The Research and Industrialization of an Accelerator Control System for Large Container on-
学术英语理工类文献综述英文
学术英语学院名称：材料科学与工程学院学生姓名：***学号：**********专业班级：新能源材料与器件1312015年 6月16 日The current development of genetically modified crops ofChina and its safety issuesZhang Qingfei(College of materials science and engineering, Nanchang University, 10001) Abstracts:GM technology as a new, highly efficient genetically modified technology, already widely used in the cultivation of new varieties of field crops. China's transgenic technology started earlier, China's current GM technology level in the forefront of the world, especially made great achievements in the cultivation of new varieties of crops. In this paper, the status quo using gene transfer on Chinese agriculture and safety of transgenic technology are introduced, and the resolve of GM safety issues some thought. On this basis, I made some new ideas of transgenic technology and application of transgenic technology development prospects were discussed.Keywords: GM technology; GM crops; GM safety issues; ChinaIntroduction:As the core of the biotechnology giant leap .Transgenic technology is known as the second "green revolution." In 1983, the world's first strain of transgenic tobacco plants marks the arrival of the era of gene transfer plants. In the ensuing decades, genetically modified crops developed rapidly. In 2014, there are 28 countries in the world planted GM crops, the planting area has reached more than 180 million hectares, Chinese genetically modified crops planting area is 3.6 million hectares. With the widespread planting of genetically modified crops, the impact of transgenic technology in agriculture is growing. As the research of GM crops, China has made great achievements in the research of rice and cotton.The development of anything will not be smooth. With the development of GM technology, its security deposit issues also be exposed. The safety of genetically modified crops has been disputed by people, opponents argue that GM crops have great potential risk, it should be resisted. What is more, some people exaggerate the risk of genetically modified crops. Aroused people's fear of genetically modified. In this paper, the people of GM crops concerns, the status of the development of GM crops were elaborated. Besides, security problems of genetically modified crops and their solutions will be discussed.The current development of genetically modified crops in chinaGM refers to the Technology that use molecular biology method to transfer the artificial separation and some modified biological gene to other species and change the genetic characteristics of the species .Plant transgenic technology is the genetic transformation of plants, making plants to meet human needs in aspects of shape, nutrition and consumer quality.China's biotech crop improvement research began in the 1980s, during the past 30 years, Chinese agricultural and biological high-tech has been developing rapidly. At present, China's hybrid rice, cotton and other advanced in the world. GM technology Applied on cotton, rice and other crops on behalf of China's development status of GM crops.As a cotton producing countries, the industrialization of Chinese insect-resistant cotton has brought huge economic and ecological benefits to Chinesesociety. Since the 1990 s, China's major cotton producing areas often suffered insect outbreaks and the effect conventional control is poor. In 1994, under the impetus of the country, Bt gene was successfully imported into The main plant cotton species .China has become the second country with the independent development of insect-resistant cotton.In 1999, China began to commercial cultivation of cotton. In 2010, gm cotton planting and product in China reached 3.45 million hectares, accounting for 69% of the total cotton planting and product. The planting of insect-resistant cotton have effectively controlled the damage caused by the cotton bollworm .The insect-resistant cotton also reduced pesticide use, protect the farmland ecological environment.Cotton yield and growth of calendar year in China:China's research on genetically modified (gm) rice have got rich achievements. In August 17, 2009, the Ministry of Agriculture promulgated transgenic rice security certificate for the two anti-lepidopteran pests transgenic rice -----"Hua Hui 1" and "Bt Shan You 63" .In addition, China has produced the anti-amino phosphonic herbicide Bar gene rice lines, the new salt tolerance strains which represented by T22-77. Compared with ordinary rice, these transgenic rice has unmatched superior properties .It will bring huge economic benefits to Chinese farmers if these rice be planted on large-scale .For example, each 667m2 planting salt-tolerant transgenic rice can increase the income of 100 yuan. Transgenic rice can reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers, which is benefical to the environment.GM soy is the world's first commercialization, promotion and application of the fastest growing GM crops .Dates from Agropages shows that show in 2012 , global soybean acreage reached 107 million hectares, of which GM soybeans accounted for 79 percent (84.5 million hectares). As the world's first four major soybean producing countries, China is planting soybeans which are non-GMO soybeans. The transgenic soybean was still in the research stage, failed to achieve commercial GM soy production and large-scale demonstration.Analysis about safety issuesGM technology could efficiently improve crop yield, quality and resistance to meet growing human material needs. Transgenic technology is a double-edged sword, both its positive and beneficial side, also has its negative, the negative side, The biggest potential hazards of transgenic technology is the escape of target gene and gene pollution. With the genetically modified plants wide spread around the world ,the gene of interest may vary pollen spread to other species, or spread into the environment, which may causing unpredictable results. Canada's "superweeds" event and Mexican’s “corn genetic pollution” incident has sounded the alarm for us. Besides, certain genetic traits like instability of some transgenic plants are instability, transge nic plants’ good traits will become weaken over time. Another possibility is that some transgenic plants will produce some harmful variations which will endanger human health.Effects of transgenic expression products on humans is a problem that people are most concerned about. Some of the transgene expression product will make people allergic to. But for the most expression product we are lack of direct evidence to affirm their effects on human health and the environment.In order to verify the impact of Bt proteins on animal health. Since 1999, scientists feed white mouse with genetically modified food which containing the Bt protein for many years, the results showed that mice genetically modified agricultural products containing Bt protein is safe to the mouse. However, in the short-term animal feeding trials data can not prove the Bt protein is safe to us.Because human is the long-term consumer of rice. Recently, Canadian scientists discovered, Bt proteins can enter any place of the body. Even the in baby's umbilical cord blood were also found the Bt proteins. Therefore, this discovery had to let the people worried about the safety of transgenic Bt crops.Since the transgenic technology used gene beyond the conventional sexual hybridization gene scope, and for the problem that whether transgenic plants will affect human health and the environment or not we are also lack of systematic knowledge and experience .By the current level of science ,we can not be completely accurate prediction of the results of an outer genes in the new genetic background would cause.Currently, the safety evaluation of transgenic plants primarily relates to environmental safety and food safety aspects. The core issue of environmental safety assessment is after transgenic plants released into the field, whether it will evolve into weed, whether the genes will transfer to wild plants drift or not ; whether it will destroy the natural environment and break the original biological populations homeostasis ; whether it will destroy biodiversity, and so on. Ecological effects of GM crops may arise mainly in the gene flow, non-target effects, the target pest resistance evolution, etc.ConlusionFor security issues, by taking the right measures and scientific management system is able to solve these problems. We can improve the safety of transgenic plants from the following aspects:(1) Carrying out propagandas about genetically modified technical and transgenic plants.Cultivating people’s objectivity awareness of security issues to genetically modified(2) Improving the legal system transfer plant genes and their products;(3) The establishment of transgenic crop management technology system and risk assessment system; and(4) Using food processing technology to process raw materials of transgenic food, remove the transgene expression product that exist in the raw materials of transgenic food.In addition to cultivation of crops, we can also use transgenic technology to cultivate some asexual reproduction and non-food plants. This concept have two advantages .On the one hand, it is a good solution to the genes escape and genes pollution problems. Because the escape and contamination of genes mainly through plants’ pollen s, and asexual reproduction plants will not produce pollen. On the other hand, people do not worry about the transgene expression products will affect human health, because these transgenic plants is not food crops. Transgene expression products don’t enters the body. For example, we can cultivate forestry trees which with high resistance; foliage plants which can glowing; Aquatics which can absorb the harmful heavy metals in water and so on. These plants will bring great benefits to humanity. Prospects of transgenic technology is unlimited, as long as strengthen supervision and follow scientific methods, can be avoided completely turn the negative effects of human gene technology may bring.Reference:[1] Deng Xu, Wei Bin, Hu Zhang Li. Transgenic Chlamydomonas resistance to heavy metals and enrichment of cadmium ions. Biotechnology, 2007 ,17(6):66-68[2] Li Ligong ,Ye Weijun, Guo Longbiao. The research progress and commercialization of transgenic rice prospect analysis. Chinese Rice., 2012, 18(6):1-4[3] Wangren Xiang. The development and application of gm cotton in China. Crop Research , 2001 , Cotton Album:6-9[4] Yu Yongliang, Liang Huizhen, Wang Shufeng, Lian Yun, Wei Yanli, Wang Tingfeng. The research progress of transgenic soybeans and its industrialization in China. Soybean Science, 2010, 29, (1):143-148[5] Zhuyan Tao, Xu Hong, Guo Aiguang, Li Dianrong. Plant transgenic technology and contemporary social development. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2008, 24(4):509-522。
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译600自动变速器换档规律的研究
附录the research of amt shifting schedulesVehicular Automatic Transmission can be divided into three types: Automatic Transmission (AT), Automated Mechanical Transmission (AMT) and Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT). AMT has become a kind of transmission that is full of potentiality, due to its high transfer efficiency, low cost and easiness to manufacture.The research on AMT shifting performance is key technology in the developing. Shifting performance directly influence the market competition and industrialization of AMT.AMT has good market expectation, but during the shifting procedure, the power must be cut off which causes the poor shifting performance than AT and CVT. Only through improving the shifting performance can the commercial competence be established. So the virtual important thing is to find the way to improve shifting performance.The development of AMT can be divided into three phases: semi-automatic, automatic and intelligent. The two major part of AMT are: the hardware including the mastered object, executor, sensors and TCU; and the software performing the control strategy.The performance of AT shift influences greatly the performance of the vehicle. So the research on at shift quality is an important problem in the domain of AT researching. Shift quality control of AT is accomplished by electronic and hydraulic system. To shift smoothly, according the real time throttle valve opening and vehicle speed signal, the controller sends electronic signals to control oil pressure changing curve of the applying elements. this paper analyzes and research detailed shift quality control system，the analyzing model of shifting process and pressure changing curve of the applying elements Firstly this paper summarizes the existing evaluated quota of shift quality, and fully analyzes and introduces the existing control manner of AT shift quality.To meet the needs of research of vehicle starting and the real time control of shift, this paper puts forward a simplified model of engine-torque and a dynamics model of AT shifting process. Through the applying of the established model, this paper fully analyzes the process of the AT shifting.This paper drafts the proper oil pressure changing curve of the applying elements which can improve the AT shift quality, and gives the material calculated methods of the AG4 AT. This paper simulates the AG4 AT’s shifting process of 2H to 3H.The results of the simulation validate the established simplified models and the expected oil pressure changing curve.This paper fully analyzes the mechanism of the pressure regulating and flow controlling system of the AG4 AT, and preparatory discusses the design of the block-diagram of the shift quality control. This paper test the control system and hydraulic system of the AG4 AT by the AT hydraulic-electronic testing-bed. The result of the test validates the correction of these analyses.Automated Mechanical Transmission, as so called AMT, is a new-style transmission system. AMT technology applies the automatic technology to the manual mechanical transmission and makes the selection-gear, shift, clutch and throttle implement automatically.AMT technology is suitable for the situation of our country, and has an expansive market and development foreground. Shift schedules decide the time to shift and are the soul of the AMT. When the AMT is working, by comparing the states of the vehicle with the optimal shift schedules, the AMT decides the optimal shift time and achieves the shift automatically.This will lessen the tiredness of the driver and improve the safety. At the same time, the power and fuel-economy of the vehicle can also be improved. The author chooses the shift schedule as the key technology problem to be researched and the main study aim of this thesis is to getthe optimal shift schedules for the AMT and so improve the power and fuel-economy of the vehicle. Through analyzing the influence factors of power and fuel-economy for the automobile, the author get the establishment methods for the optimal-power shift schedule and optimal fuel-economy shift schedule. In order to solve the influence of mass on the shift schedule, the author presents a variable-structure-controlled shift system. This enriches the theory of shift schedules. Because the computer simulation can save a lot of manpower and material resources comparing with the true-car test, so in this thesis, the author uses the simulation toolbox Matlab/Simulate to setup the simulation model for shift schedules. Using this model, the optimal-power shift schedule and optimal fuel-economy shift schedule above are simulated and proved to be reasonable.Shifting performance is defined as the extent of swiftness and softness during the procedure of non-power shifting and to extend the life of the power train. The index is comfort of passenger, time duration and shock, nine factors maybe influence the shifting performance, and two experimental methods can be used to investigate the nature of this performance: one is collecting real-time data during road experiment and analyzing them, the other is the simulation of the operation conditions of the vehicle.The core of the AMT system is the control strategy, the principle of the clutch engagement, shifting procedure, the choice of control method and the CAN communication between TCU and ECU can influence the shifting performance.Shifting schedule is the schedule of auto shifting time between two shifts with controlling parameters. It includes economical and dynamical shifting schedule. At present, shifting schedule of two controlling parameters (vehicle speed and opening on throttle) is mainly used. If shifting schedule is not good, shifting will not happen at right time and the working condition of engine will be severe. It will make the sound of engine abnormally and stability badly through the whole shifting procession. Sometimes even flame out Schedule of clutch engagement is determined by releasing journey of clutch, opening of throttle, shifting, vehicle speed and loading. The mainControlling goals are engaging quantity and engaging speed. The engaging control of clutch is mainly referred to the control of engaging speed. It is divided into three stages: fast, slow, fast. Shifting quality is directly influenced by the second stage. If engaging harder, it will make shifting concussion, even flame out; if engaging more slowly, it will make the friction time longer and reduce its longevity. The main controlling parameters are difference between initiative and passive and torques on both sides. When torques being approximately equal, it is proved by experiments that it can guarantee shifting time and not make concussion through the procession of engagement at the time of difference of rotating speed below some value. Meanwhile, the abrasion of clutch is not severe.Shifting procedure is the procedure through working harmoniously among engine, clutch and transmission. Their cooperation will affect shifting time heavily. In order to decrease the shifting time, the time that is spent on the friction of the clutch should be decreased first. If we intend to increase the time of non-load stage, which helps to minimize the difference of the rotary speed between the driving disc and the driven disc. If we intend to shorten the time of the non-load stage, engage the clutch immediately after the gear change. The clutch can engage in a satisfying period if the new method of controlling the engaging speed of the clutch is realizable. And the time that is spent on synchronizing the gears should also be shortened. It can be realized in the following two ways. The first is to decrease the difference of the driving gear and the driven gear. The second is to increase the shifting force. If realizing the union control between ECU and TCU by CAN bus, AMT has the bestcontrol and the best shifting performance by use of communication strategy between TCU and ECU.Influence on shifting performance by hardwareThe elements in hardware system are the basis of proper functions of AMT. Executors, sensors, electronic components, hydraulic systems have influences on shifting performance, the choice of hardware parameters is of vital important to improvement of shifting performance.With the development of the theory and technology of vehicle, the technical increasingly mature of microprocessor and the extensive application of electronic technique on the car, people have no limit at satisfying the automotive means of transportation only, facing gradually from the request of the car power, economy and easily manipulating, flexibility, safety, an d the intelligent type of car becomes the focus in the vision of people increasingly. Company’s publicity slogan of" person, car, life"," make people the center" etc.On the side exhibit the expectation of people to the automotive individuation, humanity.In the development direction of the car intelligence, the intelligence of the automatic gearbox has important effect. But the intelligence of the automatic gearbox embodies at the establishment of the shift regulation. For the fashion, for satisfying people to the new automotive request, for competitive advantage of the car type, at present, each big factory in world worked very much in shift regulation of new car type. Among those, the most arresting is AL4 automatic gearbox developed by PEUGEOT/CITROEN and RENAULT in that there unexpectedly are the 10 kinds of so many shift regulations. In the big system of person—car —road, the good and bad of the car control, reflect primarily in the coordination of the vehicle and environment (road), the coordination of the vehicle and person. And so, the electronic automatic control system can save various regulations to provide the driver to choose to use, not only having the economic regulation, motive (call to sport the type again) regulation, but also still having the general (usual) regulation, environment temperature and regulation with the outsider condition variety etc. Namely, the point of shifting can be freely enacted for every kind of regulation. In the intelligence direction of the shift regulation, everyone has made much work up to now, parts of the results has been applied on the car. But the work that developing this intelligent shift regulation still is hard, this is mainly because of:1. The intelligence degree of the current intelligent gearbox needs to be increased, and it expresses at that accurate degree to identify environment is not high and to identify the driver’s driving can't give satisfaction.2. The intelligence function is still not perfect. The intelligent automatically shift system is an open system; it must be continuously perfect and plentiful on the current foundation. Only this way, it can adapt to the driving request of the different drivers, reducing the driver’s lab or strength, increasing the performance of the whole vehicle.Conventional design method which used in the structure parameters' design of automobile gear box and synchronizer is a time-wasting job and hard work, and it is difficult to get idea design parameters and no good to the enhancement of products qualities. The optimum design of automobile gearbox and synchronizer which take the advantage of computers seeking the best structure parameters within constrains is a perfect and high-quality design method. The main target of this article is to set up a optimum mathematical model of structure parameters of the truck's gearbox and synchronizer, the auth or use a optimum method based on K-T equation to improve the design level of automobile gearbox and synchronizer. Gear box is a important part of transmission, so the optimization of automobile gearbox is very important because the transmission is a main part of automobile. According to the design request and character sofa sort of truck, the optimum mathematical model oftruck's gearbox is analyzed and set up in this article to decrease its weight and volume when the strength, stiffness, and lifetime of parts are permitted. And we can receive a satisfaction result through optimizing it's parameter for instance.Synchronizer is a important part of automobile gearbox, it make drive gear and driven gear engaged after their synchronized, so it can decrease engaged shock and noise, it can decrease shift forcing and make it comfort to gear shift and increase the life of synchronizer.The synchronized process of synchronizer is analyzed in this article; we can receive a satisfaction result through optimizing its influence parameter for instance when the synchronized time is the shortest. The optimum toolbox of MATLAB is a convenient of ware of modern optimization with fast speed and powerful function. The algorithms of different mathematical subsets are divided into different librarians in the form of functions in MATLAB optimum toolbox. When we use them, we just call the functions and give special parameters to solve the problems and this will be fast and accurate. The author gives an optimum design for automobile gearbox and synchronizer by using the optimum toolbox of MATLAB and receives a satisfaction result.自动变速器换档规律的研究车辆自动变速器通常分为液力机械式自动变速器（简称AT）、电控机械式自动变速器（简称AMT）和机械式无级变速器（简称CVT）。
科技英语翻译自动化
Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience.自动化是指通过控制系统和信息技术的使用来减少人类在生产商品和服务中的需求。
在工业领域里，自动化是超越机械化的一步。
而机械化为操作员提供了机械设备来协助他们日常劳动工作，自动化大大的减少了人类感官和精神上的需求。
自动化在世界经济和日常生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。
Automation has had a notable impact in a wide range of industries beyondmanufacturing (where it began). Once-ubiquitous telephone operators have been replaced largely by automated telephone switchboards and answering machines. Medical processes such as primary screening in electrocardiography or radiography and laboratory analysis of human genes, sera, cells, and tissues are carried out at much greater speed and accuracy by automated systems.Automated teller machines have reduced the need for bank visits to obtain cash and carry out transactions. In general, automation has been responsible for the shift in the world economy from industrial jobs to service jobs in the 20th and 21st centuries.自动化在广泛的工业领域已经产生了比在制造业中更显著的影响。
中国海水淡化处理流程
中国海水淡化处理流程1.海水淡化处理是指将含盐海水转变为淡水的过程。
Desalination treatment of sea water refers to the process of converting saline seawater into fresh water.2.海水淡化处理通常采用蒸馏或反渗透技术。
Desalination treatment of sea water typically employs distillation or reverse osmosis technology.3.在蒸馏法中，海水先被加热蒸发，然后冷凝成淡水。
In the distillation method, sea water is first heated to evaporate, and then condensed into fresh water.4.反渗透则是通过高压将海水通过半透膜过滤，以分离盐分。
Reverse osmosis involves using high pressure to filter seawater through a semi-permeable membrane to separate salt.5.海水淡化处理需要大量能源，因此成本较高。
Desalination treatment of sea water requires a large amount of energy, thus the cost is high.6.海水淡化处理厂通常采用多级过滤和添加化学物质来处理海水。
Desalination plants typically use multi-stage filtration and chemicals to treat seawater.7.海水淡化处理的废水通常需要经过处理后排放到海洋中。
The wastewater from desalination treatment usually needsto be treated before being discharged into the ocean.8.海水淡化处理对环境可能会造成一定影响，如废水排放和能源消耗。
新能源汽车-ppt分析
New energy car
What is new energy vehicle
New energy vehicle, namely a kind of car using the new clean energy as power, replacing the high -pollution fuel oil commonly used in automobile and diesel based.
Classification Types of new energy vehicles mainly in the following categories:
Hybrid electric vehicle
Gas vehicle based on petroleum and natural gas
Pure electric vehicle
The dual challenges and technical innovation of China's automobile power
In the face of more strict emission regulations, and major technical changes just like engine electronic control, gasoline, diesel cleaning and so on. Faced with the challenge of oil shortage and emission reduction, and major technological changes such as power electrification, energy diversification and so on.
岩藻黄素产业化技术研究进展
岩藻黄素产业化技术研究进展周小叶，蔡路昀*（浙江大学宁波科创中心，工程师学院，浙江宁波 315100）摘要：岩藻黄素（Fucoxanthin），又称岩藻黄质、褐藻黄质、褐藻黄素，是一种具有抗氧化活性的天然类胡萝卜素，主要来源于褐藻、微藻（如微藻、金藻）等海洋藻类。
岩藻黄素具有较大的市场开发潜力，但产业化程度较低，针对这一问题，该文首先概述了岩藻黄素物化特性及抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗肥胖、抗炎等功能特性，并对岩藻黄素生产的上游开发和下游加工技术研究现状进行综述性介绍，详细介绍了岩藻黄素的上游开发（生物合成途径、生产藻类筛选、培养方法及条件）和下游加工技术（提取纯化方法、稳态化制剂、产品生产技术），指出目前存在的技术瓶颈并提出可能的解决方案，最后分别介绍了岩藻黄素在食品、化妆品和医药等领域的应用现状。
该文将为未来岩藻黄素产业化技术研究提供借鉴价值。
关键词：岩藻黄素；规模化生产；生物合成；提取方法；产业化技术文章编号：1673-9078(2024)03-361-372 DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.3.0061Research Progress on Industrializable Technologies for FucoxanthinZHOU Xiaoye, CAI Luyun*(Ningbo Innovation Center, Polytechnic Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China)Abstract: Fucoxanthin, a natural carotenoid with an antioxidant activity, is mainly from marine algae such as brown algae and microalgae (e.g. diatoms and chrysophyta). Fucoxanthin has great potential for market development, but its industrialization degree is relatively low. In view of this problem, this review firstly provides an overview of the physicochemical characteristics and functional properties (such as antioxidative, anti-tumor, anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects) of fucoxanthin. The research progress on the upstream development and downstream processing technologies for fucoxanthin production is comprehensively reviewed. The upstream development of fucoxanthin (biosynthetic pathway, screening of fucoxanthin for production, and culture methods and conditions), and downstream processing technologies (extraction and purification methods, steady-state preparation, and product manufacturing technology) are introduced in detail. The currently existing technical bottlenecks are pointed out and possible solutions are proposed. Finally, the application status of fucoxanthin in food, cosmetics, medicine is presented. This paper will provide reference value for future research on industrializable technologies of fucoxanthin.Key words: fucoxanthin; large-scale production; biosynthesis; extraction method; industrialization technology引文格式：周小叶,蔡路昀.岩藻黄素产业化技术研究进展[J].现代食品科技,2024,40(3):361-372.ZHOU Xiaoye, CAI Luyun. Research progress on industrializable technologies for fucoxanthin [J]. Modern Food Science and Technology, 2024, 40(3): 361-372.收稿日期：2023-01-17基金项目：国家重点研发计划项目（2018YFD0901106）；温州市重大科技项目（ZN2021002）；宁波市3315系列计划（2020B-34-G）作者简介：周小叶（2000-），女，本科，研究方向：水产品加工、功能食品，E-mail：通讯作者：蔡路昀（1981-），男，博士，教授，研究方向：水产品贮藏与加工、功能食品，E-mail：361362海洋约占地球表面积的70%，蕴含丰富的生物资源[1] ，而海洋藻类是数量和种类最多的一类海洋植物。
中国的繁荣之路英语作文
中国的繁荣之路英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1China's Path to ProsperityAs a young student in China today, I cannot help but feel immense pride and gratitude for the remarkable progress my nation has made over the past few decades. From a country once stricken by poverty and political turmoil, China has emerged as a global economic powerhouse, a leader in innovation, and a beacon of hope for millions of its citizens aspiring for a better life.The transformation of China is a testament to the unwavering determination of its people and the visionary leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC). Through a series of bold reforms and pragmatic policies, China has embraced a unique development path that has propelled it to unprecedented heights of economic success, social stability, and international influence.One of the defining features of China's path to prosperity has been its steadfast commitment to opening up to the worldand embracing global cooperation. In the late 1970s, under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping, China embarked on a historic journey of reform and opening up, marking a pivotal shift from the previous era of isolation and rigid central planning. This courageous move paved the way for the integration of China into the global economy, attracting foreign investment, fostering technological exchange, and facilitating the free flow of ideas and knowledge.The impact of this open-door policy has been nothing short of transformative. China's coastal regions, once lagging behind in development, became vibrant economic hubs, attracting multinational corporations and igniting a wave of industrialization and urbanization. The establishment of special economic zones, such as Shenzhen and Zhuhai, served as experimental grounds for market-oriented reforms, showcasing the potential of a hybrid system that blended elements of capitalism with socialist principles.Underpinning China's economic miracle has been its unwavering commitment to reform and innovation. The CPC has consistently demonstrated a willingness to adapt and evolve, discarding outdated models and embracing new approaches that align with the ever-changing global landscape. Thispragmatic approach has enabled China to navigate through complex challenges, such as the transition from a planned economy to a market-oriented system, and the integration of cutting-edge technologies into its industrial fabric.One of the crowning achievements of China's reform agenda has been the alleviation of poverty on an unprecedented scale. Through targeted policies and initiatives, such as the coordinated development of urban and rural areas, the government has lifted millions of citizens out of destitution, providing access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities. This monumental feat not only demonstrates China's commitment to social equity but also serves as a testament to the effectiveness of its development strategies.Beyond its economic prowess, China has also made remarkable strides in the realms of science, technology, and innovation. From cutting-edge research in fields like artificial intelligence and renewable energy to ambitious space exploration programs and groundbreaking infrastructure projects, China has positioned itself as a global leader in driving technological progress. The construction of world-class universities and research institutions, coupled with significant investments in research and development, has fostered anenvironment that nurtures innovation and encourages the pursuit of knowledge.Moreover, China's path to prosperity has been underpinned by a strong emphasis on environmental sustainability and ecological preservation. Recognizing the urgent need to address climate change and environmental degradation, the Chinese government has implemented ambitious policies to promote green development, reduce carbon emissions, and invest in renewable energy sources. The Belt and Road Initiative, a grand vision for global connectivity and cooperation, has also incorporated principles of environmental stewardship, aiming to foster sustainable development across participating nations.As a student in China, I am deeply inspired by the remarkable achievements of my nation and the unwavering determination of its people. The path to prosperity has not been without challenges and setbacks, but China's resilience and adaptability have enabled it to overcome obstacles and emerge stronger than ever before.Looking ahead, China's future holds immense promise and potential. The country's commitment to reform and innovation, coupled with its emphasis on sustainable development and global cooperation, positions it to play an increasingly influentialrole on the world stage. As young citizens, it is our responsibility to carry forward the torch of progress, embracing the values of hard work, creativity, and resilience that have defined China's remarkable journey.In a rapidly changing world, China's path to prosperity serves as a powerful reminder of the transformative impact that visionary leadership, pragmatic policies, and a steadfast commitment to reform can have on a nation's trajectory. As I look to the future, I am filled with hope and optimism, knowing that China's best days still lie ahead, and that our nation's remarkable story of progress and prosperity will continue to inspire generations to come.篇2China's Path to ProsperityAs a student witnessing the tremendous growth and development my country has undergone in recent decades, I can't help but feel immense pride and amazement at China's journey to prosperity. From a largely agrarian society grappling with widespread poverty to an economic powerhouse and global influencer, China's transformation has been nothing short ofremarkable. This essay aims to explore the key factors that have propelled China's ascent and the challenges that lie ahead.The genesis of China's prosperity can be traced back to the pivotal economic reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s. Recognizing the stifling effects of the centrally planned economy, Deng's "reform and opening-up" policy introduced market mechanisms and welcomed foreign investment. This paradigm shift laid the foundation for China's transition from a closed, state-controlled system to a more market-oriented economy.A cornerstone of China's success has been its unwavering focus on economic development, which has lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty. The establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in coastal cities like Shenzhen and Xiamen served as laboratories for market-oriented policies and attracted foreign direct investment (FDI). These SEZs became engines of growth, generating employment opportunities and fueling industrialization.China's staggering economic growth can also be attributed to its vast labor force and the migration of rural workers to urban centers. This internal migration facilitated the development of robust manufacturing and export sectors, allowing China tobecome the "world's factory." The country's ability to produce goods at low costs, coupled with an increasingly skilled workforce, made it an attractive destination for foreign companies seeking to outsource production.Furthermore, the Chinese government's strategic investment in infrastructure has played a pivotal role in supporting economic expansion. Ambitious projects, such as the construction of high-speed rail networks, modern highways, and state-of-the-art ports, have facilitated the movement of goods, people, and resources across the vast nation. This infrastructure overhaul has not only boosted domestic productivity but also enhanced China's global connectivity and trade capabilities.China's prosperity has also been fueled by its embrace of innovation and technological advancements. The government's efforts to promote research and development (R&D), coupled with heavy investment in sectors like renewable energy, telecommunications, and artificial intelligence, have positioned China as a leader in various cutting-edge technologies. Companies like Huawei, Alibaba, and Tencent have emerged as global powerhouses, showcasing China's ability to foster homegrown innovation and compete on the world stage.Despite these remarkable achievements, China's path to prosperity has not been without challenges. Environmental degradation, income inequality, and demographic shifts pose significant hurdles that must be addressed to ensure sustainable growth.The rapid industrialization and urbanization that fueled China's economic boom have exacted a heavy toll on the environment. Air pollution, water scarcity, and soil contamination are pressing issues that threaten public health and long-term ecological sustainability. Addressing these environmental challenges will require a concerted effort to transition towards cleaner production methods, promote renewable energy sources, and implement stringent environmental regulations.Income inequality has also emerged as a significant concern, with a widening gap between the affluent urban population and the rural poor. This disparity not only undermines social cohesion but also hinders the development of a robust domestic consumer market, which is crucial for rebalancing China's economy away from its heavy reliance on exports.Additionally, China's rapidly aging population and declining birth rates pose demographic challenges that could strain the country's social welfare system and labor force. Addressing thesedemographic shifts will necessitate reforms in areas such as healthcare, retirement policies, and education to ensure a productive and sustainable workforce.Looking ahead, China's path to continued prosperity will require a delicate balancing act between economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity. The country must embrace sustainable development practices, promote innovation and technological breakthroughs, and cultivate a highly skilled and adaptable workforce to stay competitive in an increasingly knowledge-based global economy.Moreover, China's global engagement and diplomacy will play a pivotal role in shaping its future prosperity. By fostering mutually beneficial relationships with other nations, promoting international cooperation, and upholding principles of fair trade and respect for intellectual property rights, China can further integrate into the global economic system and facilitate continued growth.In conclusion, China's path to prosperity has been nothing short of extraordinary, characterized by rapid economic growth, strategic policy decisions, and a relentless pursuit of development. However, this journey has also brought forth significant challenges that must be addressed to ensuresustainable and equitable progress. As a student witnessing these transformative changes, I am confident that China's resilience, innovation, and pragmatic approach will enable it to navigate these hurdles and continue on its path to prosperity, while contributing to global economic stability and development.篇3China's Path to ProsperityWhen my grandparents were young, China was one of the poorest countries in the world. Decades of war, political turmoil, and economic stagnation had left the nation impoverished and backward. My grandfather still vividly remembers the hardship and hunger of those times. However, in just a few generations, China has undergone an extraordinary transformation, rapidly developing into the world's second largest economy and a major global power. This remarkable journey from poverty to prosperity is one of the greatest economic success stories in modern history.China's rise began in the late 1970s when Deng Xiaoping instituted a series of sweeping reforms known as the "Open Door Policy." This new approach opened up China to foreigninvestment and trade, while also introducing market-based economic policies. The creation of special economic zones like Shenzhen attracted businesses from abroad and allowed a form of market-driven capitalism to take root in limited areas. Simultaneously, Deng pushed for the modernization of China's industrial capabilities, infrastructure, and technology.These reforms ushered in a period of breakneck economic growth that propelled hundreds of millions of people out of poverty at an unprecedented rate. From 1978 to 2015, China's GDP grew at an average annual rate of nearly 10%. Major cities like Shanghai were transformed into global financial centers, while rural villages rapidly industrialized. The economic miracle was fueled by cheap labor, high personal savings rates, investment in production capabilities, and a pragmatic approach of implementing market reforms in a gradual, controlled manner.However, China's development was about more than just economic numbers. Hundreds of millions gained access to modern amenities like electricity, clean water, housing, education and healthcare that had been lacking for generations. Great leaps were made in increasing life expectancy, reducing infant mortality, and raising overall living standards. China'sleaders embraced a philosophy of "socialism with Chinese characteristics" that blended state control with market incentives to lift the nation out of poverty.Of course, China's growth story is not without its controversies and criticisms. Many have raised concerns about human rights, lack of democracy, environmental damage, and the effects of breakneck industrialization. China's mercantilist trade policies, intellectual property violations, and tight restrictions on information have also drawn international criticism. And there are serious demographic challenges ahead like an aging population and gender imbalances.Looking ahead, China faces the immense challenge of transitioning from an investment and export-driven economy to one powered by domestic consumption and innovation. Nurturing a skilled workforce, entrepreneurship, and moving up the value chain will be key for maintaining growth. China must also address wealth inequality as prosperity has been unevenly distributed, with rural areas still lagging behind.Yet, when I consider my grandparents' stories of hardship and then look at the modern China I live in today, I am awed by the scale of transformation in such a short period of time. The cities my generation has grown up in bear no resemblance to thepoor nation of the past. Skyscrapers, high-speed rail, world-class infrastructure, and technological marvels are now a normal part of life for today's Chinese youth.We are the first generation to grow up witnessing China's reemergence as a major world power. The economic renaissance has not only lifted hundreds of millions from poverty but has restored a sense of national confidence and pride. China's meteoric rise is heralded as a great patriotic achievement and renaissance after centuries of warfare and domination by foreign powers.At the same time, this newfound prosperity and power comes with immense challenges and responsibilities, both at home and abroad. China must find a balance between pursuing further economic development while also addressing domestic inequalities, environmental crises, and social stability. On the world stage, China is expected to play a larger role in global institutions and international affairs befitting its status as a great power.Only time will tell what the next chapters hold in China's unfolding story. But there is no doubt that the economic awakening and material progress of the past few decades has irrevocably transformed the nation. For my generation, ourformative years were shaped by this rapid trajectory of growth and modernization.Gone are the days when China was mired in poverty and deprivation. We are the heirs of an economic miracle that has reshaped the global balance of power. While much work remains, China's path from a poor, developing nation to an emerging superpower is an historic achievement that will be studied and analyzed for generations to come. We are the witnesses and beneficiaries of this great national rejuvenation.。
甲醇制烯烃招商项目(MTO)详细英文摘要
甲醇制烯烃招商项目(MTO)详细英文摘要The feasibility investigation of the Hua-ting MTO project with annual production of 500,000 T olefin (ethylene and propylene) (Summary)1. Marketing investigationThe proved oil reservoir in the world is around 1,030,000,000,000 kL, and if current annual consumption rate of 35,000,000,000 is kept, world oil will be used up in 30 years, the situation is worse in China: Chinese oil reserve will be used up in 20 years at the current rate. It is forecasted that in 2010 China will import 61% of its oil consumption (around 335,000,000~368,000,000 L). Natural gas reserve in China (7,100,000,000,000 m3) is around 2% of that of total world, and China will run out it in 47 year with annual production of 1,520,000,000,000 m3. Transportation is the major user of oil and gas (more than 50%). On the other hand, the coal reserves and production are the top 1 in the world, the coal reserves in China which can be recoverable is around 1,886,000,000,000 T, which can be exploited in 100 years with annual production of 19,000,000,000 T, almost one magnitude larger than oil and gas. As a result, for Chinese energy structure, the ratio for the first energy consumption in China among coal, oil, gas and hydro-power is 76.2%:16.8%:2.5%:4.5%.As the oil and gas prices will be inevitably increased due to the fact that they are non-renewable, the cost for the petrochemical industry will be so expensive that it will not be sustainable. Due to the energy and resource characters and structure in China, the chemical industry using black coal as the raw materials is showing competent advantages, so coke coal industry, ammonia and methanol from syn-gas made from black coal are developing rapidly, and the technology research and industrialization process of coal liquefaction for gasoline, methanol transformed to olefin (MTO), dimethy ether (DME) and polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and other integrated coal chemical productions are in blooming. In 20 years, coal chemical industry will become a very important developing direction for energy industry in China, and China will become the largest coal chemical industry country in the world.Ethylene and propylene are the very important basic raw industrial materials for the petrochemical industry, the ethylene production in the world is only less than ammonia, the amount of ethylene and propylene production symbolizes the petrochemical industry development level for a country. From ethylene and propylene, many downstream derivatives and products can be made such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), EO, etc., and these downstream plants are concentrated in East China such as Jiangsu Province and Shanghai where there lacks the natural resources and raw materials. In 2005, the consumption of ethylene in China is 16,000,000 T while the domestic production is 7,550,000 T, in 2006, it is 9,600,000 T. In 2005, the consumption of propylene in China is 7,853,700 T while the domestic production is 7,673,700 T, in 2006, the propylene consumption is 8,720,000 T and the production capacity is 8,400,000 T. Thus, China imported large amount of ethylene and propylene from abroad. The domestic ethylene production capacity will reach 17,000,000~18,000,000 T and market demand will bearound 23,800,000 T in 2010, similar situation is also true for propylene.The price for ethylene in domestic market has been increased steadily from 3726 Yuan/T in 1995 to 9000 Yuan/T in 2006, especially since 2004, the price jumped significantly due to the oil price hike. For propylene, the price was raised from 3900 Yuan/T in 2001 to 10,000 Yuan/T in 2006. It can be expected that the price for ethylene and propylene will be increased in long term due to the larger market demand, less natural resources and higher cost.In summary, the market potential for MTO is very promising.2. Technical availabilityTraditionally ethylene and propylene are produced by cracking petroleum or prolysis of hydrocarbon, for example, taking ethane as the original cracking materials, around 80% of the original material can be transformed into ethylene while other 20% are methane, H2 and trace amount of C4, benzene, propylene, etc.. When propane is used as the original material, the percentage for the ethylene production will be halved while that for propylene is increased significantly.There are also other ways to produce olefin, for example, ethanol can be dehydrated with proper catalyst to be transformed into ethylene, or, the gas from refinery factory or coke coal plants can be used to produce ethylene and propylene although the production is very limited.As the demand for olefin in the world is increased dramatically, the original cracking materials for producing olefin have evolved to heavier hydrocarbon. Due to the shortage of oil and/or high oil price as well as very abundant coal reserve in China, it is very promising to use coal as the original material to produce ethylene and propylene. There are two pathways to produce olefin from black coal: from syn-gas (F-T reaction) and from methanol made from coal. For syn-gas pathway, although some research and development show industrial potential, it can not be adapted by industry and business in near future. On the other hand, the technology and equipment for producing ethylene and propylene, using the methanol produced from coal by F-T reaction as the raw materials, are available for industrial production in large scale. For such a pathway, methanol molecules are combined and transformed to dimethy ether (DME) through dehydration and with aid of catalysts firstly, then ethylene and propylene are synthesized by the reaction between methanol and DME, finally the ethylene and propylene are separated and refined properly. It is worth to emphasis that the molecular sieves such as ZSM-5, SAPO-34, SAPO-17 play an essential role during such a MTO procedure, the huge amount of surfaces of these molecular sieves not only facilitate the reaction, but also constrain the sizes of the products so that mostly only ethylene and propylene are produced.Currently UOP/Hydro, Lurgi and Mobil (Exxon Mobil) can provide the MTO technology and equipment. A MTO plant in Nigeria with capacity of 800,000 T/year is under construction using the UOP/Hydro process technology and facility, and it will start operation in 2009. Fanavaran Company in Iran is using Lurgi company installation to build up MTO plant with capacity of 100,000 T/year, and it is expected to operate fully in 2009 too. In China, Dalian Institute ofChemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences has developed the DMTO technology, the corresponding installation and technology was passed the industrial middle-stage test in Feb of 2006. As a key project of state as well as of Shanxi Province during the 11th five-year plan, an industrial demonstration project with capacity of 3 million T/year using DMTO system is under construction in Yulin city of Shangxi Province. However, there exist some engineering problems and such installation has not been adapted by industry yet, thus, there exists business risk due to the lack of the industrial test for such technologies and installation. In China, the total capacity for the MTO projects under planning and the under construction is around 3.25 million T/year, which will consume 9.96 million T methanol annually (ratio of 3:1).We assume that UOP/Hydro company techniques and equipments will be adapted for our MTO project because UOP/Hydro company techniques and equipments have some obvious advantages: (1) both raw and refined methanol can used as the reactant material; (2) the reaction conditions such as temperature and pressure are mild; (3) the reaction system is similar to flow catalytic cracking (FCC); (4) the ratio between ethylene and propylene produced can be controlled by adjusting the reaction temperature and catalyst composition, so the market risk is small; (5) the whole system is flexible and easy to operate; (6) the energy efficiency is high. Such a system mainly is comprised by two units: the MTO unit for transforming methanol into olefin and LORP unit for selecting and refining the light olefin compositions such as ethylene and propylene.The equipments from UOP/Hydro Company are briefly described as following. For MTO unit, the reactor and regenerator parts are the patented products of UOP/Hydro Company which should be bought and shipped to the Hua-ting Industrial Park in Hua-ting County. The reactor is designed in a form of fast flowing bed (FFB), after the methanol entering the bottom of the reactor, the reaction starts at the aid of catalyst, and the reaction temperature is adjusted by the catalyst cooler which uses the reaction heat to produce high pressure vapor. The catalyst and production are separated at the top of the reactor. Because of the small amount of coke produced as a by-product, it will adhere to the surface of catalyst and poison the catalyst, so the catalyst must be regenerated and activated again, such a procedure is implemented by the regenerator. Other parts of the MTO unit for the UOP/Hydro Company system are cans (heaters), pipes, pumps, separators, etc.LORP unit process flow is followed by compressing, recycling DME, washing with water and alkali solution, drying, acetvlene transformation (to ethylene), ethylene and propylene fractionation (with series towers) and deeply freezing process.In summary, the MTO installation system from UOP/Hydro Company includes 262 devices, among which there are 147 no-standard devices, 62 pumps, 2 ovens or furnaces, and 51 mechanical devices. For those equipments, there are five devices with patent (MTO reactor, MTO regenerator, 2 catalyst cooler and a group of separators) which should be brought and shipped from UOP Company. Parts of key pumps and compressors also need to be shipped from abroad, others will be ordered and manufactured in China.Another important part of the installation is the control system, this MTO project will adaptdiscrete control system (DCS), at the same time, independent emergency stop system (ESD), emergency stop control button and external alarming auxiliary console are also necessary for the control system. The process flow control system will guarantee the whole installation is running under safe, stable conditions with maximum efficiency and lowest consumption of raw materials. Thus, based on the request of patent products provider, the software package with patent may be needed to operate the control system.During the MTO production, it will consume methanol (3 T methanol will be used for 1 T production of olefin, and consuming 187.5 T methanol per hour, 150 million methanol T per year for this proposed MTO project), alkali solution with concentration of 42% (0.03 T alkali solution for 1 T olefin, consuming 1.875 T per hour, 15000 T per year, brought from Ni-Xia Hui Autonomous Religion for this proposed project), catalyst and absorbent (bought from UOP/Hydro, 185 T annually for this proposed project). At the same time, the process will consume electricity power, water, nitrogen, air, vapor and others, for example, it is expected that 4415 kWh power, 3,360 Nm3 nitrogen, 1,118.75 Nm3 air and 12,017 m3 water will be used per hour for such a 500,000 T MTO plant.The investment also covers the transportation cost for the installation, especially for those equipments with no-standard size such as reactor, regenerator and many towers.In summary, the cost for the equipment, raw materials, construction, land, labors and other assets will be 2,797,450,000 Yuan.3. Favorable conditions of Hua-ting County for the project (abundant black coal, adequate water and power supply, complete upstream and downstream coal chemical and engineering industries, convenient transportation, solid industry foundation, people, etc.)Hua-ting County is very suitable for such a MTO project, the reasons are listed as below:Firstly, Hua-ting is one of the 13 coal mining bases in China and one of the three largest coal mines in North-West China. The black coal reserve in Hua-ting is 3,470,000,000 T which is distributed in an area of 150 km2, most importantly, Hua-ting coal mine is part of the Ordos basin reserve, which contains more than trillion tons coal and this basin plays an strategic role in Chinese energy structure and coal chemical industries, as an example, the Chinese base of coal liquefaction for gasoline is located at this basin. The prominent property for the coal in Hua-ting mine lies in that it is most suitable for coal chemical industries due to its high heat capacity, high chemical mobility, high volatile compositions, low amount of sulfur, low melting point and low amount of ash.Secondly, the upstream methanol plant (produced from the syn-gas of coal) in Hua-ting will be operated fully in 2009. The investment for this methanol plant is around 2,900,000,000 Y uan and it is the key project for Gansu Province, basically this plant will use the black coal in Hua-ting as the raw material to produce 600,000 T methanol annually. The MTO project with the capacity of 500,000 T ethylene and propylene is the prerequisite for PE and PP projects, and such a MTO will be integrated with the PE and PP projects. There will be more downstream industries to concentrate in the Hua-ting Industrial Park.Thirdly, Hua-ting is becoming the transportation hub which connects Shanxi Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Area and Gansu Province, the distances between Hua-ting to the three metr opolis cities of Xi’an, Lanzhou and Yinchuan are 300, 390 and 400 km, respectively. Bao-zhong railway and two provincial roads (304, 203) pass Hua-ting, which link Hua-ting with neighboring provinces, areas and cities. However, two other highways and one railway which interconnect with each other and link Hua-ting to neighboring cities and provinces are under construction right now. Thus, Hua-ting can be assessed easily, and the transportation of materials, products, goods and people to and from Hua-ting is very convenient with very low cost.Fourthly, the weather in Hua-ting is very mild and vegetation is good (forest covers 37% of the Hua-ting land), and rainfall is around 607 mm annually, runoff is 190,000,000 m3, the three reservoirs in Hua-ting County contain 17,500,000 m3 water, the total water resource is 192,000,000 m3, so there is abundant water resource for coal chemical industries, such a situation is very rare for Gansu Province which is famous for the dry weather and bare land.Fifthly, people in Hua-ting is the most valuable asset, people here work hard with good ambition, motivation and high tolerances, they are proud of being open-mind, innovative and cooperative. Hua-ting also has the solid industrial foundation and industrial tradition, and infrastructure such as power, transportation is improving significantly in recent years will be adequate for the proposed MTO and other coal chemical industries.Sixthly, the government of Hua-ting county has formulated, promulgate and implement the official regulations which list the favorable conditions for attracting investments, and those conditions can be negotiated further. The favorable conditions cover almost every aspect of an investment such as land usage, taxation, fiscal policy, power and water supply, labors, etc., Hua-ting government will provide these documents on request.Seventhly, Hua-ting has two stable power plants with the total capacity of 2×600 MW and 2×135 MW, respectively, which will provide enough power for plants. There are two 110 kV substations with the capacity 40 MV A. There are also six 35 kV substations with capacity of 34.2 MV A. The power in Hua-ting is connected to the state power grid and plays an important role in the North-west power grid.Finally, the industrial park of Hua-ting is a provincial level park where the upstream plants of methanol (600,000 T/year) and downstream plants such as MTO, DME and others are under construction, among them the methanol plant will be in full operation in 2009. The infrastructure in the park such as transportation, water and electric supply and water drainage, office buildings and communication systems as well as the environment are being improved significantly.4. Environmental protection, energy saving plans, labor protection and rightsThis project will take full considerations of environment and eco-system protection. The energy efficiency can be achieved by FCB reactor and regenerator, DSC control and monitorsystem and heat recycling to produce high pressure vapor. The state regulation and standard for environment protections will be followed strictly. Totally 250,000,000 Yuan will be invested to monitor, remedy and recycle the waste gas, water and solid as well as the noise, special equipments and processes will be used to minimize the pollution from the MTO plant.The MTO plant will also follow strictly the state regulations about occupational health, work place safety and labor policy. The building and the site layout will consider the safety and health hazards, advanced equipment such as DCS, ESD will be installed to monitor any leakage, special installation for dealing with emergencies such as the pool to collect waste water due to accidents will be set up. Plans for all possible emergencies will be made, emphasis will be placed on electricity and fire safety.5. Cost breakdown, plant organization, profit expectation and other parametersThe MTO plant area is 136,950 m2 with 168 personnel, annually consume 1,500,000 T methanol, hourly 11,924 T water and 4,415 kWh power. The whole plant includes MTO installation, auxiliary facilities and infrastructure. Auxiliary facilities includes liquid material can area, central control area, central analysis and test area, compressing station, coal transportation, comprehensive warehouse, safety equipment (occupational health, fire department) and maintenance. Infrastructure includes water supply and drainage system, road, environmental facility and transportation system for the plant, power distribution station, thermal power generator, communication system, heating and ventilation system and living area such as office building, dorm building etc..The total investment will be 2,934,820,000 Yuan, among which 2,797,450,000 Y uan will be used for fixed assets, 137,370,000 for liquidity assets. The average cost for the major products is 8,342 Yuan/T (taking 2500 Yuan/T as the methanol price), so the annual profit is expected to be 335,290,000 Yuan, and the total investment can be claimed back in 8.71 years, the profit margin for the investment will reach 6.42%, IRR will be 13.56% (before taxation) and 12.16 (after taxation), and BEP will be 62.95%.。
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The Research and Industrialization of an Accelerator Control System forLarge Container on-line InspectionHua Li Zhang HuayiDepartment of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 ChinaE-mail: zhanghy@AbstractAn economical and practical design of the accelerator control system for large container on-line inspection system is presented in this paper. The system consists of one Pentium computer and one PLC, which are connected by an RS-232C cable and forward a simple distributed system. CSMA/CD protocols are adopted to prevent data collisions in communication, and Windows95 is employed as developing platform. In order to improve the response speed of the system, several analogue modulators are used.1 IntroductionA large container inspection system THSCAN used mainly for customs has been developed by Tsinghua University in the Eighth Five Year of Science & Technology. It’s high time to industrialize this technology. As one of the most important parts of the system, the linac has to be controlled safely, efficiently and easily.The THL-9 linac consists of the following subsystems: a 9MeV traveling wave accelerator tube, a beam transport system which includes an electron gun, focusing and steering coils and magnetic quadrupole lenses, a microwave power source and a transmission system, a vacuum system, a cooling water and pressing gas system. After simplification about 86 digital signal channels and 22 analogue signal channels needing control.2 Control system overviewIn this system, the number of digital signal channels is much larger than that of analogue signal channels. Output information is less than input information. So we employed a control architecture as shown in Fig. 1.The Programmable Controller is applied as local controller. In this system, we chose CQM1 of OMRON Co., Japan. This kind of machine supports Host Links and PC Links, executes instructions quite quickly (basic executing time 0.5µS), and has a large capacity for programming (7.2K). Above all, it’s very reliable, beautiful and small. A Pentium computer is used as the inspection station. Both are connected by an RS-232C cable and form a simple distributed system. The transmission rate between them can be adjusted from 1200bps to 19200bps.The process controller fulfills real time control of the linac, which is the main task of the setup, and it has several functions:•Scanning: Sample the field data, achieve the programmed control, coordinate start, stop and breakdown detection of the machine.• Communication: Transmit required data to the inspection station and receive the command from the upper supervisor.• Alarm: Identify the status of the machine and output an alarm when necessary.Fig1. THL-9 Control System ArchitectureThe Inspection Station is comprised of a Pentium computer, an industrial TV and a stethoscope; Windows95 is selected as developing platform and VB4.0 Enterprise and VC++4.2 as tools. The operator can inspect the machine from the CRT screen, and debug the machine dynamically by employing the engineer’s keyboard. It has functions as follows:• Real time database management: Analyze the data sent from the local controller, obtain relative information and respond quickly.• Graphical display: Display the status of the machine and of some crucial parameters.• Dynamic debugging: an engineer can debug the system dynamically using the keyboard: change the baud rate, the sampling interval, and RS-232C port time; debug the subsystem one after another; adjust parameters on line; detect the breakdown.• Storing Breakdown Information: Analyze the breakdown code, display and store the breakdown Id and time.•Communication: Realize two_direction data flow.In order to keep the influence of breakdown as small as possible, the local controller can run independently.3 Software architectureIn this course of optimization, we improved the software as well. The improved software structure is shown in figure2. The data of all the subsystems of the machine are scanned and sampled by FlushSamp which runs on the PC, and the inspection station flushes the data into the real time database. DataProcess.cpp operates the data and displays them on the screen. The operator can type a command at any time. The control functions are executed mainly by StartPLC and ReadyPLC.The real-time database architecture can be described as follows:Structure Control_DB{Private:Char *Channel_Name;Char *Scan_Time;DataType Channel_Status;FieldType Field_Name;Char *SubSystem_Name;Public:void Field_Operator(FieldType *Fin);void Alarm_Detection()DataOutType Local_OutPut_Document(*);}To prevent data collisions in communication, we employed the simplified CSMA/CD protocols to coordinate the two members of the system. It proved worthwhile. At the same time, we applied some new technologies, such as self-protection and combined detection, in the programming of the PLC, which improved the reliability of the system.4 ConclusionsToday, this system has been tested in field operation. We find that the man-machine interface was improved significantly and the machine is more reliable and easier to operate. We still need improvement in the next thorough trial.Finally, we have to mention the integration of the control system. From the very beginning, one of the major goals of this optimization was to achieve miniaturization of the control system. We managed to integrate the control system in a cabinet, which is as large as three drawers. Above all, the cost of the system has been reduced dramatically.References[1]Gee Smee Poo & Wilson Ang, OSI Protocol Choicesfor LAN Environments, Vol13, No1, Jan/Feb, 1990 [2]R.Bailey. “How can operations get applicationssoftware that they want?”, Proc. ICALEPCS’95.Fig2 Software Architecture of the Control System。