Spelling Rulesc
普通话押韵表（RhymingtableforPutonghua）
普通话押韵表（Rhyming table for Putonghua）Pronunciation and use of initials in first gradePublished in: 2011/10/22 9:34:33 classification: Chinese Reading: 8200 comments: 1 reproduced: 19 share reprintInitials (23)B, P, m, F, D, t, N, lG, K, h, J, Q, Zh, CH, x, SH, R, Z,, C, s, y, wFlat tongue: Z C SCacuminal: zh ch sh RFinals table (24)Single vowel (6). A o e i u.Compound finals (9). I EI UI o Ou IU ie. E ErBefore a nasal consonant (5). N en in UN nAfter a nasal consonant (4). Ng eng ing ongWhole reading syllable list (16)The overall reading syllable can not pay attention to spelling, it is a whole:Zhi, Chi, Shi, RI, Zi, CI, si,Yi, Wu, yu,Ye, Yue, yuanYin, Yun, YingScaling method:Have to wear in the alpha, alpha, alpha in O, to wear, not in O, e I, u; if one, who in the back to who wear.Explanation: the order of the standard tone is the same as the order of the single vowel. To find the first syllable in alpha, alpha in O, e, for the O standard, with O, O is looking for e, e, u, I is looking for u, when I and u are in, who in the back to who wearWhole reading syllable listChinese Pinyin (+ initial consonant + vowel Table +)Chinese Pinyin consonant vowel consonant vowel consonant vowel phonetic table table table Pinyin consonant and vowel consonant and vowel consonant and vowel consonant vowel table table table table table download Chinese Pinyin vowels vowel consonant vowel table game Chinese charactersInitial statements B, P, F, D, t, N, G, K, h, J, Q, x, Zh, CH, l, SH, R,, Z, C, m, s, y, wTable o e i u. "V AI EI UI Ao Ou IU ie ve er an en in UN VN ang eng ing ongB C D E alphabet. F G H I J K L M n o p q r s t U V W x y zInitial consonant and vowel table pronunciation of Chinese phonetic alphabetInitial consonant:B (glass), P (slope), m (touch), f (Buddha)The alveolar tone (tip of the tongue): D (get), t (especially), n (...), l (LE)K (g) H (drink)(palatal, palatal gingival and palatal): J (machine) Q (seven) x (West)Raised tongue: (after the gum, the tip of the tongue): zh (know), CH (eating), sh (Division), R (day)Flat tongue: Z (funds), C (Times), s (SI)Vowel table:Ah. O Oh e i u v fish house hungry clothesAI love EI UI o Ou Ao Wei ah. IIU oil ie also ve about Er, and...Alpha n Ann en en in UN VN asked for haloAlpha ng ang eng ing hard ong Yong HengSpecial Vowel: ErN en in: alpha biyunmu UN VN (former ng eng ing alpha biyunmu) ong (after nasal vowels)1.zhi, Chi, Shi, RI, Zi, CI, Si, these 7 are the whole read syllable, they pronounce with initial consonant Zh, CH, SH, R, Z, C, s and so on, only the whole reading syllable, the hair sound is brighter, but the 7 initial consonants pronunciation should be short.2.yi, Wu, Yu, ye, Yue, Yin, Yun, Ying, Yu, n. This is the 9 one whole syllables, they are I, u, and final, u ie, u E, in, N, ing, u u alpha n sounds exactly the same, only the form and effect of different.A total of 16 whole syllables, they can be directly to the phonetic Chinese characters.There are some special rules for spelling Chinese characters in Chinese phonetic schemes:(1) the final vowel of "know, eat, poetry, day, know, miss, think" is IZhi, Chi, Shi, RI, Zi, CI, Si(2) no initial front line I vowel, I to y. in Yi (clothing), y (ah),Ye (yeah), y o (waist), alpha you, alpha y (free) n (smoke), Yin (for), y ng (central), alpha Ying (UK), Yong (Yong).(3) u for the front vowel, no initials, u to W. in Wu (Ukraine), alpha w (frog), wo (Wo),W I (alpha, crooked) Wei (Wei), w n (bending), alpha Wen (temperature),Wɑng (汪), Weng (翁).(4) ü行的韵母, 前面没有声母时, 写成 Yu (迂), Yue (约), yuɑn (冤), Yun (晕).(5) ü行的韵母跟声母 J, Q, x, 拼的时候, ü 写成u, 如 Ju (居), wh (区), Xu (虚).(6) ü行的韵母跟声母n, l 拼的时候, 仍写成 in (女), l V (吕).(7) or, UEI UEN, 前面加声母时, 改为 UI, UI, UN, 例如 Niu (牛), GUI (归), Lun (论).(把一部分音节作为整体认记的记号, 在拼读时, 不再分成声母、韵母, 而是直接读出一个音, 这样的音节就叫做整体认读音节.整体认读音节 (16个) Zhi Chi Shi RI Zi CI Si Yi Wu Yu Ye Yue Yuan Yin Yun Ying)我发现整体认读音节表对于学生来说是个难点, 难记、难默.学生第一次背、默整体认读音节表时, 全对的人寥寥无几, 我仔细看了一下, 主要的错误在后面的六个整体认读音节 "Ye Yue Yuan Yin Yun Ying," 这些音节之间没有什么联系, 的确很枯燥、难记.课后, 我就在想如何帮助学生记清它们呢? 我反复地读、看, 突然发现可以采用"编口诀" 的方法来形象记忆. "Ye Yue Yuan" 可以编成 "夜晚, 月亮很圆" 的口诀, "Yin Yun Ying" 可以编成 "前yin和后ying之间有一朵云" 的口诀.4.前10个音节, 相对来说好记些.后面6个音节, 可列出相应的字, 编成一句话: "夜月隐, 云愿迎." 意思是: "夜" 晚, "月" 亮想要 "隐" 藏起来, "云" 朵 "愿" 意帮这个忙, 她 "迎" 了上来.5.其他资料1、按顺序默写鼻韵母和16个整体认读音节.提示: 此题是复习本周所学的鼻韵母和新学的整体认读音节, 让学生在分散学习后, 进行一下系统梳理.答案:鼻韵母: ɑn en in a ün ing ang eng ong整体认读音节:Zhi Chi Shi RI Zi CI SiYi Wu Yu.Ye Yue YinYun yuɑn yinɡ2、读读所学的复韵母儿歌.读写儿歌:平平安安 "ɑn ɑn ɑn"摁摁门铃 "en en en"一片树荫 "in in in",几朵白云"ün ün ün".一只小羊 "ang ang ang",一盏台灯 "eng eng eng,"天上飞鹰 "ing ing ing"一个闹钟 "NGO, NGO NGO".3、在拼音格中写一写.提示:复韵母写的时候基本规则、占格与单韵母同.但一点要注意就是两个单韵母写紧凑才是复韵母, 不能分家.6.汉语拼音小常识汉语拼音是记录汉语的符号.只能用来描写普通话语音.它采用26个拉丁字母, 形成声母表和韵母表, 和声调符号一起来给汉字注音和拼写普通话.声母: 一个音节开头部分的音叫声, 用来表示声的字母叫声母.声母有23个分别是B P W F D T N L G K H J Q x zh ch sh r Z c s y w韵母: 一个音节声母后面的部分叫韵, 用来表示韵的字母叫韵母.韵母共有24个.单韵母: ɑ e i u ǖ复韵母: oh hey IU or UI ie AE erAn en in a ǖn (前鼻韵母)Ang eng ong (后鼻韵母 ing)声调: 是指一个字的字调, 每个音节除声母、韵母以外, 一定有一个声调贯穿始终.声调是汉语音节中不可缺少的重要组成部分, 不同的声调可以改变音节所表达的意思.There are four characters in Chinese characters:Ping (first voice) - G: a o ShuYang Ping (second times), /:c I P ITone (third tone): "sh t from ng millionQusheng (Fourth Times): zh Nu which is connectedWhole reading syllable: syllable that is not read directly. There are 16 syllables in the whole reading syllable.Zhi, Chi, Shi, RI, Zi, Si, Yi, Wu, CI, Yu, ye, Yue,, Yin, Yun, yuan, YingThree pieces: Ji Hu middle syllable alpha alpha I and u medials, read it light, short.U N and Hu N and Ju alpha alpha alpha n alpha Ti n jion and Xi N and Ji o alpha.Chinese pinyin spelling rules: accent front light short, two tone with a touch. See J Q x alpha and y, to cap.Chinese Pinyin tone marking rules: o. E i u, I U standard Pinyin sequence, and the column in the post.Seven1. teach the way to learn compound finalsCompound vowel is a compound sound, and the shape of the lipsand the position of the tongue have a process of change when they are pronounced. They are common: first before a letter sound, then slide to post a letter, go, don't separate. Such as:Alpha I, EI, O, alpha Ou is pronounced after the former light heavy;Ie, e is pronounced before the light after.The severity of their law of pronunciation: alpha oeiu lined up in front, who who, who who is behind the light.Students master the pronunciation method, you can learn by yourself.2 teach the method of learning nasal finalsIn teaching nasal finals, first of all, which ones are the front nasal finals and which are the posterior nasal finals. Then teach the pronunciation method. Before a nasal consonant is pronounced: first before a letter sound, then the tip of the tongue against the upper gum, read n, from the nose out; after a nasal consonant is pronounced: first before a letter sound, then the tongue against the palate, nasal hair. Students master this method, you can practice yourself.3 teaches the whole method of reading syllablesIn teaching, the syllable can be compared with consonants or finals from three aspects of pronunciation, glyph and usage.Same pronunciation.Initials Zh, CH, SH, R, Z, C, sThe whole read syllable Zhi, Chi, Shi, RI, Zi, CI, Sifirst groupThe pronunciation is the same, but the whole syllable is read, so you should read it longer and louder.Finals I, u, u, ie, UE, in, UN, ingThe whole read syllable Yi, Wu, Yu, ye, Yue, Yin, Yun, YingSecond groupsFont similarity. Each group was compared and controlled, and the law of change was mastered.Different usage. The whole reading syllable is an independent syllable, and no longer forms new syllables with other initials. 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拼读单词拼读规则
拼读单词拼读规则Learning to spell words correctly and understanding spelling rules can be challenging for many people, especially when it comes to English. 拼写单词的正确与否往往牵扯到诸多困难，特别是在英语中更是如此。
English spelling can be very tricky because there are so many rules and exceptions to those rules. 英语的拼写规则非常棘手，因为有许多规则，而这些规则又带有许多例外。
One of the most important spelling rules in English is the concept of phonics, which is the relationship between sounds and letters. 英语中最重要的拼写规则之一是语音学的概念，即声音和字母之间的关系。
Phonics helps us understand how words are spelled based on the sounds they make. 通过语音学，我们可以更好地理解单词的拼写，它取决于它们发出的声音。
This can be especially helpful when it comes to sounding out new or unfamiliar words. 在发音新单词或陌生单词时，这一点尤为重要。
Another important spelling rule is understanding the different sounds that letters can make in different contexts. 另一个重要的拼写规则是了解字母在不同语境下的发音。
标准的英文单词怎么写
标准的英文单词怎么写Standard English Spelling。
Spelling is an essential aspect of writing in Standard English. Correct spelling not only ensures clear communication but also reflects the writer's credibility and attention to detail. In this document, we will explore the rules and guidelines for standard English spelling.1. Basic Spelling Rules。
Memorize common spelling rules, such as "i before e except after c" and the use of silent letters.Pay attention to prefixes and suffixes, as they can change the spelling of the root word.2. Homophones and Homonyms。
Differentiate between homophones (words that sound the same but have different meanings and spellings) and homonyms (words that are spelled the same but have different meanings).Examples of homophones include "their," "there," and "they're," while examples of homonyms include "bat" (flying mammal) and "bat" (sports equipment).3. Word Roots and Origins。
Spelling剑桥语法拼写规则
Spelling□words + -s/-es①noun/verb + -s (birds;thinks)②after -s/-sh/-ch/-x →+-es (buses;passes;dishes;watches;boxes)③potat o/tomat o/d o/g o→+-es (potatoes;tomatoes;does;goes)④-f/-fe →-ves (shelf→shelves;knife→knives)⑤roof→roofs□words ending in -y→①-ies study→studies②-ied study→studied③-ier/iest happy→happier/happiest④-ily easy→easily⑤-y does not change to ‘i’ ,if the ending is -ay/ey/oy/uy (holidays;enjoys;buys;keys)⑥-But : say→said ；pay→paid□-ing①verbs that end in -e→-eing (make→making;come→coming)②verbs that end in -ie→-ying (lie→lying;die→dying;tie→tying)□*a word ends in a vowel+a consonant(V+C).Before(st op ped/shopping r un ning b ig ger/biggest th in ner/thinnest)*not happen if the word ends in two consonant letters(C+C)(he lp ing/helped wo rk ing/worked fa st er/fastest)*not happen if a word ends in two vowel letters+a consonant letter(V+V+C)(n eed ing/needed w ait ing/waited ch eap er/cheapest)*not happen in a long words(≥two syllables) if the last part of the word is not stressed. (hap pening vis iting re mem bered vs pre fer red be gin ning)*not happen if the word ends in -y or -w.(at the end of the word,’y’‘w’ are not consonants) (enjoying snowed fewer)□(I like the people here.They are friendly. The police want to talk to you.)。
英语教师培训 拼读规则 spelling rules
拼写规则： 6--Nouns Ending in ‘o’
• 大部分情况下，以o结尾的单词变为复数时直接加‘s’如： autos, pianos, radios
• 少部分单词加 es， 如: heroes, potatoes, tomatoes)---为了 方便记忆，把这几个单词组成一个有趣的句子，加深孩子记忆： The heroes always love potatoes and tomatoes!
拼写规则第一讲： Plural– how many ways?
• five different ways to make plurals
• 1. cat---cats • 2. box----boxes • 3. cry---cries • 4. deer---deer • 5. tooth---teeth
拼写规则： 14. i 在e之前或e在i之前--特例
• 特例：
• Note: 单词 financier is an exception to the rule that c is followed by e.
• There are some other words, not included in the rhyme above, in which e precedes i:
拼写规则： 4– stay the same
• Stay the same!
拼写规则： 5. 复数大变样
• 有些单词变复数时，形成一个全新的单词
• 1. 一些单词加en, 如child---children; ox--oxen
• 2. 有些单词变元音字母，如：man---men, goose---geese
• 2. 有些单词以f or fe 结尾时，通常把f改变为v 再加s 或 es: • 如calf--calves; knife---knives; wife---wives.
英语自然拼读规则
英语自然拼读规则English Natural Spelling RulesEnglish natural spelling rules refer to the patterns and guidelines that govern the way words are spelled in the English language. These rules help to ensure consistency and accuracy in written communication, and they are essential for anyone learning to read and write in English. In this article, we will explore some of the key natural spelling rules in English and provide examples toillustrate their application.1. Silent E RuleOne of the most well-known natural spelling rules in English is the silent E rule. When a word ends in a silent E, it usually makes the preceding vowel long. For example, in the word "hope," the silent E at the end changes the pronunciation of the O from a short sound to a long sound. Similarly, in the word "shine," the silent E at the endmakes the I long. This rule helps to explain why words like "cane" and "shine" have a long vowel sound, despite having only one vowel followed by a consonant.2. Doubling RuleAnother important natural spelling rule in English is the doubling rule. When a one-syllable word ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, the consonant is usually doubled before adding a suffix that begins with a vowel. For example, in the word "hop," the P is doubled before adding the suffix -ing, resulting in "hopping." This rule also applies to words with more than one syllable, such as "occur" becoming "occurring" and "forget" becoming "forgetting."3. Y RuleThe Y rule is another natural spelling rule that governs the use of the letter Y in English words. When Y is used as a consonant, it is usually replaced by an I before a suffix. For example, in the word "happy," the Y becomesan I before adding the suffix -ness, resulting in "happiness." However, when Y is used as a vowel, it remains unchanged before a suffix. For example, in the word "play," the Y stays the same before adding the suffix -er,resulting in "player."4. C RuleThe C rule pertains to the use of the letter C in English words. When C is followed by the letters E, I, or Y, it usually makes the soft /s/ sound. For example, in the words "cent," "city," and "cycle," the C is pronounced as/s/. However, when C is followed by the letters A, O, U, or a consonant, it usually makes the hard /k/ sound. For example, in the words "cat," "cot," and "cut," the C is pronounced as /k/.5. I Before E RuleThe "I before E, except after C" rule is a well-known natural spelling rule in English. According to this rule, when the letters I and E appear together in a word, the Iusually comes before the E, except after the letter C. For example, in the words "believe," "receive," and "chief," the I comes before the E. However, in words like "ceiling," "conceive," and "receive," the E comes before the I after the letter C.6. Plural RuleThe plural rule in English dictates how nouns are made plural by adding the suffix -s or -es. In general, most nouns form their plural by adding -s to the singular form. For example, "book" becomes "books" and "dog" becomes "dogs." However, nouns ending in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, or -x form their plural by adding -es. For example, "bus" becomes "buses" and "box" becomes "boxes."7. Prefix and Suffix RulesEnglish natural spelling rules also govern the use of prefixes and suffixes in word formation. For example, when adding the prefix un- to a word, it usually means "not" or "opposite of." Similarly, when adding the suffix -able to aword, it usually means "capable of being." Understanding these rules can help learners to build their vocabulary and understand the meanings of new words they encounter.In conclusion, English natural spelling rules are essential for anyone learning to read and write in English. By understanding and applying these rules, learners can improve their spelling accuracy and develop a deeper understanding of the language. From the silent E rule to the plural rule, these guidelines provide a framework for consistent and accurate spelling in English. By mastering these rules, learners can become more confident and proficient in their use of the English language.。
英语拼写规则作文
英语拼写规则作文The Importance of English Spelling Rules。
Spelling rules are an essential component of the English language. They provide a framework for understanding and using written English, and they are crucial for effective communication. In this essay, we will explore the importance of English spelling rules and their impact on language learning and communication.First and foremost, spelling rules provide consistency and structure to the English language. By following these rules, writers and speakers can ensure that their words are correctly spelled and easily understood by others. This consistency is particularly important in formal writing, where errors in spelling can detract from the overall quality of the work. Additionally, consistent spelling helps readers to recognize and understand words more quickly, which is essential for effective communication.Moreover, spelling rules play a key role in language learning. When students are taught to follow spelling rules, they are better able to understand the patterns and conventions of written English. This, in turn, helps themto become more proficient readers and writers. By mastering spelling rules, students can develop a strong foundation in the language, which will serve them well in their academic and professional pursuits.Furthermore, spelling rules are important for maintaining the integrity of the English language. Language is constantly evolving, and spelling rules help to preserve the standard form of English. Without these rules, the language would become fragmented and difficult to understand. By adhering to spelling rules, we can ensurethat English remains a cohesive and comprehensible language for generations to come.In addition, spelling rules are essential for effective communication. When we spell words correctly, we convey a sense of professionalism and attention to detail. This is especially important in professional and academic settings,where clear and accurate communication is paramount. By following spelling rules, we can demonstrate our respectfor the language and our commitment to effective communication.Finally, spelling rules are important for promoting literacy and language proficiency. When individuals areable to spell words correctly, they are better equipped to read and write fluently. This, in turn, can lead to improved academic performance, increased job opportunities, and enhanced communication skills. By emphasizing the importance of spelling rules, we can help to foster a more literate and linguistically proficient society.In conclusion, spelling rules are an essential component of the English language. They provide consistency, structure, and integrity to written English, and they are crucial for effective communication. By mastering spelling rules, students can develop a strong foundation in the language, and individuals can convey a sense of professionalism and attention to detail. Ultimately,spelling rules play a key role in promoting literacy, language proficiency, and clear communication in English.。
ENGLISH SPELLING RULES
ENGLISH SPELLING RULESShort and Long Vowels1. To spell a short vowel sound, only one letter is needed:at red it hot up2. To spell a long sound you must add a second vowel. The second may be next to the first, in the VVC pattern (b oa t, m ai d, c ue, etc.) or it may be separated from the first one by a consonant in the VCV pattern (m a d e, r i d e, t i d e, etc.). If the second vowel is separated from the first by two spaces, it does not affect the first one. This is the VCCV pattern in which the first vowel remains short. Thus, doubling a consonant can be called "protecting" a short vowel because it prevents an incoming vowel from getting close enough to the first one to change its sound from short to long:m ai d, m a d e, but m a dd e r; d i n e, d i n e r, but d i nn e r.Spelling the Sound /k/This sound can be spelled in any one of four ways:1. c2. cc3. k4. ck1. The single letter, c , is the most common spelling. It may be used anywhere in a word:cat corn actor victim direct micascat bacon public cactus inflict pecan2. Sometimes the letter c must be doubled to cc to protect the sound of a short vowel:stucco baccalaureate hiccupsMecca tobacco buccaneeroccupy raccoon succulent3. The letter k is substituted for c if /k/ is followed by an e, i, or y.kin make sketch poker kind riskyskin token skill keep liking flaky(Boring examples? How about kyphosis, kylix, keratosis, and dyskinesia?)4. Similarly, the spelling ck, is substituted for cc if the following letter is an e, i, or y:lucky picking rocking finickyblackest mackintosh frolicked duckingKentucky picnicking stocking Quebecker5. The letters, k and ck are more than substitutes for c and cc. They are used to spell /k/at the end of a monosyllable. The digraph, ck, ALWAYS follows a short vowel:sack duck lick stick wreck clock(Forget about yak. Your student will never need it.)The letter, k, follows any other sound:milk soak make barktank peek bike corktusk hawk duke perkThe Sound, /j/The sound, /j/ is spelled in three ways: j ge and dge.1. The letter j is usually used if the sound if followed by an,a, o, or u.just jam jungle injure major adjacentjog jar Japan jury job Benjaminadjust jacket jolly jaguar jump jalousie2. Since the letter g has the soft sound of /j/when it is followed by an e, i, or y, it is usually used in this situation:gentle ginger aging algebraEgyptologist gem origin gym3. If /j/ follows a short vowel sound, it is usually spelled with dge. This is because the letter j, is never doubled in English.badge ridge dodge partridge gadgetjudge edge smudge judgement budgetThe Sound, /ch/The sound /ch/has two spellings: tch after a short vowel, ch anywhere else:witch sketch botch satchelcatch hatchet kitchen escutcheonExceptions:Which, rich, much, such, touch, bachelor, attach, sandwich, and ostrich.The Sound, /kw/This sound is ALWAYS spelled with the letters, qu, never anything else.Using -leWords ending in -le, such as little, require care. If the vowel sound is short, there must be two consonants between the vowel and the -le. Otherwise, one consonant is enough.li tt le ha nd le ti ck le a mp lebo tt le pu zz le cru mb le a ng lebu g le a b le poo d le daw d le nee d le i d le peo p leOdds and Ends1. The consonants, v, j, k, w, and x are never doubled.2. No normal English words ends with the letter v. A final /v/ is always spelled with ve, no matter what the preceding vowel sound may be:have give sleeve covereceive love connive braveAdding EndingsThere are two kinds of suffixes, those that begin with a vowel and those that begin with a consonant. As usual, the spelling problems occur with the vowels:- - - age - - -ist - - - ness - - - cess- - - ant - - - ish - - -less - - -ment- - -ance - - -ing - - -ly - - -ty- - - al - - -ar - - -ful - - -ry- - -ism - - -o - - -hood - - -ward- - -able - - -on - - -wise- - -an - - -ous- - - a - - -or- - -es - - -ual- - -ed - - -unt- - -er - - -um- - -est - - -us- - -y - - -ive1. Words that end in the letter y must have the y changed to i before adding any suffix:body - bodily marry - marriagemany - manifold family - familiarhappy - happiness puppy - puppiesbeauty - beautiful vary - variouscompany - fury - furiouscompanionplenty - plentiful merry - merriment2. In words that end in a silent e you must drop it before you add a vowel suffix. The silent e is no longer needed to make the preceding vowel long as the incoming vowel will do the trick:ride - riding cure -curableuse - usual age - agingfame - famous force -forcingrefuse -refusalslice - slicingpure - purity ice - icicle nose - nosy convince - convincingglobe - global race -racistpole - polaroffense -offensive3. Words that end in an accented short or modified vowel sound must have the final consonant doubled to protect that sound when you add a vowel suffix:Quebec - Quebecker remit - remittance confer - conferring refer - referred upset - upsetting shellac - shellacking occur - occurred concur- concurrentNote that this doubling is not done if the accent is not on the last syllable. If the word ends in a schwa, there is no need to "protect" it.open - opening organ - organizefocus - focused refer - referee4. Normally you drop a silent e before adding a vowel suffix. However, if the word ends in -ce or -ge and the incoming vowel is an a, o, or u, you cannot cavalierly toss out that silent e. It is not useless: it is keeping its left-hand letter soft, and your a, o, or u will not do that. Thus:mana ge - mana ge able pea ce - pea ce ablecoura ge - coura ge ous reven ge - ven ge ancesur ge - sur ge on chan ge - chan ge ablenoti ce - noti ce able outra ge - outra ge ousGor ge ous Geor ge blud ge oned a pi ge on noti ce ably! Tsk.5. Adding consonant suffixes is easy. You just add them. (Of course you must change a final yto i before you add any suffix.)peace - peaceful harm - harmless age - agelesspity - pitiful child - childhood rifle - riflery/sh/When this sound occurs before a vowel suffix, it is spelled ti, si, or ci.par ti al cau ti ous pa ti ent vaca ti onspe ci al defi ci ent suspi ci on suc ti oniner ti a deli ci ous ra ti o pen si onmusi ci an physi ci an opti ci an quo ti entelectri ci an nutri ti on statisti ci an expul si on/ee/ before a vowel suffixWhen /ee/ precedes a vowel suffix, it is usually spelled with the letter i:Ind i an obv i ous med i umingred i ent zod i ac mater i alSpelling Determined by Word Meaning1. Mist and missed sound alike, as do band and banned. To determine the spelling,remember that -ed is a past-tense tending.a.The mist drifted into the harbor.b.I nearly missed my bus.c.The movie was banned in Boston.d.The band played on.2. The endings of dent ist and fin est sound alike. Deciding which one to use can be tricky.One rule helps but doesn't cover all cases:a.--ist is a suffix meaning someone who does something:artist - machinist - druggistb.--est is the ending used on superlative adjectives:finest - sweetest - longest3. The sounds at the end of musician and condi tion sound alike. but....a.cian always means a person, where...b.tion or sion are never used for people.4. How do you tell whether to use tion or sion?a.If the root word ends in /t/, use -tion: complete, completionb.If the root word ends in /s/ or /d/, use sion: extend, extensionsuppress, suppressionc.If the sound of the last syllable is the "heavy" sound of /zhun/ rather than the light sound,/shun/, use s: confusion, vision, adhesionException: The ending, --mit becomes -mission:permit - permission omit - omissionsubmit - submission commit - commissionThe Hiss1. The letter s between vowels sounds like a z:nose result noisepresent partisan teasepreside resound reserve2. The light "hissy" sound is spelled with either ss or ce. Predictably, ss, like any proper doubled consonant, follows accented short vowels. Soft c is used anywhere else. (A soft c is one that is followed by e, i, or y).notice reticent massive bicyclerecent gossip russet rejoiceessence vessel discuss pass3. The plural ending is always spelled with a single letter s unless you can hear a new syllable on the plural word. In that case, use -es:loss, losses bank,bankstwitch,twitchestree,treesbox, boxes list,listsjudge,judges。
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T he final yFinal y rule 1 –The final y of a word changes to i if it is preceded by a consonant before any ending except -ing:Final y rule 2: The final y is unchanged before any ending if it is preceded by a vowel:Final y exercise 1 –Write the simple past and add –ing to the following:1. reply2. play3. deny4. annoy5. qualify6. bury7. marry8. destroy9. supply10. convey11. fry12. terrifyFinal y exercise 2 –Add the endings given to the following words:1. salty + ness2. glory + ous3. seventy + eth4. pay + able5. body + ly6. copy + er7. rely + able8. study + ous9. vary + ous10. enjoy + mentFinal y rule 3 –When adding the ending of the third person singular of the simple present tense or when making it plural:a. if the y is preceded by a consonant, change to i and add –esb. if the y is preceded by a vowel, it does not change. Just add sFinal y exercise 3 –Give the third person singular of the simple present tense for the following verbs:1. hurry 7. fly2. play 8. worry3. supply 9. study4. dry 10. carry5. employ 11. qualify6. convey 12. displayFinal y exercise 4 –Make the following words plural:1. way 7. monkey2. victory 8. laboratory3. sympathy 9. sky4. valley 10. folly5. story 11. story6. supply 12. toyD oubling ConsonantsDoubling consonants rule 1 –Words of one syllable ending in a consonant preceded by a single vowel, double the consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel:Doubling consonants rule 2 –Words of more than one syllable follow Rule 1, if the word is accented on the last syllable. Do not double the final consonant if the accent is not on the last syllable:Doubling consonants exercise 1 –Add the given endings to the following words:1. admit + ed 11. consider + ed2. win + ing 12. regret + ed3. murder + er 13. wet + er4. drop + ing 14. upset + ing5. rob + ed 15. enter + ed6. slam + ing 16. stop +ed7. bet + ing 17. happen + ed8. compel + ing 18. hum + ing9. offer + ed 19. big + est10. trip + ed 20. confer + ingDoubling consonants rule 3 –When a word ends in two consonants or a consonant preceded by two vowels, the consonant does not double before any suffix:Doubling consonants exercise 2 –Add the given endings to the following words:1. wood + en 7. cook + ed2. sit + ing 8. slim + er3. root + ed 9. slip + ed4. rot + ing 10. lean + est5. sweat + ing 11. harvest + ing6. bud + ing 12. slam + edW ord final eWord final e rule 1 –Just add d to words ending in e:Word final e rule 2 –Drop the e before adding -ing:Word final e rule 3 –Words ending in –ee and –oe do not follow this rule:Word final e rule 4 –For words ending in –ie, change the -ie to y before adding –ing:Word final e exercise 1 –Give the simple past tense and add –ing to the following verbs:1. knee 7. wave2. cue 8. lie3. fade 9. tame4. pee 10. hie5. engage 11. see6. trace 12. fleeReview: give the simple past tense and add –ing to for the following verbs:1. carry 8. loot2. permit 9. fry3. beg 10. jam4. begin 11. fan5. refer 12. worry6. deny 13. destroy7. see 14. wageW ords ending in c/ckWords ending in c/ck rule 1 –Words with one syllable and one vowel cannot end in –c alone, but must have –ck;Words of one syllable with two vowels must have k only, not ck:Words ending in c/ck exercise 1 –Add –c, -ck or k to the following words:1. toni + 8. brea +2. sti + 9. ro +3. tri + 10. lo +4. ba + 11. picni +5. too + 12. publi +6. wre + 13. emphati +W ords with a silent eWords with a silent e rule 1 –Words ending with a silent e drop the e when they add a suffix beginning with the vowel:Exceptions:Words with a silent e exercise 1 –Add the following endings:1. care + ing 7. noise + less2. arrive + al 8. use + ful3. rhyme + ing 9. hygiene + ic4. continue + ing 10. love + ly5. tire + less 11. vote + ing6. dine + r 12. hope + lessWords with a silent e rule 2 –Words that end in –ce and –ge keep the silent e when suffixes are added, except for suffixes beginning with –e or –I:Words with a silent e exercise 2 –Add the endings to the following words:1. spice + y2. replace + able3. judge + ing4. arrange + ment5. manage + ment6. advantage + ous7. engage + ing8. peace + ful9. service + able10. trace + able11. grace +ious12. encourage + mentF orming noun plurals1. Adding –esa) If the singular noun ends in sh, ch,z or x, add –es to form the plural:watch dish boxb) Most nouns that end in o add –es to form the plural:hero tomato potatobut:piano zoo radio2. Changing a letter and adding –es:a. If the singular noun ends in y and is preceded by a consonant, change the y to i and add -esbaby dutyDo not change if the y is preceded by a vowel: boy dayb. if the singular nouns ends in fe or f, the plural ending is usually –ves:wife knife wolfbut:roof belief3. Plural nouns that do not end in sa) People and police are plural. Other words much be used for the same meaning in the singular:A person is…People areA poli ce officer is…The police are…b) A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms:deer sheep series fish speciesc) A few very frequently used nouns have kept the irregular plural forms used by English speakersmany hundreds of years ago. You probably have learned these already, but don’t forget: man mouse woman child tooth footd) Borrowed words – some words, borrowed from Latin or Greek and found mostly in scientific and academic writing, have kept their foreign plurals. Learn only the ones you need to know for school or work, and check a dictionary when you need to.▪us > i stumulus syllabus nucleus▪is > es analysis basis synopsis▪um > a bacterium datum curriculum▪on > a criterion phenonenon▪ a > ae formula vertebra▪ex, ix > ces index appendix。