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本科毕业论文外文翻译【范本模板】

本科毕业论文外文翻译【范本模板】

本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目:不确定条件下生产线平衡:鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法学院:机械自动化专业:工业工程学号: 201003166045学生姓名: 宋倩指导教师:潘莉日期: 二○一四年五月Assembly line balancing under uncertainty: Robust optimization modelsand exact solution methodÖncü Hazır , Alexandre DolguiComputers &Industrial Engineering,2013,65:261–267不确定条件下生产线平衡:鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法安库·汉泽,亚历山大·多桂计算机与工业工程,2013,65:261–267摘要这项研究涉及在不确定条件下的生产线平衡,并提出两个鲁棒优化模型。

假设了不确定性区间运行的时间。

该方法提出了生成线设计方法,使其免受混乱的破坏。

基于分解的算法开发出来并与增强策略结合起来解决大规模优化实例.该算法的效率已被测试,实验结果也已经发表。

本文的理论贡献在于文中提出的模型和基于分解的精确算法的开发.另外,基于我们的算法设计出的基于不确定性整合的生产线的产出率会更高,因此也更具有实际意义。

此外,这是一个在装配线平衡问题上的开创性工作,并应该作为一个决策支持系统的基础。

关键字:装配线平衡;不确定性; 鲁棒优化;组合优化;精确算法1.简介装配线就是包括一系列在车间中进行连续操作的生产系统。

零部件依次向下移动直到完工。

它们通常被使用在高效地生产大量地标准件的工业行业之中。

在这方面,建模和解决生产线平衡问题也鉴于工业对于效率的追求变得日益重要。

生产线平衡处理的是分配作业到工作站来优化一些预定义的目标函数。

那些定义操作顺序的优先关系都是要被考虑的,同时也要对能力或基于成本的目标函数进行优化。

就生产(绍尔,1999)产品型号的数量来说,装配线可分为三类:单一模型(SALBP),混合模型(MALBP)和多模式(MMALBP)。

毕业设计(论文)外文翻译(原文)

毕业设计(论文)外文翻译(原文)

编号:毕业设计(论文)外文翻译(原文)院(系):桂林电子科技大学职业技术学院专业:工商企业管理学生姓名:方智立学号:010*********指导教师单位:桂林电子科技大学职业技术学院姓名:朱芸芸职称:讲师2016年 4 月 1 日Marketing Strategy Analysis of SportsAbstractSports market is a special industry market, which for provide exchange of sports tangible products and services market. Sports market including fixed type, such as sports facilities, sports goods market, Mobile market, such as all kinds of sports service provided by the fitness club. Sports tourism and advertising business, sports goods should be consumers to accept, and occupy a larger market. If success of the sports marketing involves many factors. According to the specific characteristics of sports marketing, develop and implement appropriate marketing strategy is very important. Sports marketing strategy is to the sports business units within a certain period or stage marketing campaign's overall development plan of decision making.This paper argues that the marketing strategy can be further subdivided into market positioning strategy, market timing strategy, market entry strategy, market development strategy, market competition strategy, Choose a strategy, must conform to the enterprise's own competitive position, product status, to grasp the market opportunity, determined according to the demands of consumers. In this paper, the sports market segmentation marketing strategy for the market positioning strategy, market timing strategy, market entry strategy, market development strategy, market competition strategy, and discusses the sports marketing how to carry out strategic choice.Keywords: Sports bazaar ; Sports marketing; Marketing strategy1.Sports marketing strategy and characteristics1.1Sports marketing strategyStrategy refers to the planning of overall and profound things. Sports marketing strategy refers to the commodity business units under the guidance of modern marketing concept, to achieve its economic goal for enterprise in a certain period of the overall design and planning of marketing development.Inan increasingly competitive market circumstances, sports business units in order to effectively carry out business activities, to achieve its business objectives, must understand and based on the characteristics of marketing concepts and strategies, and Target the demand of the market, comprehensive analysis and marketing of various environmental factors, choose effective market strategy in the background.1.2The characteristics of the sports marketing strategySports marketing strategy has sports business units within a certain period or stage marketing campaign's overall development plan of decision making. It has the characteristics of the following.(1) Overall importance.Sports marketing strategy is a matter of the global business units, including two aspects the meaning of this global:on the one hand, Sports marketing strategy is the overall design, the development of the business units, including overall planning and the overall strategy and means.On the other hand, Sports marketing strategy decision is a matter of global business units and their all-round development in the future.(2)Secular.Sports marketing strategy is really about the future of sports business units: to achieve the goals of sports marketing strategy, will make the sports business units to produce qualitative leap, but this is not usually that can be done in the short term.Important, sports business units of marketing strategy on the strategic period not only very important to enterprise's survival and development, but also to the long-term development of enterprises play an important role.(3) Systematicness.Sports systemic marketing refers to business units, each part of the work of each link is a contact each other, are closely related to the organic unity of the whole.System have layers, the size and the primary and secondary division, at the next lower level to obey and serve at the next higher level.For a certain sports and business operation entity, the strategy of the whole enterprise as a whole system engineering to overall arrangement, the pursuit of the overall development of the biggest benefits.(4)Adaptability.Sports marketing adaptability, refers to the sports marketing and business operation entity is easily affected by external and internal environment, when the environment changes, sports business units made to adapt themselves to the new environment of the characteristics of rapid response.Sports marketing of the external environment including the market demand, political or economic situation changes, policy and law changes. Similarly, sports business entities internal conditions change will impact on marketing.(5)Risk.Due to sports marketing strategy is the business unit for the marketing activities during the period development collection of expected decision, and this decision is absolutely impossible in various conditions fully mature and information fully, make and sports market, especially the intangible product variety and complexity of the market, make sports marketing strategy has the characteristics of uncertainty and instantaneity, many market opportunities tend to be a passes, no longer to, opportunity and risk coexist.2.Sports marketing strategy comprisedand choiceSports marketing strategies mainly include market positioning strategy, market timing strategy, market entry strategy, market development strategy, market competition strategy.2.1 Market orientation strategyMarket positioning refers to the sports business units according to the condition of market competition situation and its own resources, establish and develop differentiated competitive advantage, to make their own products in the consumer formed in the difference between each product unique image and is superior to the competition.This unique image can be tangible or intangible.Enterprise after analyzing the market environment, should highlight its own market advantage, establish market position, Which companies need to know on a certain level of paper generalizes, consumers mind what is the best sports products as expected.2.2 Market entry policyMarket entry strategy is the sports business units at the right time to capture the target market, how to appropriately in the two aspects of production capacity and sales ability to make reliable measures and guarantee, to ensure the decision-making of sports products successfully enter the market.Its content mainly includes the production capacity of decision-making and sales ability to form two aspects.(1) Capacity Decision. In the necessary time, sports business entities formtargetmarket capacity, is one of the important conditions to achieve market goal.Regardless of whether they are sports tangible products and intangible products, generally there are two alternative strategies.①Independent development strategy refers to both tangible products, the development of sports and development of sports intangible products. All on its own strength to expand production scale, enhance the comprehensive production capacity or adjust the structure of the comprehensive production capacity of enterprise, to adapt the demand of product combination structure. ②Comprehensive development strategy, mainly depend on the sports business units of the external forces, namely, through joint, collaboration, subcontract, form a new comprehensive production capacity. Due to participating in planning, control, coordination, etc, are more difficult. Therefore, sports business units must be good at optimizing collaborator, deal with the various cooperation of responsibility, right and benefit, to maintain good relations of cooperation.(2) Sales ability decision. A sports product to enter and occupy the market, production enterprise must have the necessary sales ability and the ability to penetrate the market.Sales ability decision-making main consideration circulation channels and sales, product should be considered when making decisions, market, enterprise, social environment and the factors such as economic effect.2.3 Market development strategyMarket development strategy refers to the perspective of market prospects, the choice of market development means, usually includes two kinds of intensive development and diversified development main form.(1)Intensive development.When some kind of sports products in the market has the potential of further development, the choice of market penetration, product development and market development of three kinds of intensive development form. As the tangible products market, in sports and intangible products are common market and applicable.①Market penetration. on the basis of the existing market scale, increase the sales of existing products. Can use a variety of measures, consolidate old customers, increase the new user. ②Product development Is through developing and improving existing products, make its have some new properties and USES, meet the social demand more. ③market development. Refers to an enterprise that open up new product sales market, in order to increase sales.(2) Diversified development.Diversity is also called the diversification, basically have concentricity scattered scattered, horizontal dispersion and the integrityof three. ①Concentricity is sports business unit USES the original dispersed development technology and the characteristics, with its as the core, the development use different structure similar products. ②Scattered level of sexual development.Was used in the original market advantage, has occupied the market development of technology, nature and purpose of different products. For example, Sports club olicy makers, can through the player transfer channels, to sell players, profit.Others use their sports club or the player's social awareness to participate in the sales promotion of goods, in order to obtain profits. ③Integrity of dispersed development. Refers to the sports business units to expand the business into its original business, technology, market and the product has no connection in the industry. Such as the sports department construction and run a catering and service hotels, hotels, entertainment city, charge for parking lot, etc., is the form of scattered holistic development. Implement the diversification development, can improve the ability of sports business units to adapt to the environment, reduce the risk of a single business, at the same time, may be more fully use of all kinds of resources within the enterprise, make its have more potential development opportunities. However, the development of decentralized often leads to complication of operation and management, and business operation entities such as diversifying some problems.2.4Strategic Marketing CompetitionThe rules of the development of the market is superior bad discard, its characteristic is the petition can promote the economic development of the enterprise and the improvement of economic benefits.Enterprises should establish a clear concept of competition, flexible use of price and non-price competition means, take a man without I have, people have my good, good people knew, new I cheap, cheap I turn the principle and method of making enterprise competitive strategy, must accomplish know fairly well the competition environment and competition situation, can with ease.Enterprise competition environment factors mainly refers to the enterprise in addition to the social and cultural environment stress factors of various aspects, such as management scientist professor Michael porter of Harvard University famous the competitive offer slightly above, an enterprise usually exist competition pressure from five aspects, namely the industry competition pressure, potential to join the pressure from the industry, suppliers forward pressure (by providing raw materials or semi-finished products, to develop into their production products), buyers.(1) The overall competitive strategy. Under different conditions, the enterprise facing the pressure of competition is different, the analysis of the pressure of competition is to understand the purpose of each kind of competition situation of power, so as to make effective competition strategy.Under normal circumstances, the sports business units of competition strategy in general have a low cost strategy, product differentiation strategy and intensive strategy. ①low-cost strategy. Low cost strategy is to point to in under the premise of guarantee the quality of products and services, efforts to reduce the cost of production and sales so that the enterprise product prices lower than competitors' prices, with rapidly expanding sales increase market share. ②Product differentiation strategies. Product differentiation strategy is to point to create a unique characteristic of the enterprise products, to develop unique products or marketing programs, for in such aspects as product or service than competitors are unique. Thus to obtain the difference advantage.The United States, for example, "NIKE" brand sports shoes, NIKE production due to the appearance of novel design, the innovation of the use function and unique, and exquisite packaging, etc., although the price is surprisingly expensive, but occupies considerable market in China, the teenagers are very loving. ③Intensive strategy. Intensive strategy refers to the enterprises focus on one or several market segments provide the most effective service, better meet certain customers with different needs, so as to strive for the local competitive advantage. It is little different from the above three kinds of overall competition strategy, successfully implement these three strategies need different resources and decision-making, also should have different requirements on organization and management.(2) The competitive strategy of enterprises of different competitive position. Where the status of enterprise in market competition, the enterprise can be divided into: market leader, market challenger, market follower. Different competitive position of enterprises, should choose different market competitive strategy.①Dominant market competition strategy. Market power refers to the related products has the highest market share. Such as the current market position and stable dominated by clothing JinMeiLong, "ADIDAS", they are price changes, new product development, sales channel width and promotional efforts in a dominant position, recognized by other sports enterprises. ②The challenger market competition strategy. Market challenger refers to those in a secondary position in the market of the enterprise, such as "lining" brand garment enterprises .Market challenger to choosechallenge object is closely related to the strategic target, for a same object has different goals and strategies Such as attack market leader to gain the market share and product advantage ;Attack power with yourself quite seize its market position; Attacking small businesses taking their customers even small business itself."Lining" to win market price advantage to the international brand, with product quality advantages to gain "anta" challenger "peak" brand's market share. ③Followers of the market competition strategy. Market followers is to point to in a secondary position, under the conditions of "coexistence" market for as much as possible the benefit of the enterprise. Market followers don't need a lot of money, less risky and can obtain high profits, so many enterprises adopt this strategy, especially the sort of small or no fame and status of sports clothing enterprises. As the current sports "philharmonic" brand clothing enterprise in the enterprise.Reference[1] LiJianJun,WangCuiHua:The Research on Marketing Environment Enterprise of Things for Sports Use in China[J] Journal of NanJing institute of sport (social science edition) 2013.(10),36 ~ 48.[2] Discuss Sports market, products and marketing characteristics. [J] journal of xi ' an institute of physical education,2012.(3)101 ~109.[3] HuZhengMing Ed. Marketing Management[M].Shandong people's publishing house,2012.302 ~325.[4] [US]Kotler write. YuLiJun translate. Introduction to Marketing[M].Huaxia Publishing House,2011.333~389.[5] ZhangTongYao.Application areas to promote the marketing advantage analysis of third party logistics[J].Market of China,2010(3)128 ~136.[6] WangHuaiShu.The influence of the logistics quality of marketing[J].Teacher's Journal,2010(3)31 ~38.[7] WangChenWen.Shallow theory of logistics strategy in the role of marketing management[J].Chemical Enterprise Management,2009(7)175 ~178.。

浙江大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译

浙江大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译

核准通过,归档资料。

未经允许,请勿外传!浙江大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译The influence of political connections on the firm value of small and medium-sized enterprises in China政治关联在中国对中小型企业价值的影响1摘要中小型企业的价值受很多因素的影响,比如股东、现金流以及政治关联等.这篇文章调查的正是在中国政治关联对中小型企业价值的影响。

通过实验数据来分析政治关联对企业价值效益的影响.结果表明政府关联是关键的因素并且在中国对中小型企业的价值具有负面影响。

2重要内容翻译2。

1引言在商业界,有越来越多关于政治关联的影响的经济研究。

它们发现政治关联能够帮助企业确保有利的规章条件以及成功获得资源,比如能够最终提高企业价值或是提升绩效的银行贷款,这种政治关联的影响在不同的经济条件下呈现不同的效果。

在高腐败和法律制度薄弱的国家,政治关联对企业价值具有决定性因素1的作用.中国由高度集权的计划经济向市场经济转变,政府对市场具有较强的控制作用,而且有大量的上市企业具有政治关联。

中小型企业发展的很迅速,他们已经在全球经济环境中变得越来越重要。

从90年代起, 政治因素对中国的任何规模的企业来说都变得越来越重要,尤其是中小型企业的价值。

和其他的部门相比较,中小型企业只有较小的现金流,不稳定的现金流且高负债率.一方面,中小型企业改变更加灵活;另一方面,中小型企业在由于企业规模以及对银行来说没有可以抵押的资产,在筹资方面较为困难。

企业如何应对微观经济环境和政策去保证正常的企业活动,并且政治关联如何影响企业价值?这篇论文调查政治关联和企业价值之间的联系,并且试图去研究企业是否可以从政治关联中获利提升企业价值。

2.2定义这些中小型企业之所以叫中小型企业,是和管理规模有关。

对这些小企业来说,雇员很少,营业额较低,资金一般由较少的人提供,因此,通常由这些业主直接管理企业。

毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】

毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】

因为学校对毕业论文中的外文翻译并无规定,为统一起见,特做以下要求:1、每篇字数为1500字左右,共两篇;2、每篇由两部分组成:译文+原文.3 附件中是一篇范本,具体字号、字体已标注。

外文翻译(包含原文)(宋体四号加粗)外文翻译一(宋体四号加粗)作者:(宋体小四号加粗)Kim Mee Hyun Director, Policy Research & Development Team,Korean Film Council(小四号)出处:(宋体小四号加粗)Korean Cinema from Origins to Renaissance(P358~P340) 韩国电影的发展及前景(标题:宋体四号加粗)1996~现在数量上的增长(正文:宋体小四)在过去的十年间,韩国电影经历了难以置信的增长。

上个世纪60年代,韩国电影迅速崛起,然而很快便陷入停滞状态,直到90年代以后,韩国电影又重新进入繁盛时期。

在这个时期,韩国电影在数量上并没有大幅的增长,但多部电影的观影人数达到了上千万人次。

1996年,韩国本土电影的市场占有量只有23.1%。

但是到了1998年,市场占有量增长到35。

8%,到2001年更是达到了50%。

虽然从1996年开始,韩国电影一直处在不断上升的过程中,但是直到1999年姜帝圭导演的《生死谍变》的成功才诞生了韩国电影的又一个高峰。

虽然《生死谍变》创造了韩国电影史上的最高电影票房纪录,但是1999年以后最高票房纪录几乎每年都会被刷新。

当人们都在津津乐道所谓的“韩国大片”时,2000年朴赞郁导演的《共同警备区JSA》和2001年郭暻泽导演的《朋友》均成功刷新了韩国电影最高票房纪录.2003年康佑硕导演的《实尾岛》和2004年姜帝圭导演的又一部力作《太极旗飘扬》开创了观影人数上千万人次的时代。

姜帝圭和康佑硕导演在韩国电影票房史上扮演了十分重要的角色。

从1993年的《特警冤家》到2003年的《实尾岛》,康佑硕导演了多部成功的电影。

毕业论文外文翻译(中英文)

毕业论文外文翻译(中英文)

译文交通拥堵和城市交通系统的可持续发展摘要:城市化和机动化的快速增长,通常有助于城市交通系统的发展,是经济性,环境性和社会可持续性的体现,但其结果是交通量无情增加,导致交通拥挤。

道路拥挤定价已经提出了很多次,作为一个经济措施缓解城市交通拥挤,但还没有见过在实践中广泛使用,因为道路收费的一些潜在的影响仍然不明。

本文首先回顾可持续运输系统的概念,它应该满足集体经济发展,环境保护和社会正义的目标.然后,根据可持续交通系统的特点,使拥挤收费能够促进经济增长,环境保护和社会正义。

研究结果表明,交通拥堵收费是一个切实有效的方式,可以促进城市交通系统的可持续发展。

一、介绍城市交通是一个在世界各地的大城市迫切关注的话题。

随着中国的城市化和机动化的快速发展,交通拥堵已成为一个越来越严重的问题,造成较大的时间延迟,增加能源消耗和空气污染,减少了道路网络的可靠性.在许多城市,交通挤塞情况被看作是经济发展的障碍.我们可以使用多种方法来解决交通挤塞,包括新的基础设施建设,改善基础设施的维护和操作,并利用现有的基础设施,通过需求管理策略,包括定价机制,更有效地减少运输密度.交通拥堵收费在很久以前就已提出,作为一种有效的措施,来缓解的交通挤塞情况。

交通拥堵收费的原则与目标是通过对选择在高峰拥挤时段的设施的使用实施附加收费,以纾缓拥堵情况.转移非高峰期一些出行路线,远离拥挤的设施或高占用车辆,或完全阻止一些出行,交通拥堵收费计划将在节省时间和降低经营成本的基础上,改善空气中的质量,减少能源消耗和改善过境生产力。

此计划在世界很多国家和地方都有成功的应用。

继在20世纪70年代初和80年代中期挪威与新加坡实行收费环,在2003年2月伦敦金融城推出了面积收费;直至现在,它都是已经开始实施拥挤收费的大都市圈中一个最知名的例子。

然而,交通拥堵收费由于理论和政治的原因未能在实践中广泛使用。

道路收费的一些潜在的影响尚不清楚,和城市发展的拥塞定价可持续性,需要进一步研究。

毕业设计论文外文文献翻译

毕业设计论文外文文献翻译

毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译院系:财务与会计学院年级专业:201*级财务管理姓名:学号:132148***附件: 财务风险管理【Abstract】Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years risk and risk management are not contemporary issues。

The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market。

Information is available instantaneously which means that change and subsequent market reactions occur very quickly。

The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates interest rates and commodity prices。

Counterparties can rapidly become problematic。

As a result it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management。

【Key Words】Financial risk,Risk management,YieldsI. Financial risks arising1.1What Is Risk1.1.1The concept of riskRisk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss while exposure is the possibility of loss although they are often used interchangeably。

毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】

毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】

盐城师范学院毕业论文(设计)外文资料翻译学院:(四号楷体_GB2312下同)专业班级:学生姓名:学号:指导教师:外文出处:(外文)(Times New Roman四号) 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文; 2.外文原文1.外文资料翻译译文译文文章标题×××××××××正文×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××………….*注:(本注释不是外文翻译的部分,只是本式样的说明解释)1. 译文文章标题为三号黑体居中,缩放、间距、位置标准,无首行缩进,无左右缩进,且前空(四号)两行,段前、段后各0.5行间距,行间距为1。

25倍多倍行距;2. 正文中标题为小四号,中文用黑体,英文用Times New Roman体,缩放、间距、位置标准,无左右缩进,无首行缩进,无悬挂式缩进,段前、段后0。

5行间距,行间距为1.25倍多倍行距;3。

正文在文章标题下空一行,为小四号,中文用宋体,英文用Times New Roman体,缩放、间距、位置标准,无左右缩进,首行缩进2字符(两个汉字),无悬挂式缩进,段前、段后间距无,行间距为1。

毕业论文外文翻译模版

毕业论文外文翻译模版
毕业论文外文翻译模版
一、摘要
本文主要介绍了毕业论文外文翻译模版,该模版包括了论文的标题、作者信息、摘要、关键词、引言、正文、结论等部分的翻译模板,可供毕业论文写作时参考使用。
二、标题
毕业论文外文翻译模版
三、作者信息
作者:[姓名]
学号:[学号]
指导老师:[指导老师姓名]
四、摘要
本文介绍了毕业论文外文翻译模版的具体内容和使用方法,帮助毕业论文作者完成外文翻译工作,提高论文质量和水平。详细内容包括论文标题、作者信息、摘要、关键词、引言、正文、结论等部分的翻译模板。
6. 正文的翻译模版:
正文内容丰富多样,翻译时需根据具体内容进,无需额外模版。
八、结论
毕业论文外文翻译模版的使用对于毕业论文写作具有重要意义,能够帮助作者完成外文翻译工作,提高论文的质量和水平。希望本文提供的翻译模版能够对广大学子在论文写作过程中有所帮助,更好地完成毕业论文的撰写工作。
五、关键词
毕业论文、外文翻译、模版、翻译模板、论文写作
六、引言
毕业论文外文翻译是毕业论文写作过程中的一项重要工作,对于提高论文的学术水平和国际影响力具有重要意义。本文提供了一套完整的翻译模版,可供广大学子参考使用,希望能够对大家的论文写作工作有所帮助。
七、正文
1. 论文标题的翻译模版:
中文标题:[中文标题]
英文标题:[英文标题]
2. 作者信息的翻译模版:
作者姓名:[姓名]
作者学号:[学号]
作者专业:[专业]
3. 摘要的翻译模版:
中文摘要:[中文摘要内容]
英文摘要:[英文摘要内容]
4. 关键词的翻译模版:
中文关键词:[中文关键词]
英文关键词:[英文关键词]
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长江大学工程技术学院毕业设计(论文)外文翻译
Matlab Based Interactive Simulation Program 外文题目
for 2D Multisegment Mechanical Systems
二维多段机械系统基于Matlab的
译文题目
交互式仿真程序
系部化学工程系
专业班级化工60801
学生姓名李泽辉
指导教师张铭
辅导教师张铭
完成日期2012.4.15
外文翻译
二维多段机械系统基于Matlab的交互式仿真程序Henryk Josiński, Adam Świtoński, Karol Jędrasiak著;李泽辉译
摘要:本文介绍了多段机械系统设计原则,代表的是一个模型的一部分的设计系统,然后扩展形成的几个部分和模型算法的分类与整合的过程,以及简化步骤的过程叫多段系统。

本文还介绍了设计过程的二维多段机械系统的数字模型,和使用Matlab的软件包来实现仿真。

本文还讨论测试运行了一个实验,以及几种算法的计算,实现了每个单一步骤的整合。

1 简介
科学家创造了物理模型和数学模型来表示人类在运动中的各种形式。

数学模型使创建数字模型和进行计算机仿真成为可能。

模型试验,可以使人们不必真正的实验就可以虚拟的进行力和力矩的分解。

本文研究的目的是建立一个简单的多段运动模型,以增加模型的连续性和如何避免不连续为原则。

这是创建一个人类运动模型系统的冰山一角。

其使用matlab程序包创建的数字模型,可以仿真人类运动。

文献中关于这一主题的内容很广泛。

运动的模式和力矩的分解在这些文献中都有涉猎。

动态的平面人体运动模型,提出了解决了迭代矩阵的方法。

还值得一提的是这类项目的参考书目,布鲁贝克等人提出了一个模型——人腿模型,这个以人的物理运动为基础的平面模型仿真了人腿——一个单一的扭簧和冲击碰撞模型。

人腿模型虽然简单,但是它展示人类的步态在水平地面上的运动特征。

布鲁贝克等人还介绍,在人腿模型的双足行走的基础上,从生物力学的角度而言,符合人体步行的特征。

这个模型具有一个躯干,双腿膝盖和脚踝。

它能够合理的表现出人多样的步态风格。

一个仿真人类运动的数学模型反应出了人的部分运动状态。

图1. 力的分解
2 力的分解
二维多段机械系统基于Matlab的交互式仿真程序
假设物体的长度和质量恒定,在中心的定位点(X,Y),在下断点(x1,y1), (x2,y2)和垂直倾斜角度是ϕ(图1)。

假设在外力作用下:F1分解为水平力f1x
和垂直力f1y,F 2分解成为水平力f2x和垂直力f2y,外力控制扭矩用字母M表示。

状态方程为:
g代表的重力加速度和I表示一部分的转动惯量,相对于它的轴心旋转交叉中心的质量为I=ML 2/ 12。

方程确定了垂直方向和水平方向的加速度的分量。

状态方程所代表的中心坐标为(X,Y ),垂直和水平分量的质心坐标( X, Y),角度和角速度。

物体顶端的力的分解用三角方程表示为:
速度由水平和垂直方向的速度组成,速度的分化方程如下:
将顶端的加速度考虑在速度的分化方程中:
两端的加速度和外部力的影响之间的关系式——力和控制力矩M的状态方程。

外文翻译
符号Mcoef代表系数矩阵确定的公式(8),(9),代入方程方程(1),(2),(3)中。

3 多段运动模型
图2,变量相同的情况下,将前面研究的长度增加一倍。

力的分解和力矩如图2所示(将上一段与下一段合起来作为研究对象)。

图2 力的分解示意图
如上图,在关节接触点的两端,力的分解和力矩,可以列如下方程式:
将F x UL,F y UL,设为力在变化过程中的符号。

力的连续性在假设中非常重要,要
二维多段机械系统基于Matlab 的交互式仿真程序
防止实验过程中任何不连续的情况发生。

关节两端的两个部分(x 1u ,y 1u )
(x 2L ,y 2L )在假设成立的条件下列方程如下:
将方程用泰勒公式进行拓展,方程的精确性依赖Δt (Δt 足够小):
方程(14)可以计算力矩分解过程中的未知力 的大小,因此,部分方,UL UL x y F F 程的系数矩阵可以取代公式(10),并且,系数矩阵依赖于方程 (11),
,U L coef coef M M (12),(13)。

下一阶段将模型系统进行延伸,将单段系变成双段系统,由零碎的部件组成人腿的轮廓模型可以命名为“双足”(如图3)。

图3 “双足”多段机械系统模型双足在行走过程中力的变化的可能性:(1)双腿交替走动(分为左腿和右腿)(2)左腿在连接的关节处不动,右腿向上走动。

(3)与地面接触的一条腿(分为左腿与右腿)双足数字模型的建立由matlab 的软件包来进行仿真实验。

这个模型主要研究的是双足系统由空中跳到地面上时关节的受力情况。

模型的参数值:每一大段的长度为m=0.5米,每一区段的长度L=0.5米,直角坐标的单位为2。

关节可能形成的角度:
外文翻译
36度,144度,30度,150度。

4 在单个实验中的测试运行
在实验开始时设置状态变量的初始值。

变量的新值变化与连续的时间间隔保持同步。

这一数字模型应用ode45集成方法,是总多求解微分方程的方法之一。

是基于dormand-prince方法的第四和第五阶龙格-库塔公式。

使用单步长积分状态方程,计算结果如下:
1、动力学计算中的特殊位置和变量—研究体的两端和两端的速度;
2、研究的物体在动态过程中,方程变化后的系数矩阵;
3、在研究的位置,研究物体与地面的势能假设为0;
4、作为研究对象的位置(关节处),在关节连接处–使用的高斯消元法和应
用系数矩阵计算2个端点;
5、在研究物体的动态过程中,影响最大的是—动态加速度;
6、对真实的结果进行绘图;
7、将计算值的右两侧的状态方程(速度值适当的状态变量计算在以往的一
体化的步骤和加速度计算在5点)到适当的状态变量的导数;
8、使用ode45的计算算法,可以给出状态变量的新值。

限制模拟时间来结束实验。

这次实验的目的是找到一个图来反应关节两端相邻的部分之间的距离。

计算两点之间的欧氏距离,例如图2。

部分修改后的公式如下:
这个公式绘制的左右两个关节的受力图形分别入图4A(左关节)和4B(右关节)。

对根式(19)作如下修改:
(如图2L和2R分别表示左腿和右腿膝盖上端的部分)。

根式方程绘图,如图5.
试验中,对膝盖2端的距离测试所显示的数据,与经验观察的数据相符合。

膝盖的相邻部分必须连续。

二维多段机械系统基于Matlab的交互式仿真程序
图4 膝盖2端之间的距离(A为左膝盖图, B右膝盖图)
图5 根式中共同部分的距离
5 结论
这篇论文的主旨在于提出一个二维多段机械系统的仿真程序的方法。

一个用Matlab程序包创建和实施的系统模型。

进一步的研究将包括扩展模型——最值得一提的是“类人模型”中,多种多样的步态问题和步态中膝盖的受力分析。

下一步的计划包括将二维模型转移到三维空间,以及对其数值稳定性的分析。

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