学都会用“hello ada,goodmorning”的方式和我问好，看着他们有这样的成果，我想，我胜利了！此外，由于班主任的信任，我除了英语教学以外，还负责全学年的语文写作课程，一个月的时间里，作文讲解课10余堂，同学们由原来一篇作文100多字增长到400字左右，对作文的爱好也大大提高，课下同学主动找到我说：老师，我现在觉得作文一点都不难！听到这样的话语，我真的兴奋极了。

翻译实践格式及模板

专门提示：（1）翻译作品的论文页眉与页脚依照此模板体例编写，需注意的是：正文中奇数页页眉为“2020届英语专业学士学位论文”，偶数页页眉为“学生姓名（中文名）论文题目名（统一为“Translation Work”）”。

其他非正文部份应该有相应内容的页眉，具体内容见后模板例如。

（2）翻译作品的论文一概用A4纵向打印，上边距为2.5cm，左侧距为3cm，右边距为2cm，下边距为2cm，正文页码居中。

（3）参考文献以作者的字母排序。

依照先英文，后中文的顺序排列。

中文的期刊杂志名没必要翻译成英文。

（4）翻译作品的论文参考文献采纳APA格式，用References列出，具体范例见范文批注。

(5) 附录中的原作若是不是来自期刊、论文集或书籍，没有封面和版权页（如文章是从网上下载），那么需要标明网页地址或其他来源的具体出处。

单位代码10642 密级公开学号学士学位论文翻译作品论文指导教师：学科专业：英语专业（）提交论文日期：年月日论文答辩日期：年月日学位授予单位：重庆文理学院中国•重庆2011年 4 月BA ThesisChongqing University of Arts and Sciences Translation WorkBA Candidate:Supervisor:Major:School of Foreign Languages Chongqing University of Arts and SciencesApril 2010汉译英格式如下Table of Contents1 XXXXXX（此处的序号应依照原作中的序号编写，即有可能不是从第1章第1节开始，编写时请以实际编号为准，正式提交时请删除此行） (1) (2)Definitions of Culture (2)2.1.1XXXXXXXXXX (3)2.1.2XXXXXXXXXX (4)XXXXXX (4)2.2.1 Culture Is Based on Symbols (5)2.2.2 Culture Is Shared (6)General Modes of Intercultural Communication (7)2.3.1 XXXXXXXX (8)2.3.2 XXXXXXXXX (9)3 XXXXXXXXXXX (10)XXXXXXXX (11)XXXXXXXXX (12)3.2.1 XXXXXXX (13)3.2.2 XXXXXXXXXXXX (14)3.2.3 XXXXXXXXXXXXXX (15)XXXXXXXXXXXXX (16)3.3.1 XXXXXXXXXXXXXX (17)3.3.2 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX (17)3.3.3 XXXXXXXXXXXXX (18)3.3.4 XXXXXXXXXXXXXX (19)3.3.5 XXXXXXXXXXXXXX (20)3.3.6 XXXXXXXXXXXXXX (21)4 Conclusion (33)References (35)Acknowledgements (36)Appendix（在附录中将原作附上，复印件或打印件都可，需有封面和版权页）（空一行）Style（此处写上翻译原作的英文译名，论文提交时请删除此括号内文字）1 IntroductionAPA for Academic Writing: EssentialsAcademic writing may use Style, Style, Chicago Style, and so on. But APA and MLA are two commonly used ones. Both can be found in "style manuals" bearing their names，for example, APA's Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association(2001) and MLA's MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (1999).The choice as to which style is appropriate for a given paper may be determined by three factors: the requirements of the particular course, the standard for the discipline in which you are studying, or your individual preference. A safe way is to consider which style will be most appropriate for your area of specialization. If you are pursuing a major in the humanities, consider learning the . If behavioral or social sciences are likely to be your interest, then the may be most appropriate. Generally, humanities disciplines may include literary, philosophical, cultural, historical, translation studies, and the like. Social sciences may include applied linguistics, psycholinguistics, foreign language teaching, second language acquisition studies, and the like, which are mostly empirical studies involving statistic analyses. [Times New Roman,小四号，行间距为固定值20磅]1.1.1Text Citations (间接引用)Source material must be documented in the body of the paper by citing the author(s) and date(s) of the sources. The reader can obtain the full source citation from the list of references that follows the body of the paper.A. When the names of the authors of a source are part of the formal structure of the sentence, the year of publication appears in parentheses following the identification of the authors. The word "and"is used before the last author when multiple authors are identified as part of the formal structure of the sentence. Commas are only used to separate the names of three or more (but not two) authors for a source, for example,Definitions of Culture Times New Roman小三号加黑2.1.1 XXXXXXXXXX Times New Roman四号加黑英译汉格式如下（空一行）目录（宋体，三号加粗居中）（空一行）一、电子商务（宋体，四号加粗） (1)（一）因特网Internet（宋体，四号加粗） (2)一、因特网的历史（宋体，小四） (3)（1）因特网的现状（宋体，小四） (4)二、XXXXX (10)参考书目（宋体，四号加粗） (35)致谢（宋体，四号加粗。

翻译论文目录模板

翻译论文目录模板一、引言。

1. 研究背景。

2. 研究意义。

3. 研究目的。

二、文献综述。

1. 国内外研究现状。

2. 相关理论梳理。

3. 存在问题及解决思路。

三、研究方法。

1. 研究范围。

2. 研究方法选择。

3. 数据收集与分析。

四、研究结果。

1. 实证分析。

2. 结果呈现。

3. 结果分析与讨论。

五、结论与展望。

1. 结论总结。

2. 研究不足与展望。

3. 研究意义与实际应用。

六、参考文献。

七、附录。

翻译论文目录模板。

引言。

研究背景。

随着全球化进程的加快，翻译研究越来越受到重视。

翻译作为一种跨文化交流的重要方式，在国际交流中扮演着重要角色。

因此，对翻译进行深入研究，探讨其规律和特点，对促进跨文化交流具有重要意义。

研究意义。

本文旨在探讨翻译的相关理论和方法，为进一步推动翻译研究提供理论支持和实践指导。

通过对翻译的深入研究，可以更好地促进不同文化之间的交流与融合，推动世界各国的发展。

研究目的。

本文旨在通过文献综述和实证分析，总结翻译研究的现状和存在的问题，提出解决思路和展望，为翻译研究领域的学者和从业者提供参考和借鉴。

文献综述。

国内外研究现状。

通过对国内外相关研究文献的梳理和分析，发现翻译研究领域已经取得了一定的成果，但仍存在一些问题亟待解决。

例如，翻译的规范化和专业化程度有待提高，翻译质量和效率有待提升等。

Literature Review (翻译实践型论文文献综述示例)

功能对等理论谈E.B.Whites散文汉译中的风格对等The Style Equivalence in the Translation of Essays by E.B.White Based on the Theoryof Functional EquivalenceNo one can deny the difficulties in the literary prose translation from English to Chinese. And essay, generally can be seen as literary prose, with its huge varieties in form, content, and style etc., is hard to single out the translation of it as a whole for evaluation. Discussions surround the translation of essay never die. Scholars, home and aboard, have done a great body of researches on it, some of them stand out for their original and comprehensive achievements. Now let’s have a check on some extraordinary theories in essay translation built by them.First comes Hilaire Belloc, he points out that the essence of translating is the resurrection of an alien thing in a native body, which has something of the opinion of “reaching the acme of perfection” by Mr. Qian Zhongshu in his work On the translation by Lin Shu, and laid down six general rules for prose translation, which give relative clear guidance for the translation of prose text.Then Burton Raffel, argues, in his book The Art of Translating Prose, that the strict translation of prose should reveal the inner structure of the original syntax. In his opinion, the syntactic structures of prose represent the style of the author, and “the style is the man”. And he further puts forward that only when the syntactic structures of the original message is kept or retained, can the style of the original be successfully reproduced or transposed. He takes translation as an art rather than a science, and views the prose translation more from the perspective of stylistics.As for domestic scholars on the studies of essay translation, Professor Gao Jin holds the idea that the tone and style are to a large extent translatable, and gives definitions for the translatableness of language in general and translability in particular cases. And if the essence of the thought and idea of the original are fully grasped, tone and style of author are likely to be retained.And Liu Shicong with its “artistic flavor” theory. According to Professor Liu, the “artistic flavor” contains textual atmosphere, sound and rhythm, individualized artistic recreation. He reaches to a deep level of prose translation with the recreation of the artistic flavor as the very core. While his theory is hard to operate, and stands the test of time.Among all the theories, Functional equivalence theory is of highest importance. The Functional equivalence, originally called dynamic equivalence, raised by Dr. Eugene A.Nida as “the closest natural equivalence” of the source language text, is taken as a better and relative operative way to evaluate and handle problems in translation, that the traditional translation theory cannot well manage. Before the theory came, there is no practical method of keeping balance between literary translation and free translation. Though it is not straightly stick to prose translation, it still guides a lot to the translation of essay.This paper tries to analyse the equivalence of style in the translation of essay based on the Functional equivalence theory, taking some essays by E.B.White for example.。

期末论文：翻译理论与实践论文

研究生课程论文学年学期：2011-2012学年第一学期论文题目：隐喻及隐喻的英汉翻译课程：《翻译理论与实践》任课教师：姓名：班级：翻译硕士英语笔译学号：Discussion on Metaphor and Related English-Chinese Translation Abstract: According to the translation theory of Newmark, an English translator, metaphor can be divided into five types-“dead”, “cliché”, “stock”, “recent” and “origina1”, which will be subject to the analysis in this text in terms of their features. Meanwhile, on the basis of the translation theories learned, there are many kinds of methods for translation of metaphor. And this text also deals with the following approaches to translation of metaphor-literal translation, free translation, domestication and alienation. In addition, metaphor also serves as a way of thinking of people in western world and there are some traps in the translation of metaphor. So, it is not an easy task to carry out the translation of metaphor properly.Key words: metaphor; literal translation; free translation; domestication; alienation; trap1. PrefaceMetaphor is a common kind of rhetorical device in English. To bring the metaphor into the translation study can facilitate our interpretation of the original text and achieve the balance of various manners of recognition of the world and ourselves between two different kinds of languages and cultures so as to draw on others’ merits widely.2. Classification of MetaphorIn his work Approaches to Translation, Newmark divides metaphor into five types, namely “dead”, “cliché”, “stock”, “recent” and “origina1”.(1) DeadThe “dead” metaphor means the metaphor related with the ordinary words describing time, space, human body, natural environment and human activities with the vehicle almost not realized by people. In English, words like “space, field, top, bottom, arm, circle, drop, fall, rise” usually carry meanings of metaphor in order to ensure the explicit and clear expression of concepts and ideas. For instance, in the field of human knowledge, at the bottom of the mountain, the rise and fall off the Roman Empire, etc.(2) Cliché“Cliché” refers to many common metaphor methods that have lost their former influence. For example, one says the first one comparing woman as flower can be called genius and the second on who uses such comparison is called also-ran. This type of metaphor, cliché-some though, has its application value. For instance, “So, let us in the next five years, start a newLong March together, not in lockstep, but on different roads leading to the same goa1”.(3) Stock“Stock” refers to a kind of metaphor that has long been accepted, which has become an inherent part of language and will not lose its influence as a result of overuse. And the cultural metaphor represents an important part of the stock metaphor. For instance, “Judas’kiss (metaphor for insidious deeds –honey words and dastardly heart)” and “cat’s paw (metaphor for person serving as tool for others)”.(4) Recent“Recent” means the new terms that emerge recently. For instance, Levinski (metaphor for illicit love), Water gate scandal (metaphor for political scandal) and “9·I1”(metaphor for terrorist incidents)etc.(5) Original“Original” means a kind of metaphor used first by the writer. This kind of metaphor is not always available but product of writers’ inspiration.比如有些”坐冷板凳”的词,在作者的笔下却闪烁出灵感的光芒,这就是独创隐喻的魅力所在.Therefore, whenever you come across a sentence with correct grammatical structure but without any meaning, you must check the factors leading to the superficial meaninglessness carefully to explore the probable meaning of metaphor.3. Discussion on Translation Methods of MetaphorIn discussing the translation of metaphor, Newmark has raised seven methods:(1) Reproducing the same image in the TL); (2) Replace the image in the SL with a standard TL image; (3)The translation of metaphor by simile; (4) Translation of metaphor (or simile) by simile plus sense; (5) Conversion of metaphor to sense; (6) Deletion; (7) Same metaphor combined with sense. With reference to other methods and combining the conclusion of some of the above methods, this text will discuss the following four methods.(1) Literal TranslationLiteral translation is applicable to the metaphor with complete English-Chinese equivalence. It can retain the ethnic and cultural features of the metaphor in the original text and helpreaders using the target language have more understanding of the cultural characteristics of the original language. As a matter of fact, many cases of metaphor in English have been absorbed by the Chinese language. For example, “crocodile’s tears”, “Pandora’S box”, and “cold war”, etc. And literal translation should be adopted for some idioms consisting of metaphor and with completely equivalent meanings. For instance, “castle in the air”, “walls have ears”, and “to add oil to the flames”, etc. Besides, for some sentences containing metaphor, this method can also be used. For example, “Time is money” and “The world is a stage” etc.(2) Free TranslationFree translation, a concept opposite to literal translation, generally refers to that remove the form and reserve the content of the original text, which allows translators’ originality to some degree but with the basic information of the original text retained.Eg1. His theory has thousands of little rooms and long, windy corridors.Translation: 他的理论有过多的组成部分, 而且各部分间的关系也过于错综复杂.Eg Because of his one man style of operation, Henry Kissinger had become a kind of bottleneck in his own National Security Council system.Translation:由于亨利·基辛格惯于独断专行, 他已经成了国家安全事务委员会工作中的一块绊脚石.(3) Domestication TranslationThe domestication translation is targeted at the proper conformity of the translated text with the linguistic and cultural norms of the target language to properly satisfy the readers’ need for more localization.Eg2. They were only crying crocodile tears at the old man’s funeral because nobody had really liked man.Translation 1: 在老头的葬礼上, 他们只不过假惺惺的哭了几声, 因为在老人生前, 没人真的喜欢他.Translation 2: 在老头的葬礼上, 他们只不过挤了几滴鳄鱼的眼泪, 因为在老人生前, 没人真的喜欢他.Eg3. Many Canadians have never read a news paper though some newspapers are free, because they do not know their ABC.Translation 1: 尽管有的报纸免费, 许多加拿大人从不看报, 因为他们目不识丁. Translation 2: 尽管有的报纸免费, 许多加拿大人从不看报, 因为他们不懂自己的ABC.Domestication method is applied to Translation 1 for Eg 2, which provides all convenient conditions for readers. So, on the basis of the standard “it does not look the translation when read”, it can be rated as better translation.However, from the perspective of cultural exchange, it is obvious that Translation 2 has better effect. The reason is: although the term “crocodile tears” is borrowed, its meaning has been known for Chinese readers, and not only can literal translation be accepted by Chinese readers, but it can reflect the national features of the original text properly, which can also be reproduced. Additionally, the substitution of the expression means of the target language for that of the original language, though conveying related meanings, cannot reflect the way of thinking of the user of the original text and help readers have a comprehensive and thorough understanding of their culture to achieve the goal of translation in real terms. Nevertheless, despite the equivalence conversion of Translation 2 for Eg3, it has failed to achieve its communication goal.(4) Alienation Translation异化翻译策略是以源语文化为归宿而进行的语际间篇章意义的相互转换.近年来, 在翻译界主张重视异化翻译的学者日益增多.从文化交流的角度看, 它是尊重各国文化的内在要求, 有助于在平等的基础上真实地反映外国文化.随着文化交流的不断深入, 异化翻译逐渐显示出其特有的魅力.隐喻的异化翻译策略可以分为两种情形:a. Direct AlienationThe meaning of some vases of metaphor can be reflected clearly through the context. So the direct alienation method can be adopted without the necessity to explore the corresponding expression in the translation painstakingly.Eg4.Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War, but in a few years, he was completely defeated.Translation: 希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时是武装到牙齿的, 可是不到几年, 就被彻底打败了.Eg5.Some personnel executives complained that many college graduates they had interviewed here had two star abilities with five2star ambitions.Translation: 一些人事经理抱怨, 在他们面试过的大学毕业生中, 不少人本事只有”二星级”, 心气儿倒有”五星级”.b. Alienation ExplanationThere are limited cases where the direct alienation method can be used in the translation of metaphor. On many occasions, brief elaboration must be made on the cultural information or cultural context contained in the text, only in which way can the goal of communication be attained.Eg6.The Warren Report has left many ques2tions unanswered.Translation: 沃伦报告(指美国肯尼迪总统被谋杀事件的调查报告) 留下许多未解之迷. Eg7.The man who waters his grass after a heavy rain is carrying coals to Newcastle. Translation:大雨后给草地浇水是多此一举.(注: 纽卡斯尔是英国的一个产煤中心.)Eg8.He was in the seventh heaven last night.Translation: 昨晚他欣喜若狂.(in the seventh heaven: ( not formal) in a state of great happiness or contentment, 意思是: 人能和上帝同居最高层,自然是非常愉快的.) Domestication and alienation are two kinds of translation strategies applied by the translator targeted at the differences in the two languages and corresponding cultures according to varied aspects such as aim of translation, type of text, intention of writers and readers of the target language to facilitate the guidance of the selection and application of specific translation methods and techniques. The two methods, sometimes, should be selected with reference to the regulations of the social culture as well as political and ideological aspects. Whichever strategy is used, it is required to focus on the need of readers and the society.Eg9. The students had been trained to compete continually against each other, so that the lesson turned into a kind of noisy grey dog race.Translation 1: 学生们练就了持续相互竞争的本事,所以这堂课变成了一场嘈杂的拍卖会场.Translation 2: 学生们练就了持续相互竞争的本事,所以这堂课变成了一场嘈杂的灰狗比赛.In the above sentence, the term “grey hound race” created in the original language-English, is analogous to the scene of disorder and chaos in class like the scene of grey dog race. Anddomestication and alienation methods are used respectively in the two sentences. But it is quite difficult for Chinese readers to understand the alienation method for translation of metaphor due to lack of grey dog race in Chinese culture. By contrast, the Chinese readers can understand the scene of the auction, which can help readers catch the connotation of this metaphor. It follows that domestication and alienation cannot only be reflected on the level of language, but also in processing the cultural factors.4. Way of Thinking in Metaphor and Traps in TranslationMetaphor is not only a type of rhetorical device but also represents a way of thinking. In other words, metaphor exists in languages and people’s thinking and behavior as well as all aspects of our daily life. And from some expressions of basic concepts of people in western countries, we can further understand that metaphor serves as their way of thinking. Way of thinking related with love: Love is a physical force; love is war.与时间有关的思维:Time is money; time is life. Besides, as a matter of fact, many proverbs in English contain the way of thinking featured by metaphor. For instance: Time and tide wait for no man(时光和潮流不等人). This is a proverb encouraging people to value time, in which the translation has failed to reflect the metaphor contained. And in this proverb, “and” does not only serve as a parallelism structure linking “time” and “tide”, but constitutes a kind of metaphor, 即将time比作tide: tide (caused by the lunar gravity) waits for no man, so does time. Another example is: Truth and roses have thorns about them(真理和玫瑰一样,都带刺); Kings and bears worry their keeper(伴君如伴虎).Only through understanding and precise translation of the metaphor implicated in these proverbs can we get hang of the way of thinking of people in western world in a more impressive and thorough way. On the other hand, some cases of metaphor seem in harmony but actually at variance. That’s what is called “trap” according to Newmark’s theory. For instance, here are some idioms containing metaphor: To heat about the bush≠打草惊蛇(而是to talk about something without coming to the point”旁敲侧击”); to lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen≠亡羊补牢(而是to take precautions too late to be effective”于事无补”); the last straw≠救命稻草(actually, “the last straw” originates from the English proverb “the last straw that breaks the camel’s back”“致命一击”). Thus, intranslating these idioms with traps of metaphor, one should avoid having superficial understanding and catching the meaning of words literally from the context, otherwise, it will lead to a miss as good as a mile.5. ConclusionIn discussing the metaphor and its translation, we do not only take metaphor as a kind of rhetorical device but also a way of thinking and a way of recognizing the objective world. And as a way of recognition, metaphor is featured with clear national characteristics as well as rich cultural connotations. Therefore, we should take flexible translation methods according to the features of texts, different contexts as well as readers’ acceptability. And generally, when involving metaphor, translation should be focused on the vehicle of the original text with the meaning of metaphor reproduces to achieve the unity of form and spirit.Reference【1】Newmark,P．A Textbook of Translation IM]．上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001．【2】Newmark,P．Approaches to Translation【M】．上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001．【3】胡曙中．英汉修辞比较研究fM1．上海:上海外语教育出版社,1993．【4】毛荣贵．新世纪大学英汉翻译教程fM1．上海:上海交通大学出版社,2002．。

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湖南第一师范学院外语系实务翻译考查卷
(中间空一行)
（2012—2013学年第 2学期）
(中间空一行)
专业班级 10英本2班学号 10404040229 姓名石柯评分等级（专业班级、学号、姓名、评分等级必须写在同一行；并与下面空一行）
文化素养与实务翻译（宋体，2号，居中）
(中间空一行)
一种语言代表一种文化。

文化包括民族的思维方式、心理意识、历史传统、习俗信仰、地域风貌等一系列因素。

从某种意义上说，翻译就是翻译文化。

由于文化差异，不同语言的读者长期在各自特定的语言文化环境熏陶下，养成了一种固有的审美心理和欣赏习惯，这种心理和习惯自然而然地制约着他们对语言刺激的注意和使用语言的方式，也造就了各类实务翻译文体独特的语言表现手法和读者喜闻乐见的形式，形成了各自不同的写作风格和美学标准。

从翻译的目的决定原语信息的取舍，决定翻译策略以及文本的形式和风格。

从翻译的性质而言，应用翻译是按社会或个人认知需要，在不同符号系统之间所作的文化信息的传递过程。

翻译要求的是信息传递，译者翻译素养的构建和文化信息的处理能力对信息传递极为重要。

因此译者在经济全球化政治多极化的世界中提高个人文化素养也成为了翻译的重要前提。

(宋体，小四，固定值21磅）翻译属于语言活动，要求译者在熟练掌握两种或两种以上的语言的前提下进行翻译，因此对译者语言功底的要求就大。

对原作的阅读理解和鉴赏能力决定了译者一座的水准。

在实务翻译中，各种类的翻译包括旅游翻译、政论翻译等都有不少特点，其中比较重要的是语言的简介、准确、流畅。

莎士比亚曾说：简洁是智慧的灵魂。

译者除了对原文的解读外，将其异化或归化地翻译出来时译者自身的文化素养也能从中体现出来。

比如说：stateman和politician两个单词的字面意思都是指政治人士，但政治立场不同的话，最终所翻译出来的意思也就不同，stateman指政治家，politician指政客。

所以译者的文化素养对翻译的重要性就显而易见了。

（同上）
翻译不是说精通一门外语，通过自己对外语和本族语的基本学习，再借助于词典及工具书就能为之的事情，缺少译者对原语文化的深入研究是很难保证翻译的水平和质量。

译者在翻译原著时，了解其背后的文化和精神，从而体会到中西文化的差异。

英国语言学家莱斯﹒约翰所说（1997）：“特定社会的语言时这个社会文化的组成部分，每一种语言在词语上的差异都会反映在使用这种语言的社会事物、习俗以及各种活动中。

”前几年，“权力话语”曾是西方和我国文论界的热门话题，这种理论认为，翻译是一种双重权力话语制约下的再创造活动。

对于同一事物，在不同语境制约下会有不同的说法，从翻译角度而言，就须改译。

比如：在原文作者对太平天国运动持保留或否定态度，用
一些中性词或贬义词来作描述，如“uprising”（暴动、起义）、“rebellion”（造反、叛乱）、“the most destructive”（最具破坏性的）等。

总而言之，在翻译过程中，“一国文字和另一国文字之间也不会没有距离，译者的理解和文风跟原作品的内容和形式之间也不会没有距离，而且译者的体会和他自己的表达能力之间还时常有距离。

”（钱钟书：《林纾的翻译》）可见，译者担当者社会赋予的跨文化交际的重任，为此需要克服不同语言形式的障碍，逾越不同民族文化差异的鸿沟，付出艰辛的劳动和聪颖的智慧。

联合国一百九十多个成员国意味着彼此需要的翻译人员更多，经济全球化的社会需要语言间沟通的人也更多，翻译这行业所需的工作人员还很多，所以我坚信，如若译者个人文化素养提高的话，在翻译领域将会有更多的契机等着我们。