服务贸易总协定(GATS)与中国的服务贸易共101页文档
《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)
GATS可能导致服务贸易自由化过 度，对一些国家的主导产业和服 务业造成冲击。
服务业发展水平差异
发展中国家与发达国家在服务业 发展水平上存在较大差异，可能 导致在GATS框架下处于不利地位。
增加服务出口机会
服务业监管挑战
GATS为发展中国家提供了更多服 务出口的机会，有助于增加外汇 收入和经济发展。
专家组程序
专家组程序是GATS争议解决 机制中的重要环节，旨在通 过专家协助解决争议。
成员方可以向秘书处提出书 面申请，要求成立专家组。
专家组成员由各成员方推荐， 具有相关专业知识和经验。
专家组程序包括书面和口头 阶段，最终形成专家组报告， 对争议进行裁决。
上诉机构程序
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上诉机构程序是GATS争议解决机制中的最 终环节，旨在通过上诉审议争议。
建筑及相关工程服务
总结词
包括建筑设计、工程承包和建筑服务等。
详细描述
建筑及相关工程服务是指提供建筑设计、工程承包和建筑服务的行业。这些服务涉及到建筑物的规划、设计和建 造，以及相关的土木工程和设备安装等。建筑及相关工程服务的质量直接影响到建筑物和设施的安全性和功能性。
分销服务
总结词
包括批发、零售和物流等。
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成员方可以针对专家组报告的裁决结果提出 上诉。
上诉机构由具有相关专业知识和经验的独立 人士组成，负责对上诉进行审理。
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上诉机构程序包括书面和口头阶段，最终形 成上诉机构报告，对争议进行裁决。
05 GATS的影响和挑战
对全球经济的影响
促进服务贸易自由化
促进技术和服务创新
GATS通过推动服务贸易自由化，促进 了全球经济的增长和发展。
《服务贸易总协定》 (GATS)
服务贸易总协定(GATS)与中国的服务贸易
6、环境服务(environmental services)。 包括污水处理服务、废物处理服务、卫 生及相似服务等与环保直接联系在一起 的服务。
7、金融服务(financial services)。涵 盖了银行金融与非银行金融的各主要领 域。其中银行金融包括商业银行提供的 所有服务，非银行金融则主要包括了保 险及其相关服务。
12、其他服务(other services not included elsewhere)。
二、国际服务贸易的特点
1、贸易标的的无形性 国际货物贸易标的形态清楚而实在，但
服务贸易标的则无实物形态可以触摸， 属无形贸易。 无形有两方面的含义。第一，在消费之 前服务没有一种直观的具体的物理存在 形态。第二，服务贸易在各国海关进出 口统计中没有记载，只在国际收支统计 中才以非贸易收入形态出现。
4、分销服务(distribution services)。 指产品销售过程中所涉及到的各种商业 服务，主要包括：批发与零售服务、特 许经营服务等。
5、教育服务(educational services)。 指国际间在国民教育与非国民教育方面 的服务交易与合作，涵盖了高等教育、 中等教育、初等教育、学前教育、继续 教育、特殊教育等一系列正规教育以及 非正规教育环节。
2、贸易流动的海关不可监管性
国际货物贸易处在一国海关的严密监控 之下，进出关境的货物则显示在海关的 贸易统计表上。
服务贸易的流动一般无法为海关所监控， 其绝大部分贸易额也不为海关统计所反 映，但却是一国国际收支的重要组成部 分。
3、贸易标的的不可储存性
货物商品在生产出以后，进入消费领域 之前，或长或短均有一个存储的过程。
第十一章 服务贸易总协定 (GATS)与中国的服务贸易
服务贸易总协定简介
金融服务
总结词
金融服务是指与资金流动和投资相关的服 务，包括银行、证券、保险等行业的服务 。
详细描述
金融服务在经济发展中具有重要地位，为 个人和企业提供存款、贷款、投资、保险 等多样化服务。金融服务的稳定和健康发 展对经济增长具有积极作用。
旅游及旅行相关服务
总结词
旅游及旅行相关服务包括旅行社、酒店、景区等提供的旅游和旅行相关服务。
各国的实践情况、市场准入承诺等。
服务贸易国内法规透明度机制
服务贸易国内法规透明度的概念：国 内法规透明度的概念、服务贸易国内 法规透明度的含义等。
服务贸易国内法规透明度的规则：涉及的 规则、原则等，如透明度原则、通知义务 等。
服务贸易国内法规透明度的实践： 各国的实践情况、透明度承诺等。
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服务贸易总协定对全球经 济的影响
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1993年
在马拉喀什会议上，GATS最终 达成并正式签署。
2001年
在多哈回合谈判中，GATS的进 一步扩大和发展被提上议程。
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服务贸易总协定的基本原 则
服务贸易总协定的基本原则
• 服务贸易总协定（GATS）是世界贸易组织（WTO）管辖的一项多边贸易协议，它旨在促进服务贸易自由化，为全球服 务贸易提供规则和纪律，为服务业国际交流和合作提供平台。
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服务业监管的挑战
不同国家在服务业监管方面存在 差异，需要加强合作和交流，推 动服务业监管的协调和统一。
服务贸易总协定的未来发展前景
服务贸易自由化的深 入推进
服务贸易自由化将进一步推进， 包括在数字经济、金融、电信等 领域的开放和合作。
服务业跨国投资的加 强
服务贸易自由化将促进服务业跨 国投资的发展，推动全球服务业 的发展和升级。
第7章 《服务贸易总协定》与国际服务贸易自由化 《国际服务贸易》PPT课件
(3) 《服务贸易总协定》强调通过增强发展中 国家服务业竞争能力的方式将发展中国家逐步 纳入服务贸易自由化进程。
7.2.2国际服务贸易自由化的含义与成因
1. 国际服务贸易自由化的含义
国际服务贸易自由化是指世界各国政府在对外 贸易中，通过立法和国际协议，对服务和与服 务有关的人、资本、货物、信息等在国家间的 流动，逐渐减少政府的行政干预，放松对外贸 易管制的过程。
目的是，在透明和逐步自由化发展的基础上，扩 大国际服务贸易。现在，GATS与GATT并列， 成为WTO的主要组成部分。
7.1.1 GATS的主要内容
1995年1月1日正式生效的《服务贸易总协定》由以下三个方 面的内容组成：
一是适用于所有成员的基本义务的协定，即《服务贸易总协 定》条款。
二是作为《服务贸易总协定》有机组成部分的涉及各服务部 门的特定问题和供应方式的附件，以及关于最惠国待遇豁免 的附件。
(3) 多边贸易体制改革与国际服务贸易自 由化形成
6. 发展中国家更多参与
通过发展中国家国内服务业力量的加强、 效率和竞争力的提高来达到发展中国家在 世界服务贸易中更多的参与和服务业出口 的扩大。
7. 尊重国内规章
GATS尊重国内规章，但要求这些规定不得与 其有关规定相抵触或妨碍该国所承诺的义务的 履行；各成员本着公正、合理及客观的原则来 制定和管理所有影响服务贸易的措施，不得导 致其他成员的服务提供者过重的负担；发展中 国家有权进行特殊安排，包括可以在某些部门 为了实现国家政策目标而采取垄断授权的方式， 允许其对服务及服务提供者提出要求以使其满 足某些规定等。
8. 世贸组织成员可援引的例外 （1）确保国际收支平衡的例外措施 （2）政府服务采购例外 （3）普遍例外 （4）政府可采取服务补贴促进服务业发展
服务贸易总协定(GATS)
General Agreement on Trade in Services（GATS）Members,Recognizing the growing importance of trade in services for the growth and development of the world economy;Wishing to establish a multilateral framework of principles and rules for trade in services with a view to the expansion of such trade under conditions of transparency and progressive liberalization and as a means of promoting the economic growth of all trading partners and the development of developing countries;Desiring the early achievement of progressively higher levels of liberalization of trade in services through successive rounds of multilateral negotiations aimed at promoting the interests of all participants on a mutually advantageous basis and at securing an overall balance of rights and obligations, while giving due respect to national policy objectives;Recognizing the right of Members to regulate, and to introduce new regulations, on the supply of services within their territories in order to meet national policy objectives and, given asymmetries existing with respect to the degree of development of services regulations in different countries, the particular need of developing countries to exercise this right;Desiring to facilitate the increasing participation of developing countries in trade in services and the expansion of their service exports including, inter alia, through the strengthening of their domestic services capacity and its efficiency and competitiveness;Taking particular account of the serious difficulty of the least-developed countries in view of their special economic situation and their development, trade and financial needs;Hereby agree as follows:Part I: Scope and DefinitionArticle I: Scope and Definition1. This Agreement applies to measures by Members affecting trade in services.2. For the purposes of this Agreement, trade in services is defined as the supply of a service:(a) from the territory of one Member into the territory of any other Member;(b) in the territory of one Member to the service consumer of any other Member;(c) by a service supplier of one Member, through commercial presence in the territory of any other Member;(d) by a service supplier of one Member, through presence of natural persons of a Member in the territory of any other Member.3. For the purposes of this Agreement:(a) “measures by Members” means measures taken by:(i) central, regional or local governments and authorities; and(ii) non-governmental bodies in the exercise of powers delegated by central, regional or local governments or authorities;In fulfilling its obligations and commitments under the Agreement, each Member shall take such reasonable measures as may be available to it to ensure their observance by regional and local governments and authoritiesand non-governmental bodies within its territory;(b) “services” includes any service in any sector except services supplied in the exercise of governmental authority;(c) “a service supplied in the exercise of governmental authority” means any service which is supplied neither on a commercial basis, nor in competition with one or more service suppliers.Part II: General Obligations and DisciplinesArticle II: Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment1. With respect to any measure covered by this Agreement, each Member shall accord immediately and unconditionally to services and service suppliers of any other Member treatment no less favourable than that it accords to like services and service suppliers of any other country.2. A Member may maintain a measure inconsistent with paragraph 1 provided that such a measure is listed in, and meets the conditions of, the Annex on Article II Exemptions.3. The provisions of this Agreement shall not be so construed as to prevent any Member from conferring or according advantages to adjacent countries in order to facilitate exchanges limited to contiguous frontier zones of services that are both locally produced and consumed.Article III: Transparency1. Each Member shall publish promptly and, except in emergency situations, at the latest by the time of their entry into force, all relevant measures of general application which pertain to or affect the operation of this Agreement. International agreements pertaining to or affecting trade in services to which a Member is a signatory shall also be published.2. Where publication as referred to in paragraph 1 is not practicable, such information shall be made otherwise publicly available.3. Each Member shall promptly and at least annually inform the Council for Trade in Services of the introduction of any new, or any changes to existing, laws, regulations or administrative guidelines which significantly affect trade in services covered by its specific commitments under this Agreement.4. Each Member shall respond promptly to all requests by any other Member for specific information on any of its measures of general application or international agreements within the meaning of paragraph 1. Each Member shall also establish one or more enquiry points to provide specific information to other Members, upon request, on all such matters as well as those subject to the notification requirement in paragraph 3. Such enquiry points shall be established within two years from the date of entry into force of the Agreement Establishing the WTO (referred to in this Agreement as the “WTO Agreement”). Appropriate flexibility with respect to the time-limit within which such enquiry points are to be established may be agreed upon for individual developing country Members. Enquiry points need not be depositories of laws and regulations.5. Any Member may notify to the Council for Trade in Services any measure, taken by any other Member, which it considers affects the operation of this Agreement.Article III bis: Disclosure of Confidential InformationNothing in this Agreement shall require any Member to provide confidential information, the disclosure of which would impede law enforcement, or otherwise be contrary to the public interest, or which would prejudice legitimate commercial interests of particular enterprises, public or private.Article IV: Increasing Participation of Developing Countries1. The increasing participation of developing country Members in world trade shall be facilitated through negotiated specific commitments, by different Members pursuant to Parts III and IV of this Agreement, relating to:(a) the strengthening of their domestic services capacity and its efficiency and competitiveness, inter alia through access to technology on a commercial basis;(b) the improvement of their access to distribution channels and information networks; and(c) the liberalization of market access in sectors and modes of supply of export interest to them.2. Developed country Members, and to the extent possible other Members, shall establish contact points within two years from the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement to facilitate the access of developing country Members’ service suppliers to information, related to their respective markets, concerning:(a) commercial and technical aspects of the supply of services;(b) registration, recognition and obtaining of professional qualifications; and(c) the availability of services technology.3. Special priority shall be given to the least-developed country Members in the implementation of paragraphs 1 and 2. Particular account shall be taken of the serious difficulty of the least-developed countries in accepting negotiated specific commitments in view of their special economic situation and their development, trade and financial needs.Article V: Economic Integration1. This Agreement shall not prevent any of its Members from beinga party to or entering into an agreement liberalizing trade in services between or among the parties to such an agreement, provided that such an agreement:(a) has substantial sectoral coverage(1), and(b) provides for the absence or elimination of substantially all discrimination, in the sense of Article XVII, between or among the parties, in the sectors covered under subparagraph (a), through:(i) elimination of existing discriminatory measures, and/or(ii) prohibition of new or more discriminatory measures,either at the entry into force of that agreement or on the basis of a reasonable time-frame, except for measures permitted under Articles XI, XII, XIV and XIV bis.2. In evaluating whether the conditions under paragraph 1(b) are met, consideration may be given to the relationship of the agreement to a wider process of economic integration or trade liberalization among the countries concerned.3. (a) Where developing countries are parties to an agreement of the type referred to in paragraph 1, flexibility shall be provided for regarding the conditions set out in paragraph 1, particularly with reference to subparagraph (b) thereof, in accordance with the level of development of the countries concerned, both overall and in individual sectors and subsectors.(b) Notwithstanding paragraph 6, in the case of an agreement of the type referred to in paragraph 1 involving only developing countries, more favourable treatment may be granted to juridical persons owned or controlled by natural persons of the parties to such an agreement.4. Any agreement referred to in paragraph 1 shall be designed to facilitate trade between the parties to the agreement and shall not in respect of any Member outside the agreement raise the overall level of barriers to trade in services within the respective sectors or subsectors compared to the level applicable prior to such an agreement.5. If, in the conclusion, enlargement or any significant modification of any agreement under paragraph 1, a Member intends to withdraw or modify a specific commitment inconsistently with the terms and conditions set out in its Schedule, it shall provide at least 90 days advance notice of such modification or withdrawal and the procedure set forth in paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 of Article XXI shall apply.6. A service supplier of any other Member that is a juridical person constituted under the laws of a party to an agreement referred to in paragraph 1 shall be entitled to treatment granted under such agreement, provided that it engages in substantive business operations in the territory of the parties to such agreement.7. (a) Members which are parties to any agreement referred to in paragraph 1 shall promptly notify any such agreement and any enlargement or any significant modification of that agreement to the Council for Trade in Services. They shall also make available to the Council such relevant information as may be requested by it. The Council may establish a working party to examine such an agreement or enlargement or modification of that agreement and to report to the Council on its consistency with this Article.(b) Members which are parties to any agreement referred to in paragraph 1 which is implemented on the basis of a time-frame shall report periodically to the Council for Trade in Services on its implementation. The Council may establish a working party to examine such reports if it deems such a working party necessary.(c) Based on the reports of the working parties referred to in subparagraphs (a) and (b), the Council may make recommendations to the parties as it deems appropriate.8. A Member which is a party to any agreement referred to in paragraph 1 may not seek compensation for trade benefits that may accrue to any other Member from such agreement.Article V bis: Labour Markets Integration AgreementsThis Agreement shall not prevent any of its Members from being a party to an agreement establishing full integration(2) of the labour markets between or among the parties to such an agreement, provided that such an agreement:(a) exempts citizens of parties to the agreement from requirements concerning residency and work permits;(b) is notified to the Council for Trade in Services.Article VI: Domestic Regulation1. In sectors where specific commitments are undertaken, each Member shall ensure that all measures of general application affecting trade in services are administered in a reasonable, objective and impartial manner.2. (a) Each Member shall maintain or institute as soon as practicable judicial, arbitral or administrative tribunals or procedures which provide, at the request of an affected service supplier, for the prompt review of, and where justified, appropriate remedies for, administrative decisions affecting trade in services. Where such procedures are not independent of the agency entrusted with the administrative decision concerned, the Member shall ensure that the procedures in fact provide for an objective and impartial review.(b) The provisions of subparagraph (a) shall not be construed to require a Member to institute such tribunals or procedures where this would be inconsistent with its constitutional structure or the nature of its legal system.3. Where authorization is required for the supply of a service on which a specific commitment has been made, the competent authorities of a Member shall, within a reasonable period of time after the submission of an application considered complete under domestic laws and regulations, inform the applicant of the decision concerning the application. At therequest of the applicant, the competent authorities of the Member shall provide, without undue delay, information concerning the status of the application.4. With a view to ensuring that measures relating to qualification requirements and procedures, technical standards and licensing requirements do not constitute unnecessary barriers to trade in services, the Council for Trade in Services shall, through appropriate bodies it may establish, develop any necessary disciplines. Such disciplines shall aim to ensure that such requirements are, inter alia:(a) based on objective and transparent criteria, such as competence and the ability to supply the service;(b) not more burdensome than necessary to ensure the quality of the service;(c) in the case of licensing procedures, not in themselves a restriction on the supply of the service.5. (a) In sectors in which a Member has undertaken specific commitments, pending the entry into force of disciplines developed in these sectors pursuant to paragraph 4, the Member shall not apply licensing and qualification requirements and technical standards that nullify or impair such specific commitments in a manner which:(i) does not comply with the criteria outlined in subparagraphs 4(a), (b) or (c); and(ii) could not reasonably have been expected of that Member at the time the specific commitments in those sectors were made.(b) In determining whether a Member is in conformity with the obligation under paragraph 5(a), account shall be taken of international standards of relevant international organizations(3) applied by that Member.6. In sectors where specific commitments regarding professional services are undertaken, each Member shall provide for adequate procedures to verify the competence of professionals of any other Member.Article VII: Recognition1. For the purposes of the fulfilment, in whole or in part, of its standards or criteria for the authorization, licensing or certification of services suppliers, and subject to the requirements of paragraph 3, a Member may recognize the education or experience obtained, requirements met, or licenses or certifications granted in a particular country. Such recognition, which may be achieved through harmonization or otherwise, may be based upon an agreement or arrangement with the country concerned or may be accorded autonomously.2. A Member that is a party to an agreement or arrangement of the type referred to in paragraph 1, whether existing or future, shall afford adequate opportunity for other interested Members to negotiate their accession to such an agreement or arrangement or to negotiate comparable ones with it. Where a Member accords recognition autonomously, it shall afford adequate opportunity for any other Member to demonstrate that education, experience, licenses, or certifications obtained or requirements met in that other Member’s territory should be recognized.3. A Member shall not accord recognition in a manner which would constitute a means of discrimination between countries in the application of its standards or criteria for the authorization, licensing or certification of services suppliers, or a disguised restriction on trade in services.4. Each Member shall:(a) within 12 months from the date on which the WTO Agreement takes effect for it, inform the Council for Trade in Services of its existing recognition measures and state whether such measures are based on agreements or arrangements of the type referred to in paragraph 1;(b) promptly inform the Council for Trade in Services as far in advance as possible of the opening of negotiations on an agreement or arrangement of the type referred to in paragraph 1 in order to provide adequate opportunity to any other Member to indicate their interest in participating in the negotiations before they enter a substantive phase;(c) promptly inform the Council for Trade in Services when it adopts new recognition measures or significantly modifies existing ones and state whether the measures are based on an agreement or arrangement of the type referred to in paragraph 1.5. Wherever appropriate, recognition should be based on multilaterally agreed criteria. In appropriate cases, Members shall work in cooperation with relevant intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations towards the establishment and adoption of common international standards and criteria for recognition and common international standards for the practice of relevant services trades and professions.Article VIII: Monopolies and Exclusive Service Suppliers1. Each Member shall ensure that any monopoly supplier of a service in its territory does not, in the supply of the monopoly service in the relevant market, act in a manner inconsistent with that Member’s obligations under Article II and specific commitments.2. Where a Member’s monopoly supplier competes, either directly or through an affiliated company, in the supply of a service outside the scope of its monopoly rights and which is subject to that Member’s specific commitments, the Member shall ensure that such a supplier does not abuse its monopoly position to act in its territory in a manner inconsistent with such commitments.3. The Council for Trade in Services may, at the request of a Member which has a reason to believe that a monopoly supplier of a service of any other Member is acting in a manner inconsistent with paragraph 1 or 2, request the Member establishing, maintaining or authorizing such supplier to provide specific information concerning the relevant operations.4. If, after the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement, a Member grants monopoly rights regarding the supply of a service covered by its specific commitments, that Member shall notify the Council for Trade in Services no later than three months before the intended implementation of the grant of monopoly rights and the provisions of paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 of Article XXI shall apply.5. The provisions of this Article shall also apply to cases of exclusive service suppliers, where a Member, formally or in effect,(a) authorizes or establishes a small number of service suppliers and(b) substantially prevents competition among those suppliers in its territory.Article IX: Business Practices1. Members recognize that certain business practices of service suppliers, other than those falling under Article VIII, may restrain competition and thereby restrict trade in services.2. Each Member shall, at the request of any other Member, enter into consultations with a view to eliminating practices referred to in paragraph 1. The Member addressed shall accord full and sympathetic consideration to such a request and shall cooperate through the supply of publicly available non-confidential information of relevance to the matter in question. The Member addressed shall also provide other information available to the requesting Member, subject to its domestic law and to the conclusion of satisfactory agreement concerning the safeguarding of its confidentiality by the requesting Member.Article X: Emergency Safeguard Measures1. There shall be multilateral negotiations on the question of emergency safeguard measures based on the principle of non-discrimination. The results of such negotiations shall enter into effect on a date not later than three years from the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement.2. In the period before the entry into effect of the results of the negotiations referred to in paragraph 1, any Member may, notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article XXI, notify the Council on Trade in Services of its intention to modify or withdraw a specific commitment after a period of one year from the date on which the commitment enters into force; provided that the Member shows cause to the Council that the modification or withdrawal cannot await the lapse of the three-year period provided for in paragraph 1 of Article XXI.3. The provisions of paragraph 2 shall cease to apply three years after the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement.Article XI: Payments and Transfers1. Except under the circumstances envisaged in Article XII, a Member shall not apply restrictions on international transfers and payments for current transactions relating to its specific commitments.2. Nothing in this Agreement shall affect the rights and obligations of the members of the International Monetary Fund under the Articles of Agreement of the Fund, including the use of exchange actions which are in conformity with the Articles of Agreement, provided that a Member shall not impose restrictions on any capital transactions inconsistently with its specific commitments regarding such transactions, except under Article XII or at the request of the Fund.Article XII: Restrictions to Safeguard the Balance of Payments1. In the event of serious balance-of-payments and external financial difficulties or threat thereof, a Member may adopt or maintain restrictions on trade in services on which it has undertaken specific commitments, including on payments or transfers for transactions related to such commitments. It is recognized that particular pressures on the balance of payments of a Member in the process of economic development or economic transition may necessitate the use of restrictions to ensure, inter alia, the maintenance of a level of financial reserves adequate for the implementation of its programme of economic development or economic transition.2. The restrictions referred to in paragraph 1:(a) shall not discriminate among Members;(b) shall be consistent with the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund;(c) shall avoid unnecessary damage to the commercial, economic and financial interests of any other Member;(d) shall not exceed those necessary to deal with the circumstances described in paragraph 1;(e) shall be temporary and be phased out progressively as the situation specified in paragraph 1 improves.3. In determining the incidence of such restrictions, Members may give priority to the supply of services which are more essential to their economic or development programmes. However, such restrictions shall not be adopted or maintained for the purpose of protecting a particular service sector.4. Any restrictions adopted or maintained under paragraph 1, or any changes therein, shall be promptly notified to the General Council.5. (a) Members applying the provisions of this Article shall consult promptly with the Committee on Balance-of-Payments Restrictions on restrictions adopted under this Article.(b) The Ministerial Conference shall establish procedures(4) for periodic consultations with the objective of enabling such recommendations to be made to the Member concerned as it may deem appropriate.(c) Such consultations shall assess the balance-of-payment situation of the Member concerned and the restrictions adopted or maintained under this Article, taking into account, inter alia, such factors as:(i) the nature and extent of the balance-of-payments and the external financial difficulties;(ii) the external economic and trading environment of the consulting Member;(iii) alternative corrective measures which may be available.(d) The consultations shall address the compliance of any restrictions with paragraph 2, in particular the progressive phaseout of restrictions in accordance with paragraph 2(e).(e) In such consultations, all findings of statistical and other facts presented by the International Monetary Fund relating to foreign exchange, monetary reserves and balance of payments, shall be accepted and conclusions shall be based on the assessment by the Fund of the balance-of-payments and the external financial situation of the consulting Member.6. If a Member which is not a member of the International Monetary Fund wishes to apply the provisions of this Article, the Ministerial Conference shall establish a review procedure and any other procedures necessary.Article XIII: Government Procurement1. Articles II, XVI and XVII shall not apply to laws, regulations or requirements governing the procurement by governmental agencies of services purchased for governmental purposes and not with a view to commercial resale or with a view to use in the supply of services for commercial sale.2. There shall be multilateral negotiations on government procurement in services under this Agreement within two years from the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement.Article XIV: General ExceptionsSubject to the requirement that such measures are not applied in a manner which would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where like conditions prevail, or a disguised restriction on trade in services, nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to prevent the adoption or enforcement by any Member of measures:(a) necessary to protect public morals or to maintain public order;(5)(b) necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health;(c) necessary to secure compliance with laws or regulations which are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement including those relating to:(i) the prevention of deceptive and fraudulent practices or to deal with the effects of a default on services contracts;(ii) the protection of the privacy of individuals in relation to the processing and dissemination of personal data and the protection of confidentiality of individual records and accounts;(iii) safety;(d) inconsistent with Article XVII, provided that the difference in treatment is aimed at ensuring the equitable or effective(6) imposition or collection of direct taxes in respect of services or service suppliers of other Members;(e) inconsistent with Article II, provided that the difference in treatment is the result of an agreement on the avoidance of double taxationor provisions on the avoidance of double taxation in any other international agreement or arrangement by which the Member is bound.Article XIV bis: Security Exceptions1. Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed:(a) to require any Member to furnish any information, the disclosure of which it considers contrary to its essential security interests; or(b) to prevent any Member from taking any action which it considers necessary for the protection of its essential security interests:(i) relating to the supply of services as carried out directly or indirectly for the purpose of provisioning a military establishment;(ii) relating to fissionable and fusionable materials or the materials from which they are derived;(iii) taken in time of war or other emergency in international relations; or(c) to prevent any Member from taking any action in pursuance of its obligations under the United Nations Charter for the maintenance of international peace and security.2. The Council for Trade in Services shall be informed to the fullest extent possible of measures taken under paragraphs 1(b) and (c) and of their termination.Article XV: Subsidies1. Members recognize that, in certain circumstances, subsidies may have distortive effects on trade in services. Members shall enter into。
服务贸易总协定(GATS)
服务贸易总协定（GATS）《服务贸易总协定》（General Agreement on Trade in Service，GATS）是世界贸易组织管辖的一项多边贸易协议。
《服务贸易总协定》由三大部分组成：一是协定条款本身，又称为框架协定，二是部门协议[1]，三是各成员的市场准入承诺单。
GATS概述《服务贸易总协定》本身条款由序言和六个部分29条组成。
前28条为框架协议，规定了服务贸易自由化的原则和规则，第29条为附件（共有8个附件）。
主要内容包括：范围和定义、一般义务和纪律、具体承诺、逐步自由化、机构条款、最后条款等，其核心是最惠国待遇、国民待遇、市场准入、透明度及支付的款项和转拨的资金的自由流动。
《服务贸易总协定》适用于各成员采取的影响服务贸易的各项政策措施，包括中央政府、地区或地方政府和当局及其授权行使权力的非政府机构所采取的政策措施。
《服务贸易总协定》的宗旨是在透明度和逐步自由化的条件下，扩大全球服务贸易，并促进各成员的经济增长和发展中国家成员服务业的发展。
协定考虑到各成员服务贸易发展的不平衡，允许各成员对服务贸易进行必要的管理，鼓励发展中国家成员通过提高其国内服务能力、效率和竞争力，更多地参与世界服务贸易。
《服务贸易总协定》规定国际服务贸易具体包括四种方式：⑴跨境交付（Cross-border Supply）；⑵境外消费（Consumption Abroad）；⑶商业存在（Commercial Presence）；⑷自然人流动（Movement of Natural Persons）。
《服务贸易总协定》列出服务行业包括以下12个部门：商业、通讯、建筑、销售、教育、环境、金融、卫生、旅游、娱乐、运输、其它，具体分为160多个分部门。
协定规定了各成员必须遵守的普遍义务与原则，磋商和争端解决的措施步骤。
根据协定的规定，WTO成立了服务贸易理事会，负责协定的执行。
GATS目录第一部分范围和定义第一条范围和定义第二部分一般义务和纪律第二条最惠国待遇第三条透明度第三条之二机密资料的公开第四条发展中国家的更多参与第五条经济一体化之二劳动力市场一体化协议第六条国内法规第七条承认第八条垄断和专营服务提供者第九条商业惯例第十条紧急保障措施第十一条支付和转移第十二条保障收支平衡的限制第十三条政府采购第十四条一般例外之二安全例外第十五条补贴第三部分具体承诺第十六条市场准入第十七条国民待遇第十八条附加承诺第四部分逐步自由化第十九条具体承诺的谈判第二十条具体承诺表第二十一条承诺表的修改第五部分机构条款第二十二条磋商第二十三条争端解决和实施第二十四条服务贸易理事会第二十五条技术合作第二十六条与其他国际组织的关系第六部分最后条款第二十七条利益的拒给第二十八条定义第二十九条附件GATS中文文本各成员协议如下：内容简介第一条范围和定义1．本协定适用于各成员影响服务贸易的措施；2．为本协定之目的，服务贸易定义为：（a）从一成员境内向任何其他成员境内提供服务；（b）在一成员境内向任何其他成员的服务消费者提供服务；（c）一成员的服务提供者在任何其他成员境内以商业存在提供服务；（d）一成员的服务提供者在任何其他成员境内以自然的存在提供服务。
国际服务贸易总协定
国际服务贸易总协定GATS 诞生于 20 世纪 90 年代，是世界贸易组织（WTO）框架下的重要协定之一。
它的出现并非偶然，而是全球经济发展到一定阶段的必然产物。
随着信息技术的飞速发展和各国经济结构的不断调整，服务行业在全球经济中的比重日益增加，服务贸易的规模和范围也不断扩大。
在此背景下，制定一套统一的、具有约束力的国际服务贸易规则，成为了各国的共同需求。
GATS 的主要目标是推动服务贸易的自由化和便利化，促进全球经济的增长和发展。
为实现这一目标，它确立了一系列重要原则。
最惠国待遇原则是 GATS 的核心原则之一。
这意味着一成员方给予任何其他成员方的服务或服务提供者的待遇，应立即无条件地给予所有其他成员方相同的服务或服务提供者。
这一原则旨在确保各国在服务贸易领域的平等竞争，避免歧视性待遇。
国民待遇原则也是 GATS 的重要原则。
成员方在其境内向其他成员方的服务和服务提供者提供的待遇，不应低于其给予本国相同服务和服务提供者的待遇。
不过，与货物贸易中的国民待遇不同，服务贸易中的国民待遇并非是普遍义务，而是成员方根据自身情况做出的具体承诺。
透明度原则要求成员方及时公布与服务贸易有关的法律、法规、政策和措施，以及与其他成员方签订的有关服务贸易的双边或多边协议。
这有助于提高服务贸易的可预测性和透明度，减少贸易壁垒。
市场准入原则是 GATS 的另一个关键原则。
成员方应根据自身的发展水平和实际情况，逐步开放服务市场，允许其他成员方的服务和服务提供者进入。
这一原则为服务贸易的自由化提供了具体的路径和方向。
GATS 将服务贸易分为四种模式：跨境交付、境外消费、商业存在和自然人流动。
跨境交付是指服务的提供者在一成员方的领土内向另一成员方领土内的消费者提供服务。
例如，通过互联网提供的在线教育、咨询等服务。
境外消费是指服务的消费者在一成员方的领土内接受另一成员方服务提供者提供的服务。
比如，一国的游客到另一国旅游、就医等。
中国对外贸易与世界贸易组织第八章 服务贸易总协定(GATS)-PPT精选文档-精选文档
《服务贸易总协定的》总协定的基本规则
01 最惠国待遇原则
02 透明度原则
03 发展中成员更多参与原则
（二）最惠国待遇原则的遵守
我们可以对最惠国待遇中的“无差别待遇”作如下理解：一成员方可以给予来自 其他成员方的“类似”服务和服务提供者形式上相同或者不同的待遇，以使它们享受 的待遇实质上相同，如果这些形式上相同或者不同的待遇对一部分其他成员方的服务 或服务提供者造成了不利的竞争条件（相对于另外一部分其他成员方服务和服务提供 者），则视为不符合最惠国待遇的原则。
《服务贸易总协定》的达成和基本框架
01 《服务贸易总协定》与服务贸易谈判
02 GATS的宗旨和基本框架
对于“服务贸易”，GATS在第1条第2款中作了定义，服务贸易的4种方式为跨境提供、境外 消费、商业存在和自然人流动。
1、跨境提供（Cross-Border Supply） 跨境提供是指“自一成员领土向任何其他成员领土提供服务”。这种贸易形式一般不需要人员、 设备和资金的跨境流动即可实现。例如，国际卫星通信服务、国际金融服务、互联网信息服务 等。
《服务贸易总协定》的达成和基本框架
01 《服务贸易总协定》与服务贸易谈判
02 GATS的宗旨和基本框架
对于“服务贸易”，GATS在第1条第2款中作了定义，服务贸易的4种方式为跨境提供、境外 消费、商业存在和自然人流动。
3、商业存在（Commercial Presence） 商业存在这种服务贸易提供方式是指一成员的服务提供者在任何其他成员境内以商业存在的形 式提供服务。商业存在是指以提供服务为目的，在某一成员方领土内的任何形式的商业或者职 业存在。这种存在既可以是通过购并建立，也可以通过创办独资子公司、合资企业、合作企业、 代表处或其他形式的分支机构实现。比如一成员方企业或个人在其他成员方境内设立宾馆、批 发零售企业，或者开办律师事务所、会计师事务所、企业管理咨询机构等。 4、自然人流动（Movement of Natrual Persons） 自然人流动是指一成员方的服务提供者在任何其他成员境内以自然人的形式提供服务。也可以 理解为外国的个人入境为本国服务消费者提供服务。比如外国客座教授来本国讲学，歌唱家以 个人身份到另一成员方境内举办演唱会等。
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31、只有永远躺在泥坑里的人，才不会再掉进坑里。——黑格尔 32、希望的灯一旦熄灭，生活刹那间变成了一片黑暗。——普列姆昌德 33、希望是人生的乳母。——科策布 34、形成天才的决定因素应该是勤奋。——郭沫若 35、学到很多东西的诀窍，就是一下子不要学很多。——洛克
服务贸易总协定(GATS)与中国的服务 贸易
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6、黄金时代是在我们的前面，而不在 我们的 后面。
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7、心急吃不了热汤圆。
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8、你可以很有个性Байду номын сангаас但某些时候请收 敛。
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9、只为成功找方法，不为失败找借口 (蹩脚 的工人 总是说 工具不 好)。
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10、只要下定决心克服恐惧，便几乎 能克服 任何恐 惧。因 为，请 记住， 除了在 脑海中 ，恐惧 无处藏 身。-- 戴尔． 卡耐基 。