(ThesisResearch StudySpecial Studyetc) 2. Title WORKFLOW COMPOSITION FOR E-PROCUREMENT
英语毕业论文提纲模板
英语毕业论文提纲模板I. Introduction (approximately 120-150 words)- Background information on the topic of the thesis- Research question/ objective of the study- Significance and relevance of the study- Overview of the structure of the thesisII. Literature Review (approximately 300-400 words)- Introduction to the main theories, concepts or previous studies related to the research question- Critical evaluation of the existing literature- Identification of gaps, limitations or contradictions in the literature- Rationale for the current study based on the literature reviewIII. Methodology (approximately 200-250 words)- Description of the research design and approach- Explanation of the data collection methods utilized- Description of the sample and sample size- Explanation of the data analysis methods employedIV. Findings and Analysis (approximately 300-400 words)- Presentation and interpretation of the findings- Discussion of any unexpected or contradictory findings- Illustrative examples or supportive evidences from the data analysisV. Discussion (approximately 300-400 words)- Interpretation of the findings in the context of the research question- Analysis of the implications and significance of the findings- Discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the studyVI. Conclusion (approximately 100-150 words)- Recapitulation of the main findings and their implications - Restatement of the research question and objective- Closing remarks on the overall contribution of the studyVII. References- List of all sources cited in the thesis using the appropriate referencing style (e.g. APA, MLA, Harvard) Note: The word count allocations mentioned above are just approximate guidelines and can be adjusted based on the specificrequirements of your thesis and the depth of analysis needed. It's important to adhere to the formatting guidelines provided by your institution or department.。
运用创伤理论分析《最蓝的眼睛》中佩科拉的形象(英文版)
摘要美国黑人女作家托妮.莫里森（1931-2019）出生于俄亥俄州钢城洛里恩,她曾获普利策小说奖，赛珍珠奖，美国艺术文学学院奖。
她在1993年获得诺贝尔奖.《最蓝的眼睛》为她的第一部长篇小说。
以美国1941年前后黑人遭受到的精神奴役为背景，在黑人奴隶制度废除后，虽然黑人和白人在肉体上的社会地位看起来是平等的，但是因为奴隶制度而在美国留下了黑人的穷困潦倒以及发自美国白人心里的种族歧视，而一些黑人为了改善自己的物质生活，在不知不觉中抛弃了本民族的优秀传统。
她注重细节描写。
突出情感表达，将小说创作与民族解放使命联系起来引发人们深思。
托尼习惯把神话色彩和政治敏感结合起来，在《最蓝的眼睛》发表的时候，正是美国黑人权利运动风气云涌的时候。
《最蓝的眼睛》中的主人公佩科拉的一家便是这种精神奴役下所酿成的悲剧。
本文应用了创伤理论相关的心理学理论来分析小说《最蓝的眼睛》中的人物特点，从创伤理论的心理创伤，文化创伤，宗教创伤三个方面来分析佩科拉悲剧形成的原因，以及从创伤修复理论的内部因素和外部因素来分析佩科拉最终创伤修复失败的原因。
文章根据文中独特的叙述角度和文中特有的时间顺序和黑人种族的文化背景,运用创伤理论来分析文中重要人物佩科拉的形象，从心理创伤，文化创伤和宗教创伤三个方面来分析佩科拉命运造成的原因。
同时运用创伤理论中的创伤复原理论分析佩科拉在遭受创伤后的复原过程，通过内在原因和外在原因分析佩科拉是如何修复失败造成最终的悲剧形象。
从而得到启示，引发深思。
关键词：托尼.莫里森；创伤理论；命运；佩科拉；创伤修复AbstractToni Morrison (1931-2019) was born in lorrain, Ohio. She won the Pulitzer prize for fiction, the pearl buck prize and the American academy of arts and letters.She won the Nobel Prize in 1993.Around 1941 blacks in the United States suffered mental slavery as the background, the black after the abolition of slavery, though blacks and whites in the social status of the body appear to be equal, but because of slavery in the United States left a black and poor from the racial discrimination of white America'smind, and some of the black people to improve their material life, in imperceptible in abandoned the fine tradition of this nation.She attention to detail.It emphasizes the expression of emotion and connects the creation of novels with the mission of national liberation.Tony had a habit of combining mythology with political sensibilities, and the publication of The Bluest Eye coincided with the rise of the black rights movement in America.The family of Pecola, the protagonist of The Bluest Eye, is a tragedy caused by such spiritual slavery.This paper applied the theory of trauma associated psychological theory to analyze the characteristics of the characters in the novel the bluest eye, the psychological trauma from the trauma theory, culture, religion, trauma from three aspects to analyze the causes of the formation of Pecola’s tragedy, and from the Wound Healing Theory to analyze the internal factors and external factors Pecola eventually wound repair the cause of the failure.Based on the unique feminist narrative Angle, the special chronological sequence and the cultural background of black race, this paper analyzes the image of Pecola, an important figure in this paper, by using the theory of trauma, and analyzes the causes of Pecola’s fate from three aspects: psychological trauma, cultural trauma and religious trauma.At the same time, the theory of trauma recovery in the trauma theory is used to analyze Pecola’s post-traumatic recovery process, and the internal and external reasons are used to analyze how Pecola repaired the final tragic image caused by failure.Thus get enlightenment, cause ponder.Key words: Toni Morrison; Trauma theory; Fate; Pecola; Wound healing.Contents摘要 (1)Abstract (1)1 Introduction (3)1.1 Background to the Study (4)1.2 Purpose of the Study and Research Questions (4)1.3 Approach to the Study (5)1.4 Organization of the Thesis (5)2 Literature Review (6)2.1 Studies on Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye (6)2.2 Studies on Trauma Theory at Home and Aboard (10)3 Causes of The Tragic Image of The Pecola From Traum Theory (16)3.1 Psychological Trauma on Pecola (16)3.2 Cultural Trauma on Pecola (17)3.3 Religious Trauma on Pecola (19)4 The Reasons of The Pecola's Failure in Would Healing (21)4.1 Internal Factors of Pecola's Failture in Would Healing (22)4.2 External Factors of Pecola's Failture in Would Healing (26)5 Conclusion (29)References (30)Acknowledgements .........................................................................错误!未定义书签。
Essay Paper和Dissertation的有什么区别
方法/步骤
Paper怎么写？ 这个词就太多含义了。 好的，也就是paper一般有两种（跟学术相关的）： 第一种是超级学术的论文，通常是由专家写的，在书和期刊上等发表，一般叫做学术论文 Scholarly paper。 第二种是类似essay的，作为学校课程作业的文章和论文，一般叫学期论文Term paper。 学期论文Term paper是学生撰写的研究论文，占很大一部分的成绩。学期论文通常用来描述一 个事件，一个概念，或者认为一个论点。学期论文是写原创作品，详细讨论一个话题，通常都需 要几页打印纸，通常是在一个学期尾交。
Essay大家都熟悉，老师经常让我们写essay，essay就是几千字的小论文，一般来说只有文献 综述和对它的分析，没有独立的数据也没关系，本科生接触的最多的就是essay，essay也是被 包括在paper里面的。Paper一般来说就包括了所有的论文，当然，不包括毕业论文。 Dissertation相对来说字数比较多，一般来说要一万字以上，和essay不同的是，它要有独立的 研究方法和数据分析，相对essay来说，它对作者的要求更高，要完成起来也更加困难。
方法/步骤
Essay怎么写？ 它几乎是留学中最常见的一个词之一。
Essay有两个特点： 1.short！短！ 2.主要是指学生的课程作业（或者考核作品）啦。 3.是在某主题上写，而不是乱来的。 在国外大学，Essay一般指几千字级别的小论文/课程论文，通常只有文献综述和对文献的批判分 析，可以没有独立的数据和实证（即便有也是简化的）。可以没有完整的数据或文献，也可以只 针对一些著作或观点谈谈自己的想法和见解，可以是批判性的，也可以是赞同的。
preliminary study 和 pilot study 和 pretest
preliminary study 和pilot study 和pretest "Preliminary study"、"pilot study" 和"pretest" 都是研究设计和方法学上常用的术语，用于描述研究计划中的初步阶段。
以下是它们的一些基本概念：
1.Preliminary Study（初步研究）:
•定义：Preliminary study 是在进行正式研究之前进行的一个阶段，用于获取关于研究主题的初步信息。
•目的：了解研究领域的背景，确定研究问题，收集初步数据，评估可行性等。
•特点：可能包括文献回顾、小规模调查、初步数据分析等。
2.Pilot Study（试点研究）:
•定义：Pilot study 是在主要研究之前进行的小规模研究，用于测试研究设计、方法和工具的可行性。
•目的：确定研究设计的可行性、检测潜在问题、确定样本大小、测试数据收集工具等。
•特点：通常包含实际实验或调查，但规模较小，其结果不会被纳入最终分析。
3.Pretest（预测试）:
•定义：Pretest 是在正式实验或调查之前对工具、问卷或实验条件进行的小规模测试。
•目的：评估测量工具的有效性、检查实验条件是否正常，
发现潜在问题。
•特点：通常关注于工具和程序的细节，以确保它们能够提供准确的测量和实验结果。
这些阶段的目标是确保主要研究的成功进行。
通过初步研究，研究者可以更好地了解研究领域，通过试点研究可以优化研究设计和方法，而预测试则有助于确保测量工具和程序的有效性。
临床试验常见英文缩写
临床试验常见英文缩写ADR（Adverse drug reacti on）不良反应AE（Adverse e vent）不良事件SAE（S eri ous Adverse E vent）严重不良事件CRF（Case re port form/case record form）病例报告表CRO（C ontract resea rch organi zation）合同研究组织EC（Ethi cs C ommittee）伦理委员会GCP（Good cli nical practi ce）药品临床试验管理规范EDC（Elect ronic data ca pt ure）电子数据采集IB（Inves tiga tor's Brochure）研究者手册ND (Not D one) 未做NA (Not Applica ble) 不适用UK (Unknown) 未知PI（Pri ncipal investi gat or ）主要研究者Sub-I(Sub-investi gat or) 助理研究者QA(Qualit y ass urance) 质量保证QC(Quality control) 质量控制SDV（S ource data veri ficati on）原始资料核对SD（S ource data）原始数据SD(S ource document ) 原始文件SFDA 国家食品药品监督管理局SOP(Sta ndard operating proce dure) 标准操作规程IRB 机构审查委员会ICF(Informe d C onse nt Form) 知情同意书TMF（trial mast er file）研究管理文件夹临床试验常见英文单词A•Active control ,AC阳性对照，活性对照阳性对照，活性对照•Adverse drug rea cti on ,ADR药物不良反应药物不良反应•Adverse e ve nt ,AE不良事件•Approval批准•Assista nt i nvesti gat or 助理研究者•Audi t 稽查•Audi t re port稽查报告•Audi tor 稽查员B•Bias偏性，偏倚•Bla nk control空白对照•Bli nding/masking 盲法，设盲•Bl ock 层C•Case hist ory 病历•Case re port form/case record form ,CRF 病例报告表，病例记录表•Clini cal st udy 临床研究•Clini cal t rial 临床试验•Clini cal t rial a pplicati on ,CTA 临床试验申请•Clini cal t rial e xempti on ,CT X 临床试验免责•Clini cal t rial prot ocol ,CT P 临床试验方案•Clini cal t rial/st udy re port临床试验报告•COA(药品检测报告)•Co-i nvesti gator 合作研究者•Comparis on 对照•Complia nce依从性•Computer-assiste d t rial desi gn ,CATD计算机辅助试验设计•Contra ct research organi zati on ,CR O 合同研究组织•Contra ct/agreeme nt协议/合同•Coordi nati ng committee协调委员会•Coordi nati ng investi gat or 协调研究者•Cross-over study 交叉研究•Cure 痊愈•CTRB 临床试验文件夹D•Docume ntati on 记录/文件•Dose-reacti on relati on 剂量—反应关系•Double bli nding 双盲•Double dummy te chni que双盲双模拟技术E•Electronic data ca pt ure ,EDC电子数据采集系统•Electronic data processi ng ,EDP 电子数据处理系统•Endpoi nt crite ria/meas ure ment 终点指标•Essential docume ntati on 必需文件•Exce llent显效•Excl usi on cri teria排除标准F•Fail ure无效，失败•Fi nal report总结报告•Fi nal point 终点•Force d titra tion 强制滴定G&H•Global全球•Generi c drug 通用名药•Good clini cal practice ,GC P 药物临床试验质量管理规定•Good manufact ure practice ,GMP 药品生产质量管理规范•Good non-cli nical labora tory practi ce ,GLP 药物非临床研究质量管理规范•Health economi c e valuati on ,HEV健康经济学评价•Hypot hesis tes ting 假设检验I•Improve me nt好转•Incl usion criteria 入选标准•Inde pe ndent et hics committ ee ,IEE独立伦理委员会•Informati on gathe ring 信息收集•Informe d conse nt form ,ICF 知情同意书•Informe d conse nt ,IC 知情同意•Initial meeti ng 启动会议•Inspe cti on 视察/检查•Institution i ns pecti on 机构检查•Institutional revie w board ,IBR 机构审查委员会•Intenti on t o treat意向治疗•Interacti ve voice res ponse s yste m ,IVRS互动式语音应答系统•Interna tional C onfere nce on Harmonizati on ,ICH国际协调会议•Investi gati onal new drug ,IND新药临床研究•Investi gati onal product试验药物•Investi gat or 研究者•Investi gat or’s brochure ,IB 研究者手册L•Local局部M&N•Marketi ng approval/aut horizati on 上市许可证•Matche d pair 匹配配对•M onit or 监查员•M onit ori ng 监查•M onit ori ng re port监查报告•Mul ti-center t rial 多中心试验•Ne w che mical entit y ,NCE新化学实体•Ne w drug appli cati on ,NDA 新药申请•Non-clini cal st udy 非临床研究O•Obe die nce依从性•Opti onal titrati on 随意滴定•Ori gi nal me dical record 原始医疗记录•Outcome结果•Outcome assess me nt结果指标评价•Outcome meas ure ment结果指标P•Patie nt file病人指标•Patie nt hist ory 病历•Pla cebo 安慰剂•Pla cebo cont rol安慰剂对照•Pre cli nical s tudy 临床前研究•Pri nci ple investi gat or ,PI 主要研究者•Product li ce nse ,PL 产品许可证•Prot ocol试验方案•Prot ocol ame ndment方案补正Q&R•Qualit y ass urance ,QA 质量保证•Qualit y ass urance unit ,QAU 质量保证部门•Qualit y control ,QC 质量控制•Randomi zati on 随机•Regulat or y a uthorit ies ,RA 监督管理部门•Repl icati on 可重复•Run i n 准备期S•Sample size样本量，样本大小•Seri ous a dve rse e vent ,SAE严重不良事件•Seri ous a dve rse rea cti on ,SAR严重不良反应•Seri ous ness严重性•Se verit y 严重程度•Si mpl e ra ndomizati on 简单随机•Single blindi ng 单盲•Site a udit试验机构稽查•S ource data ,SD原始数据•S ource data veri fi cati on ,SD V 原始数据核准•S ource document ,SD 原始文件•S pons or 申办者•S pons or-investi gat or 申办研究者•Standard operati ng proce dure ,S OP 标准操作规程•Statisti cal a nalysis plan ,S AP 统计分析计划•Study a udit研究稽查•Subgroup 亚组•Sub-investi gat or 助理研究者•Subje ct受试者•Subje ct diary 受试者日记•Subje ct e nroll ment受试者入选•Subje ct e nroll ment l og 受试者入选表•Subje ct i de nti ficati on code ,S IC受试者识别代码•Subje ct re cruit ment受试者招募•Subje ct s cree ning l og 受试者筛选表•System audit系统稽查T&U•Trial e rr or 试验误差•Trial maste r file试验总档案•Trial objective试验目的•Trial si te 试验场所•Tri ple bli nding 三盲•Unbli ndi ng 破盲•Une xpe cte d a dverse e ve nt ,UAE预料外不良事件V&W•Varia bilit y 变异•Visual anal ogy scale直观类比打分法•Vul nera ble subject 弱势受试者•Was h-out清洗期•Well-bei ng 福利，健康EDC 系统常见英文缩写•1.SCR (screeni ng) 筛选•2.DOV (date of visit) 访视第一天•3.ELIG ( ELIGIBILITY ) 入排合格•4.DEM ( DEM OGRAPHY )人口统计学•5.MEDS X (me dical hist ory) 既往史•MH X1 : CANCER RELATED C URRENT MEDIC AL CONDIT IONS该肿瘤手术史及肿瘤相关症状•MH X2 : NON-CANCER RE LATED MEDICAL C ONDITIONS•与该肿瘤无关的病史•6.VS /V ITALS ( V ITAL S IGNS ) 生命体征•7.ECOG/PS体能评分note：后面具体讲解•8. EC G : 12-LE AD EC G 心电图•9. ECH O ( ECH OCARD IOGRAM ) 超声心动图•10. H AEMA ( LOCAL LABORAT ORY –HAEM ATOLOGY )血常规•11. C HEM ( LOC AL LABORAT ORY–CLINICAL CHEM ISTRY )血生化•12. URIN ( uri ne ) 尿常规•13. C1 ( C ycle1 ) 第一周期•14. WD : E nd of T hera py/D ISCONTINUAT ION 结束治疗(停止用药)•15. FU ( Foll ow-up ) 随访•16.CMED( C ONCOM ITANT MED ICAT IONS ) 伴随药物•17. AE ( NON-SERIOUS ADVERSE EVENTS ) 不良事件•18. S AE ( SER IOUS ADVERSE E VENTS ) 严重不良事件•19. E OS( E nd of St udy ) 结束研究：肿瘤以病人死亡事件为准•20. UNS ( Unsche dule d Visit ) 不预期访问•21.ND (Not D one) 未做•22. NA (Not Appli cable) 不适用• (Unknown) 未知临床试验常见语句描述一. 临床试验过程描述1）一般描述：1. Subje ct was diagnosed wit h XX i n S ept ember, 2010, and ha d XX s urgery i n De ce mbe r, 2010.患者于2010 年9 月确诊XX 疾病，于2010 年12 月行XX 术。
新时代研究生学术英语教程1第七单元
新时代研究生学术英语教程1第七单元全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1A Guide to Academic Writing for Little ScholarsHi there, little friends! Today, we're going to learn all about academic writing. It's a super important skill that will help you become a brilliant writer and researcher when you grow up. Get ready to dive into the exciting world of essays, reports, and research papers!First things first, what exactly is academic writing? It's a special way of writing that follows certain rules and styles. It's used by scholars, professors, and students to share their ideas, findings, and knowledge with others in their field of study. Unlike the stories you read for fun, academic writing has to be clear, organized, and based on facts and evidence.Now, let's talk about the different parts of an academic paper. Every paper needs to have an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The introduction is like the doorway to your paper. It's where you tell your readers whatyour paper is all about and why it's important. You can also include your main idea or thesis statement here.The body paragraphs are the meat of your paper. This is where you present your arguments, evidence, and examples to support your main idea. Each paragraph should focus on one main point and include supporting details and examples to back it up. Remember to use transition words like "firstly," "secondly," and "furthermore" to help your readers follow your ideas smoothly.The conclusion is like the grand finale of your paper. Here, you'll summarize your main points and restate your thesis statement. You can also share your final thoughts or suggestions for future research on the topic.But wait, there's more! Academic writing also has its own special language and style. You'll need to use formal and precise language, avoid contractions and slang words, and use technical terms specific to your field of study. Additionally, you'll need to cite your sources properly whenever you use information or ideas from other authors. This helps to give credit where it's due and shows that you've done your research.Now, let's talk about some tips and tricks to make your academic writing shine:Plan ahead: Before you start writing, make an outline or a mind map to organize your thoughts and ideas. This will help your paper flow smoothly and stay on track.Use evidence: Remember to support your arguments and claims with concrete examples, facts, and evidence from reliable sources. This will make your paper more convincing and credible.Stay objective: Academic writing should be objective and unbiased. Avoid using personal opinions or emotional language, and focus on presenting facts and analysis.Edit and revise: Once you've finished your first draft, take a break and come back to it with fresh eyes. Read through your paper carefully and make any necessary corrections or improvements.Get feedback: Ask your teacher, parents, or friends to read your paper and provide feedback. Fresh perspectives can help you identify areas for improvement and make your writing even better.Well, there you have it, little scholars! Academic writing may seem a bit challenging at first, but with practice and determination, you'll become a pro in no time. Remember to follow the guidelines, use clear and precise language, and alwayssupport your ideas with evidence. Who knows, one day you might write a groundbreaking research paper that changes the world!Happy writing, and never stop exploring the wonderful world of knowledge!篇2A Fun Journey Through Unit 7Hey there, kids! Are you ready to embark on an exciting adventure through Unit 7 of our awesome English textbook? Get ready to explore the fascinating world of academic writing and discover some cool tips and tricks along the way!First things first, let's talk about the main topic of this unit: writing a research paper. Now, I know what you're thinking, "Research papers? That sounds super boring!" But trust me, it's way more interesting than you might think.Imagine you're a detective on a mission to solve a big mystery. You have to gather clues, analyze evidence, and present your findings in a clear and organized way. That's exactly what you're doing when you write a research paper! You'reinvestigating a specific topic, collecting information from different sources, and then putting it all together in a report.Now, before you start writing, you need to have a solid plan. This is where the outline comes in handy. An outline is like a roadmap that helps you stay on track and organize your thoughts. It's kind of like planning a fun trip with your family –you decide where you want to go, what you want to see, and how you're going to get there.Once you have your outline ready, it's time to start writing! But hold on, there's more to it than just putting words on paper. You need to make sure your writing is clear, concise, and easy to understand. That's where some cool writing techniques come in.For example, you can use transition words like "first," "next," and "finally" to help your reader follow your ideas smoothly. It's like holding their hand and guiding them through your amazing research adventure!Another important aspect of academic writing is using formal language and avoiding slang or casual expressions. This might sound a bit boring, but think of it like dressing up for a fancy party – you want to look and sound your best!Now, let's talk about something really exciting: referencing! When you use information from other sources in your research paper, you need to give credit to the authors. This is called citing sources, and it's like giving a shout-out to the people who helped you solve the mystery.There are different referencing styles, like APA or MLA, and they might seem a bit confusing at first. But don't worry; it's just like learning a new game – once you get the hang of it, it'll be a piece of cake!Speaking of games, did you know that some research papers include graphs, tables, and figures? These visual elements can help you present your findings in a cool and engaging way. It's like adding some awesome illustrations to your detective report!Last but not least, let's talk about something that might seem a bit scary at first: peer review. This is when you share your research paper with your classmates or teachers, and they provide feedback and suggestions for improvement. It's kind of like showing your detective work to your friends and seeing if they can spot any clues you missed.Remember, the goal of peer review is to help you make your paper even better, so don't be afraid to listen to their comments and make some changes. It's all part of the learning process!Phew, that was a lot of information, but I'm sure you've got this! Writing a research paper might seem like a big challenge at first, but with a little bit of practice and some fun strategies, you'll be a pro in no time.So, what are you waiting for? Grab your detective hat, sharpen your pencils, and get ready to embark on your very own research adventure! Who knows, you might even discover something truly amazing along the way.Happy writing, my friends!篇3My Amazing Adventure in the OceanHi everyone! Today, I want to tell you about my incredible adventure in the ocean. It was an exciting and unforgettable experience that I will cherish forever!One sunny morning, my family and I decided to go on a boat trip. We sailed far out into the deep blue sea. As we floated on the waves, I couldn't help but feel a mix of excitement and curiosity. What would I see beneath the surface of the water?We anchored our boat near a vibrant coral reef. The water was crystal clear, and I eagerly put on my snorkeling gear. Slowly,I dipped my head underwater and, to my amazement, a whole new world opened up before my eyes!Colorful fish of all shapes and sizes were swimming around me. There were tiny clownfish, just like Nemo, with their orange and white stripes. I spotted a majestic sea turtle gracefully gliding through the water. It was incredible to see these beautiful creatures up close!I also saw a school of shimmering silver fish, moving together in perfect harmony. They looked like a silver wave flowing through the ocean. It reminded me of a dance party where everyone knew the same dance moves!But the most breathtaking sight was the coral reef itself. The corals were like underwater gardens, with vibrant colors and unique shapes. They were home to many sea creatures, providing shelter and protection. I learned that corals are living animals, just like you and me!As I explored further, I noticed a dark shadow approaching. It was a huge manta ray gliding effortlessly through the water. It seemed to be flying like a bird, with its wings gracefully flapping.I was in awe of its sheer size and beauty!While swimming, I also encountered some challenges. I accidentally bumped into a spiky sea urchin, and it reminded me to be careful and respect the ocean and its inhabitants. I quickly learned to be mindful of my surroundings and not disturb the delicate balance of nature.After what felt like hours, it was time to say goodbye to the ocean and head back to the boat. As I climbed aboard, I couldn't stop talking about all the incredible things I had seen. The ocean had taught me so much about its wonders and the importance of protecting it.This adventure made me realize how vast and diverse our planet is. It's crucial for us to take care of our oceans and the amazing creatures that call it home. We can all do our part by reducing plastic waste, conserving water, and spreading awareness about the importance of marine life.I will always cherish the memories of my adventure in the ocean. It was a day filled with wonder, discovery, and appreciation for the incredible beauty that lies beneath the waves. I hope one day you can have your own amazing adventure in the ocean too!Remember, let's be kind to our oceans and protect them for future generations. Together, we can make a difference!That's all for now. Thanks for reading, my fellow ocean explorers!Yours truly,[Your Name]篇4Academic English is Tough but Fun!Hi everyone! My name is Lily and I'm a 4th grader. My big sister just started graduate school and she has to take this really hard class called "Academic English for the New Era Postgraduate Course 1". I looked through her textbook and it seems super difficult with all those big words and complicated ideas. But I thought it would be fun to try explaining Unit 7 in my own words!Unit 7 is all about writing a research paper. That sounds so grown-up and fancy, doesn't it? Basically, a research paper is a really long essay where you pick a topic, read a bunch of books and websites about it, and then write down your own thoughts and ideas. The first step is to choose a good topic. My sister is studying environmental science, so maybe she could write about things like pollution, recycling, or endangered animals. Once youpick a topic, you have to do lots and lots of research by reading books from the library, scholarly articles from databases, and websites (but only the good, trustworthy ones - not just anything on the internet!).After you read everything you can find about your topic, it's time to start writing. But first you need an outline which is like a plan that organizes all your ideas into different sections. Usually a research paper has an introduction where you explain your topic, a literature review discussing what other people have already written about it, a methods section describing how you did your research, results sharing what you found out, a discussion analyzing the results, and a conclusion summing everything up. Phew, that's a lot of sections!The introduction is really important because it has to grab the reader's attention right away. Some good ways to start are by telling an interesting story, sharing a surprising fact or statistic, or asking a thought-provoking question. The introduction also needs a clear, one-sentence statement called a thesis that tells what your paper is about.The literature review discusses all the major books, articles, and ideas that already exist on your topic. You have to show that you understand what has been studied before and where yourown research fits in. This section takes a ton of work because you have to read so much and take careful notes!The methods section explains exactly how you did your research, whether it was collecting data through experiments, surveys, observations or looking at sources like books and databases. This proves that your research was done in a proper, systematic way.The results section objectively lists out the main findings from your research, without any opinions or analysis yet. Just the facts!Then the discussion section is where you finally get to analyze the meaning and significance of your results. How do they relate to your original thesis and the research that already exists? What are the implications and potential applications?Finally, the conclusion restates the main purpose of the paper and summarizes the key points made in each section. It might also suggest ideas for future research on the topic.Whew, that's a lot of work! My sister also has to include things like a title page, table of contents, in-text citations, and a references list at the end. Formatting counts for a lot of the grade. And of course, she has to use perfect academic Englishwith no slang or contractions and big fancy words like "elucidate" and "synthesize".I'm just a 4th grader, so writing a real research paper is still many years away for me. But it was fun trying to understand and explain it in simpler terms. Unit 7 of that textbook is crazy difficult with all the rules and guidelines for each section. I have a new respect for my sister and all graduate students after seeing what they have to do. Research seems incredibly hard but also really interesting and important for adding new knowledge to the world. I can't wait until I'm old enough to write my first research paper someday! But I better start practicing my academic writing skills now. Let me conclude by synthesizing the key points I have elucidated...篇5Academic Reading and Writing for Grown-UpsHi there! Are you a grown-up who wants to learn about reading and writing for university? Maybe you're a student or teacher or just someone who loves learning. Well, get ready because I'm going to teach you all about it!First up, let's talk about academic reading. When you read at university, it's not like reading comics or fun stories. The booksare waaay more difficult, with big fancy words and complicated ideas. But don't worry, I'll explain it all simply!The most important thing is being able to understand the main point the author is trying to make. It's like a treasure hunt, except the treasure is knowledge! You have to read carefully and pick out all the key details and evidence the author uses. Along the way, you'll learn new words too which is pretty cool.Sometimes the authors will disagree with each other on a topic. When that happens, you have to think critically about who makes more sense and has better supporting evidence. It's like being a judge in a court case, except way more fun!Once you get good at academic reading, you can level up to academic writing. This is where you get to put all those big ideas into your own words. The hardest part is organizing everything logically, sort of like telling a super long story with a beginning, middle and end.In academic writing, you need to be formal and objective. That means no slang words or contractions like "can't" or "didn't." It has to sound sophisticated and impersonal. You also have to cite your sources, which tells readers where you got your information from. citations are like giving credit to the very smart people who helped you.The key things in academic writing are: a clear introduction that previews your main ideas, body paragraphs that explain those ideas with evidence and examples, and a conclusion that restates everything important. Following that structure makes your writing flow smoothly.Using transition words like "furthermore" and "in addition" is also really handy. They act like flashing arrows guiding the reader through your work. Oh and don't forget referencing at the end! That's a list of all the sources you cited, formatted properly.I know it sounds like a lot of work, but becoming a master at academic reading and writing means you can understand and share knowledge at the highest levels. You'll be like a superhero, but instead of fighting crime your power will be using your incredible brain!So keep practicing and don't get discouraged. Reading is like exercise for your mind, and writing allows you to show off how strong it has become. Hard work plus patience equals success! You got this, grown-up student!篇6Unit 7 - Writing a Research PaperHey there friends! Today we're going to talk about something super important for anyone who wants to be a great researcher when they grow up - writing a research paper! I know it sounds like a big deal, but don't worry, I'll explain it all in a way that's easy to understand.First things first, what is a research paper? It's basically a long essay where you share your findings and ideas about a topic you've studied really hard. You need to do a lot of research, which means reading books, articles, and other sources to learn as much as you can about your topic. Then you put all that information together and write about it in your own words.The first step is picking a good topic. It has to be something you're really interested in, because you'll be spending a lot of time learning about it. Maybe you love dinosaurs, or space, or how plants grow. Whatever it is, make sure it's something you won't get bored with easily!Once you've chosen your topic, it's time to start researching. This is the part where you read all those books and articles to gather information. As you read, take notes on the important details and anything that could help support your ideas about the topic. Don't forget to write down where each piece ofinformation came from, because you'll need to give credit to those sources later.After you've done a ton of research, it's time to start planning out your paper. This part is like making a map before you go on a trip. You'll decide how to organize all your information into an outline with different sections. The main sections are usually:The introduction - This is where you explain what your paper is about and get the reader interested.The literature review - You'll summarize what others have already written about your topic.The methodology - Describe how you did your research and gathered information.The results - Share what you found out and the discoveries you made.The conclusion - Wrap everything up by restating your main points.Once your outline is ready, you can start writing the actual paper. Follow your outline to make sure you include all the important parts. Use clear language that's easy to understand,and back up your ideas with lots of details and examples from your research. Don't forget to properly cite your sources!Writing a good research paper takes a lot of hard work, but it's an important skill. When you're done, you'll have shared your own unique ideas and discoveries with the world! Pretty cool, right?There are a few other things that are important for research papers too. You need a catchy title that grabs the reader's attention. Visuals like charts and graphs are great for explaining data and research findings. And of course, you have to proofread and edit your paper very carefully before it's finished.I know that was a lot of information, but doing research and writing papers will become easier with practice. The most important thing is to pick a topic you love so you'll stay interested. If you work hard and follow all the steps, you'll be a research master in no time! Let me know if anything needs more explanation. Now go forth and research!。
应用语言学课程教学大纲
《应用语言学》课程教学大纲课程代码：ENGL2049课程类别：专业选修课授课对象：英语、英语师范专业开课学期：秋（第7学期）学分： 2主讲教师：王宇指定教材：1.《应用语言学》（第二版），乐眉云主编，南京师范大学出版社，2004年。
2.《第二语言习得研究与外语学习》，丁言仁，上海外语教育出版社，2004年。
教学目的（含课程内容和考核方式）应用语言学有狭义和广义之分。
狭义的应用语言学专指语言教学，特别是指第二语言教学或外语教学。
广义的应用语言学则涵盖所有与语言和语言学应用有关的学科，包括第二语言习得、社会语言学、心理语言学、神经语言学等等。
本课程将重点选取与学生英语学习密切相关的领域——即第二语言习得和第二语言教学——进行分析和讨论。
本课程是面向英语和英语教育专业所有学生的一门专业选修课，其教学目的为：●帮助学生了解第二语言习得和第二语言教学方面的基本理论和主要论题，培养学生的研究兴趣和一定的批评能力；●引导学生自觉地运用应用语言学原理指导和促进英语学习；●掌握基本的应用语言学研究方法，为撰写毕业论文打下基础。
本课程分三个模块，主要内容包括：模块一：第二语言习得，包括学习者语言/中介语、影响第二语言习得的外在因素、第二语言习得的内在机制、学习者个体差异、二语习得理论、课堂教学与第二语言习得等。
模块二：第二语言教学，包括语言技能（包括听、说、读、写）的教学和语言评估。
模块三：应用语言学的研究方法和论文写作。
考核方式：课堂讨论（20%），课外文献阅读（30%），以小组为单位的项目报告（50%）。
第一课 Orientation课时：第一周，共2课时教学内容：第一节What is applied linguistics?The Role of Applied LinguisticsThe Nature of Applied Linguistics第二节Why should we study applied linguistics?Applied Linguistics and the Language Teacher思考题:1.What is the relationship between Linguistics and applied linguistics:hierarchy or partnership?2.Can there be a unitary theory of applied linguistics, or indeed dotheories of applied linguistics exist at all?3.Should applied linguists be theoretical?模块一（第2课——第8课）：Essential Concepts and Theories in SLA第二课 Puzzles in SLA & The Influence of Behaviorism课时：第二周，共2课时教学内容第一节SLA as a Field of LearningIssues for Exploration第二节The “Interference” of L1The behaviorist Understanding of SLAContrastive AnalysisCriticism from Empirical Research思考题：1.Think of more features on which students make errors sometimes butdo fairly well other times. Describe the conditions under which they tend to err and those under which they tend to get it correct.2.Think of a few areas of difficulty for advanced Chinese learners ofEnglish. Do there areas represent features that are overtly or slightly different from their Chinese counterparts?第三课 The “Chomskyan Revolution”课时：第三周，共2课时教学内容第一节Chomskyan LinguisticsCriticisms of Chomskyan Linguistics第二节Interlanguage HypothesisError analysis思考题：1.Give examples of errors young children make when they are learningto speak Chinese. You may recall the errors you yourself made when you were little.2.Sometimes sentences may look similar, but their functions can be verydifferent. Compare “Jack comes here”with “Here comes Jack.”What are their differences? Think of situations in which you can use one but not the other.第四课 Natural Order and comprehensible Input课时：第四周，共2课时教学内容第一节Natural Order HypothesisMorpheme Studies and Their findings第二节Problems with Error Analysis and Morpheme StudiesComprehensible Input Hypothesis思考题：1.If you know any international students or any other non-nativespeakers of Chinese, carefully observe their speech. Do they make errors that are similar to those you once made when you were a child?2.What are the flaws in Krashen’s Comprehensible Input Hypothesis?第五课 Variability in Performance and Acquisition课时：第五周，共2课时教学内容第一节Variability in L1 UseVariability in L2 Language Learner第二节Role of Variability in SLALearner Variation思考题：1.Discuss the possible reasons for the L2 performance variation foundin the Foster and Skehan study and Zhu Lingzhi’s study.2.Think of as many categories as you can that would characterize yourcurrent and former classmates, such as extroverts, introverts, bookworms, athletes, loners, born leaders, social butterflies, teachers’pets, to name a few. Discuss, in small groups, how different character traits affect language learning differently, and what traits are associated with good language learning and why.第六课 Input and Interaction课时：第六周，共2课时教学内容第一节Input and Interaction in L1 AcquisitionInput and Interaction in Natural SettingsInput and Interaction in Classroom SettingsEffects of Input and Interaction on SLA第二节Criticism of the Interaction HypothesisSwain’s Output HypothesisEmpirical Studies on the Role of Interaction思考题：1.In China, we use Chinese all the time, but we may still suddenly failto recall a term (or name of a person) we want to use. What do you do if this happens to you when you are (1) shopping, (2) visiting a university president, or (3) delivering a speech to a large audience?2.Recall one of your encounters with a person from overseas who was usingChinese as his or her L2. How soon did you become aware that this person might have trouble following you? What did you do to modify your speech so that you could be correctly understood?第七课 Learner Strategies课时：第七周，共2课时教学内容第一节Production StrategiesCommunication Strategies第二节Learning StrategiesThe Role of Memorization Strategies思考题：1.Presumably, production strategies will help us with production andcommunication, but will they also help us with L2 learning? Are there any strategies that do not facilitate our learning?2.Go over the list of cognitive strategies in Table 7.1 (P.167-170) again.Of the 15 strategies listed, how many of them have to do with understanding the auditory or printed material? How many of them have to do with memorizing words and phrases? How many of them have to do with learning and applying syntactic rules?第八课 Noticing the Native Speaker Selection课时：第八周，共2课时教学内容第一节The Noticing HypothesisEffects of the Noticing Hypothesis第二节Noticing the Native Speaker SelectionA New Model of Language思考题：1.How would you compare Schumann’s research with Schmidt’s? Which ofthem is closer to your own experience of learning English or another foreign language?2.Give an example of a situation in which you yourself succeeded inunderstanding or communication even though you did not have the necessary vocabulary.模块二（第9课——第13课）：Language Skills and Assessment第九课 Listening课时：第九周，共2课时教学内容第一节What is listening?Issues in listening第二节How do we gain insights in listening?From Theory to Practice: Issues in Teaching L2 Listening思考题：1.What do you think are the difficulty factors in listening?2.In many Chinese ESL classrooms, teachers are mostly “testing”ratherthan teaching listening. What is your opinion about this phenomenon?What can the teachers do to “teach” the students how to listen?第十课 Speaking and Pronunciation课时：第十周，共2课时教学内容第一节What are Speaking and Pronunciation?Issues in SpeakingIssues in Pronunciation第二节Implications for Pedagogy思考题：1.Should speaking activities focus on texts or sentences?2.What procedures are there specifically for pronunciation teaching?第十一课 Reading课时：第十一周，共2课时教学内容第一节What is Reading?Reading in a Second LanguageL2 Reading vs L1 Reading第二节Issues in L2 ReadingImplications of L2 Research for Instruction思考题：1.Discuss the contributing role of vocabulary knowledge for L2 readingabilities.2.It is generally agreed that extensive reading should be a componentof almost any reading program. To what extent should extensive reading be balanced with an intensive reading program containing well-considered reading instruction (for example, in reading strategies, in vocabulary, etc.)?第十二课 Writing课时：第十二周，共2课时教学内容第一节Demystifying WritingAspects of Writing第二节Second Language Writing: Theory, Research, and Pedagogy思考题：ment on the three L2 writing approaches: controlled composition,the paragraph pattern approach and the process approach.第十三课 Assessment课时：第十三周，共2课时教学内容第一节What is Language Assessment?Fundamental Issues in Language Assessment第二节Language Assessment and Language Teaching思考题：1.Define the term “validity”.2.Discuss the relationship between language assessment and languageteaching.模块三（第十四周——第十八周）: Research Methods and Thesis Writing第十四课 Research Methods in Applied linguistics课时：第十四周，共2课时教学内容第一节What is research?Developing research questionsSelecting research designs第二节A survey studyAn experimental studyA case study思考题：1.What tasks does a researcher have to accomplish if a piece of researchis conducted effectively?2.What are the important differences between quantitative andqualitative designs?第十五课 Writing Up a Research Report课时：第十五周，共2课时教学内容第一节The structure of a thesis / research reportWriting an introductionWriting a literature reviewDescribing methodologyReporting results and discussionWriting the conclusion chapter第二节Academic writing styleAPA writing format思考题：1.Try to get a copy of an undergraduate thesis or an MA thesis. Work witha group to comment on its structure, language, format, etc. Reading Week (第十六周)第十七课 Project Report (1)第十八课 Project Report (2)主要参考文献：1.《英语语言学纲要》，丁言仁、郝克，上海外语教育出版社，2001年。
thesis的英文名词解释
thesis的英文名词解释Thesis: Unveiling the Epitome of Academic InquiryIntroductionIn the realm of academia, the term "thesis" holds an esteemed position, symbolizing the culmination of scholarly rigor, in-depth research, and critical analysis. Universally acknowledged as a prerequisite for the successful completion of undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral degrees, the thesis represents the pinnacle of academic achievement. This article delves into the various dimensions of the thesis, shedding light on its multifaceted nature and emphasizing its significance within the academic community.1. Defining the ThesisAt its core, a thesis is an extended written discourse that serves as a comprehensive exploration of a specific research question or hypothesis. It embodies the culmination of a student's academic journey, allowing individuals to showcase their mastery of a subject matter within a particular field of study. A thesis encompasses numerous elements, such as literature review, methodology, data analysis, and conclusion; often accompanied by substantiating evidence and scholarly references.2. Research and AnalysisThe research process is the foundation upon which a thesis is built. Students engage in an extensive literature review, scouring academic databases, journals, and books to identify gaps in knowledge and contribute novel insights to the chosen field. With gathered information, researchers employ critical and analytical thinking skills to examine the existing body of knowledge and formulate research questions. These questions guide the data collection process, helping to refine and answer the central thesis question.3. Data Collection and Analysis TechniquesThe chosen methodology determines the data collection techniques employed within a thesis. Whether quantitative, qualitative, or a combination of both, researchers adopt methodologies that best suit their research aims and objectives. Surveys, interviews, experiments, observations, and content analysis are just a few examples of the strategies employed to acquire pertinent data. Thorough data analysis techniques, such as statistical analysis or thematic coding, allow for the identification of trends, patterns, and correlations, enabling researchers to draw meaningful inferences and conclusions.4. Structure and OrganizationA well-crafted thesis adheres to a logical structure and organization, facilitating the reader's comprehension and engagement. Typically, a thesis comprises the following sections: introduction, literature review, methodology, results/findings, discussion, and conclusion. Each section serves a distinct purpose, guiding the reader through a coherent and systematic exploration of the research question. Furthermore, within each section, clear and concise subheadings help delineate the flow of ideas and arguments, ensuring clarity and coherence.5. Intellectual Contribution and OriginalityOne of the primary objectives of a thesis is to provide an intellectual contribution to the chosen field of study. Students are encouraged to identify gaps in existing knowledge and devise novel approaches to solving complex problems. Originality, creativity, and critical thinking are highly valued, as students are expected to go beyond mere regurgitation of established theories and instead present fresh perspectives and innovative ideas. By doing so, students contribute to the expanding body of knowledge in their respective fields.6. Demonstrating Proficiency in Academic WritingAn important aspect of a thesis is the demonstration of proficiency in academic writing. Students are expected to uphold high standards of scholarly writing by employing appropriate language, adhering to referencing conventions, and demonstrating clarity of thought. An effective thesis showcases the ability to communicate complexconcepts and findings concisely, engaging the reader and conveying the essence of the research.ConclusionThe thesis represents a significant milestone in one's academic journey, encapsulating the challenging endeavor of conducting extensive research, analyzing data, and making original contributions to a given field of study. It embodies the culmination of years of academic training, critical thinking, and intellectual exploration. The thesis goes beyond being a mere requirement for academic degrees; rather, it stands as a testament to an individual's determination, knowledge acquisition, and passion for knowledge dissemination.。
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AAsian Institute of TechnologyELECTRONIC DOCUMENTATION FORM1.Type: Thesis(Thesis/Research Study/Special Study/etc)2.Title: WORKFLOW COMPOSITION FOR E-PROCUREMENT3.Author: V o Duy Khoi(s) of Advisor and Committee MembersProf. Phan Minh Dung (Chairperson)Dr. Huynh Trung LuongDr. Kiyoshi Honda5.School: School of Engineering and Technology6.Field of Study: Computer Science7.External Examiner (for Dissertations only)8.Expert Comments on the Work and Facility for the Feedback from the Users9.Abstract of the WorkOnline business has becomes ever more important for today’s business. It relies on business knowledge and formal ontology to structure tasks for comprehensive and exchangeable machine understanding. Further more, online information is naturally distributed. However, organizing processes in online business is not easy. Therefore, aworkflow needs to be built to solve the problem, especially in foreign investmentwhen the environment is still strange to the investor.Workflow is a background of processes in an organization. It also organizes tasks tobecome structural as well as order between them. In a workflow, tasks can be executed serially, concurrently or conditionally. Applied to this thesis, a workflow composition system that focuses on tasks of procurement is built. The procurementmodel used for this system is Kraljic’s model. In addition, market information andresult of previous tasks are also inputs of next tasks. As a result, workflow will bedifferent from the changing factors. The system also is recoverable to another workflow whenever goal of a task cannot be achieved by the “Executing and monitoring engine”. 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