Cultural Differences in Applying Kansei Engineering
文化异同影响英语作文
文化异同影响英语作文Title: The Influence of Cultural Differences on English Composition。
Culture plays a pivotal role in shaping language, and English, as a global language, is greatly influenced by diverse cultural backgrounds. In this essay, we willexplore how cultural differences impact English composition.First and foremost, cultural nuances significantly influence language expression. Different cultures have distinct values, beliefs, and customs, which manifest in language use. For instance, the directness of communication varies across cultures. In some cultures, such as American and British, directness is valued, leading tostraightforward and concise language in compositions. However, in cultures where indirect communication is preferred, such as in many Asian countries, English compositions may employ more nuanced and indirect languageto convey messages.Moreover, cultural perspectives shape the content and themes of English compositions. Literature, folklore, and historical events unique to each culture provide rich sources of inspiration for writers. For example, an English composition written by a Chinese student may draw upon Chinese legends or historical figures, offering a different perspective compared to compositions by students from Western cultures. These cultural references not only enrich the content but also reflect the writer's cultural identity.Furthermore, cultural differences influence thestructure and organization of English compositions. Each culture has its own rhetorical conventions and writing styles. For instance, Western academic writing oftenfollows a linear structure with a clear thesis statement, followed by supporting arguments and a conclusion. In contrast, Eastern cultures may employ a more circular or thematic approach, interweaving ideas throughout the composition. These differences in organization reflect underlying cultural norms and thought patterns.Additionally, language proficiency levels may be influenced by cultural factors. Cultural attitudes towards language learning, education, and literacy vary, impacting individuals' language acquisition and writing skills. For example, in cultures where education is highly valued and literacy rates are high, individuals may have greater proficiency in English composition compared to those from cultures with lower literacy rates.Furthermore, cultural differences in communicationstyles may affect collaboration and peer feedback inEnglish composition. In cultures where group harmony is prioritized, individuals may be more hesitant to critique their peers' work directly, leading to less candid feedback. On the other hand, in cultures that value open communication and constructive criticism, peer feedback sessions may be more robust and beneficial for improving writing skills.In conclusion, cultural differences have a profound influence on English composition. From language expression and content to structure and collaboration, culturalnuances shape the way English is written and interpreted. Understanding and embracing these cultural differences not only enriches the diversity of English compositions but also fosters cross-cultural communication and understanding in a globalized world.。
国家的文化差异英语作文
国家的文化差异英语作文Cultural Differences Among NationsThe world is a vast and diverse canvas, painted with the rich hues of various cultures. Each nation, whether situated in the bustling streets of Asia, the serene valleys of Europe, or the vast landscapes of Africa, possesses its own unique cultural identity. Understanding and respecting these cultural differences is crucial in promoting global harmony and cooperation.Firstly, the differences in language are evident in every culture. Language is not just a tool for communication; it is a reflection of a nation's history, values, and traditions. For instance, the intricate script of Arabic reflects the deep spirituality and poetry of the Islamic culture, while the concise and direct nature of German speaks to the efficiency and orderliness of its society.Moreover, food culture varies widely among nations. From the spicy curries of India to the delicate sushi of Japan, food is a powerful medium that connects people to their cultural roots. It is through sharing meals and recipes that families,communities, and nations preserve their cultural heritage and traditions.Additionally, festivals and celebrations are integral to any culture. They mark important occasions, commemorate heroes, and bring people together. The lively carnival of Brazil, the solemn Ramadan of the Middle East, and the festive Diwali of India are just a few examples of how different cultures commemorate their unique traditions and beliefs.However, it is important to note that cultural differences should not be seen as barriers but as bridges to understanding and appreciation. By embracing these differences, we can learn from each other, enrich our own cultures, and create a more inclusive and harmonious world.In conclusion, cultural differences are a beautiful and enriching aspect of the world's diversity. They shape our identities, connect us to our past, and inspire us to embrace the future. By respecting and celebrating these differences, we can build a world that is more understanding, tolerant, and united.。
对于文化的差异和差距有怎样的认识英语作文
对于文化的差异和差距有怎样的认识英语作文Cultural differences and disparities exist in every society, whether it be on a local, national, or global scale. These differences can stem from a variety of factors including history, geography, religion, politics, and social norms. Understanding and navigating these differences is essential for fostering mutual understanding, respect, and cooperation among diverse groups.One key aspect of cultural differences and disparities is the concept of ethnocentrism - the tendency to judge other cultures based on one's own cultural norms and values. This can lead to misunderstandings, stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination. To overcome ethnocentrism, individuals must develop cultural awareness, sensitivity, and empathy towards people from different cultural backgrounds.Another aspect of cultural differences and disparities is the uneven distribution of resources, power, and opportunities among different cultural groups. This can result in economic inequalities, social injustices, and political conflicts. Addressing these disparities requires a commitment to social justice, equality, and inclusivity.Furthermore, cultural differences and disparities can lead to cultural clashes, tensions, and conflicts. These conflicts can arise from competing beliefs, values, interests, and identities. Resolving these conflicts requires dialogue, negotiation, compromise, and reconciliation.In conclusion, cultural differences and disparities are inherent in human societies. Embracing diversity, promoting inclusivity, and fostering understanding are essential for building a more harmonious and sustainable world. By celebrating the richness and complexity of different cultures, we can create a more peaceful, inclusive, and equitable society for all.。
英语作文的文化差异
英语作文的文化差异Title: Exploring Cultural Differences in English Composition。
Cultural differences play a significant role in shaping the way we communicate, particularly evident in English composition. Understanding these differences is crucial for effective cross-cultural communication. In this essay, we will delve into various aspects of cultural disparities and their implications in English writing.One of the most apparent cultural differences affecting English composition is the concept of direct vs. indirect communication. In some cultures, such as American and British, directness is valued, and clarity is paramount in writing. Sentences are often straightforward, and the intended message is conveyed explicitly. However, in other cultures like Japanese or Chinese, indirect communicationis more common, with an emphasis on politeness and subtlety. This contrast can manifest in English writing through theuse of euphemisms, implicit statements, or indirect requests.Moreover, cultural attitudes towards hierarchy and authority influence language use in writing. Inhierarchical societies like many Asian cultures, respectfor authority and seniority is deeply ingrained. This respect reflects in writing through formal language, deferential tones, and elaborate expressions of gratitude or humility. Conversely, in more egalitarian societies like those in Scandinavia, writing tends to be more casual, with a focus on equality and informality.Another cultural aspect impacting English compositionis the perception of time. In cultures that prioritize punctuality and efficiency, such as Germany or Switzerland, writing tends to be concise, with a preference for clear organization and logical structure. Conversely, in cultures where time is perceived more fluidly, such as in many African or Latin American societies, writing may be more narrative-driven, with a focus on storytelling and contextualization.Additionally, cultural values and beliefs shape the use of language in English composition. For instance, in individualistic cultures like the United States, self-expression and personal opinions are valued, leading to assertive writing styles and an emphasis on individual achievements. In contrast, in collectivist cultures such as those in East Asia, harmony and consensus are prioritized, resulting in writing that emphasizes group cohesion and avoids overt displays of individualism.Furthermore, cultural differences in rhetorical strategies influence the persuasive techniques employed in English composition. In Western cultures, argumentation often follows a linear structure, presenting a clear thesis followed by supporting evidence and logical reasoning. However, in cultures influenced by Confucian principles, such as China or Korea, rhetoric may employ more circular reasoning, with an emphasis on harmony and indirect persuasion.In conclusion, cultural differences significantlyimpact English composition, influencing various aspects such as communication style, attitudes towards hierarchy and authority, perception of time, values and beliefs, and rhetorical strategies. Understanding these cultural disparities is essential for effective cross-cultural communication and writing. By acknowledging and respecting these differences, writers can bridge cultural divides and communicate more effectively in English.。
因文化差异的英语作文
因文化差异的英语作文Cultural Differences in English。
Culture is an important aspect of any society. It influences the way people behave, think, and communicate.As a result, cultural differences can have a significant impact on how people use and understand language,especially in a global language like English. In this essay, I will explore some of the cultural differences that can affect English communication and provide some strategiesfor overcoming them.One of the most obvious cultural differences in English is the use of idioms and slang. These are expressions that are unique to a particular culture and can be difficult for non-native speakers to understand. For example, in American English, the phrase "hit the books" means to study, whilein British English, the same idea is expressed as "hit the books hard." Similarly, the word "boot" in British English refers to the trunk of a car, while in American English, itmeans a type of footwear. To overcome these differences, it is important to learn the idioms and slang of the culture you are communicating with.Another cultural difference that can affect English communication is the use of indirect language. In some cultures, it is considered impolite to be direct in communication, so people use euphemisms or indirect language to convey their meaning. For example, in Japanese culture, it is common to use the phrase "it's a bit difficult" to mean "no." In contrast, in American culture, direct language is often preferred, and people may find indirect language confusing or even dishonest. To overcome this difference, it is important to understand the cultural norms of the people you are communicating with and adjust your language accordingly.Cultural differences can also affect nonverbal communication in English. In some cultures, eye contact is considered a sign of respect and attentiveness, while in others, it is seen as confrontational or disrespectful. Similarly, the use of gestures and body language can varywidely between cultures. For example, the "thumbs up" gesture is a positive sign in Western cultures, but in some parts of the Middle East, it is considered an offensive gesture. To overcome these differences, it is important to be aware of the nonverbal cues of the culture you are communicating with and adjust your own behavior accordingly.In conclusion, cultural differences can have asignificant impact on English communication. To overcome these differences, it is important to learn the idioms and slang of the culture you are communicating with, understand the cultural norms of direct and indirect language, and be aware of the nonverbal cues of the culture you are communicating with. By doing so, we can bridge the gap between cultures and communicate effectively in English.。
英语批改网文化差异作文
英语批改网文化差异作文英文回答：Cultural differences play a significant role in shaping the way people from different countries and regionsperceive and interact with each other. These differencescan be observed in various aspects of life, including communication styles, social norms, and even daily routines. As someone who has experienced both Chinese and Western cultures, I can attest to the fact that these differences can sometimes lead to misunderstandings and conflicts. However, they can also enrich our understanding of theworld and foster mutual respect and appreciation.One major cultural difference between China and Western countries is the concept of individualism versus collectivism. In Western cultures, individualism is highly valued, and people are encouraged to express their opinions, pursue personal goals, and assert their independence. Onthe other hand, Chinese culture emphasizes collectivism,where the needs and goals of the group take precedence over individual desires. This can be seen in the importance placed on family, community, and harmonious relationships.For example, in Western cultures, it is common for individuals to make decisions based on their ownpreferences and priorities. In contrast, in Chinese culture, decisions are often made collectively, taking into account the opinions and interests of the family or the community. This can be seen in the practice of consulting with family members before making important life choices, such ascareer decisions or marriage proposals.Another cultural difference is the perception of time. Western cultures tend to have a more linear view of time, where time is seen as a resource that needs to be managed and controlled. Punctuality is highly valued, and peopleare expected to arrive on time for appointments and meetings. In contrast, Chinese culture has a more flexible view of time, with a focus on the present moment and a less rigid adherence to schedules. This can be observed in the concept of "Chinese time," where being a few minutes lateis considered acceptable and even expected.For example, in Western cultures, it is common for people to schedule their days and allocate time for specific tasks. Meetings and appointments are typically scheduled in advance and are expected to start and end on time. In contrast, in Chinese culture, it is not uncommon for meetings to start late and for the agenda to be flexible. This can be seen as a reflection of the emphasis on relationships and the belief that it is more important to build trust and rapport with others than to strictly adhere to a schedule.中文回答：文化差异在塑造不同国家和地区的人们之间的看法和互动方式方面起着重要作用。
感受文化的差异英文作文
感受文化的差异英文作文英文回答：Cultural differences can be fascinating, challenging, and sometimes even frustrating. As humans, we are naturally inclined to view the world through the lens of our own experiences and beliefs, which can make it difficult to understand and appreciate perspectives that are different from our own. However, embracing cultural differences is essential for fostering a more tolerant and inclusive society.One of the most striking ways in which cultures differ is in their communication styles. In some cultures, people are direct and assertive, while in others, they are more indirect and subtle. These differences can lead to misunderstandings and conflict if people are not aware of them. For example, a person from a direct culture may perceive someone from an indirect culture as being evasive or dishonest, while the person from the indirect culturemay view the person from the direct culture as being rudeor aggressive.Another area where cultural differences can be evidentis in the way that people perceive time. In some cultures, people are very time-oriented and punctual, while in others, they are more relaxed and flexible with their schedules. These differences can be frustrating when people from different cultures try to work together. For example, a person from a time-oriented culture may become impatientwith a person from a more relaxed culture who is not as punctual.Cultural differences can also be seen in the way that people dress, eat, and socialize. For example, in some cultures, it is considered important to dress modestly,while in others, people are more comfortable with revealing clothing. Similarly, some cultures have very formal dining customs, while others are more casual. These differencescan be challenging to navigate when people from different cultures interact with each other.Despite the challenges, embracing cultural differences is essential for creating a more harmonious and understanding world. By learning about and respecting different cultures, we can break down barriers and build bridges between people.中文回答：文化的差异是一件迷人、具有挑战性、有时甚至令人沮丧的事情。
文化差异英语作文300
文化差异英语作文300Cultural Differences.Cultural differences are the unique characteristics, beliefs, values, customs, and behaviors that distinguish one culture from another. These differences can manifest in various aspects of life, including language, religion, art, music, food, and social interactions. Understanding and appreciating cultural differences is crucial for fostering inclusivity, empathy, and global cooperation.Language.Language is one of the most prominent cultural differences. Different languages have unique vocabularies, grammar, and pronunciations that reflect the distinct perspectives and experiences of their speakers. Language can also shape our thoughts, perceptions, and understanding of the world. For example, the Hopi language of North America lacks words for "time" and "space," reflecting adifferent conception of reality than Western languages.Religion.Religion is a powerful cultural force that influences beliefs, values, and behaviors. Different religions have varying doctrines, rituals, and practices that shape the lives of their adherents. Religious differences can lead to both conflict and cooperation, as individuals and communities strive to find common ground while maintaining their unique identities. For instance, the coexistence of diverse religions in India has fostered a rich tapestry of cultural diversity and interfaith dialogue.Art.Art is a reflection of the creative expression and cultural values of a society. It encompasses various forms, including painting, sculpture, music, literature, and dance. Art can depict historical events, religious beliefs, social norms, and human emotions. By appreciating the art of other cultures, we gain insights into their perspectives andexperiences. For example, the intricate patterns andvibrant colors of African textiles showcase the richartistic traditions and cultural heritage of the continent.Music.Music is a universal language that transcends cultural boundaries. Different cultures develop unique musicalstyles influenced by factors such as rhythm, melody, harmony, and instrumentation. Music can evoke emotions, convey messages, and foster a sense of belonging. By listening to and appreciating music from other cultures, we broaden our musical horizons and develop a deeper understanding of diverse cultural expressions. For instance, the fusion of traditional Indian classical music with Western jazz has created a vibrant and innovative musical genre.Food.Food is closely intertwined with culture and often reflects the geographical, historical, and socialinfluences of a region. Different cultures have distinct cuisines characterized by unique flavors, ingredients, and cooking techniques. Food can be a source of cultural identity, community bonding, and culinary exploration. For example, the spicy and aromatic flavors of Thai cuisine reflect the tropical climate and vibrant culinary traditions of Southeast Asia.Social Interactions.Social interactions are shaped by cultural norms and expectations. These norms govern how individuals interact with each other, including greetings, body language, personal space, and communication styles. Cultural differences in social interactions can lead to misunderstandings and communication barriers. For example, in some cultures, it is considered respectful to maintain eye contact during conversations, while in others, it is seen as a sign of aggression or disrespect.Understanding and Appreciating Cultural Differences.Understanding and appreciating cultural differences is essential for building inclusive and harmonious societies. It involves recognizing the validity and worth of different cultural perspectives, respecting the beliefs and practices of others, and seeking common ground while celebrating diversity. By fostering cultural exchange and dialogue, we can break down stereotypes, promote empathy, and create a world where everyone feels valued and respected.In conclusion, cultural differences are a rich tapestry of human experiences that shape our identities, perspectives, and interactions. By recognizing, understanding, and appreciating these differences, we cultivate a more inclusive, tolerant, and globally connected society. Embracing cultural diversity allows us to learn from one another, grow as individuals, and build a more harmonious and vibrant world for all.。
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Cultural Differences in Applying Kansei Engineeringto ServicesMarkus Hartono Department of Industrial Engineering University of SurabayaSurabaya, Indonesiamarkus@ubaya.ac.idTan Kay Chuan, John Brian Peacock Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singaporeisetankc@.sg, isejbp@.sgAbstract—It is imperative for companies to provide competitive products and services at a competitive price. Products and services need to offer features and properties which can make them distinguishable and attractive to customers. Emotions and feelings are prominent during product interaction and service encounter. Kansei Engineering (KE) enables interpretation and translation of customer emotions into design parameters. The application of KE covers both products and services design. Besides dealing with attractive exterior appearances, KE has an ability to optimize properties that are not directly detectable or visible, such as the comfort of hospital and concert hall. There are few empirical studies. Kansei management should recognize cultural differences in Kansei. However, for analysis of cultural values we need to understand the different needs of different customers. A study of luxury hotel services for Indonesian, Japanese and Singaporean tourists, was conducted using interviews and a tri-lingual face-to-face questionnaire. 425 responses were collected. Japanese tourists were found to be the most Kansei-oriented. They tended to value luxury hotels as “clean” and “quiet” places to stay. Indonesian and Singaporean tourists shared a common response to the Kansei word “elegant” which correlates with their common cultural dimension of “power distance”. Incorporation of cultural issues into Kansei studies can provide marketing strategies for customers of different cultural backgrounds.Keywords- Kansei Engineering; emotions; cultural difference; servicesI.INTRODUCTIONProducts and services of similar quality are ubiquitous in today’s global market. Functionality and usability alone are no longer prominent success factors in product and service innovation. This is because customers today concern themselves more on satisfying their emotions than merely their cognition. Kansei Engineering (KE) has shown its superiority in investigating and modelling customer emotion/Kansei for product and service design and development.Kansei Engineering (KE) has been widely and extensively used since the 1970s [15]. Its applications cover physical product design, system design and service quality improvement [20, 5-7]. According to Hartono and Tan [5-6], the application of KE has been extended into international-class services and cross-cultural studies. Recent research on KE has extended KE methodology in services incorporating the Kano model, Markov chain and quality function deployment (QFD) [7]. By incorporating Markov chain into KE, practically this recent research offers valuable information for a manager to understand how the dynamics of customer needs as time goes by so that appropriate strategies can be prepared at the very early stage.Research on KE have been conducted in different regions with different outcome. However, the reasons for cultural differences on Kansei is relatively unexplored. To deal with this issue, this study proposes two objectives. The first is to develop a framework of KE incorporating culture differences. The second objective is to showcase the framework applicability by taking a comprehensive case study involving Indonesian, Japanese and Singaporean tourists.II.KANSEI ENGINEERING IN SERVICES KE is defined as innovative and ergonomic technology of customer-oriented product development. The method focuses on user and customer emotions [15]. KE is deemed to be the first and foremost product development methodology that can translate customer impressions, feelings and demands into concrete design parameters [14-15, 26].The superiority of KE is described as follows [7]. First, KE captures customer emotional needs and translates them into design features [17-19]. According to [13], KE works with symbolic attributes and user perceptions, expressed in their own words; whereas, other techniques base product and service developments on user preference for functional aspects. Second, with regard to subjectivity, KE is able to build a mathematical relationship model between emotions and product/service elements. This condition is supported by the affective flow that enables users to perceive certain stimuli with their appropriate senses without any barrier [15-16, 24]. Third, apart from tangible aspects, KE has an ability to optimize intangible properties such as the atmosphere of a concert hall. It is done by modifying the engineering properties of artifacts [14-15, 25-26]. In other words, KE covers both the tangible and intangible dimensions of product experiences and service encounters. Forth, KE is known as a quality framework with an integrated set of statistical tools978-1-4673-1734-4/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEEand methods. It deals with dynamic markpreferences [20]. Its role is to tunnel thr among different scientific fields, to identify to reassemble them as a means to quantiproduct features on user emotions. Fifth, KE customer trends such as hedonism, consumerThis is where customers tend to focus on impressions rather than merely on product usability [14-15, 18]. Sixth, KE method crelational model between affect and cogniti experiences explain all manifestations of hwith products and services. Customers co the performance of external stimuli (e.g., prtraits) that appeal to their emotions [4]. L system, i.e., internet-based KE model prov innovative ideas generation [11-12].The application of KE in services is call Management/KQM [20]. KQM is desc management practice which begins wicustomers’ Kansei to maximize total cust Apart from physical surroundings (known the interaction between customers and emimportant role during service encount describes how the service staff and mana customer. As discussed by [27], this def knowledge and soft skill of service staffs,activities occurred during service offerings. has been represented by the SERVQUAL moin recent KE research [5-7]. In other words,model could be considered as both tangib aspects of service experience [7].III. CULTURAL DIFFERENCES Cross-cultural studies in the 1970s globalized and valued in the 1990s. In crosnationality is merely deemed to be the basi interviewees [9-10]. However, there is l whether the individual cultural background evaluation of service quality [28].In Kansei studies, service providers a should recognize different Kansei of custom cultures. In order to reduce cultural shock an the service gaps, service providers and m understand how the needs of their customers Similar to other related service quality re differences, this research adopts the Ho perspectives [8] as the main basis for deduction. This is a nationality-based evalua Hofstede and Bond [8], there are five dime national culture values: i) “individualis distance”, iii) “uncertainty avoidance”, iv) v) “long-term orientation”. Related to SERVQUAL model, people w “individualism” tend to value “assurance” “empathy” [9]. People with more “power dmore attention upon “tangible”, “reliability”,and “empathy”. The higher “uncertainty “masculinity”, the higher is the value o ket and customer rough the borders suitable tools andify the impact of can fulfill today’srism and personal. n their emotional functionality andcan demonstrate a on [4]. These twohuman interaction gnitively evaluateroducts or services Lastly, a new KE vides as a tool for ed Kansei Quality ribed as qualityith focusing on omer satisfaction. as services cape),mployees plays an ter/experience. It agement serve the finition introduces , and includes all This classification odel [23] and used , the SERVQUALble and intangible IN KE STUDY were gradually ss-cultural studies, is for profiling the little research on will affect his/herand managements mers from different nd further diminishmanagements mustdiffer [9].esearch on cultural ofstede’s cultural the analysis and ation. According to ensions to explain sm”, ii) “power “masculinity” and with high scores onand not to value distance” will pay , “responsiveness”y avoidance” and of “tangible” and “empathy”, respectively. H orientation” demands low value Research on the effects of c still at the stage of exploration few and far between. Referenc lack of KE studies incorporatin IV.FRAMEWORK EMPIRIC This study extends the work involving more samples f application framework is provi Figure 1. KE framework inc A. Research StrategyThis study used survey a interviewing and face-to-face collect data. These approaches of effectiveness of enlisting co(i.e., interview) and of oppor thoughtful answers (i.e., questface questionnaire will allow ambiguous questions, problemparticipant. V. SERVICE DOM Luxury hotel experience w domain. This type of hotel impressions and feelings than a The questionnaire was tra and Japanese. Expert opi dictionaries (i.e., online elect translate and manual dictiona trilingual version of the questio is any difference of interpretat Indonesia and English, the qu pretested. Five Indonesian tour was asked to fill up the q Indonesia and English). The in targeted respondents have s English. Statistically, there w interpretation between English The questionnaire in Japanese since its translation was done b in Kansei Engineering (KE). Tthe questionnaire was deemed vHigh value of “long-term e of “assurance”. cultural differences on Kansei is n. Its empirical studies are quite ce [25] points out that there is a ng cultural differences.K DEVELOPMENT ANDCAL STUDYks of Hartono and Tan [5; 6] byfrom Japanese tourists. The ded in Fig. 1.corporating cultural differences as research strategy. Personal questionnaire were utilized towere chosen with consideration ooperation for most populations rtunity for respondents to givetionnaire). In addition, face-to-w clarification on complex and m verification and spontaneity of MAINS AND SUBJECTSwas chosen as the main servicel is found to produce moreany other hotel types [1]. anslated into Bahasa Indonesia inion and translation using tronic dictionary via Google TMary) were used to validate theonnaire. To check whether there tion of questionnaire in Bahasauestionnaire was distributed andrists were assigned. Each tourist questionnaire (both in Bahasa nterviewer had to ensure that the sufficient basic knowledge ofwas no significant difference of and Bahasa Indonesia versions.version has not been pretested by a professor who is an expert Thus, the Japanese translation of valid.More than four hundred responses were collected. They include 181 Indonesians, 170 Singaporeans and 74 Japanese. In majority, their monthly incomes ranged from less thanUS$2000 (36.5% for Indonesian) to over US$4000 (48.6% forJapanese). In terms of the purpose of stay, most of them were on vacation (47% Indonesian; 32.9% Singaporean). In addition, the Japanese tourists were on business trip (39.2%). Most Indonesian and Singaporean subjects were entrepreneurs/self-employed (26.5% and 20.6%,consecutively), whereas the Japanese were working in the education sector (27%). VI. ANALYSIS OF KANSEI STRUCTURE There were a total of 16 Kansei words as in [5-6]. The Kansei responses and importance were rated on a five-point Likert semantic differential scale [21].Initially, the analysis of Kansei structure was done. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted. This analysis is to investigate the number of latent variable/construct without enforcing any predetermined initial constructs [2]. There were two main latent variables/factors of Kansei (see Table 1 and [7]): 1. Servicescape-based Kansei. It covers all Kansei producedby tangible/physical aspects, such as happy, clean andelegant.2. Interaction-based Kansei. It includes all Kansei caused mainly by the interaction between employee and customer,such as welcome, satisfied and friendly.TABLE I. FACTOR STRUCTURE OF KANSEISubject KMO a Factor Item Indonesian 0.885Servicescape-based Kansei Elegant, modern, attractive, relaxed, clean, quiet, spacious,peaceful and happyInteraction-based KanseiWelcome, friendly, confident, relieved, convenient and satisfiedSingaporean 0.872Kanseiclean and quietInteraction-based Kanseipassionate, elegant, satisfied, relieved and attractive Peacefulness-based Kansei Friendly, relaxed and peaceful Japanese 0.765 Interaction-based Kanseimodern, attractive and peacefulServicescape-based KanseiClean, confident, relieved, happy, elegant and welcome PassionPassionateQuieta. KMO = Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin. Its value > 0.5 indicates that the sample is adequate.VII.ANALYSIS OF KANSEI INCORPORATINGCULTURAL DIFFERENCESThis study shows that Singaporean and Indonesian tend to have similar Kansei response. In general, their Kansei response lies on scores between 2.50 and 4.00. The highest score is Kansei “quiet” rated by the Japanese group (4.09),while the lowest was given by the Indonesian counterpart on Kansei “relieved” (2.69). Using Kruskal-Wallis test, for the male group, the most significant Kansei words are “clean”, “relieved”, “quiet” and “confident” in which the Japanese males perceive them at the most. For the female group, “attractive”, “clean” and “quiet” are statistically significant. This study shows that the Japaneseperceived the luxury hotel as a clean, peaceful and calm room to stay. According to [8], the characteristics of nations can bedefined by the scores of national cultural dimension.Compared to Indonesian and Singaporean, Japanese have thegreatest scores on three dimensions (i.e., uncertainty avoidance, masculinity and long-term orientation). Withrespect to high level of uncertainty avoidance, Japanese are simply worried, nervous and irritable. Thus, a very stable andsafe environment is required. High scores on masculinity determine low rate of empathy. Whilst the Japanese are patient through time and expectation, according to their dominant value on long-term relationship dimension. In short, they desire and expect a very peaceful, clean and quiet luxury hotel atmosphere. VIII. DISCUSSIONBasically, each population group has a different response to specific Kansei. By identifying the three highest responseson luxury hotel services, for the male group, Indonesian perceived “modern”, “friendly” and “elegant”; Singaporean perceived “happy”, “relieved” and “elegant”; Japanese perceived “clean”, “quiet” and “confident”. For the female group, Indonesian perceived “welcoming”, “peaceful” and“elegant”; Singaporean perceived “elegant”, “spacious” and“confident”; Japanese perceived “attractive”, “clean” and “quiet”. Both Indonesian and Singaporean (males and females)perceived the luxury hotel services as a Kansei “elegant”. In other words, “elegance” was rated as the most dominant emotional impression caused by every skill, competence, interaction and also physical surrounding of luxury hotel services. This finding is in line with dominant cultural dimension of “power distance” (78/100 for Indonesia; 74/100 for Singapore) [8]. A high value of power distance explains that people respect and obey different level of authority [8]. According to Furrer et al. [3], in a society with very solid power distance, people with prime power expect less dominant power to service providers. In this study, the magnificence of luxury hotels reflects the extent to which the service providers respect the power of the superiority. High status can be a symbol of the greatness of luxury hotel [9]. It is, thus, confirmed that “elegant” is deemed to be a dominant Kansei for Indonesian and Singaporean tourists.IX.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONSKE was invented in the 1970s when there was the necessity for a methodology capturing hidden feelings about products. KE methodology is based on the semantic differentials and enhanced by adding different mathematical and quality tools. This combined service quality tools in KE is important to deal with cases in many different purposes andcontexts. This current study evaluated the existing services instead of a new service design.During service encounters, customers experience both physical and non-physical elements of services. Physical form of a service is found as “services cape” and it may serve as building, decoration and the physical attributes of an employee. Non-physical elements of a service (known as intangibles) are related to process, activity and interaction between employees and customers.Under the same service domain (i.e., luxury hotel services), each group of customers shared different important Kansei. Japanese tended to dominate all Kansei responses. As compared to Indonesian and Singaporean counterparts, Japanese tourists were more affect-oriented/Kansei minded. Japanese (both males and females) perceived luxury hotels where they stayed as a very clean and quiet place. This is supported by their dominant culture dimension on “uncertainty avoidance” [8]. Indonesian and Singaporean shared a common Kansei “elegant”. According to Hofstede and Bond [8], Indonesian and Singaporean have a common culture dimension of “power distance”. Different cultures may exhibit the greatest influence on perception, information strategies, cognitive structures and the intensity of wants and needs [22].Practically, service managers should understand different needs of customers from different cultural backgrounds so that they can offer various operational strategies. Though a comparative finding is presented in this current study, future research may take into account in-depth study of the effect of cultural dimension on Kansei and perceived service performance. The future study may also include many sources of information by involving potential stakeholders (such as customers, managers, government and employees). 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