写作1----词语
公文写作常用套词1
公文写作万能套词---11、“以...为XX”：为基础（基点）、为核心（中心）、为根本、为重点、为举措（手段）、为载体（平台）、为保障（保证\后盾）、为契机、为总揽、为抓手、为目标、为动力、为依托、为突破、为目的、为关键、为先导、为宗旨、为支撑、为指导、为导向、为方向、为驱动、为主体、为补充、为标准、为主线、为主题。
2、三字“为”：为立足点、为出发点、为切入点、突破口、为落脚点、闪光点、结合点、根本点、增长点、着力点、动力点、关键点。
3、三字“于”：立足于、着眼于、贯穿于、4、“渐进类”词语：日益、日趋、日惭、日臻、不断、逐步、稳步、深化、深入、推进、推动、促进、5、“建立类及程度类”词语：探索、实行、建立、健全、构建、打造、争创、创建、规范、完善、创新、强化、加大、加强、加快、加速、加紧、严格、突出。
6、“四导”：宣传倡导、服务指导、示范引导、监管督导。
7、“新XXX”：新机制、新路子、新模式、新环境、新载体、新途径、新突破、新优势、新方向、新跨越、新发展、新趋势、新期待、新局面、新格局、新成就、新变化、新面貌、8、吹响集结号、齐奏交响乐、共谱和谐曲。
9、念好联字经、架起连心桥、铺就致富路、奏响和谐曲。
10、组合类：探索新路子、创新新模式、实现新突破、推动新跨越、促进新发展、11、建立工作新机制、明确发展新方向、拓展增收新途径、积聚建设新优势、探索试点新路子。
12、启示类：两字类：是前提、是基础、是关键、是核心、是保证。
四字类：前提条件、基础保证、关键环节、核心所在、有效举措、重要手段、有效载体、13、时期类：关键时期、重要时期、攻坚时期、14、重要类：重要源泉、重要支撑、重要因素、重要阶段、重要力量、重点途径15、战略机遇期、发展加速期、结构转型期、攻坚爬坡期P山有木兮木有枝，心悦君兮君不知。
____佚名《越人歌》。
小学语文1-6年级各类作文写作方法技巧详解
小学语文1-6年级各类作文写作方法技巧详解1、写人物——《我最喜欢的人》（1）你喜欢的人是谁？跟你什么关系？（2）他/她的长相是什么样的？（3）你为什么喜欢他/她？（4）有哪件让你印象深刻的事情？2、写物品——《爱吃的水果》(1)它是什么样的?(2)它的颜色是怎样的?(3)它的味道怎样?(4)它对人们有什么作用?(5)你喜欢它吗?3、写风景——《秋天的校园》(1)这是什么时候地方?(2)这是什么季节?(3)有哪些景物?(4)景物发生了什么变化?(5)你看到这景色有什么感受?当孩子顺着你的引导回答出问题后，爸妈就可以告诉孩子：“你说的这些，就可以把它化成文字，那这篇文章自然就是你的作文了。
”{ 进阶第二步}让作文更有条理、更通顺当你的孩子能够写完一篇作文时，哪怕毫不生动，至少也是一种进步。
这个时候，从基础第一步到进阶第二步，考验的就是孩子的词汇量和连贯性。
想让孩子扩充自己的词汇量，爸爸妈妈不妨买一些课外书籍给孩子，比如绘本故事或童话故事，让孩子在故事中学习到更多词汇。
平时跟孩子玩查字典的游戏，让他认识更多的字词。
有的爸妈还会跟孩子一起收集不同类型的词语：颜色：白里透红、白嫩嫩、黄灿灿、红彤彤、洁白、碧绿、瓦蓝、绿油油、黑乎乎味道：香喷喷、甜滋滋、香甜可口、清凉酸甜、又苦又涩形状：尖尖的、弯弯的、圆滚滚、细长、椭圆其次，想让孩子写作文有连贯性，不妨给孩子提供一些联接词，比如：“首先……接着……然后……最后……”，“有的……有的……有的……”，“有时……有时……”等等。
孩子可以把这些联接词抄下来贴在书桌上，随时为自己所用，慢慢地就能在考试中运用。
只有把“话”说通顺了，读起来才合理。
{ 高阶第三步}把重点的句子写得更有文采只搭好骨架，而没有丰富的语言材料作血肉，读起来就会涩涩的、不生动。
如何引导孩子将“话”中的重点句子写得更详细更具体更有文采呢？这个时候，爸爸妈妈不妨采用“语句扩充法”，逐步让孩子在分析和思考中把“话”写得更丰满些。
写作教程1 答案
Unit OnePart V Follow-up Exercises1.a.mouse-hearted: →chicken-heartedb.politician: →statesmanc.wind:→breezed.utilize: →drinke.ascertaining: →findingf.was bombarded with→received a lot ofg.opened→drew backh.contain→accommodatei.habits→customs2. The writer’s attitude changes from negative to positive in each pair of sentences.3.(1)___(4) experienced, elapsed, attempting, with(5)___(8) take up, made, endeavor, true4. a. The state attorney said that the man would be prosecuted.b. We suppose that a feferee should be disinterested but not uninterested.c. Tony can hit a ball farther than I can.e. The principles behind our constitution are a principal reason for its astounding success.f. All the band instruments except the tuba will be carried to the auditorium for the music contest.g. The federal government comprises the legislative, judicial, and executive branches.h.The whole region was struck by an economic disaster.i.(correct)j. He was awake to the risk.5. The first line: principle→principalThe second line: stationary →stationeryThe fourth line: adopted →adaptedThe fifth line : effect →affectThe sixth line: economic →economical; self-conscience→self-consciousThe seventh line: disinterested→uninterestedThe ninth line: credible →credulousThe eleventh line: continuously →continually6. a. isb. is expectedc. hasd.was/ise. isf. wasg. planh. arei. werej. varuk.improvesl.becomesm. isn. iso. haveAnswer to Unit 22. Translate the following Chinese idioms into English and see if they are literally translateda. play a minor roleb. That’s Greek to me.c. belated action/adviced. Where there is smoke, there is fire.e. an evil creaturef. walk into the trapg. one’s face glowing with health3. Delete unnecessary words or repeated meaning in the sentences below and make improvemnents. Then compare the two versions and see how the two differ.a. We must practice economy. /We must reduce unnecessary expenditures.b. It is essential to control environmental pollution.c. We must arrive at the station on time.d. Financial wxpenditures should be arranged in order of priority.e. We should speed up constructions of urban housing so as to improve the housing condition.f. To be allowed to make profits, private capital has to meet two conditions：1) the profits must be legal, and 2)they must not be excessive.g. During the period of the Tenth Five-Year Plan we must never neglect grain production. Instead,m we must steadily increase it.4. Reference version|In feudal China, women had low social status, and were regarded as inferior to men. Thanks to the women’s liberationmovement, women have achieved equal status with men, which is established by the law. But in fact, they still can’t enjoy equal rights with men.At home, wives are expected to do all the housework, which is obviously unfair.Husband and wife should share the housework and family responsibilities. But in some families husbands usually get angry when they find the cleaning or cooking unfinished by their wives. One can’t help wondering why they don’t it by themselves.I think women should be spiritually and financially independent if they want real equality. In order to do that , they have to learn as much as men so as to find a good job. Appearance is no longer important to women. It is their ability that can bring them a good job rather than their appearance. So I think the best way for women to win more rights is to receive good education.5. a._____e ：me, who, I, me/myselff._____j ：each other’s, who, us, whom, us, whom, Somek______n ：one’s, his, his; his, his6. a. We are all born into this world as equals, but for various reasons, not all of us are treated as equals. This inequality begins when we reach the age of five, for this is when we will enter elementary school. In school, we are no longer “Mommy’s little darling.” We now have to prove ourselves to the other children and also to our teacher., If we seemdifferent from the other students, we are treatred differently, and these differnces could be anything: pants, shoes, speech, religion and so forth. Rigtht from the start, we think that as long as we are different, there is something wrong with us.b. There are those who assume that since I can’t see, I obviously cannot hear.Very often people will talk with me at the top ot their lungs, uttering each word very carefully. On the other hand, people will also often whisper, assuming that since my eyes don’t work, my ears don’t either. For example, when I go to the airport and ask the ticket agent for assistance to the plane, he or she will invariably pick ud the phone, call a ground hostess and whisper:“Hi, Jane, we’ve got a 76 here.” I have concluded that the word “ blind” is not used for one of two reasonsLeither they fear that if the dread word is spoken, the ticket agent’retina will detach, or they are reluctant to inform me of my condition of which I may not have been previously aware.Unit 3 Part V1. a. When I was aggigned a certain task, I did it to my best ability.b. Fog can cause blindness.c. Recently I joined a social club which raises money for the care ofneedy children, and we meet every Wednesday afternoon.d. An essay should be understandable to the reader.e. Many items are expensive at discount stores.f. Bears that have just come out of hibernation are usually hungry and dangerous.g. The author should have shortened the story by half.h. The city’s enviromnmentalsurroundings are not the most comfortable.i. I learned certain facts that I believe are vital to every freshman.2. a. simmer: cook food fently at or just below boiling point.saute: fry quickly in a little hot fatbake: cook by using diret heat in an ovenb. Other verbs about cooking include roast, steam, braise, fry, dee-fry, boil, poach, scramble, grill, stew, curry, baste, barbecue.3. a. For dinner we had barbecued steaks and sweet corn.b. Last week my brother John joined an insurance company.c.He is not a friendly and easy-goibg colleague.d. Our view of the sea at sunset was splendid/breathtaking.e. It was a fine day to play outdoors.f. What impressed me most about the city was the hustle and buslte in the streets.4. There are seize, hurl, choke, blind,m leap, flee, etc.5.a. I admire Jenny’s long black glossy hair so much..b.The fearless explorer finally landed at the South Pole.c. Fast driving on a smooth road can be great fun.d. John and I often wrote each other long e-mails full of jokes.e. The pale skinny woman fainted suddenly.6. a. I invited the vistiting professor to the English Club.b. Shooting stars warn us of catastrophe.c. The deleted sentence was unnecessary.d. Stephanie tiptoed up the carpeted steps.e. The students attending the art school are highly active.f. The taped dollar bill split in half.g. Amy was the only winning contestant who was below 10.h. The freshly painted house shone in the sun.7. a. indescribably b. dark c. occasional d. steadily e. surely, bad f. terribly8. a. At his mother’s request, he agreed to wait at least a year before getting married.b.Half of the girls in town were in love with Ben, but he wanted to marry Christine only.c. Hohn hopes that in the years to come he can be as successful as hisfather has been.d. The winter of the contest ate almost three soxen frankfurters.e. Debbie knew that chicken when fried always please Ed.f. May could not resist t he temptation to whisper in her friend’s ear about what she has seen.Unit 4 Part V Follow_Up Exercise1. a. I can see the Central Park frim my window..b. He insisted on seeing the manager, only to anger the saleswoman.c. I has to control my urge to laugh at his predicament.d. We must contimue measuring and assessing children’s performance.e. A presidential commission has already investigated the causes of the nuclear accident.f. Mary had to give up the plan to travel as far as Denver, because her money ran out while she was still in Chicago.2. At the sound of a bell, I entered the huge red building along with hundreds of others. Just inside the entrance, a mean-looking old lady was yelling instructions at us. I clutched my lunchbox, and followed a crowd of six-year-olds down a long hallway, up some steps, and downanother corridor. We were looking for Mrs. Nearing’s room. I knew we had reahed our destination when a tall, black-haired woman greeted me loudly. She asked me my name. Then she printed it on a sticky tag, pressed it to my chest. Inside the room I could see several other six-year-olds, some of them big. Finally Mrs. Nearing closed the classroom door and make a loud bang. A network of wires prevented the small pane of glass near the top from shattering. To my imagination, the wires looked like the bars in a prison. I was back in school.3. As Prime Minister of Britain from 1940-1945, Churchill led his country through Workd War II, but immediately after the war he was voted out of office. Later he regained his position as prime minister. After he left that offie in 1955, he enjoyed great popularity for the rest of his life, and when he died in 1965, he was acclaimed as a national hero.4. a. The trees stand nearly barren;their leaves lie on the ground.b. The actor opens the Bible and begins reading the Song of Solomon.c. The Puritans were in some ways severe, but they led lives of deep devotion to what they believed.d. That experience taught me that family ties are the most enduring.e. When their party came back to the camp site, ours had already arrived two hours earlier.f. It seems a long time since we last met.g. Sherry flew home, but her grandfather had already died.h.I will visit you whenever I get the chance.i. His mother insists that he return now.j. If Siberia were in a warmer region, its population would be larger.k. That bell sounds as though it were cracked.l. It is important that he find a suitable job.5. 1._____10 was attacked , robbed, was taken, released, spent, left, had promised, be, waswalking ,was attacked.11______20 described, took, containing, was (just) turning, occurred, saw, was happening, rushed , ran, warn21_______25 be , walk, had, commented, beUnit 5 Follow-up Exercises1. a. that her cat likes bestb. Who doesn’t like the seac. why we hate the writing classd. you bought him as his birthday presente.(No relative clause)f. which is a western way to entertain friends and relativeswho prefer the western life styleg. I should ask forh. where he was born 50 years agoI. (No relative clause)j.who was always telling me to be scrupulous2.a. June 19th, 1978 was the day on which Garfied was born..b.Mom’s kitchen was the place where Garfield was born.c. Pirate and Masked Avenger are some of the nicknames that his friends give him.d. Taking a long nap is the sport that Garfield kikes most.e. Garfield himself is the person that he likes most.f. Hunger is the pressure that Garfield hates most.g.His glass is the friend that Garfield likes best.h. Italian noodles are the food Garfield likes most.i. Monday is the day that Garfield hates most.j. Hotdog is the “dog” that Garfield likes most.k. Coffee is the drink that Garfield likes most.l.“There have never been Italian noodles that I don’t like”is a quotation that Garfield usesmost often.3.Reference version:But he didn’t like the big, deep pond. It was full of strange plants. The water- snails that were supposed to be polite were rude to him, and he was afraid of the ducks that always tried to swallow him. The fish which had been described as fine didn’t like him, and he was the smallest frog there. He found that he was living a lonely and unhappy life.He sat on a broad water-lily leaf and croaked sadly to himself, “I don’t like it here. I think I will go back to my lovely tittle pond tomorrow.”But just at this moment, a hungry heron flew down and swallowed him up for supper.4. a. the old lady’s five kittensb. her second marriagec. all her blue French crystal wine cupsd. those two large shining diamond rings of yourse. My three jazz records bought in the States/the three jazz records I bought in the Satesf. half the delicious Ferman chocolate in the cang. some Brazilian footballers playing abroad5. Reference VersionSecond, advertisements can improve the reputation ot the company. More and more companies have knoen that advertisements can hilp them, so they make use of advertisements. If everyone knows their products, the products will be very famous. More people will buy them and the company can get more money. If the products are really good, many people will use them and then this company will become famous. Therefore, advertisements can help the company get better reputation .答案Unit Six Follow-up Exercises1. a. missing, describing the boyb. (No descriptive participle in this sentence)c. holding , describing the magiciand.(No descriptive participle in this sentence)e. sleeping, describing shef. living, describing everybodyg.(No descriptive participle in this sentence)i. knowing, describing Ij. (No descriptive participle in this sentence)2.Excerpt Aa. bringing (describing a 23-year-old Korean woman) to 15 the death tollb. staying (describing a 47-year-old American man) in the southern port of BusanExcerpt Ba. with doors locked(describing doors) and windows barred (describing windows)b. turning (describing cafes) them into fire trapsc. aging (describing students) about 18 or 19Excerpt Cd. responding(describing 7,000 people) to a major surveye. released (describing the survey) at the international Aids conference in BarcelonaExcerpt Df. affecting (describing heavy downpours) more than 15 million peopleg. causing (describing flood) 22 deaths and 15,000 houses to collapse3. A Wolf who had a bone stuck in his throat hired a Crane, for a large sum, to put her head into his mouth and draw out the bone. When the Crane had extracted the bone and demanded the promised payment, the Wolf, grinning and grining his teeth, exclaimed, “Why, you have surel already had a sufficient recompense, in having been permitted to draw out your head in safety from the mo uth and jaws of a wolf.”4. Important PointsSpiders destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race.We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders.Spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongingsThere were more than 2,250,000 spiders in one acre of grass field.Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insectsThe weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.Reference version (omitted)Unit 71. a.____________e. or; and; and; but; butf._____________j but; and; but; yet/but, so; and2. a. Many children spend a lot of tume watching TV, and (they) like to talk about TV programswhen they meet.b. History repeats itself; historians repeat each other.c. I like beer, but I never drink beer in the morning or when the temperature drops below 5 degrees.d. I looked for the paper in my office, and ( I ) searched for it in my bedroom, but I couldn’t find it .e. You can not learn to write well unless you really want to write well, ( you) practice a lot, and (you) learn from your own mistakes.f. A money lender serves you in the present tense, lends you in the conditional mood, keeps you in the subjunctive mood, snd ruins you in the future tense.3. Paragraph1: (1)____________(5) either; or; and; or; and Paragraph2: (6)____________(10) and; and; and; and; butUnit 8Part V Follow-Up Exercises1. a. That you have to teach the same textbook year after year doesn’t mean that you have to teach it in the same way year after year.b. I doubt that this machine can greatly improve your listening ability within a week.c. Whether the chicken appeared before the egg or the other way round is a question that has puzzled people for a long time.d. They still cannot find out why the professor failed them in the exam.e. What has been troubling me is whether universities should simply serve as career training places.2. a. The baby wouldn’t stop crying unless his mother held him in her arms.b. What I want you to explain is why your wallet is empty now.c. The boy talks as if he were the teacher.d. Whether I should find a job or go on studying for a master’s degree is hard to decide.e. I’ll also give you the number of his mobile phone in case he isn’t in his office.3. a. Although very common about five years ago, beepers have almost disappeared now.b. If having tried harder, you might have persuaded your boss to postpone the deadlines for your project.c. When studying in the States, she used to take every chance to travel.d. If produced on the same assembly line, these products probably have the same quality.e. After working for four hours without stop, Tom appeared exhausted.4. The tired hikers slept for almost ten hours in the trail shelter. ThenRick woke up and hurried out of his cot when, looking out of the corner of his eye, he saw a black spider. At this point, his brother Hal woke up with a start and sneezed several times.Because Hal was coming down with a cold, Rick agreed to prepare the breakfas. He first fetched a canteen of orange juice which had cooled overnight from a nearby stream. Next, he strted a fire and set about boiling water for coffee and frying up some bacon and eggs. Meanwhile, Hal, wearing a heavy sweatshirt and gloves, sniffled, sipped some orange juice, and waited by the fire for a cup of coffer. Afer both had eaten, Rich was ready to plan another day’s hiking. But Hal was interested only in hiking to the nearby highway, to the bus that could drop him a block from his house.5. For year, students have been using the same methods of cheating on exams. One tried-and-true technique is the casual glance. Pretending to stare thoughtfullly out of the window, peripheral vision will be used to look at another student’s paper. Another all-time favorite methos, the pencil or pen drop, requires a helper. Dropping a pen and the diving for it, “Number seventeen” (or the number of some other question ) is whispered. Then, making a similar pen drop, the answer is whispered by the helper. The most elaboraate system, though, is writing up cheat sheets. Tucked up a shirtsleeve, pages of textbook material are condensed into tiny scraps of paper. No matter how smooth a cheater’sstyle is , however, the time-tested methods are often ineffective. Having been a student at one time , the same ones are probably familiar to inspector.5. (omitted)Extra Exercisea. John Denver’s last album sold nearly five million copies.b. She sat there in her nightgown, waiting for the coffee.c. Duiring the National Day holiday, you can find in every travel agency plans for both short-distance and long-distance trips.d. During the National Day holiday, you may see different styles of celebrations which represent the local culture.e. Packed tightly in a small bag, the clothes are very hard (for me ) to take out.f. (correct)g. When trying to lose weight, you should avoid all types of snacks.h. While I was going in the street, a white car rushed at me.i. At the age of mine, he had already been accepted as talented by many people around him.j. Tired and sleepy, we had no interest in the supper at all.Unit 9Part V Follow-up Exercises1. Paragraph AAfter years of trial and error, Disney finally found the character he was looking for. This character, called “Mickey Mouse,” was first introduced in the carton Plane Crazy and later found ultimate fame in Steamboat Willie, the first sound cartoon ever made and a great achievement for Disney, By 1930, after his fame had spread all over the world, Mickey was established as the cinema’s most popular cartoon character. Because Mickey was a moralist with a sense of fun, he became a character loved by all ages. In him, Walt Disney reached his peak of success.Paragraph BEnviromental protection will benefit us a lot. First, by making our air purer and water cleaner, we can improve our living condition. As we all know, a healthful living condition is essentila to our work and study. Second, environmental protection does good for the younger generation. It not only improves our children’s health, but also teaches our children agood attitude toward the environment. Third, environmental protection saves our resources. Since we can recycle used materials instead of throwing them away, we can get more material but produce less waste.2. There is only one child in many families in China, so many parents and grandparents love the child to such an extent that they do not allow them to do anything when think there may be a slight chance of their child getting hurt. May parents escort thir chil to school every morning. Therefore, when the child gr ows up, he still can’t do anything.Look at the picture. The girl wants to learn to ride a bike, but her parents and granparents wouldn’t let go. I think these parents should have let the girl ride the bike by herself.It is bad for parents to love their children too much. If they help their children in everything, their children will always be unable to do their own work. When they grow up, these children will find that things are totally different in their woeking place.Therefore , parents should let their children do things on their own.3. a. A boy wants something very special from his father.b. A favor may not be a favor at all.c. I do play roles.Unit 10 Part V Follow-Up Exercise1. a. Mr. Longman has played the cellow for many years, but he now conducts an orchestra.b. The grass was growing wildly, but the crop, unfortunately, was dyinng.c. As I turned around, I heard a loud noise, for the bookshelf had collapsed.d The house was clean, the table set, and the porch light on; everything was ready for the guests’ arrival.e. The computer could calculate much faster and better han man; however, it could not think.f. The blizzard continued for a week; subsequently, they began to run out of food.g. In the first place, it was too cold to travel at this time of year; in the second place, we had no money.h. Kunming is my favourite city; in fact, I plan to spend a month there this summer.i. The young couple worked day and night to pay off the loan; at least ,they thought they could do it.j. I had to complete the assignment by Friday; otherwise, I would have failed the course.2. a. Nevertheless, I do not want to see him.b. Having decided to reduce weight, she had to give up all of her favorite snacks.c. As the ship turned about, a soxen solphins began to follow it.d. (correct)e. As I have mentioned, the machine breaks down occasionally.f. To give Mary a warm welcome, the family has prepared for a whole week.g. The four boys in the band are John, Calvin, Henry, and Steve.h. (correct)i. (correct)3. a. John decided, nonetheless, not to buy the car.b. Sam, having forgotten to save his work, lost all of his revisions when his computer crashed.c. Did you know that James Lee, the novelist and essayist, was also an artcritic?d. Charm, the women’s fashion magazine, recently incorporated with She, another fashion journal.e. (No revision is needed)f. Oil, which is lighter than water, rises to the surface.g.(No revision is neede)h. My cousin, who is a surgeon, went to America last month.i. Mr. Peterson—later to be nominated for Chairperson of the Small Enterprise Committee— had been charfed with bribery.j. However, Bernard Shaw’s main purpose is not to show the tragedy of St. Joan(that is alredy quite evident), but to explain the character of St.Joan .k. He requested (actually he pleaded)that his name be withheld.l. There was only one thing to do—study till dawn.4. a. Quotation marks should be used honestly and sparingly, when there is agenuine quotation at hand, and it is necessary to be very rigorous about the words enclosed by the marks. If something is to be quoted, the exact words must be used. If part of it must be left out because of space limitations, it is good manners to insert three dots to indicate the omission, but it is unethical to do this if it means connecting two thoughts which the original author did not intend to have tied together.b. The old man was thrown into confusion. One eye? How am I to know? He tried to recall what his wife Zeinab looked like, with her long gown and black headdress, the veil, and sometimes the black covering enveloping her face and sometimes removed and lying on her neck. He could picture her as she walked and sat, chewing a morsel and then taking it out of her mouth so as to plae it in that of her first-born. Her children. One eye. How am I to know? He could picture her stretched out on the bed, her eyes closed. The old man was in confusion and found himself saying,“When I call her she will know my voice.”The nurse soubted whether he was in fact visiting his wife; however, giving him another glance, she laughed at her suspicions and asked him, “How long have the two of you been married?”Again he was confused as he said, “Allah knows best—thirty, forty years…”。
大学英语四级写作指导(词汇篇-基础知识) (1)
大学英语四级写作指导（词汇篇—基础知识）一、词语使用的准确性与得体性准确性词是表达思想的基本组成要素，思想和意图的准确传达离不开准确地词语。
英语单词兼具表达词意和体现语法功能的双重身份。
因此，词语选用准确包括语法和词意两个方面。
下面三个“注意”能帮助实现用词的准确。
1. 注意语法规则英语单词在句子中除了表达意思外，还要符合一定的语法要求。
写作时尤其需要注意词语位置和一些特殊语法现象。
（1）名词单复数的特殊现象。
（2）形容词的特殊现象和位置关系。
（3）副词的位置原则。
①程度副词放在被修饰的动词、形容词或副词之前，情态动词、助动词或be之后。
若助动词与be连用时，则放在两者之间。
--Continuing development of international business is absolutely dependent on effective and efficient international financial markets.国际贸易的持续发展完全依赖于有效和高效的国际金融市场。
②频率副词通常放在行为动词前，情态动词、助动词或be动词之后。
若助动词与be连用时，则放在两者之间。
--The way everyone watches TV, listens to music, or looks at photos will never be the same again. 人们看电视、听音乐和看照片的方式永远不会再像这样了。
③方式副词一般放在动词后。
--We should learn how to react gracefully when someone despises us.我们应该学习在别人鄙视我们时，如何优雅地回应他们。
④在“动词+宾语”结构中，副词一般放于宾语后。
如果宾语结构太长时也可以将副词放于动词前。
然而，在“动词+介词+宾语”结构中，方式副词既可置于介词前，也可置于宾语后。
写作顺序一共有哪些-作文顺序词
写作顺序一共有哪些写作的顺序多种多样，常见的有如下几种：一、按时间先后顺序写。
写人、写事、写景时，常见的是以时间的先后为顺序记叙。
如《高大的皂荚树》一文，开头描写皂荚树的样子，接着按照“春、夏、秋、冬”一年四季的时间顺序，描写皂荚树给同学们带来的许多方便和快乐。
二、按地点变换的顺序写。
按地点的变换顺序写，常用于写游记、参观记、活动。
如《记金华的双龙洞》一文，是按金华城→罗甸→路上→洞口→外洞→孔隙→内洞→出洞的先后顺序，记叙金华双龙洞的总体情况和主要特征。
又如《参观人民大会堂》一文，是按“正门→中央大厅→大礼堂→会议厅→走出大门”几个不同地点来记叙的。
三、按事情发展的顺序来写。
有的文章按事情的起因、经过、结果的顺序来写。
如《中国石》一文中战士们爱拣石头、爱赛石，这是发现“中国石”的起因；拣石、洗石、发现了“中国石”，仔细端详“中国石”，这是拣到“中国石”的经过；战士们喜爱“中国石”，这是“中国石”带来的结果。
这样写，让人明白事情发展的阶段性和来龙去脉。
四、按不同内容的类别顺序写。
按事物的性质把内容分为若干类别，然后按照分类顺序记叙。
这种方法常用于写带有说明性的文章和状物的文章。
如《我的伯父鲁迅先生》一文，作者写了不同内容的四件事：讲《水浒传》、谈“碰壁”、救护车夫、关心女佣，表达了鲁迅先生“为自己想得少，为别人想得多”的高贵品质。
五、按总述与分述的顺序写。
１．先分后总。
《再见了，亲人》一文，前三段分别描述志愿军同大娘、小金花、大嫂告别的情景，最后一段总结中朝人民的深情厚谊。
２．先总后分再总。
如《美丽的小兴安岭》一文，先总的讲小兴安岭的树多，“像绿色的海洋”，再按春、夏、秋、冬四季分别写小兴安岭的景色，最后总结：“小兴安岭一年四季景色诱人，是一个美丽的大花园，也是一座巨大的宝库。
” 写作的顺序很多，作文时要根据题目的特点和自己掌握材料的情况选用，做到恰到好处。
写作顺序是:顺叙:按时间的先后的顺序记事.倒叙是先写事情的结果,然后在按事情的先后顺序写.插叙在记叙的过程中插入与事件有关的事,然后在接着记叙.(首先顺叙与插叙是一个范畴的，都是中心叙事，它们是构成一个叙事的。
英语语法与写作unit 1 Basic Parts of a Sentence (1)
2. Hard-to-find subjects
Most frequently, a subject comes first in a sentence and usually goes before a predicate. However, there are some exceptions.
Here comes the bus. There existed a great tribe centuries ago.
2. Imperative sentences
An imperative sentence gives an order/ command, or makes a request: The subject you is understood. It doesn’t need to be stated.
linking verbs
expresses an action, such as do, act, make, walk, take, break, react, write, see, say, buy, build and so on
express the existence or state of being of the subject
Have you applied for the job? When did the witness report the accident?
4. Inverted Sentences An inverted Sentence is a sentence built in the way that the predicate
predicates verbs
direct objects predicate nouns predicate adjectives adverbs adverbial phrases
大学英语写作教程1 第五单元
2. Types of attributives
1) pre-modifiers 2) post-modifiers
1) Pre-modifiers
The three good-looking clever girl
students
My brother’s first novel
2) Post-modifiers
THE APPOSITIVE FRAGMENT
An appositive is a word or group of words which closely follows a noun or pronoun and identifies or explains it. Such a word is “in apposition with” the word it explains. An appositive can never stand alone as a sentence; it is always a part of the sentence which contains the word it explains.
Sentence Fragments
SENTENCE In the distance a blue haze settled over the rooftops. SENTENCE FRAGMENT In the distance a blue haze over the rooftops SENTENCE FRAGMENT In the distance a blue haze settlING over the rooftops
PART IV WRITING PRÉ CIS
A summary or a precis is NOT a personal interpretation of a work or an expression of your opinion of the idea; it is, rather, an exact replica in miniature of the work, often reduced to one-quarter to one-fifth of its size, in which you express the complete argument!
作文素材--「长志气、硬骨气、蓄底气」时评+作文题+范文+解读
作文素材--「长志气、硬骨气、蓄底气」时评+作文题+范文+解读作文题1、阅读下面的材料，根据要求写作。
（60分）“志不立，天下无可成之事。
”立志是一切行动的前提。
志气主要体现在个人所追求的信仰上，心有所信，方能致远。
“人无刚骨，安身不牢。
”骨气，是刚强不屈的人格操守,是做人的根本和力量源泉，是负重奋进的脊梁。
底气源于实力，实力显于本领，本领强，底气才能足。
志气、骨气、底气，有价值的人生不可或缺。
作为一名高三学子，你即将在全校师生晨会上做“使命在肩，强国有我”的主题演讲，请结合上述材料，写一篇演讲稿。
要求：选准角度，确定立意，明确文体，自拟标题；不要套作，不得抄袭；不得泄露个人信息；不少于800字。
2、阅读下面的材料，根据要求写作。
（60分）西安交大校长王树国在2021年毕业致辞中诠释了“志气、骨气、底气”的含义，他说，“在他们(当年毛泽东等革命青年)心中,国家民族至上,人民的利益至上,这才叫志气”;“骨气是什么?骨气是自信,一个没有自信的人没有骨气,软骨头永远挺不起民族的脊梁”;“底气来源于能力,如果一个人没有真才实学,无法为社会的进步做出贡献,何来底气之说?”请结合上面材料,在“志气”“骨气”“底气”中任选一个词语,写一篇文章,表达你的认识。
要求：选好角度,确定立意,自拟标题;不要套作,不得抄袭;不得泄露个人信息;不少于80字。
时评范文长志气硬骨气蓄底气王利中《人民日报》（2021年08月19日 07版）志不立，天下无可成之事。
我们要坚定理想信念，做有志气的新时代青年。
长志气，就要不断筑牢信仰之基、补足精神之钙、把稳思想之舵，以坚定的理想信念砥砺对党的赤诚忠心。
中共一大代表平均年龄28岁，长征途中红军将领平均年龄不足25岁，嫦娥团队、神舟团队平均年龄33岁，北斗团队平均年龄35岁……一代代充满救国报国强国志气的优秀青年，把青春和热血融入祖国江河，展示了磅礴力量。
（青年事例，建议积累）新时代的中国青年要心怀“国之大者”，把立大志、明大德、成大才、担大任作为人生追求，在感悟真理力量中坚定志气，在学思践悟中坚定理想信念，在奋发有为中践行初心使命。
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小学作文基本功训练第一部分词语训练词语训练一怎样积累词汇同学们都知道，文章是由段组成的，段是由句子组成的，句子又是由词语组成的。
这说明词语是作文的基础，要写好作文，就必须积累丰富的词汇。
像建筑工人盖房一样，先要准备充足的砖、瓦、沙、石、钢筋、水泥等建筑材料，才能建造好高楼大厦。
怎样积累词汇呢？1．多认识事物，注意积累表示名称的词语。
世界上事物的名称实在太多。
就拿我们天天读的“书”来说，就有十多种名称：有专供学生上课用的“教科书”，有供老师备课用的“参考书”，有供不识字的小朋友看的“小人书”，有供同学们课外读的“课外书”，有供查找资料用的“工具书”，有按系列成套编写的“系列丛书”，还有古代专讲用兵作战的“兵书”，用药治病的“医书”，按我国传统装订法装订的、线露在外面的“线装书”等等。
对这些书，只有有了一定的认识，才能将它们分辨清楚，也才能准确地说、写出它们的名称。
如果在日常生活学习中，我们多认识事物，随时随地掌握常见的各种事物的名称，就能增长知识，扩大眼界，就能丰富我们的词汇，促进语言和思维的发展。
我国两千多年以前的教育家孔子，就主张学生要积累词汇，要“多识于鸟兽草木之名”。
多掌握一些自然景物的名称，他认为这对发展学生语言和思维是很有好处的。
在同学们学过的古诗词里，就有不少带鸟名、花名、山名、地名的词语，描写大自然的美丽景色，歌颂祖国的大好山河，表达作者丰富的思想感情。
如下列例句中加粗的词语。
带有鸟名的：①两个黄鹏鸣翠柳，一行白鹭上青天。
②孔雀东南飞，五里一徘徊。
③故人西辞黄鹤楼，烟花三月下扬州。
④泥融飞燕子，沙暖睡鸳鸯。
带有花名的：①忽如一夜春风来，千树万树梨花开。
②春色满园关不住，一枝红杏出墙来。
③待到重阳日，还来就菊花。
④人间四月芳菲尽，山寺桃花始盛开。
带有山名的：①不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中。
②采菊东篱下，悠悠见南山。
③京口瓜洲一水间，钟山只隔数重山。
④未到江南先一笑，岳阳楼上对君山。
带有江河名的：①白日依山尽，黄河入海流。
②孤帆远影碧空尽，唯见长江天际流。
③天边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚流。
④天门中断楚江开，碧水车流至此回。
带有地名的：①故人西辞黄鹤楼，烟花三月下扬州。
②长安一片月，万户捣衣声。
③秋风吹不尽，总是玉关情。
④云开远见汉阳城，犹是孤帆一日程。
在日常生活中，我们要与各种不同身分的人打交道。
见面的第一句话就是称呼，怎样称呼才符合别人的身分，才有礼貌，才合乎常情呢？因此，平时我们也要注意留心这方面的词语。
例如：在父母身边，你是爸妈的（儿子）；在祖父祖母那里，你是祖父祖母的（孙子）；在叔叔面前，你是叔叔的（侄子）；在舅舅家里，你是舅舅的（外甥）。
在列车上，你是（乘客）；在商店里，你是（顾客）；在旅馆里，你是（旅客）；在公园里，你是（游客）。
在汽车上卖票的叫（售票员）；在招待所服务的叫（服务员）；在机关里履行公务的叫（公务员）；在商店里卖货的叫（售货员）；在火车厢里值班的叫（列车员）；在运动场上比赛的叫（运动员）；在农场饲养牲口的叫（饲养员）。
对日常接触的各种物体，使用的各类用品，也要能准确地说、写出其名称。
如我们时时刻刻在使用的桌子就名目繁多。
从形状上讲，有圆桌、方桌、条桌、三屉桌、五屉桌、椭圆桌、八仙桌。
从用途上讲，名称就更多了。
如：老师讲课用的叫讲桌。
学生上课用的叫课桌。
家里学习用的叫书桌。
机关办公用的叫办公桌。
娱乐用的叫麻将桌。
开会时用的叫会议桌。
食堂、饭馆用的叫餐桌。
想一想，练一练：（1）按要求写出动植物的名称。
①10种树的名称：②10种花的名称：③10种蔬菜的名称：④10种水果的名称：⑤10种鸟的名称：⑥10种兽的名称：⑦10种鱼的名称：⑧10种昆虫的名称：（2）你知道多少不同牌号的汽车？不同型号的飞机？不同型号的轮船？把它们的名称写出来。
（3）你家里有哪些电器设备？把它们的名称写下来：（4）分别写出下列物体或用品各种部件的名称，不会的去请教爸爸妈妈或师傅。
①你的衬衣的部件名称：②你的长裤的部件名称：③你的书包的部件名称：④你的文具盒的部件名称：⑤你的床的部件名称：⑥你冬天盖的被子的部件名称：⑦你穿的鞋的部件名称：⑧你喜欢的一个玩具的部件名称：（5）我国有著名的东、南、西、北、中五岳名山，你知道吗？请填在下面的括号里。
它们是：东岳（）南岳（）西岳（）北岳（）中岳（）2．多观察事物，注意积累描绘事物的词语。
人物千人千面，景物千姿百态，事物千变万化，怎样真实地、栩栩如生地把他（它）们的外貌、姿态、变化描绘出来呢？一是要多观察，看清楚是什么样。
是高、是矮？是胖，是瘦？是长、是短？是方、是圆？是粗、是细？是红、是绿？是黄、是紫？是白、是黑？一是要观察得仔仔细细，看得清清楚楚。
二是要注意积累描绘事物的词语。
掌握了一定数量的描写人和事物的形状、性质或状态的词语，就能把观察到的事物具体、形象地描绘出来。
汉语中这类词语浩如烟海。
现将同学们在小学语文教材里学过的部分词语归类列举。
这既可供同学们作文时参考选用，又可给同学们积累词汇打个基础。
描写自然景色的：山清水秀风景秀丽万物争春青山绿水春意盎然春暖花开绿草茸茸湖光山影香飘蝶舞郁郁葱葱水平如镜万紫千红芳草如茵婀娜多姿银装素裹绿树成荫风景如画五彩缤纷桃红柳绿春色满园五光十色桃李芬芳碧波荡漾千姿百态百花齐放含苞待放五颜六色繁花似锦色彩斑斓绚丽多姿鸟语花香翠色欲流诗情画意描写天象气象的：晴空万里一轮圆月倾盆大雨红日高照明月当空暴风骤雨阳光明媚碧空如洗和风细雨万里长空月光皎洁电闪雷鸣霞光万道满天繁星乌云密布红霞满天繁星灿烂秋雨绵绵晚霞残照月光如水雪花纷飞万里无云白云缭绕北风呼呼阳光充足秋高气爽寒风凛冽骄阳似火一弯新月千里冰封旭日东升满天星斗万里雪飘风和日丽繁星点点寒风呼啸描写欢乐场面的：人潮如海彩旗招展轰轰烈烈人群济济鞭炮齐鸣热闹非凡人颜欢笑歌声四起灯火辉煌人山人海心花怒放红灯高挂人声鼎沸此起彼伏轻歌曼舞人欢马叫鲜花似海锣鼓喧天掌声雷动万象更新光彩夺目欢声笑语载歌载舞五彩缤纷喜气洋洋响彻云霄欢腾跳跃引吭高歌欢聚一堂五光十色欢天喜地翩翩起舞春色满园描写劳动热情的：斗志昂扬汗流浃背日夜奋战争先恐后大汗淋漓巧夺天工摩拳擦掌披星戴月千军万马你追我赶急起直追人声鼎沸力争上游龙争虎斗热气腾腾各显神通高歌猛进浩浩荡荡埋头苦干突飞猛进热火朝天马不停蹄快马加鞭此起彼伏一马当先大刀阔斧移山造海大显身手气吞山河万马奔腾描写愉快心情的：笑容满面喜上眉梢神采飞扬喜笑颜开喜出望外放声歌唱眉开眼笑欣喜若狂兴高采烈笑容可掬欢欣鼓舞容光焕发满脸笑容神采奕奕谈笑风生笑逐颜开满面春风眉飞色舞人颜欢笑红光满面和颜悦色捧腹大笑心花怒放喜气洋洋纵情欢笑欢呼跳跃心旷神怡描写人物外貌的：英俊潇洒红光满面睡眼蒙眬身材魁梧满脸笑容泪眼通红个子高高皮肤黝黑双眉紧锁身材矮小黑里透红眼睛深陷肩膀宽宽面容慈祥炯炯有神眉清目秀皱纹舒展浓眉大眼樱桃小口无精打采身体瘦弱白嫩肌肤面容憔悴愣头愣脑神采奕奕满脸放光须发苍苍亭亭玉立鹤发童颜面如土色描写工作学习态度的：全心全意专心致志废寝忘食一心一意全神贯注如饥似渴专心专意夜以继日勤勤恳恳聚精会神再接再厉仔细琢磨孜孜不倦始终如一深思熟虑始终不渝精益求精有始有终持之以恒不遗余力水滴石穿坚韧不拔兢兢业业精雕细刻勤勤恳恳愚公移山埋头苦干一丝不苟不甘示弱日夜奋战以上是从小学语文教材里分类整理出来的部分词汇。
同学们应广开积词渠道，从课外读物中，从电影、电视、新闻报刊中，从社交活动中随时随地进行收集，把收集的词汇按《分类积词表》（详见后页）进行整理，建立自己的“小词库”或自编《词汇手册》。
这是一项非常有意义而有趣的学习活动，同学们不妨试试看。
想一想，练一练：（1）我们的祖国是伟大的、可爱的，你能写出20个描绘祖国大好山河的词语吗？_______________________________________________（2）按下列要求分项各写10个词语。
①写人物外貌的：_________________________________________②写人物神态的：_________________________________________③写人物品质的：_________________________________________④写欢乐场面的：_________________________________________⑤写激烈竞赛的：_________________________________________⑦写景物样子的：_________________________________________⑧写景物颜色的：_________________________________________⑨写景物动态的：_________________________________________（3）下面景物你会用哪些词语来描写？请分别写在横线上。
太阳：___________________________________________________星星：___________________________________________________云彩：___________________________________________________大雾：___________________________________________________细雨：___________________________________________________白雪：___________________________________________________北风：___________________________________________________（4）按要求写词语，看谁写得多？①歌颂改革开放的词语：②讲市场繁荣的词语：③描写农村风光的词语：④讲商店生意兴隆的词语：（5）你能写出下列动物的叫声吗？小狗（汪汪）青蛙（）小猫（）蝉儿（）小羊（）蟋蟀（）小鸡（）公鸡（）小鸭（）乌鸦（）想一想，练一练：（1）我们的祖国是伟大的、可爱的，你能写出20个描绘祖国大好山河的词语吗？_______________________________________________（2）按下列要求分项各写10个词语。
①写人物外貌的：_________________________________________②写人物神态的：_________________________________________③写人物品质的：_________________________________________④写欢乐场面的：_________________________________________⑤写激烈竞赛的：_________________________________________⑦写景物样子的：_________________________________________⑧写景物颜色的：_________________________________________⑨写景物动态的：_________________________________________（3）下面景物你会用哪些词语来描写？请分别写在横线上。