翻译—基于事例推理的夹具设计研究与应用分析
阀体零件的机械加工工艺及夹具设计发展现状
阀体零件的机械加工工艺及夹具设计发展现状1. 引言1.1 概述阀体零件是一种在工程和制造领域中广泛使用的重要组件。
它们扮演着控制气体或液体流动的关键角色，因此其机械加工工艺和夹具设计对于保证阀体零件质量、提高生产效率至关重要。
随着科学技术的发展和工业制造的进步，阀体零件的机械加工工艺及夹具设计也在不断完善与创新。
1.2 文章结构本文将对阀体零件的机械加工工艺及夹具设计进行综述。
文章分为五个部分，分别是引言、阀体零件的机械加工工艺发展现状、阀体夹具设计发展现状、实际案例分析与应用实践总结以及结论与展望。
在引言部分，我们将简要介绍这篇文章的目的，并对后续章节进行概括性描述。
1.3 目的本文旨在系统地分析和总结当前阀体零件机械加工工艺及夹具设计领域的发展现状，并探讨其中存在的问题和挑战。
通过对相关知识和实践案例的分析，旨在提供对阀体零件的机械加工工艺及夹具设计的深入认识，并为相关领域的研究者和从业人员提供参考和启示。
最终，我们将对未来阀体零件机械加工工艺与夹具设计的发展趋势进行展望，并探讨相关领域可能面临的挑战。
以上就是本文“1. 引言”部分的内容简介，接下来我们将详细阐述“2. 阀体零件的机械加工工艺发展现状”。
2. 阀体零件的机械加工工艺发展现状2.1 工艺分类与发展趋势阀体零件的机械加工工艺可以根据加工方式和设备分类。
根据加工方式，常见的机械加工工艺包括车削、铣削、钻削、刨削、磨削等。
而根据设备，可分为传统数控机床加工和高速数控机床加工。
在传统数控机床加工中，车削是最常用的一种方法。
通过旋转刀具对阀体进行切削，实现精度较高的内外圆形表面处理。
铣削则可用于开槽、修整平面等需求。
钻削主要用于阀体内部盲孔或通孔的加工。
而刨削和磨削常被用于提高表面质量和尺寸精度。
随着制造技术的不断进步，高速数控机床逐渐应用于阀体零件的机械加工中。
高速数控机床拥有更快的运动速度、更高的转速以及更精细的运动控制技术，能够提供更高效且更精确的加工能力。
机床夹具设计自适应专家系统研究与应用
建立了专家系统 层次模型 ，研发 了计算机辅助夹 具设计专家系统 ， 效减少了夹具设计 中的 有 重复 劳动 、提 高了设 计效率 、降低 了人为影响 因素 ，并在企业中实践证 明了上述理论 、方法
和系统构架的正确性和合理性 。
关键 词：夹具设计 ；自适应 性；模糊推理 专家系统
中图分类号 ：Ｔ ３ １ Ｐ１ 文献标识码 ：Ｂ 文童编号 ：１ ０－０ （ ０ １ ７上） ｏ ２ — ３ ９ １ ４ ２ １ ） （ － ｏ １ ０ ０ ３
而 对 于 大企 业 ，可 能 只需 要 用 闲 置 的 生产 资 源 即 可 ；又 如加 工直径 ２ ｒｍ的孔 ，在重 工企 业 可直接 ０ ａ
上 ，在 自适 应 、 自学 习和 模 糊 推理 上 存 在 一 定 局
限性 。本 文 拟研 究和 实 现 一个 具 有 宽 泛 接 口和 自 定义功 能 的计 算机辅 助夹 具设 计专家 系统 。
的需 求 和 要 求将 标 准件 、非 标 准件 添 加 到 夹具 资 源库 ，无 形 中 完成 夹 具 资 源 库 自丰 富 的 过程 ，实
现 了资 源数量 上的 自适应性 。 同时 由于 各企 业 均 围 绕 本 企 业产 品使 用 该 专 家 库 ，增加 的资 源 均 是本 企 业 实 际所 需 的元 件 ， 既 可 大大 减 少 资 源 库扩 充 工 作 量 ，又 可 形 成 企业 自身 特色资 源库 ，实现 资源 类型上 的 自适 应性 。
助 夹 具 设计 系统 应 运 而 生 ，但 主 要 集 中在 组 合 夹
具 （ 或标 准 元 件 ）拼 装 、或 明 确 的逻 辑 关 系 推 理
１２ 推理规 则 自适 应性 ．
不 同 的 企 业 ， 生 产 规 模 不 同 、 产 品 类 型 不 同 、大 小 不 同 、材 料 不 同 等 ，对 夹 具 设计 推 理 和 决 策 都 有一 定 影 响 ，如 １ ０ 个 零件 的 批 量 ，在 小 ００ 型 企 业 算大 批 量 ，需 要 集 中最 优 生 产 资源 加 工 ，
组合夹具数据库建立及其应用
组合夹具数据库建立及其应用摘要：组合夹具在生产中应用较为广泛，但目前组合夹具一次合格率较低。
本文探索提高组合夹具合格率的办法，通过建立组合夹具元件数据库，运用三维软件在计算机中实现模拟组装。
在模拟组装完成后，对组合夹具建立数据库，并使用电子表格建立三维模型与该夹具对应的零件、工序号及相关参数要求的连接，可以在后续过程中实现组合夹具快速检索及组装。
关键词：组合夹具；数据库；三维软件引言组合夹具是一种标准化的、可重复使用的高柔性夹具，已经成为现代夹具的一个主要发展方向[1] 。
组合夹具的设计及组合是建立在经验基础上的过程，操作者通过手工作业反复组装调试而来。
随着计算机的快速发展以及三维软件和数据库的广泛使用，若将消化图纸以及反复调试的过程使用计算机虚拟模拟出来后存入数据库中，可将这种高柔性的夹具标准化，进而提高组装夹具的稳定性和高效性，大大减少了人工组合夹具时间和人为因素，实现组合夹具标准化、智能化[2][3] 。
1.组合夹具现状及流程1.1组合夹具现状本单位在生产任务上具有多种类、小批量的生产特点。
在生产应用中会使用到大量的夹具，其中有70%均为组合夹具。
传统的组合夹具的设计及组合需要在工序前组装、工序结束后拆卸，经历往复而又复杂的手工作业。
传统意义上的夹具组合与操作者的技能水平和业务能力息息相关，组装过程凭借技术人员的经验，通常需要经过多次安装调试才能达到要求，费时，费力，劳动强度大且不能稳定控制组合夹具的质量和性能，从而使得工序中加工参数无法固化。
1.2组合夹具组装流程目前组合夹具的组装均是由人为操作来实现的，从准备组合夹具开始到该夹具组合完成，组装流程图如图1所示：图1 传统组合夹具流程图2 组合夹具元件按作用分类举例由流程图可以看出，消化工艺图纸以及尝试组装及调试两个过程会消耗掉大量的时间和人力以及存在着不确定的人为因素，对加工零件产生了不利的影响。
组合夹具数据库的建立就可以通过计算机解决这些因素。
外文翻译---基于事例推理的夹具设计研究与应用
附录一英文文献Application and developmentOf case based reasoning in fixture designFixtures are devices that serve as the purpose of holding the workpiece securely and accurately, and maintaining a consistent relationship with respect to the tools while machining. Because the fixture structure depends on the feature of the product and the status of the process planning in the enterprise, its design is the bottleneck during manufacturing, which restrains to improve the efficiency and leadtime. And fixture design is a complicated process, based on experience that needs comprehensive qualitative knowledge about a number of design issues including workpiece configuration, manufacturing processes involved, and machining environment. This is also a very time consuming work when using traditional CAD tools (such as Unigraphics, CATIA or Pro/E), which are good at performing detailed design tasks, but provide few benefits for taking advantage of the previous design experience and resources, which are precisely the key factors in improving the efficiency. The methodology of case based reasoning (CBR) adapts the solution of a previously solved case to build a solution for a new problem with the following four steps: retrieve, reuse, revise, and retain [1]. This is a more useful method than the use of an expert system to simulate human thought because proposing a similar case and applying a few modifications seems to be self explanatory and more intuitive to humans .So various case based design support tools have been developed for numerous areas[2-4], such as in injection molding and design, architectural design, die casting die design, process planning, and also in fixture design. Sun used six digitals to compose the index code that included workpiece shape, machine portion, bushing, the 1st locating device, the 2nd locating device and clamping device[5]. But the system cannot be used for other fixture types except for drill fixtures, and cannot solve the problem of storage of the same index code that needs to be retained, which is very important in CBR[6].1 Construction of a Case Index and Case Library1.1 Case indexThe case index should be composed of all features of the workpiece, which are distinguished from different fixtures. Using all of them would make the operation in convenient. Because the forms of the parts are diverse, and the technology requirements of manufacture in the enterprise also develop continuously, lots of features used as the case index will make the search rate slow, and the main feature unimportant, for the reason that the relative weight which is allotted to every feature must diminish. And on the other hand, it is hard to include all the features in the case index.Therefore, considering the practicality and the demand of rapid design, the case index includes both the major feature of the workpiece and the structure of fixture. The case index code is made up of 16 digits: 13 digits for case features and 3 digits for case identification number.The first 13 digits represent 13 features. Each digit is corresponding to an attribute of the feature, which may be one of“*”, “？”, “1”, “2”,…,“A”,“B”,…, “Z”,…, etc. In which, “*” means anyone, “?” uncertain, “0” nothing.The system rules: fixture type, workpiece shape, locating model cannot be “*”or“?”. When the system is designed, the attribute information of the three items does not have these options, which means the certain attribute must be selected.The last three digits are the case identification number, which means the 13 digits of the case feature are the same, and the number of these three digits is used for distinguishing them.The system also rules: “000” is a prototype case, which is used for retrieval, and other cases are “001”,“002”,…, which are used for reference cases to be searched by designers. If occasionally one of them needs to be changed as the prototype case, first it must be required to apply to change the one to “000”, and the former is changed to referential case automatically.The construction of the case index code is shown in Fig.1.1.2 Case libraryThe case library consists of lots of predefined cases. Case representation is one of the mostimportant issues in case based reasoning. So compounding with the index code,.1.3 Hierarchical form of CaseThe structure similarity of the fixture is represented as the whole fixture similarity, components similarity and component similarity. So the whole fixture case library, components case library, component case library of fixture are formed correspondingly. Usually design information of the whole fixture is composed of workpiece information and workpiece procedure information, which represent the fixture satisfying the specifically designing function demand. The whole fixture case is made up of function components, which are described by the function components’ names and numbers. The components case represent s the members. (function component and other structure components，main driven parameter, the number, and their constrain relations.) The component case (the lowest layer of the fixture) is the structure of function component and other components. In the modern fixture design there are lots of parametric standard parts and common non standard parts. So the component case library should record the specification parameter and the way in which it keeps them.2 Strategy of Case RetrievalIn the case based design of fixtures ,the most important thing is the retrieval of the similarity, which can help to obtain the most similar case, and to cut down the time of adaptation. According to the requirement of fixture design, the strategy of case retrieval combines the way of the nearest neighbor and knowledge guided. That is, first search on depth, then on breadth; the knowledge guided strategy means to search on the knowledge rule from root to the object, which is firstly searched by the fixture type, then by the shape of the workpiece, thirdly by the locating method. For example, if the case index code includes the milling fixture of fixture type, the search is just for all milling fixtures, then for box of workpiece shape, the third for 1plane+ 2pine of locating method. If there is no match of it, then the search stops on depth, and returns to the upper layer, and retrieves all the relative cases on breadth.Retrieval algorithms:1)According to the case index information of fixture case library, search the relevant case library;2)Match the case index code with the code of each case of the case library, and calculate the value of the similarity measure;3)Sort the order of similarity measure, the biggest value, which is the most analogical case.Similarity between two cases is based on the similarity between the two cases. features. The calculation of similarity measure depends on the type of the feature. The value of similarity can be calculated for numerical values, for example, compareWorkpiece with the weight of 50kg and 20kg. The value can also be calculated between non numerical values, for example, now the first 13 digits index code is all non numerical values. The similarity measure of a fixture is calculated as follows:where S is the similarity measure of current fixture, n is the number of the index feature,is the weight of each feature, is the similarity measure of the attribute of the i2th feature with the attribute of relative feature of the j-th case in the case library. At the same time, , the value counts as follows:.Where is the value of the index attribute of the i-th feature, and is the value of attribute of the relative i-th feature of the j-th case in case library.So there are two methods to select the analogical fixture. One is to set the value. If the values of similarity measure of current cases were less than a given value, those cases would not be selected as analogical cases. When the case library is initially set up, and there are only a few cases, the value can be set smaller. If there are lots of analogical cases, the value should get larger. The other is just to set the number of the analogical cases (such as10), which is the largest value of similarity measure from the sorted order.3 Case adaptation and Case Storage3.1 Case adaptationThe modification of the analogical case in the fixture design includes the following three cases:1) The substitution of components and the component;2) Adjusting the dimension of components and the component while the form remains;3) The redesign of the model.If the components and component of the fixture are common objects, they can be edited, substituted and deleted with tools, which have been designed.3.2 Case storageBefore saving a new fixture case in the case library, the designer must consider whether the saving is valuable. If the case does not increase the knowledge of the system, it is not necessary to store it in the case library. If it is valuable, then the designer must analyze it before saving it to see whether the case is stored as a prototype case or as reference case. A prototype case is a representation that can describe the main features of a case family. A case family consists of those cases whose index codes have the same first 13 digits and different last three digits in the case library. The last three digits of a prototype case are always “000”. A reference case belongs to the same family as the prototype case and is distinguished by the different last three digits.From the concept that has been explained, the following strategies are adopted:1) If a new case matches any existing case family, it has the same first 13 digits as an existing prototype case, so the case is not saved because it is represented well by the prototype case. Or is j ust saved as a reference case (the last 3 digits are not “000”, and not the same with others) in the case library.2) If a new case matches any existing case family and is thought to be better at representing this case family than the previous prototype case, then the prototype case is substituted by this new case, and the previous prototype case is saved as a reference case.3) If a new case does not match any existing case family, a new case family will be generated automatically and the case is stored as the prototype case in the case library.4 Process of CBR in Fixture DesignAccording to the characteristics of fixture design, the basic information of the fixture designsuch as the name of fixture, part, product and the designer, etc. must be input first. Then the fixture file is set up automatically, in which all components of the fixture are put together. Then the model of the workpiece is input or designed. The detailed information about the workpiece is input, the case index code is set up, and then the CBR begins to search the analogical cases, relying on the similarity measure, and the most analogical case is selected out. If needed, the case is adapted to satisfy the current design, and restored into the case library. The flowchart of the process is shown in Fig.3.5 Illustrating for Fixture Design by CBRThis is a workpiece (seeFig.4). Its material is 45# steel. Its name is seat. Its shape is block, and the product batch size is middle, etc. A fixture is turning fixture that serves to turn the hole, which needs to be designed.The value of feature, attribute, case index code and weight of the workpiece is show n inTab.2.Through searching, and calculating the similarity, the case index code of the most similar case is 19325513321402000, and the detailed information is show n in Tab. 3.The similarity is calculated as follows:So the value of similarity measure of the fixture which needs to be designed with the most analogical case in case library is 0.806, and the structure of the most analogical case is shown in Fig.5.After having been substituted the component, modified the locating model and clamp model, and adjusted the relative dimension, the new fixture is designed, and the figure is show n in Fig.6.As there is not the analogical fixture in the case library, the new fixture is restored in to the case library. The case index code is 19325513311402000.6 ConclusionCBR, as a problem solving methodology, is a more efficient method than an expert system to simulate human thought, and has been developed in many domains where knowledge is difficult to acquire. The advantages of the CBR are as follows: it resembles human thought more closely; the building of a case library which has self learning ability by saving new cases is easier and faster than the building of a rule library; and it supports a better transfer and explanation of new knowledge that is more different than the rule library. A proposed fixture design framework on the CBR has been implemented by using Visual C ++, UG/Open API in U n graphics with Oracle as database support, which also has been integrated with the 32D parametric common component library, common components library and typical fixture library. The prototype system, developed here, is used for the aviation project, and aids the fixture designers to improve the designefficiency and reuse previous design resources.外文翻译基于事例推理的夹具设计研究与应用夹具是以确定工件安全定位准确为目的的装置，并在加工过程中保持工件与刀具或机床的位置一致不变。
基于UG的组合机床夹具智能设计系统的研究与应用
等。 最后进行 了工程应 用 ， 结果表 明该 系统 能提 高组合机床 夹具设 计 的效率和质量 。
关键 词 ： 组合 机床 ； 夹具 ； 智能设计 ； Ｇ Ｕ
随着定位 、 向、 导 夹紧等通用件选择和定位的不同而不同的 ， 其实
现智能设计存在着一定的困难。所 以组合机床夹具的智能化设计
制造及国防工业等部门的组合机床，其 目 前的设计手段基本上还处 于传统的二维设计
是组合机床实现计算机辅助设计 的瓶颈 ， 也正是 由于以上原因 ， 关
如果解 决了此问 。 从组合机床没汁的内容看， 主要包括总体设 于组合机床夹具计算机辅助设计的研究才很少 ， 无疑将给企业的组合机床夹具设 计带来效益。 计、 主轴箱谢 ｌ 夹具设计等。 怖 而分析对组合机 寸 算机辅助设计的 题 ， 研究得到的结论是：已经有学者研究实现了兑 总 体和主轴箱的计算 机辅助设 ， 而对于组合机床夹具的计算机辅助设计的研究 尚见
３组合机床夹具智能设计系统的系统结构
如图 １ 所示 ， 组合机床夹具智能设计 系统 的系统总体结构 ，
很少， 实现的也只是二维的辅助设计日远远不能满足今天的企业需 从 图中可 以看到该系统主要包括从知识 库中选择相似夹具案例 ，
求。 再从 犋 的硼究 角度来看 ， 国内外已有很 多学者对 算机辅 助 进行参考及通用件的选择 、 寸 夹具体等零件 的交互处理的过程 ， 到 夹具设计系统 Ｃ Ｆ Ａ Ｄ进行了不同程度的研究 ， 但主要是集中于组合 最后 自动形成夹具总体装配。对 于组合机床夹具而言 ， 其主要 由 夹具等方面研究的比较多 ， 而对于组合机床这类专用夹具的研究 通用件定位元件 、 向元件 、 导 夹紧装置 ， 夹具体及其他装置或元件 报道也几乎未见。 针对这种 隋况， 分析了组合机床夹具智能设计系统 组成 。 与产品设计一样 ， 工程技术人员需要参阅大量的技术资料 ， 实现的准点 所在， 并选择合适的软件进行开发实现了智能系统。 相关技术数据 ， 以及以往相似的设计方法和经验 ， 进行综合性的
在基于案例推理Case
对新问题的解 T-OP2
PC1 PC3
T-OP1
初始状态
原空间
T-空间
2018/8/11
高级人工智能---史忠植
17
常用T-操作符
1) 2) 3) 4)
5)
6) 7)
8)
9) 10)
2018/8/11
11)
通用插入 通用删除 子序列拼接 子目标保持替换 终结段连结 初始段连结 序列合并 操作符记录 用参数替换 解序列截断 序列倒置
2018/8/11 史忠植 高级人工智能 6
案例 推理发展简况
2018/8/11
史忠植 高级人工智能
7
案例 推理发展简况
2018/8/11
史忠植 高级人工智能
8
案例 推理发展简况
中国科学院计算技术研究所智能信息处理开放实验室在 基于案例 推理方面进行了一系列研究。 1991年提出了记忆网模型和案例 检索算法。 1993年研制了基于案例 学习的内燃机油产品设计系 统EOFDS。 1994年开发了基于案例 推理的天气预报系统。
2018/8/11
高级人工智能---史忠植
10
类比的形式定义
A α A’
β
α’
β’
B
B’
类比问题求解的一般模式
2018/8/11 高级人工智能---史忠植 11
转换类比
2018/8/11
高级人工智能---史忠植
12
手段-目的分析的问题求解模型
1) 2)
问题空间：
一组可能的问题组合状态集。 一个初始状态。 一个或多个目标状态。 一组变换规则集 差别函数 对可用规则编序的索引函数 一组全局路径限制 差别表
外文翻译
内蒙古科技大学本科毕业生设计（外文翻译）题目：机床刀具设计学生姓名：张兵学号：0964103935专业：机械设计制造及其自动化班级：机械 09-9班指导老师：姜永军英语原文：Design Of Tool Machine PropResearch significanceThe original knife machine control procedures are designed individually, not used tool management system, features a single comparison, the knife only has to find the tool knife, knife positioning the shortest path, axis tool change, but does not support large-scale tool.Automatic knife in the knife election, in the computer memory knife-election on the basis of using the Siemens 840 D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its other machine. Automatic tool change systems will be faster growth, reduced tool change time, increase the positioning accuracy tool is an important means to help NC technology development.Tool and inventory components of modern production is an important link in the management, especially for large workshop management. The traditional way of account management, and low efficiency, high error rate, and not sharing information and data, tools and the use of state can not track the life cycle, are unable to meet the current information management needs. With actual production, we have to establish a workshop tool for the three-dimensional tool storage system to meet the knife workshop with auxiliary storage and management needs.The system uses optimization technology, a large number of computer storage inventory information, timely, accurate, and comprehensive tool to reflect the inventory situation. The entire system uses a graphical interface, man-machine dialogue tips from the Chinese menu, select various functions can be realized and the importation of all kinds of information. Management system using online help function. Through the workshop management, network management and sharing of information. Have automated inventory management, warehousing management tool, a tool for the management and statistical functions.1.System components and control structureThe entire system, including the structure and electrical machinery control systems.1.1Mechanical structure and working principleTool from the stent, drive, drive system, Turret, shielding, control system, and electrical components. Support from the column, beam, the upper and lower guide Central track, and track support component.1) Drive for the system chosen VVVF method. Cone used brake motors, with VVVF by Cycloidreducer through sprocket drive.2) Drag a variable frequency drive system and control technology. VVVF adopted, will speed drive shaft in the normal range adjustment to control the speed rotary turret to 5 ~ 30mm in, the drive shaft into two, two under through sprocket, the two profiled rollers Chain driven rotating shelves. Expansion chain adopted by the thread tight regulation swelling, swelling the regular way. - Conditioned, under the same chain-of-conditioning, so that the chain of uniform.3) Turret and shields the entire total of 14 independent Turret. 13 of them as a socket-Turret, as a drawer-Turret, each Turret back through the pin and, under the conveyor chain link chain plate, installed at the bottom roller, chain driven rotating turret rotation along the track. Outlet-Turret and BT50-BT40 Turret Turret two kinds of forms. To strengthen management, security, landscaping modeling, shelf peripherals and shields. Turret-drawer drawer placed at six other Des V oeux a knife, can be categorized with some of knife auxiliary equipment, such as bits, such as turning tools.1.2.The functions of the knifeknife The is the role of reserves a certain number of tools, machine tool spindle in hand to achieve the fungibility a disc cutter knife is the type of library, the chain knives, and other means, in the form of the knife and capacity according to the Machine Tool to determine the scope of the process.mon typesThe knife is a tool storage devices, the common knife mainly in the following forms:(1) the turret knifeIncluding the first level turret vertical turret and the first two, see Figure 2.6 a) and b):(2) the disc cutterDisc knife in the library with discoid knife, cutting tool along See how vertical arrangement (including radial and axial from knife from knife), along See how radial array into acute or arranged in the form of the knife. Simple, compact, more applications, but are ring-cutter, lowutilization of space. Figure 2.7 a) to c). If the knife storage capacity must be increased toincrease the diameter of the knife, then the moment of inertia also increased correspondingly, the election campaign long knife. Tool number not more than 32 general. Cutter was multi-loop order of the space utilization knife, but inevitably given the knife from complex institutions, applicable to the restricted space Machine Tool storage capacity and more occasions. Two-disc structure is two smaller capacity knife on both sides of the sub-spindle place, more compactlayout, the number of certificates corresponding increase knife, apply to small and medium-sized processing center.(3) the chain knifeIncluding single-and multi-ring chain ring chain, chain link can take many forms change, see Figure 2.8 a) to c), thebasic structure shown inFigure 2. 8 doFeatures: knife apply tothe larger capacity of theoccasion, the space of thesmall number ofgenerally applicable tothe tool in the 30-120.Only increase the lengthof the chain tool will increase the number should not be increased circumferential speed of itsmoment of inertia of the knife does not increase the disc as large.(4) linear combination knife and the knife libraryThe linear knife simple structure in Figure 2.9, tool single order, the capacity of small knife, used for CNC lathe and drill press on. Because the location of fixed knife, ATC completed action by the spindle without manipulator. The cutter knife is generally the turret combination turret with a combination of the disc cutter knife and the chain combination. Every single knife the knife certificates of smaller, faster tool change. There are also some intensive drum wheel, and the lattice-type magazine for the knife, the knife-intensive though. Small footprint, but because of structural constraints, basically not used for single processing center, the concentration used for FMS for the knife system.1.4 Tool storage capacityTool storage capacity of the first to consider the needs of processing, from the use of point of view, generally 10 to 40 knives, knife will be the utilization of the high, and the structure iscompact.1.5 Tool options(1) choose to order processing tool according to the order, followed Add to the knife every knife in the Block. Each tool change, the order of rotation of a cutter knife on location, and remove the need knives, has been used by the cutter knife can be returned to the original Block, can also order Add Block, a knife. However, as the knife in the tool in different processes can not be repeated use of the knife must increase the capacity and lower utilization rate.(2) most of the arbitrary choice of the current system of using arbitrary NC election knives, divided into Daotao coding, coding and memory-cutter, three. Daotao coding tool code or knives or Daotao need to install the code used to identify, in accordance with the general principle of binary coding coding. Tool knife election coding method uses a special knife handle structure, and each of the coding tool. Each of the tool has its own code, thereby cutting tool can be in different processes repeatedly used, not to replace the tool back at the original knife, the knife capacity can be reduced accordingly. Memory-election this paper knife, in this way can knives and knife in the position corresponding to the Daotao memory of the PLC in the NC system, no matter which tool on the Inner knife, tool information is always there in mind, PLC . On the knife with position detection devices, will be the location of each Daotao. This tool can be removed and sent back to arbitrary. On the knife is also a mechanical origin, every election, the nearest knife selection.1.6.Control of the knife(1) the knife as a system to control the positioning axis. In the ladder diagram in accordance with the instructions for computing T code comparison of the output angle and speed of instructions to the knife the knife servo drive servo motor. Tool storage capacity, rotation speed, and / deceleration time, and other system parameters can be set in such a manner free from any outside influence positioning accurate and reliable but the cost is higher.(2) knife from the hydraulic motor drives, fast / slow the points, with proximity switches count and positioning. In comparison ladder diagram of the current storage system knife (knife spindle) and goals knife (pre-knife) and computing, then output rotation instructions, judging by the shortest path rotation in place. This approach requires sufficient hydraulic power and electromagnetic valve knife the rotational speed can be adjusted through the throttle. But over time may be oily hydraulic, oil temperature and environmental factors impact the change in velocity and accuracy. Not generally used in large and medium-sized machine tool change frequently.(3) the knife from AC asynchronous motor driven cam mechanism (Markov institutions), with proximity switches count, which means stable operation, and generally accurate and reliablepositioning cam used in conjunction with a mechanical hand, ATC fast-positioning.译文：机床刀具设计课题研究意义机床原来的刀库控制程序是单独设计的，没有采用刀具管理系统，功能也比较单一，只实现了刀库刀具的找刀、刀库最短路径定位、主轴换刀，而且不支持大型刀具。
基于PLC的夹具自动化教学实验系统的开发
生产效率也得到了大幅提升七、结论本次演示研究与开发了一种基于实例的 机床夹具设计系统及其夹具库，通过引入实例推理技术来提高设计的效率和精度。
感谢观看
2、根据软件设计方案编写控制程序，实现夹具自动化动作以及数据采集、 处理和存储等功能；
3、完成可视化界面的设计及调试，使学生能够直观地了解夹具自动化过程； 4、对系统进行全面调试，确保系统稳定可靠运行；
5、针对多样化的实验案例，制定相应的教学方案，以便学生自由选择并进 行实验操作。
五、系统测试
本次演示介绍的机床夹具设计系统基于实例，旨在通过引入实例推理技术， 提高设计效率和精度。该系统的设计思路是将夹具设计过程中的各种规则和经验 以实例的形式存储在系统中，并通过搜索和匹配实例来解决实际问题。
该系统的开发方法主要包括以下几个方面：
1、实例库的构建：通过收集和整理夹具设计领域的实际案例，建立实例库。 每个实例都包含了夹具设计的详细信息，如结构、材料、力学性能等。
需求分析
PLC实验系统的功能需求包括以下几个方面：
1、支持多种PLC品牌和型号，以便学生和工程师可以了解不同PLC的特性和 应用；
2、提供丰富的实验案例，包括工业自动化控制、运动控制、过程控制等， 以便学生和工程师可以了解PLC在不同领域的应用；
3、支持远程实验，使得学生和工程师可以在任何地点进行实验操作； 4、具有友好的人机界面，以便学生和工程师可以轻松地进行实验操作；
3、夹具计算模块：该模块负责对设计的夹具进行计算和分析，以确保其能 够满足加工要求。根据计算结果，用户可以对夹具进行优化或调整。
4、结果显示模块：该模块负责将设计结果进行可视化展示，包括夹具的三 维模型、参数信息等。同时，该模块还允许用户对设计结果进行导出和打印。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
论文资料2604130359附录1 外文翻译基于事例推理的夹具设计研究与应用摘要:根据基于事例的设计方法,提出采用工序件的特征信息和夹具的结构特征信息来描述夹具的相似性,并建立了包括这2方面主要特征信息为基础的事例索引码,设计了事例库的结构形式,创建了层次化的事例组织方式;同时,提出了基于知识引导的夹具事例检索算法,以及事例的修改和采用同族事例码进行相似事例的存贮,形成了基于事例推理的夹具设计.所开发的原型系统在型号工程夹具设计等项目的设计过程中得到了应用,并取得了令人满意的使用效果.关键词: 基于事例的推理夹具设计CAD夹具是以确定工件安全定位准确为目的的装置，并在加工过程中保持工件与刀具或机床的位置一致不变。
因为夹具的结构依赖于产品的特点和在企业规划中加工工序的地位,所以它的设计是制造过程中的瓶颈,制约着效率的提高. 夹具设计是一个复杂的过程,需要有从大量的设计论文中了解质量知识的经验，这些设计论文包括工件的结构设计、涉及加工工艺，和加工环境。
当用这些擅长绘制详细设计图的传统的CAD工具（如Unigraphics、CATIA、Pro/E)时,这仍然是一项非常耗时的工作，但是利用以往的设计经验和资源也不能提供一些益处,而这正是提高效率的关键因素. 基于事例推理(CBR) 的方法适应以往个案解决的办法,建立一个新问题的方法,主要有以下四步骤:检索、利用、修改,并保留.这是一个比用专业系统模仿人类思维有用的使用方法，因为提出一个类似的情况,和采用一些修改,似乎不言自明,而且比人类更直观.所以支持不同事例的设计工具已经在诸多领域中发展起来，如在注射成型及设计、建筑设计、模具设计投死, 规划过程中,还有夹具设计. 孙用六个数字组成代码参数,包括工件的形状、机械部分、轴衬,第一定位装置,第二定位装置和夹紧装置. 但这个系统不能用于除钻床夹具外的其他夹具类型,不能解决储存需要保留的同一参数代码的问题,这在CBR中是非常重要的.1事例参数和事例图书馆的建立1.1事例参数事例参数应该由工件的所有的特征组成，来区别不同的夹具. 使用他们能够使操作方便. 因为零件的形状是多种多样的, 在生产企业中制造的技术要求也不断发展,许多特征作被用做事例参数将会使搜索速度降低,其主要特征是不重要的,因为分配给每个特征的比重必须减少. 另一方面,事例参数包含所有的特征是困难的。
因此,考虑到实际和快速设计的需求,事例参数要包含工件的主要特征和夹具的结构。
事例参数代码由16位数组成：13位数是事例特征3位数是事例识别数字。
前13位数代表13个特征。
每个数字与特征的一个属性相一致,这可能是"*"、"？"、"1"、"2"，…，"A"、"B",…，"Z"，…，等其中的一个。
其中，"*"是指任何一个,"?"代表不确定,"0"代表没有。
系统规定:夹具的类型，工件的形状，位置模式不能是"*"和"?"。
在设计系统时,三个项目的属性信息没有这些选择,这就意味着必须选择确定的属性。
最后三位数是事例识别号码,如果事例特征的13位数是一样的,这三个数字就用来区别他们。
该系统还规定:"000"是用于修正的一个典型事例,其他事例"001"、"002"、…,这些是用于设计师查找参考事例的. 如果其中一个偶尔需要改变成典型事例,首先它必须要求改成"000",前面的自动变成参考事例.事例索引码的结构如图1所示。
1—夹具类型；6—工件重量；11—夹紧模型；2—工件形状；7—工件刚度；12—夹具体；3—工件材料；8—加工内容；13—其他；4—批量；9—过程所有物；14到16—事例识别码；5—工件比例；10—定位模型；图1 事例索引码的结构1.2事例库事例库由许多预定义的事例组成。
事例的描述是基于事例推理的最重要的问题之一。
所以由索引码复合。
1.3 事例的层次化夹具的结构相似被认为是整个夹具，成分和内容相似。
所以，整个夹具事例库，成分事例库，夹具的成分事例库形成相同。
整个夹具的设计资料通常是由工件资料和工件加工资料组成,这就意味着夹具的设计应满足特别功能的需求.全部夹具事例是由功能成分组成，它是用功能成分的名字和数字来进行描述的。
成分事例代表成员（成分功能和其他结构成分，主要驱动参数，数字，和它们的约束关系）。
成分事例（夹具的最低层）是功能成分和和其他成分的结构。
在现代夹具设计中有很多参数化准件和普通非标准件。
所以成分事例图书馆应记录特殊参数和保持它们的方法。
2事例修改的策略在基于事例的夹具设计中，最重要的是相似点的修改，这样能有助于获得最相似的事例，以及缩短适应时间。
根据夹具设计的需求，事例修改的策略使最接近的事例方法和知识指导结合起来。
首先在深度上查找，然后在宽度上；知识指导策略意味着在来自客观事物根源的知识规则上查找，这就要首先查找固定类型，然后查找工件的形状，第三查找定位方法。
例如，如果事例索引码包括夹具类型的磨削夹具，就只查找所有的磨削夹具，然后查找工件形状的盒子，第三查找一个平面两个销的定位方法。
如果没有合适的，就查找深度标点，然后回到最上层，然后再找所有与宽度相关的事例。
修改方法：1）根据夹具事例库的事例索引信息，查找有关事例库。
2）将事例索引码与事例库的每个事例码匹配，然后计算相似尺寸的价值。
3）整理相似尺寸的次序，最大的架子是最类似的事例。
两个事例之间的相似点是基于两个事例特征之间的相似点。
相似点尺寸的计算依靠特征的类型。
相似点的价值可以通过数字化的价值来计算，例如比较重量分别是50kg 和20kg的工件。
非数字化的价值也能计算，例如，现在前13位索引码都是非数字化的价值。
一个夹具的相似尺寸的计算公式如下：其中S表示通用夹具的相似尺寸，n表示索引特性数，表示每个特性的重量，表示事例库中特性和相关夹具的特性的相似尺寸。
同时，，数值计算如下：其中表示第i个特征的索引特性值，表示事例库中第j个事例的第i个特征的特性值。
所以有两种方法选择相似夹具。
一个方法是建立数值。
如果通用事例的相似尺寸值比给定的数值小，这些事例就不能选来作相似事例。
事例库最初建立的时候，只有一些事例，数值可以建小一点。
如果有大量的相似事例，数值就应该建的大一些。
另外一个方法是只建立相似事例的数字（例如10），这是类型单里相似尺寸的最大值。
3 事例的修改和存储3.1事例的修改夹具设计中相似事例的修改包括以下三个阶段：1）成分的替代2）保持形式不变，调整成分的特性3）模型重新设计如果夹具的成分是普通的物品，它们能通过使用工具被修改，代替以及删除，这些已经被设计好了。
3.2事例的存储在将一个新的事例保存到事例库之前，设计者必须考虑保存是否有价值。
如果这个事例不能增加系统的知识，就没有必要把它保存到事例库里。
如果它有价值的话，设计者在保存之前必须分析一下，看看这个事例是否作为标准事例或参考事例被存储了。
一个标准事例是一个描述同族事例主要特征的标准。
一个同族事例是有事例库中索引码前13位相同而最后三位不同的那些事例组成的。
一个标准事例的最后三位通常是“000”。
一个参考事例属于同族标准事例，最后三位用不同数字区分。
从被解释的概念中，可采用以下方法：1）如果一个新的事例和任何一个存在的事例族一致，和一个存在的标准事例的前13位数相同，那么这个事例就不能存储因为已经这种标准事例了。
或者只能作为一个参考事例保存（最后三位不是“000”，而且和其它的不一样）在事例库中。
2）如果一个新的事例和任何一个存在的事例族一致，并且被认为代替这个事例族要比以前的标准事例好，那么这个标准事例就被这个新的事例代替，以前的标准事例作为一个参考事例保存。
3）如果一个新的事例和任何一个存在的事例族不一致，一个新的事例族将会自动产生，并作为标准事例保存到事例库中。
4夹具设计中基于事例推理的过程根据夹具设计的特性，夹具设计的基本信息，例如夹具的名字，零件，生产和设计者等等，必须先输入。
然后，输入或设计工件的模型。
输入有关工件的细节信息，建立事例索引码，然后CBR开始依靠相似尺寸查找相似事例，选出最相似的事例。
如果需要的话，事例要满足通用性设计，再存储到事例库中。
程序流程图如图2所示图2 基于事例推理的夹具设计流程图5基于事例推理的夹具设计说明这是一个工件如图3所示。
材料是45钢，底座，形状为块状，生产批量为中批等。
需要设计成一个用来旋转孔的旋转夹具。
图3 需要设计夹具的一个工件（最大尺寸80mmx49mmx22mm）工件的特征值，属性值，事例索引码和重量在表1中列出。
表1 工件的事例索引码和重量特征名称特性值索引码重量夹具类型车床夹具 1 100工件形状块状9 90工件材料中碳钢 3 70批量中批 2 60工件比例小 5 60工件重量轻 5 60工件刚度硬度强 1 60加工内容孔 3 80程序要求完成加工 3 70定位方法三个平面 1 100夹紧方法不确定？90夹具体复合 4 80其他没有0 60通过查找和计算相似点，最相似的事例的事例索引码是19325513321402000，细节信息在表2中列出。
表2 最相似事例的事例索引码特征名称特性值索引码夹具类型车床夹具 1工件形状块状9工件材料中碳钢 3批量中批 2工件比例小 5工件重量轻 5工件刚度硬度强 1加工内容孔 3程序要求完成加工 3定位方法三个平面 1夹紧方法不确定？夹具体复合 4其他没有0相似点的计算如下：所以夹具的相似尺寸值是0.806，这是在事例库中用于设计的最相似的事例，最相似的事例的结构如图4所示图4 最相似的夹具当成分替代，修改定位模型和夹紧模型，以及调节相关尺寸之后，新的夹具被设计出来，图形如图6所示图5 需要设计的新夹具因为在事例库中没有相似夹具，新夹具被储存到事例库中。
事例索引码是19325523311402000。
6 结论基于事例推理，作为一个问题解决的方法，是一个比模仿人类思想的专业系统更有效的方法，已经在很多难获取知识的领域里得到发展。
基于事例推理的优点如下：它和人类的思想很相似；一个事例库通过保存新事例获得自学能力，它比有惯例库更快更容易，它可以更好的传递和解释新的知识，这和惯例库有很大的不同。
基于事例推理中提出的一个夹具设计的框架已经被实行了，使用的是支持基础数据的VC++，UG电脑绘图软件。
这个框架也已经和普通成分库和典型夹具库结合起来。
这个发展的标准系统，用于航空项目，帮助夹具设计者提高设计效率和重新使用先前的设计资源。