剑TestReadingpassage解析
雅思真题剑Test阅读Passage真题及解析.docx
A They play hard, they play often, and they play to win. Australian sports teams win more than their fair share of titles, demolishing rivals with seeming ease. How do they do it? A big part of the secret is an extensive and expensive network of sporting academies underpinned by science and medicine. At the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), hundreds of youngsters and pros live and train under the eyes of coaches. Another body, the Australian Sports Commission (ASC), finances programmes of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and women. Both provide intensive coaching, training facilities and nutritional advice.
E Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, sports scientists and
coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a‘competition model', based on what they expect will be the winning times.‘You design the model to make that time,' says
剑桥雅思阅读4原文翻译及答案解析（test3）
剑桥雅思阅读4原文翻译及答案解析(test3)为了帮助大家更好地备考雅思阅读，下面小编给大家分享剑桥雅思阅读4原文翻译及答案解析(test3)，希望对你们有用。
剑桥雅思阅读4原文(test3)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street Youth‘I am from a large, poor family and for many years we have done without breakfast. Ever since I joined the Street Kids International program I have been able to buy my family sugar and buns for breakfast. I have also bought myself decent second-hand clothes and shoes.’Doreen Soko‘We’ve had business experience. Now I’m confident to expand what we’ve been doing. I’ve learnt cash management, and the way of keeping money so we save for re-investment. Now business is a part of our lives. As well, we didn’t know each other before —now we’ve made new friends.’Fan KaomaParticipants in the Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative Program, ZambiaIntroductionAlthough small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to young people. Even less attention has been paid to children living on the street or in difficult circumstances.Over the past nine years, Street Kids International (S.K.I.) hasbeen working with partner organisations in Africa, Latin America and India to support the economic lives of street children. The purpose of this paper is to share some of the lessons S.K.I. and our partners have learned.BackgroundTypically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and violence. The street may be attractive to children as a place to find adventurous play and money. However, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to exploitative employment, urban crime, and abuse.Children who work on the streets are generally involved in unskilled, labour-intensive tasks which require long hours, such as shining shoes, carrying goods, guarding or washing cars, and informal trading. Some may also earn income through begging, or through theft and other illegal activities. At the same time, there are street children who take pride in supporting themselves and their families and who often enjoy their work. Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence, is less exploitative than many forms of paid employment, and is flexible enough to allow them to participate in other activities such as education and domestic tasks.Street Business PartnershipsS.K.I. has worked with partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and India to develop innovative opportunities for street children to earn income.The S.K.I. Bicycle Courier Service first started in the Sudan. Participants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles, whichthey used to deliver parcels and messages, and which they were required to pay for gradually from their wages. A similar program was taken up in Bangalore, India.Another successful project, The Shoe Shine Collective, was a partnership program with the Y.W.C.A. in the Dominican Republic. In this project, participants were lent money to purchase shoe shine boxes. They were also given a safe place to store their equipment, and facilities for individual savings plans.The Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative in Zambia is a joint program with the Red Cross Society and the Y.W.C.A. Street youths are supported to start their own small business through business training, life skills training and access to credit.Lessons learnedThe following lessons have emerged from the programs that S.K.I. and partner organisations have created.Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street child. Ideally, potential participants will have been involved in the organisation’s programs for at least six months, and trust and relationship-building will have already been established.The involvement of the participants has been essential to the development of relevant programs. When children have had a major role in determining procedures, they are more likely to abide by and enforce them.It is critical for all loans to be linked to training programs that include the development of basic business and life skills.There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program, where such relationships exist. Home visits allow staff the opportunity to know where the participants live, and to understand more about each individual’s situation.Small loans are provided initially for purchasing fixed assetssuch as bicycles, shoe shine kits and basic building materials for a market stall. As the entrepreneurs gain experience, the enterprises can be gradually expanded and consideration can be given to increasing loan amounts. The loan amounts in S.K.I. programs have generally ranged from US$30-$100.All S.K.I. programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed money. Generally the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates).ConclusionThere is a need to recognise the importance of access to credit for impoverished young people seeking to fulfil economic needs. The provision of small loans to support the entrepreneurial dreams and ambitions of youth can be an effective means to help them change their lives. However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive businesses.Questions 1-4Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.1 The quotations in the box at the beginning of the articleA exemplify the effects of S.K.I.B explain why S.K.I. was set up.C outline the problems of street children.D highlight the benefits to society of S.K.I.2 The main purpose of S.K.I. is toA draw the attention of governments to the problem of street children.B provide school and social support for street children.C encourage the public to give money to street children.D give business training and loans to street children.3 Which of the following is mentioned by the writer as a reason why children end up living on the streets?A unemploymentB warC povertyD crime4 In order to become more independent, street children mayA reject paid employment.B leave their families.C set up their own businesses.D employ other children.Questions 5-8Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.Country Organisations Involved Type of Project Support Provided5………………and………………S.K.I courier service ? provision of 6………………………Dominican Republic ? S.K.IY.W.C.A 7………………… ? loansstorage facilitiessavings plansZambia ? S.K.I.The Red CrossY.W.C.A. setting up small businesses ? business training8…………trainingaccess to creditQuestions 9-12Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the wirterNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this9 Any street child can set up their own small business if given enough support.10 In some cases, the families of street children may need financial support from S.K.I.11 Only one fixed loan should be given to each child.12 The children have to pay back slightly more money than they borrowed.Question 13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write your answer in box 13 on your answer sheet.The writers conclude that money should only be lent to street childrenA as part of a wider program of aid.B for programs that are not too ambitious.C when programs are supported by local businesses.D if the projects planned are realistic and useful.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.Questions 14-27Reading Passage 2 has four sections A-D.Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.Write the correct number i-vi in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.List of HeadingsI Causes of volcanic eruptionIi Efforts to predict volcanic eruptionIii Volcanoes and the features of our planetIv Different types of volcanic eruptionV International relief effortsVi The unpredictability of volcanic eruptions14 Section A15 Section B16 Section C17 Section DVolcanoes-earth-shattering newsWhen Mount Pinatubo suddenly erupted on 9 June 1991, the power of volcanoes past and present again hit the headlinesA Volcanoes are the ultimate earth-moving machinery. A violent eruption can blow the top few kilometres off a mountain, scatter fine ash practically all over the globe and hurl rock fragments into the stratosphere to darken the skies a continent away.But the classic eruption — cone-shaped mountain, big bang, mushroom cloud and surges of molten lava — is only a tiny part of a global story. Vulcanism, the name given to volcanic processes, really has shaped the world. Eruptions have rifted continents, raised mountain chains, constructed islands and shaped the topography of the earth. The entire ocean floor has abasement of volcanic basalt.Volcanoes have not only made the continents, they are also thought to have made the world’s first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans, rivers and ice-caps. There are now about 600 active volcanoes. Every year they add two or three cubic kilometres of rock to the continents. Imagine a similar number of volcanoes smoking away for the last 3,500 million years. That is enough rock to explain the continental crust.What comes out of volcanic craters is mostly gas. More than 90% of this gas is water vapour from the deep earth: enough to explain, over 3,500 million years, the water in the oceans. The rest of the gas is nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen. The quantity of these gases, again multiplied over 3,500 million years, is enough to explain the mass of the world’s atmosphere. We are alive because volcanoes provided the soil, air and water we need.B Geologists consider the earth as having a molten core, surrounded by a semi-molten mantle and a brittle, outer skin. It helps to think of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk, a firm but squishy white and a hard shell. If the shell is even slightly cracked during boiling, the white material bubbles out and sets like a tiny mountain chain over the crack — like an archipelago of volcanic islands such as the Hawaiian Islands. But the earth is so much bigger and the mantle below is so much hotter.Even though the mantle rocks are kept solid by overlying pressure, they can still slowly ‘flow’ like thick treacle. The flow, thought to be in the form of convection currents, is powerful enough to fracture the ‘eggshell’ of the crust into plates, and keep them bumping and grinding against each other, or even overlapping, at the rate of a few centimetres a year. Thesefracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earthquakes happen. And, very often, volcanoes.C These zones are lines of weakness, or hot spots. Every eruption is different, but put at its simplest, where there are weaknesses, rocks deep in the mantle, heated to 1,350℃, will start to expand and rise. As they do so, the pressure drops, and they expand and become liquid and rise more swiftly.Sometimes it is slow: vast bubbles of magma — molten rock from the mantle — inch towards the surface, cooling slowly, to show through as granite extrusions (as on Skye, or the Great Whin Sill, the lava dyke squeezed out like toothpaste that carries part of Hadrian’s Wall in no rthern England). Sometimes — as in Northern Ireland, Wales and the Karoo in South Africa —the magma rose faster, and then flowed out horizontally on to the surface in vast thick sheets. In the Deccan plateau in western India, there are more than two million cubic kilometres of lava, some of it 2,400 metres thick, formed over 500,000 years of slurping eruption.Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly indeed. It does not have time to cool as it surges upwards. The gases trapped inside the boiling rock expand suddenly, the lava glows with heat, it begins to froth, and it explodes with tremendous force. Then the slightly cooler lava following it begins to flow over the lip of the crater. It happens on Mars, it happened on the moon, it even happens on some of the moons of Jupiter and Uranus. By studying the evidence, vulcanologists can read the force of the great blasts of the past. Is the pumice light and full of holes? The explosion was tremendous. Are the rocks heavy, with huge crystalline basalt shapes, like t he Giant’s Causeway in Northern Ireland? It was a slow, gentle eruption.The biggest eruptions are deep on the mid-ocean floor, where new lava is forcing the continents apart and widening the Atlantic by perhaps five centimetres a year. Look at maps of volcanoes, earthquakes and island chains like the Philippines and Japan, and you can see the rough outlines of what are called tectonic plates —the plates which make up the earth’s crust and mantle. The most dramatic of these is the Pacific ‘ring of fire’ wh ere there have been the most violent explosions —Mount Pinatubo near Manila, Mount St Helen’s in the Rockies and El Chichón in Mexico about a decade ago, not to mention world-shaking blasts like Krakatoa in the Sunda Straits in 1883.D But volcanoes are not very predictable. That is because geological time is not like human time. During quiet periods, volcanoes cap themselves with their own lava by forming a powerful cone from the molten rocks slopping over the rim of the crater; later the lava cools slowly into a huge, hard, stable plug which blocks any further eruption until the pressure below becomes irresistible. In the case of Mount Pinatubo, this took 600 years.Then, sometimes, with only a small warning, the mountain blows its top. It did this at Mon t Pelée in Martinique at 7.49 a.m. on 8 May, 1902. Of a town of 28,000, only two people survived. In 1815, a sudden blast removed the top 1,280 metres of Mount Tambora in Indonesia. The eruption was so fierce that dust thrown into the stratosphere darkened the skies, cancelling the following summer in Europe and North America. Thousands starved as the harvests failed, after snow in June and frosts in August. Volcanoes are potentially world news, especially the quiet ones.Questions 18-21Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet.18 What are the sections of the earth’s crust, often associated with volcanic activity, called?19 What is the name given to molten rock from the mantle?20 What is the earthquake zone on the Pacific Ocean called?21 For how many years did Mount Pinatubo remain inactive?Questions 22-26Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.Volcanic eruptions have shaped the earth’s land surface. They may also have produced the world’s atmosphere and 22…… . Eruptions occur when molten rocks from the earth’s mantle rise and expand. When they become liquid, they move quickly through cracks in the surface. There are different types of eruption. Sometimes the 23……. moves slowly and forms outcrops of granite on the earth’s surface. When it moves more quickly it may flow out in thick horizontal sheets. Examples of this type of eruption can be found in Northern Ireland, Wales, South Africa and 24…… . A third type of eruption occurs when the lava emerges very quickly and 25…… violently. This happens because the magma moves so suddenly that 26…… are emitted.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 belowObtaining Linguistic DataA Many procedures are available for obtaining data about alanguage. They range from a carefully planned, intensive field investigation in a foreign country to a casual introspection about one’s mother tongue carried out in an armchair at home.B In all cases, someone has to act as a source of language data — an informant. Informants are (ideally) native speakers of a language, who provide utterances for analysis and other kinds of information about the language (e.g. translations, comments about correctness, or judgements on usage). Often, when studying their mother tongue, linguists act as their own informants, judging the ambiguity, acceptability, or other properties of utterances against their own intuitions. The convenience of this approach makes it widely used, and it is considered the norm in the generative approach to linguistics. But a lin guist’s personal judgements are often uncertain, or disagree with the judgements of other linguists, at which point recourse is needed to more objective methods of enquiry, using non-linguists as informants. The latter procedure is unavoidable when working on foreign languages, or child speech.C Many factors must be considered when selecting informants —whether one is working with single speakers (a common situation when languages have not been described before), two people interacting, small groups or large-scale samples. Age, sex, social background and other aspects of identity are important, as these factors are known to influence the kind of language used. The topic of conversation and the characteristics of the social setting (e.g. the level of formality) are also highly relevant, as are the personal qualities of the informants (e.g. their fluency and consistency). For larger studies, scrupulous attention has been paid to the sampling theory employed, and in all cases, decisions have to be made about thebest investigative techniques to use.D Today, researchers often tape-record informants. This enables the linguist’s claims about the language to be checked, and provides a way of making those claims more accurate (‘difficult’ pieces of speech can be li stened to repeatedly). But obtaining naturalistic, good-quality data is never easy. People talk abnormally when they know they are being recorded, and sound quality can be poor. A variety of tape-recording procedures have thus been devised to minimise the ‘observer’s paradox’ (how to observe the way people behave when they are not being observed). Some recordings are made without the speakers being aware of the fact — a procedure that obtains very natural data, though ethical objections must be anticipated. Alternatively, attempts can be made to make the speaker forget about the recording, such as keeping the tape recorder out of sight, or using radio microphones. A useful technique is to introduce a topic that quickly involves the speaker, and stimulates a natural language style (e.g. asking older informants about how times have changed in their locality).E An audio tape recording does not solve all the linguist’s problems, however. Speech is often unclear and ambiguous. Where possible, therefore, the recording has to be supplemented by the observer’s written comments on the non-verbal behaviour of the participants, and about the context in general.A facial expression, for example, can dramatically alter the meaning of what is said. Video recordings avoid these problems to a large extent, but even they have limitations (the camera cannot be everywhere), and transcriptions always benefit from any additional commentary provided by an observer.F Linguists also make great use of structured sessions, inwhich they systematically ask their informants for utterances that describe certain actions, objects or behaviours. With a bilingual informant, or through use of an interpreter, it is possible to use translation techniques (‘How do you say table in your language?’). A large number of points can be covered in a short time, using interview worksheets and questionnaires. Often, the researcher wishes to obtain information about just a single variable, in which case a restricted set of questions may be used: a particular feature of pronunciation, for example, can be elicited by asking the informant to say a restricted set of words. There are also several direct methods of elicitation, such as asking informants to fill in the blanks in a substitution frame (e.g. I___ see a car), or feeding them the wrong stimulus for correction (‘Is it possible to say I no can see?’).G A representative sample of language, compiled for the purpose of linguistic analysis, is known as a corpus. A corpus enables the linguist to make unbiased statements about frequency of usage, and it provides accessible data for the use of different researchers. Its range and size are variable. Some corpora attempt to cover the language as a whole, taking extracts from many kinds of text; others are extremely selective, providing a collection of material that deals only with a particular linguistic feature. The size of the corpus depends on practical factors, such as the time available to collect, process and store the data: it can take up to several hours to provide an accurate transcription of a few minutes of speech. Sometimes a small sample of data will be enough to decide a linguistic hypothesis; by contrast, corpora in major research projects can total millions of words. An important principle is that all corpora, whatever their size, are inevitably limited in their coverage, and always need to be supplementedby data derived from the intuitions of native speakers of the language, through either introspection or experimentation.Questions 27-31Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs labeled A-G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.27 the effect of recording on the way people talk28 the importance of taking notes on body language29 the fact that language is influenced by social situation30 how informants can be helped to be less self-conscious31 various methods that can be used to generate specific dataQuestions 32-36Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet.METHODS OF OBTAINING LINGUISTIC DATA ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES32……as informant convenient method of enquiry not objective enoughNon-linguist as informant necessary with 33…… and child speech the number of factors to be consideredRecording an informant allows linguists’ claims to be checked 34……of soundVideoing an informant allows speakers’ 35…… to be observed 36……might mi ss certain thingsQuestions 37-40Complete the summary of paragraph G below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.A linguist can use a corpus to comment objectively on 37…… . Some corpora include a wide range of language while others are used to focus on a 38…… . The length of time the process takes will affect the 39…… of the corpus. No corpus can ever cover the whole language and so linguists often find themselves relying on the additional information that can be gained from the 40…… of those who speak the language concerned.剑桥雅思阅读4原文参考译文(test3)Passage1参考译文Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street Youth流浪儿童的小型企业贷款‘I am from a large, poor family and for many years we have done without breakfast. Ever since I joined the Street Kids International program I have been able to buy my family sugar and buns for breakfast. I have also bought myself decent second-hand clothes and shoes.’Doreen Soko“我来自一个贫困的大家庭。
剑桥雅思阅读解析Test
stun [ ✍✍✍✍✍] vt. 使晕倒, 使惊吓thrill [✍✍✍✍✍✍] v. 发抖routine [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍] n. 例行公事, 常规leap [ ✍✍✍✍✍] n. 跳跃, 飞跃imagination [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 想象,想象力initial [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 最初的image [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 图像，影像unique [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍] adj. 唯一的, 独特的hypnotic [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 催眠的genius [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 天才panic [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 惊慌mere [ ✍✍✍ ] adj. 仅仅embrace [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍] vt. 拥抱objective [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 客观的realism [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍] n. 现实主义，真实感overwhelming [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 压倒性的，无法抗拒的fiction [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 小说，虚构的故事dominate [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] v. 支配，主导intimate [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj.亲密的，密切的massive [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 巨大的，大规模的encyclopaedic [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍] adj. 百科全书式的consequence [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 结果presence [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 出席, 到场, 存在inevitably [i✍nevit✍bli] adv. 不可避免magnify [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] vt. 夸大，放大enduring [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 持久的lease [✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 租借novelty [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 新颖, 新奇, 新鲜, 新奇的事物worn off 消失fade away 逐渐凋谢gimmick [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 小发明，小玩意documentary [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 文件的，记录的narrative [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍] n. 叙述medium [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍] n. 媒体, 方法, 媒介conceived [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 假想的reel [✍✍✍✍✍✍] n. 卷convinced [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 确信的『题型』MATCHING『解析』绝对乱序题型，建议先读完所有选项并确定关键字。
剑桥雅思八阅读详解TEST1234整合原创版
剑桥雅思八阅读详解TEST1READING PASSAGE 1 计时器发展史段落配对题1, 排除全文都含有的关键词“TIME KEEPING”哪里都有就不是关键词“cold temperature”回答原文中找答案。
D段结尾”often freezing weather of”同义重现。
2，如果题目中定语和修饰成分太长，则把关键词落在靠后的位置，做题就比较有效。
关键词“Calendar, farming” B段出现了两个原形重现，很容易选出。
3，关键词pendulum（clock），origin’s段倒数第2行”a pendulum clock had been devised”.发明制造出来。
4，”(calculate) uniform hours”. E段第2行”to keeping equal ones”上半句提到了”one”指的就是”hours””；”equal”的意思就是uniform”.5，答案B。
原文分为两大部分ABC第一部分讨论的是”calendar”一年之内的计时器，DEFGH第二部分讨论的是一天之内计时器clock。
所以第五第八题三选二，很好做。
6，答案E。
“two equal hakves” 原文在本段最后一句7，答案G. 关键词”new shape”原文第二行” was a lever based devise shaped like a ship’s anchor.”8,答案A。
关键词”organize-event-schedule”原文第三行”co-ordinate activities…plant-regulate.”9-13题。
该题型为100%集中在了某一段找答案；图上有标题“1670”就是关键词。
很快即可定义在G段。
注意：答案小于等于2个词9，resembling好像…一样shape like答案：ship’s anchor(第二行)10，escape wheel11，tooth 第四行12，long pendulum13, second倒数第二行。
剑桥雅思阅读理解解析含翻译
剑桥雅思8-第三套试题-阅读部分-P A S S A G E1-阅读真题原文部分:READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Striking Back at Lightning With LasersSeldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike. Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the United States alone. As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death - out in the open, a lone golfer may be a lightning bolt's most inviting target. And there is damage to property too. Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year.But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back. Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike.The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new. In the early 1960s, researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds generate. The technique survives to this day at a test site in Florida run by the University of Florida, with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute EPRI, based in California. EPRI, which is funded by power companies, is looking at ways to protect the United States' power grid from lightning strikes. 'We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to using rockets, ' says Ralph Bernstein, manager of lightning projects at EPRI. The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up.Bad behaviourBut while rockets are fine for research, they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking for. The rockets cost around $1, 200 each, can only be fired at a limited frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per cent. And even when they do trigger lightning, things still do not always go according to plan. 'Lightning is not perfectly well behaved, ' says Bernstein. 'Occasionally, it will take a branch and go someplace it wasn't supposed to go. ' And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area 'What goes up must come down, ' points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely - and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500, 000 invested so far, a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory.The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. To stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from there into the sky. The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close by. Ideally, the cloud-zapper gunwould be cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds.A stumbling blockHowever, there is still a big stumbling block. The laser is no nifty portable: it's a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing. He plans to test this more manageable system on live thunderclouds next summer.Bernstein says that Diels's system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the $5 million that EPRI says willbe needed to develop a commercial system, by making the lasers yet smaller and cheaper. 'I cannot say I have money yet, but I'm working on it, ' says Bernstein. He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point - and he's hoping for good news. Bernstein predicts 'an avalanche of interest and support' if all goes well. He expects to see cloud-zappers eventually costing 100, 000 each.Other scientists could also benefit. With a lightning 'switch' at their fingertips, materials scientists could find out what happens when mighty currents meet matter. Diels also hopes to see the birth of 'interactive meteorology' - not just forecasting the weather but controlling it. 'If we could discharge clouds, we might affect the weather, ' he says.And perhaps, says Diels, we'll be able to confront some other meteorological menaces. 'We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning, ' he says. Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash, is thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms. A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops. With luck, as the storm clouds gather this winter, laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike back.Questions 1-3Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.1 The main topic discussed in the text isA the damage caused to US golf courses and golf players by lightning strikes.B the effect of lightning on power supplies in the US and in Japan.C a variety of methods used in trying to control lightning strikes.D a laser technique used in trying to control lightning strikes.2 According to the text, every year lightningA does considerable damage to buildings during thunderstorms.B kills or injures mainly golfers in the United States.C kills or injures around 500 people throughout the world.D damages more than 100 American power companies.3 Researchers at the University of Florida and at the University of New MexicoA receive funds from the same source.B are using the same techniques.C are employed by commercial companies.D are in opposition to each other.Questions 4-6Complete the sentences below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 4-6 on your answer sheet.4 EPRI receives financial support from………………………….5 The advantage of the technique being developed by Diels is that it can be used……………… .6 The main difficulty associated with using the laser equipment is related to its……………….Questions 7-10Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.In this method, a laser is used to create a line of ionisation by removing electrons from 7 …………………………. This laser is then directed at 8 ………………………… in order to control electrical charges, a method which is less dangerous than using 9 …………………………. As a protection for the lasers, the beams are ai med firstly at 10………………………….A cloud-zappersB atomsC storm cloudsD mirrorsE techniqueF ionsG rockets H conductors I thunderQuestions 11-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this11 Power companies have given Diels enough money to develop his laser.12 Obtaining money to improve the lasers will depend on tests in real storms.13 Weather forecasters are intensely interested in Diels's system. READING PASSAGE 1篇章结构体裁说明文主题用激光回击闪电结构第1段：闪电带来的危害第2段：科研人员正在研究回击闪电的方法第3段：先前的闪电回击术介绍第4段：火箭回击术的缺陷第5段：更安全的激光回击术第6段：激光回击术的技术原理第7段：激光回击术的缺陷第8段：通过实地实验改进激光回击术第9段：激光回击术对其他学科也有益处第10段：激光回击术的其他用途解题地图难度系数：★★★解题顺序：按题目顺序解答即可友情提示：烤鸭们注意：本文中的SUMMARY题目顺序有改变,解题要小心；MULTIPLE CHOICE的第三题是个亮点,爱浮想联翩的烤鸭们可能会糊掉;必背词汇1. inflict v. 造成The strikes inflicted serious damage on the economy. 罢工给经济造成了重大损失;2. inviting adj. 吸引人的The log fire looked warm and inviting. 篝火看上去温暖而诱人;3. property n. 财产；属性The hotel is not responsible for any loss or damage to guests’ personal property.酒店不承担宾客的任何个人财产的丢失或损坏;a herb with healing properties具有治疗效果的草药physical/chemical properties物理特性/化学特性4. fund v. 资助,投资The project is jointly funded by several local companies. 这个项目得到了当地几家公司的联合资助;government-funded research政府资助的研究5. back v. 支持,帮助The scheme has been backed by several major companies in the region.这个项目得到了该地区几家大公司的支持;Some suspected that the rebellion was backed and financed by the US.有人怀疑这次叛乱是由美国主使并资助的;6. discharge v. 放电；排出Both forms are readily gasified by electrical discharge without leaving any tangible residue.两种形态都易被放电气化而不剩任何可触察的残余;7. emerge v. 出现,浮现The sun emerged from behind the clouds. 太阳从云朵中探出头来;Eventually the truth emerged. 真相最终浮出水面;8. reveal v. 展现,显示；揭示,泄露He may be prosecuted for revealing secrets about the security agency.他可能会因为泄露国安局机密而遭检控;He revealed that he had been in prison twice before. 他透露说他曾经坐过两次牢;9. generate v. 使产生The program would generate a lot of new jobs. 这项计划会创造很多新职位;Tourism generates income for local communities. 旅游业给当地社区带来了收入;10. surge n. 涌流：猛增a surge of excitement一阵兴奋a surge of refugees into the country 涌入该国的难民潮a surge in food costs食品价格猛涨11. install v. 安装They've installed the new computer network at last. 他们最终安装了新的计算机网络;Security cameras have been installed in the city centre. 市中心安装了安全摄像头;12. nifty adj. 灵便的a nifty little gadget for squeezing oranges一个榨橘子汁用的灵便小工具13. in the offing即将发生的Big changes were in the offing. 剧变即将发生;认知词汇dramatic adj. 激动人心的fury n. 狂怒,狂暴本文中指雷暴电流leisurely adv. 轻松地dice with death拿性命开玩笑neutralize v. 中和brave v. 勇敢地面对armoury n. 军械库on command 按指令power grid 电力网precise adj. 精确的voltages n. 电压frequency n. 频率failure rate 失败率trigger v. 激发,触发branch n. 岔路populated adj. 人口密集的extract v. 提取atom n. 原子ion n. 离子ionization n. 离子化electric field 电场conductor n. 导体sporting event体育项目stumbling block 绊脚石monster n. 庞然大物manageable adj. 易管理的yet adv. 尚未；还没有come up with 准备好；提供reckon v. 料想,预计forthcoming adj. 即将来临的field test 实地测试turning point 转折点an avalanche of似雪片般的current n. 电流matter n. 物质interactive meteorology互动气象学confront v. 面临,对抗menace n. 威胁hail n. 冰雹torrential rain 暴雨moisture n. 水汽giant hailstone 大冰雹佳句赏析1. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up toa storm could, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, beforethe electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge.参考译文：如果激光器能够生成一条直达暴雨云的离子线,就可以在闪电电场增强为一股无法控制的涌流并击破空气之前,用这条传导通道把电荷引导到地面上来;语言点：状语从句——条件状语从句条件状语从句的连接词主要有：if, unless,as/so long as,on condition that等;此处为if引导的条件状语从句;例句：Just imagine how horrible the world would be if humans are the only creature in the world.想一想,如果人类是这世界上唯一的生物,这世界会变得多可怕;Some animal species are under threat if they stay in their natural habitat.如果留在自然栖息地,某些动物物种会面临威胁;If引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种;非真实条件句可以表示：1同现在事实相反的假设：从句一般过去时+主句should/would+动词原形2与过去事实相反的假设：从句过去完成时+主句should/would have+过去分词3对将来的假设：从句一般过去时+主句should+动词原形；从句were+不定式/should+动词原形+主句would+动词原形例句：If drug use were to be legalized,considerable police time would be spent in dealing with other more serious problems.如果吸食毒品合法化,警察大量的时间就将用于解决其他更严重的问题;2. A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops.参考译文：一个激光雷工厂可以把水汽从云层中震出,这样也许可以阻止威胁庄稼的大冰雹的形成;语言点：现在分词作状语例句：Facing high competition,people may suffer great pressure.面对高度竞争,人们可能会承受巨大的压力;Being confronted with economic pressure,women have to go outside to work.面临经济压力,妇女不得不外出工作;Not wearing proper clothes people will be considered those who do not know socialand interpersonal skills.如果衣着不当,人们会被当成是不懂社交和人际关系技巧的人;试题解析Questions 1-3题目类型：MULTIPLE CHOICES题目解析：解题小窍门：读清题干巧定位,四个选项要读完,绝对only排除掉,正确选项在中间;题号定位词题目解析1main topic 题目：本文讨论的主题是A闪电攻击对美国高尔夫场地和高尔夫选手造成的损失;B闪电对美国和日本电力供应的影响;C试图用来控制闪电袭击的各种方式;D一种试图用来控制闪电袭击的激光技术;正确翻译后,选项A和B比较容易排除,选项C比较具有迷惑性,但是只要看看文章标题,就不难发现本文主题是laser,所以正确答案是D;2 lightning 题目：根据文章,每年闪电会A在暴风雨期间对建筑物造成相当大的破坏;B在美国主要导致高尔夫球手死亡或受伤;C在全世界范围内导致500人死亡或受伤;D破坏了100多家美国电力公司;选项C和D中的具体数字是很好的定位词,可定位至文章第一段;文中提到,只是在美国,闪电每年就能杀伤500人,而不是世界范围内,因此排除选项C;而100这个数字在文中是100million a year,说的是每年闪电会让电力公司损失超过一亿美元,而不是说毁掉100多家电力公司,因此排除选项D;文中提到了云层翻滚而来时在户外打高尔夫是非常危险的,并没有说每年因雷击而死伤的是高尔夫球手,因此排除选项B;文中提到,there is damage to property too. buildings属于property的范畴,因此正确答案为A;3University of Florida,University of New Mexico 题目：佛罗里达大学和新墨西哥大学的研究员们A有同样的资金来源;B使用同样的技术C受雇于商业公司;D互相反对;此题是不可过多联想的典型,越直白的想法越能解题;一般来讲,带有金钱的选项应该去掉,但是此题剑走偏锋,偏偏选了带funds一词的选项A;文中有两处支持这个答案：第一处在第三段：…with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute EPRI…另一处在第五段：…which is backed by EPRI…两处暗示两项研究都得到了EPRI的资助,因此答案为A;选项B可以从文中说的一个主张用火箭,一个主张用激光来排除；选项C在文中并没有提及；选项D则是过多推理的结果,尽管使用技术不同,但是并不代表两者互相反对;Questions 4—6题目类型：SENTENCE COMPLETION题目解析：题号定位词文中对应点题目解析4 EPRI,financialsupport 第三段：EPRI,which is funded bypower companies…用EPRI定位到文章第三段,EPRI第一次出现之后即指出其是由电力公司资助的,原文中的funded等同于题干中的receives financial support from,因此答案应该填power companies;注意不要写成单数;5Diels 第五段：…to try to use lasers todischarge lightning safely…用人名Diels在文中定位到第五段,从题目看出这里应填入一个副词,所以可以在人名周围寻找use或者use的替换词,并且在其周围找带有-ly形式的词,这样正确答案safely很快就能浮出水面了;6 difficulty,laser equipment 第七段：The laser is no nifty portable：it’s a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size…这道题目的定位稍微有一些困难,需要将difficulty一词与文章中的stumbling block联系起来,进而找到第七段中的laser一词;文中提到,该激光设备并不方便携带,它是个体积占据了一整间房间的庞然大物;看到这里,通过理解,考生们可以想到激光设备最大的问题就是体积太大,不好携带,所以正确答案是size;Questions 7-10题目类型：SUMMARY COMPLETION解题小窍门：题目解析：解题小窍门：1. 理解词库里的单词,并将其按词性归类;2. 带动整道题的定位词是第一行的ionisation,比较容易定位到文章第六段,那么整个summary的答案就应该在这个词周围寻找;题号定位词文中对应点题目解析7electrons 第六段：…to extract electrons out of atoms…本题关键是要理解题目中的remove…from…与文中的extract…out of…属于同义替换,这里要表达的是从原子atoms中提取电荷electrons;故正确答案是B;8 directed at 第六段：If a laser could generate a line of ionization in the air all the way up to a storm cloud…注意文中generate是“产生”的意思；directed at对应文中的all the way up to,其后的a storm cloud 即对应空格处要填的内容;因此正确答案是C;9 less dangerous 第五段：…who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area…to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely…这道题比较麻烦,对于只是按照顺序寻找答案的考生,定位答案会比较困难;这里需要联系第五段中的信息,参照词库里的单词,推测出空格所在句的意思是“用激光控制闪电是比用火箭更安全less dangerous的方式”;正确答案是G; 10 protection,aimed firstly at 第六段：To stop the laser itself beingstruck…Instead it would be directed at amirror…protection对应文中的stop…being struck；at是解题关键词,即使不知道文中的directed和题目中的aimed是同义词,也可以从词组的形式上看出来两者是同位的,其后的名词即为答案;由此可知答案是D;Questions 11-13题目类型：YES/NO/NOT GIVEN题目解析：11. Power companies have given Diels enough money to develop his laser.参考译文电力公司已经向Diels提供了足够的资金来研发他的激光器;定位词Diels,money解题关键词have given…enough money文中对应点由定位词及顺序规律可以定位到第八段：“I cannot say I have money yet, but I am working on it. ”“我还不能说我已经拿到钱了,但是我正在为之努力;”看到这句话,再联系上句：Bernstein says that Diels’ system is attracting lotsof interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the 5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system… Bernstein表示,Diels的激光系统正在引起各电力公司的广泛兴趣;但他们还没有准备好EPRI提出的500万美元——开发一个……的商用系统的所需资金;这两句话足以证明Diels的系统还没有得到足够的资金支持;答案NO12. Obtaining money to improve the lasers will depend on tests in real storms.参考译文获得改善激光器所需的资金依赖于在真正的暴风雨中进行的试验;定位词obtaining money. tests in real storms解题关键词tests in real storms文中对应点第八段：第11题对应的原文下一句提到：He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point…其中turning point是“转折点”的意思,联系上题中说到的,目前该项目还没有拿到钱,可知这句话的意思是field tests就是得到资金的转折点;field tests=tests in real storms答案YES13. Weather forecasters are intensely interested in Diels's system.参考译文天气预报员们对Diels的系统设备特别感兴趣;定位词Diels,weather forecasters解题关键词intensely interested文中对应点这是一道典型的完全未提及的题目,interest一词出现在第八段的末尾,而weather forecasters这两个词也仅在第九段最后两句中出现：…not just forecasting the weather butcontrolling it…,而具体内容则完全不相干;答案NOT GIVEN参考译文用激光回击闪电很少有比雷暴天气更令人感到恐怖的天气了;仅在美国,猛烈的雷暴电流每年都会造成大约500人死亡或重伤;云层翻滚而来的时候,在户外打一场轻松的高尔夫成了一件异常可怕的事情,无异于是在拿自己的性命开玩笑——孤身一人在户外的高尔夫球手可能是闪电最喜欢攻击的目标;此外,闪电也会带来财产损失;每年闪电会对美国电力公司造成超过一亿美元的损失;不过,美国和日本的研究人员正在策划回击闪电的方案;他们已开始通过实验测试中和雷暴电荷的各种方法;今年冬天,他们将直面雷暴：使用配备的激光器射向空中的雨云,使其在闪电出现之前放电;迫使雨云根据指令释放闪电并非一个新想法;早在20世纪60年代早期,研究者们就尝试过把带着拖曳线的火箭射入雨云,以期为这些云层发出的庞大的电荷群搭建起便捷的放电路径;由于受到建在加利福尼亚的电力研究所EPRI的支持,这一技术在佛罗里达的州立大学试验基地幸存到了今天;EPRI由电力公司资助,现正致力于研究保护美国输电网不受闪电袭击的方法;“我们可以通过火箭让闪电击向我们想让它去的地方,”EPRI的闪电项目经理Ralph Bemstein如此说道;该火箭基地现在能对闪电电压进行精确测量,并可以让工程师们检测电气设备的负载;不良行为虽然火箭在研究中功不可没,但它们无法提供闪电来袭时所有人都希求的保护;每支火箭造价大约1,200美元,发射频率有限,而失败率却高达40％;即使它们确实能够引发闪电,事情也无法总是按计划顺利进行;“闪电可不那么听话,”Bernstein说,“它们偶尔会走岔路,射到它们本不该去的地方;”但不管怎样,有谁会想在人口密集的地区发射成群的火箭呢“射上去的肯定会掉下来,”新墨西哥大学的Jean-Claude Diels指出;Diels现在正在负责一个项目,该项目由ERPI所支持,试图通过发射激光使闪电安全放电——安全是一项基本要求,因为没人愿意把他们自己的性命或他们的昂贵设备置于危险之中;有了迄今为止的50万美元的投入,一套有巨大潜力的系统装置正在该实验室慢慢成形;这一系统装置的想法始于大约20年前,当时正在开发大功率激光器从原子中提取电荷并生成离子的能力;如果激光器能够生成一条直达暴雨云的离子线,就可以在闪电电场增强为一股无法控制的涌流并击破空气之前,用这条传导通道把电荷引导到地面上来;为了防止激光器本身受到电击,不能把它直接对准云层,而是要把它对准一面镜子,让激光通过镜子折射向天空;要在靠近镜子的四局布置闪电传导器从而对其进行保护;理想的做法是,云层遥控器枪要比较廉价,以便能够把它们安装在所有重点电力设备周围；另外还要方便携带,以便在国际运动赛事场地中用于使逐渐聚积的雨云失去威力;绊脚石可是,仍存在巨大的绊脚石;激光器并不方便携带：它是个能占据整个房间的庞然大物;Diels一直想要缩小它的体积,并表示很快就会有小型桌子大小的激光器了;他计划在明年夏天用真正的雨云来实际测试这个更容易操作的激光系统;Bemstein表示,Diels的激光系统正在引起各电力公司的广泛兴趣;但他们还没有准备好EPRI提出的500万美元——开发一个让激光器更小巧、价格也更便宜的商用系统的所需资金;Bernstein说：“我还不能说我已经拿到钱了,但是我正在为之努力;”他认为,即将进行的实地测试会成为一个转折点,而且他也在期待着好消息;Bemstein预言,如果一切顺利,这将吸引“排山倒海般的兴趣和支持”;他希望看到云层遥控器的最终价格能定在每台5万到10万美元之间;其他科学家也能从中受益;如果手上有了控制闪电的“开关”,材料科学家就可以了解强大的电流遇到物质时会发生什么现象;Diels也希望看到“互动气象学”问世——不仅仅是预测天气,而且能控制天气;“如果我们能使云层放电,我们也许就能左右天气,”他说;而且也许,Diels说,我们将能够对抗一些其他的气象威胁;“我们认为我们也许能通过引导闪电来阻止冰雹,”他说;雷,来自于闪电的冲击波,被认为是大暴雨——典型的雷暴天气——的触发器;一个激光雷工厂可以把水汽从云层中震出,这样也许可以阻止威胁庄稼的大冰雹的形成;如果运气好的话,在今年冬天雨云聚积的时候,持有激光器的研究者们就能第一次对其进行回击了;剑桥雅思8-第三套试题-阅读部分-PASSAGE 2-阅读真题原文部分:READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.The Nature of GeniusThere has always been an interest in geniuses and prodigies. The word 'genius', from the Latin gens = family and the term 'genius', meaning 'begetter', comes from the early Roman cult of a divinity as the head of the family. In its earliest form, genius was concerned with the ability of the head of the family, the paterfamilias, to perpetuate himself. Gradually, genius came to represent a person's characteristics and thence an individual's highest attributes derived from his 'genius' or guiding spirit. Today, people still look to stars or genes, astrology or genetics, in thehope of finding the source of exceptional abilities or personal characteristics.The concept of genius and of gifts has become part of our folk culture, and attitudes are ambivalent towards them. We envy the gifted and mistrust them. In the mythology of giftedness, it is popularly believed that if people are talented in one area, they must be defective in another, that intellectuals are impractical, that prodigies burn too brightly too soon and burn out, that gifted people are eccentric, that they are physical weaklings, that there's a thin line between genius and madness, that genius runs in families, that the gifted are so clever they don't need special help, that giftedness is the same as having a high IQ, that some races are more intelligent or musical or mathematical than others, that genius goes unrecognised and unrewarded, that adversity makes men wise or that people with gifts have a responsibility to use them. Language has been enriched with such terms as 'highbrow', 'egghead', 'blue-stocking', 'wiseacre', 'know-all', 'boffin' and, for many, 'intellectual' is a term of denigration.The nineteenth century saw considerable interest in the nature of genius, and produced not a few studies of famous prodigies. Perhaps for us today, two of the most significant aspects of most of these studies of genius are the frequency with which early encouragement and teaching by parents and tutors had beneficial effects on the intellectual, artistic or musical development of the children but caused great difficulties of adjustment later in their lives, and the frequency with which abilities went unrecognised by teachers and schools. However, the difficulty with the evidence produced by these studies, fascinating as they are in collecting together anecdotes and apparent similarities and exceptions, is that they are not what we would today call norm-referenced. In other words, when, for instance, information is collated about early illnesses, methods of upbringing, schooling, etc. , we must also take into account information from other historical sources about how common or exceptional these were at the time. For instance, infant mortality was high and life expectancy much shorter than today, home tutoring was common in the families of the nobility and wealthy, bullying and corporal punishment were common at the best independent schools and, for the most part, the cases studiedwere members of the privileged classes. It was only with the growth of paediatrics and psychology in the twentieth century that studies could be carried out on a more objective, if still not always very scientific, basis.Geniuses, however they are defined, are but the peaks which stand out through the mist of history and are visible to the particular observer from his or her particular vantage point. Change the observers and the vantage points, clear away some of the mist, and a different lot of peaks appear. Genius is a term we apply to those whom we recognise for their outstanding achievements and who stand near the end of the continuum of human abilities which reaches back through the mundane and mediocre to the incapable. There is still much truth in Dr Samuel Johnson's observation, 'The true genius is a mind of large general powers, accidentally determined to some particular direction'. We may disagree with the 'general', for we doubt if all musicians of genius could have become scientists of genius or vice versa, but there is no doubting the accidental determination which nurtured or triggered their gifts into those channels into which they have poured their powers so successfully. Along the continuum of abilities are hundreds of thousands of gifted men and women, boys and girls.What we appreciate, enjoy or marvel at in the works of genius or the achievements of prodigies are the manifestations of skills or abilities which are similar to, but so much superior to, our own. But that their minds are not different from our own is demonstrated by the fact that the hard-won discoveries of scientists like Kepler or Einstein become the commonplace knowledge of schoolchildren and the once outrageous shapes and colours of an artist like Paul Klee so soon appear on the fabrics we wear. This does not minimise the supremacy of their achievements, which outstrip our own as the sub-four-minute milers outstrip our jogging.To think of geniuses and the gifted as having uniquely different brains is only reasonable if we accept that each human brain is uniquely different. The purpose of instruction is to make us even more different from one another, and in the process of being educated we can learn from the achievements of those more gifted than ourselves. But before we try to emulate geniuses or encourage our children to doso we should note that some of the things we learn from them may prove unpalatable. We may envy their achievements and fame, but we should also recognise the price they may have paid in terms of perseverance, single-mindedness, dedication, restrictions on their personal lives, the demands upon their energies and time, and how often they had to display great courage to preserve their integrity or to make their way to the top.Genius and giftedness are relative descriptive terms of no real substance. We may, at best, give them some precision by defining them and placing them in a context but, whatever we do, we should never delude ourselves into believing that gifted children or geniuses are different from the rest of humanity, save in the degree to which they have developed the performance of their abilities.Questions 14-18Choose FIVE letters, A-K.Write the correct letters in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.NB Your answers may be given in any order.Below are listed some popular beliefs about genius and giftedness.Which FIVE of these beliefs are reported by the writer of the textA Truly gifted people are talented in all areas.B The talents of geniuses are soon exhausted.C Gifted people should use their gifts.D A genius appears once in every generation.E Genius can be easily destroyed by discouragement.F Genius is inherited.G Gifted people are very hard to live with.H People never appreciate true genius.I Geniuses are natural leaders.J Gifted people develop their greatness through difficulties.K Genius will always reveal itself.Questions 19-26Reading。
《剑桥雅思7》Test1Readingpassage2解析
Test 1 Reading passage 1 Question 14-20 题型： Locating information Which paragraph contains the following information?Q1: examples of wildlife other than bats which do not rely on vision to navigate byAnswer: BInformation in the text: Paragraph B (line 2): Bats are not the only creatures to face this difficulty today. Obviously the night-flying insects that they prey on must find their way about somehow. Deep-sea fish and whales have…Q2: how early mammals avoided dying outAnswer: AInformation in the text: Paragraph A (line 8): …our mammalian ancestors probably only managed to survive at all because they found ways of scraping a living at night.Q3: why bats hunt in the darkAnswer: AInformation in the text: Paragraph A (line 4): Given that there is a living to be made at night, and given that alternative daytime trades are thoroughly occupied, natural selection has favoured bats that make a go of the night-hunting trade.Q4: how a particular discovery has helped our understanding of batsAnswer: EInformation in the text: Paragraph E (line 6): … and much of our scientific understanding of the details of what bats are doing has come from applying radar theory to them.Q5: early military use of echolocationAnswer: DInformation in the text: Paragraph D (line 11): After this technique had been invented, it was only a matter of time before weapons designers adapted it for the detection of submarines. Questions 6-9 Summary Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Q6: In fact, the sensation is more similar to the way in which pain from a 6........................ arm or leg might be felt.Answer: phantomInformation in the text: Paragraph D (line 6): … although the sensation may be referred to the front of the face, like the referred pain in a phantom limb.Q7: arm or leg might be felt. The ability actually comes from perceiving 7........................through the ears.Answer: echoes/obstaclesInformation in the text: Paragraph D (line 7): The sensation of facial vision, it turns out, really goes in through the ears. Blind people, without even being aware of the fact, are actually using echoes of their own footsteps and of other sounds, to sense the presence of obstacles.Q8: However, even before this was understood, the principle had been applied in the design of instruments which calculated the 8........................of the seabed.Answer: depthInformation in the text: Paragraph D (line 9): Before this was discovered, engineers had already built instruments to exploit the principle, for example to measure the depth of the sea under a ship.Q9: This was followed by a wartime application in devices for finding 9.........................Answer: submarinesInformation in the text: Paragraph D (line 11): After this technique had been invented, it was only a matter of time before weapons designers adapted it for the detection of submarines. Question 10-13 题型： Sentence completion Complete the sentences below. Choose ONE MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Q10: Long before the invention of radar,........................had resulted in a sophisticated radar-like system in bats.Answer: natural selectionInformation in the text: Paragraph E (line 1): …but all the world now knows that bats, or rather natural selection working on bats, had perfected the system tens of millions of years earlier…Q11: Radar is an inaccurate term when referring to bats because........................are not used in their navigation system. Answer: radio wavesInformation in the text: Paragraph E (line 4): It is technically incorrect to talk about bat 'radar', since they do not use radio waves. It is sonar.Q12: Radar and sonar are based on similar ........................Answer: mathematical theoriesInformation in the text: Paragraph E (line 5): But the underlying mathematical theories of radar and sonar are very similar, and…Q13: The word 'echolocation' was first used by someone working as a ........................Answer: zoologistInformation in the text: Paragraph E (line 7): American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term 'echolocation' to…。
剑桥雅思Test阅读Passage真题解析_2
剑桥雅思Test阅读Passage真题解析－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－剑桥雅思7T e s t4阅读P a s s a g e1真题解析剑桥雅思7，第四套试题，阅读部分Passage 1，阅读真题原文部分：READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1below.Pulling stings to build pyramidsNo one knows exactly how the pyramids were built. Marcus Chown reckons the answer could be hanging in the air.The pyramids of Egypt were built more than three thousand years ago, and no one knows how. The conventional picture is that tens of thousands of slaves dragged stones on sledges. But there is no evidence to back this up. Now a Californian software consultant called Maureen Clemmons has suggested that kites might have been involved. While perusing a book on the monuments of Egypt, she noticed a hieroglyph that showed a row of men standing in odd postures. They were holding what looked like ropes that led, via some kind of mechanical system, to a giant bird in the sky. She wondered if perhaps the bird was actually a giant kite, and the men were using it to lift a heavy object. Intrigued, Clemmons contacted Morteza Gharib, aeronautics professor at the California Institute of Technology. He was fascinated by the idea. Coming from Iran, I have a keen interest in Middle Eastern science, he says. He too was puzzled by the picture that had sparked Clemmonss interest. The object in the sky apparently had wings far too short and wide for a bird. The possibility certainly existed that it was a kite, he says. And since he needed a summer project for his student Emilio Graff, investigating the possibility of using kites as heavy lifters seemed like a good idea.Gharib and Graff set themselves the task of raising a 4.5-metre stone column from horizontal to vertical, using no source of energy except the wind. Their initial calculations and scale-model wind-tu nnel experiments convinced them they wouldn’t need a strong wind to lift the 33.5-tonne column. Even a modest force, if sustained over a long time, would do. The key was to use a pulley system that would magnify the applied force. So they rigged up a tent-shaped scaffold directly above the tip of the horizontal column, with pulleys suspended from the scaffolds apex. The idea was that as one end of the column rose, the base would roll across the ground on a trolley. Earlier this year, the team put Clemmonss unlikely theory to the test, using a 40-square-metre rectangular nylon sail. The kite lifted the column clean off the ground. We were absolutely stunned, Gharib says. The instant the sail opened into the wind, a huge force was generated and the column was raised to the vertical in a mere 40 seconds.The wind was blowing at a gentle 16 to 20 kilometres an hour, little more than half what they thought would be needed. What they had failed to reckon with was what happened when the kite was opened. There was a huge initial force- five times larger than the steady state force, Gharib says. This jerk meant that kites could lift huge weights, Gharib realised. Even a 300-tonne column could have been lifted to the vertical with 40 or so men and four or five sails. So Clemmons was right: the pyramid builders could have used kites to lift massive stones into place. Whether they actually did is another matter, Gharib says. There are no pictures showing the construction of the pyramids, so there is no way to tell what really happened. The evidence for using kites to move large stones is no better or worse than the evidence for the brute force method, Gharib says.Indeed, the experiments have left many specialists unconvinced. The evidence forkite-lifting is non-existent, says Willeke Wendrich, an associate professor of Egyptology at the University of California, Los Angeles.Others feel there is more of a case for the theory. Harnessing the wind would not have been a problem for accomplished sailors like the Egyptians. And they are known to have used wooden pulleys, which could have been made strong enough to bear the weight of massive blocks of stone. In addition, there is some physical evidence that the ancient Egyptians were interested in flight. A wooden artefact found on the step pyramid at Saqqara looks uncannily like a modern glider. Although it dates from several hundred years after the building of the pyramids, its sophistication suggests that the Egyptians might have been developing ideas of flight for a long time. And other ancient civilisations certainly knew about kites; as early as 1250 BC, the Chinese were using them to deliver messages and dump flaming debris on their foes.The experiments might even have practical uses nowadays. There are plenty of places around the globe where people have no access to heavy machinery, but do know how to deal with wind, sailing and basic mechanical principles. Gharib has already been contacted by a civil engineer in Nicaragua, who wants to put up buildings with adobe roofs supported by concrete arches on a site that heavy equipment cant reach. His idea is to build the arches horizontally, then lift them into place using kites. Weve given him some design hints, says Gharib. Were just waiting for him to report back. So whether they were actually used to build the pyramids or not, it seems that kites may make sensible construction tools in the 21 st century AD.Questions 1-7Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1 It is generally believed that large numbers of people were needed to build the pyramids.2 Clemmons found a strange hieroglyph on the wall of an Egyptian monument.3 Gharib had previously done experiments on bird flight.4 Gharib and Graff tested their theory before applying it.5 The success of the actual experiment was due to the high speed of the wind.6 They found that, as the kite flew higher, the wind force got stronger.7 The team decided that it was possible to use kites to raise very heavy stones. Questions 8-13Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answerWrite your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.Additional evidence for theory of kite-liftingThe Egyptians had 8 ………… which could lift large pieces of 9 ………… , and they knew how to use the energy of the wind from their skill as 10 ………… . The discovery on one pyramid of an object which resembled a 11 ………… suggests they may have experimented with 12 ………… . In addition, over two thousand years ago kites were used in China as weapons, as well as for sending 13 ………… .READING PASSAGE 1篇章结构体裁说明文主题线牵金字塔结构引言：引出Marcus Chown的新观点。
剑桥雅思test阅读解析
剑桥雅思5t e s t1阅读解析Test 1 Passage1Question 1-Question 3答案：D E G关键词：Johnson’s Dictionary定位原文：全文综合信息处理解题思路: A选项的all,B选项的only都太绝对了;C选项对应的原文在第4段第4句“Johnson decided…”原文都说了他不需要那么多人来确认语言问题的讨论结果,和选项意思矛盾;D选项说约翰逊字典主要集中于当代文本中的语言,原文第6段第1句“Johnson wrote…”说的是drawn from the Elizabethans to his own time;意思一致;E选项和文中第6段第3句“Working to a deadline…”意思一致;G选项和第6段第5句意思一致;F选项和H选项的定位句分别在第6段“...he had to draw on the best of all previous dictionaries.”和第6段“He did not expect to achieve complete originality.”都与原文矛盾;Question 4答案：copying clerks或clerks关键词：1764/a number of/who stood at定位原文: 第5段第1句“…with a long desk running down the middle”解题思路: a number of要求其后填名词复数形式,而此空后面的非限制性定语从句who 又限定要填一个关于人的名词;Question 5答案：library关键词：did not have a/40,000定位原文: 第6段第1句“The work was immense：filling about eighty large…”解题思路: 找到定位句后,很容易得到答案library;Question 6答案：stability关键词：James Boswell定位原文: 第8段最后1句“… in James Boswell’s words...”解题思路: 原文的conferred on 和空处的bring to 属于同义表达;Question 7答案：pension关键词：King定位原文: 第9段1句“… King George III to offer him a pension”解题思路: offer him a pension 和题目的 was granted a pension 属于同义表达;Question 8答案：TRUE关键词: middle classes定位原文: 第3段第1句“Beyond…”解题思路: 题干中的growing跟increase对应这一句中的两个rise,与原文意思一致;Question 9答案：FALSE定位原文: 第3段第2句“...as famous in his own time as in ours...”解题思路: 这句话表明他当时跟现代都享有盛誉,题干与原文矛盾;题干的 well known 为文章里这句话中的famous的同义替换;Question 10答案: NOT GIVEN关键词：several years定位原文: 第4段内容解题思路: 按照判断是非题的顺序原则,这题在文章中的定位应该在第9题在文章中所定位的语句后面,同时又应该出现在第11题定位语句的前面,故应该从第3段末开始找一直到第4段中间,我们找不到任何跟题干相关的信息,故此题为not given;Question 11答案：FALSE关键词: academy定位原文：第4段第4句“Johnson decided he did not need…”解题思路: 这句话正说明约翰逊并未建立研究院来协助他完成字典的编纂;Question 12答案： FALSE关键词：payment定位原文: 第4段最后1句“He was to be paid …”解题思路: He was to be paid……installment对应,明确提到了得到分期付款,跟题干矛盾;点击获取剑桥雅思阅读4-12真题及解析汇总Question 13答案： TRUE关键词：assistants/publication定位原文: 第5段最后1句“He was also helped by six assistants…”解题思路: 题干中的 not survive 跟文章中这句话的die对应,根据文意,题目表述是正确的;Test 1 Passage 2Question 14答案：F关键词：biological explanation/teacher-subject定位原文: F段第1句“…and that Milgram’s teacher-subjects were just following…”解题思路: 文章F段第一句中genetic,built-in,instinct这些词与题干中的biological explanation对应;Question 15答案：A关键词：explanation/for the experiment定位原文: A段最后1句“Specifically…”解题思路: 定位句中的短语in the cause of 即为题干explanation的同义替换;Question 16答案： B定位原文: B段第3句“The supposed “pupil” was…”解题思路: 找到对应句后很容易得出答案B;Question 17答案： D关键词：expected/statistical定位原文: D段倒数第2句“The phychiatrists felt that “most subjects…”解题思路: 定位到D段后,发现这些数字都是描述的实验预期的结果;Question 18答案： I关键词：general aim/sociobiological study定位原文: I段第3句“This, in essence, is…”解题思路: 找到定位句后,比较容易得出答案;Question 19答案： C关键词：persuaded/continue定位原文: C段第2、3、4句“Many of the teacher-subjects balked…”解题思路: 注意go on即为 continue的同义替换;Question 20答案: B关键词：teacher-subjects were told...定位原文: A段最后1句“Specifically, Milgram told each volunteer…”解题思路: 定位句说得很清楚：Milgram向每位在试验中扮演教师角色的志愿者明确地解释,试验是为了崇高的教育事业而进行的,是要测试体罚犯错误的学生是否会对学生的学习能力产生积极的影响;这就对应选项B;Question 21答案： D关键词：instructed to...定位原文: B段最后1句“Milgram told the teacher-subject…”解题思路: 其中的instructed跟文章中的told对应,按照控制试验条件的规则,不管电压多髙都要直接施加;Question 22答案： C关键词： phychiatrists定位原文: D段第2句“The overwhelming consensus…”E段第1、2句“What were the actual resultsWell, over 60 per…”解题思路: 由这两句话的反差可以看出,精神科医生的确低估了试验对象对规则的遵从程度,其中的be willing to 跟题干中的willingness属于同义表达;Question 23答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：Yale University定位原文: A段第1句“...Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from…”解题思路: all walks of life是社会各界的意思,我们并不能肯定试验者就是来自耶鲁大学的心理学学生;本题属于典型的完全未提及型NOT GIVEN;Question 24答案：TRUE关键词：explain/survival mechanism定位原文: F段第2句“A modem hard-core sociobiologist might…”解题思路: 定位句中的advantageous trait 与题干中的positive survival mechanism 属于同义表达;Question 25答案：FALSE关键词：sociobiological explanation定位原文: H段内容和I段第1句“Here we have two radically different…”解题思路: 定位句的两句话都在体现出个人价值观在被权威所统治;Question 26答案：FALSE关键词：sociobiology定位原文: I段整个段落内容解题思路: 我们在文章最后一段可以得知Milgram的实验并未解决社会生物学上的这个重大问题,只不过是证明了这个问题的存在;Test 1 Passage 3Question 27答案：YES关键词：environmentalists定位原文: 第1段第1、2句“For many…”解题思路: hit-list重要事件的列表,按计划迸行杀害的名单;在这里应该理解为一系列;Question 28答案： NOT GIVEN关键词：1972, only定位原文: 第2段第2句“...“the Limits to Growth”was published in 1972…”解题思路: 1972年这个信息只在上面这句话中出现,而按照顺序解题原则,这道题目的答案只能在第二段中寻找,实际上该段并未提到任何关于资料搜集开始时间的信息;所以这是一道典型的NOT GIVEN;Question 29答案： NO关键词： starving people定位原文: 第2段第3句“Fewer people are starving…”解题思路: 这句话意思非常明确了,和题目表述矛盾;Question 30答案： NOT GIVEN关键词： species定位原文: 第2段第5句话“Third, although species are indeed…”解题思路: 这一句虽然提到了物种,但是并没有提到题目中论述的那个话题;而且,题目其实也是在变相地将新旧物种比较,属于并不存在的比较关系,因此应选择NOT GIVEN;Question 31答案： YES关键词： industrialisation定位原文: 第2段第6句“And finally, most forms…”解题思路: 这句话说明工业化早期的确引起了一些污染问题,,故此题选YES;Question 32答案： NO关键词： economic growth/best定位原文: 第2段第6句“...and therefore best cured not by restricting…”解题思路: 文中已经明确提到控制污染的最好方式不是减慢经济发展速度,而是加速经济发展;Question 33答案： C关键词：paragraph 4定位原文: 第4段第2句“Scientific funding goes mainly…”解题思路: 题目问的是作者提出了对哪个科研领域的关注,定位句明确说明这同样也给人们造成了一种印象,似乎存在许多潜在的问题,而事实并非如此,言下之意就是要确认好对研究领域的选择,C选项符合;Question 34答案： D关键词：Worldwide Fund for Nature定位原文: 第5段第3句“Understandably, perhaps, they sometimes…”解题思路: 定位句明确说明也许有时候他们夸张了事实,选项D符合;Question 35答案： C关键词：paragraph 6定位原文：第6段第2句“That would matter less if…”解题思路：题目问的是作者对游说团体的看法,C选项和原文表述一致;Question 36答案： B关键词：newspaper print定位原文: 第7段第3句“Newspaper and broadcasters…”解题思路: 定位句说报纸和广播应该提供给公众所需要的,选项B满足读者需求,和原文表述一致;Question 37答案： B关键词：America定位原文: 第8段第3句“Yet, even if…”解题思路: 题目问的是作者对美国垃圾问题的观点是什么,定位句说即便垃圾持续增长,人口增长,整个21世纪美国产生的垃圾只占整个美国面积的12万分之一,言下之意,就是B 选项：垃圾问题没有我们想象的严重;Question 38答案： E. long-term关键词： global warming/a定位原文: 文章中最后4段内容解题思路:这里应该填一个表示正面惑情色彩的形容词,而且这个词要可以和challenge搭配;那么选择范围就缩小到了agreed/right/long-term/surprising/urgent五个词上,,然后再根据后半句but来判断,,作者对全球变暖问题的态度是乐观的,显然应该是一个与catastrophic相反的词,因此范围最终缩小到了long-term;Question 39答案： D. right关键词：way定位原文: 文章最后4段内容解题思路: 要和way来搭配,修饰way;按照题目中句子的含义来说,就是说以一个比较好的,合理的处理方法,就不会有灾难性的影响,只有right是最符合的;Question 40答案： I. urgent关键词: health problem定位原文: 倒数第2段第2句“…most pressing…”解题思路: 这句话中的most pressing指最急迫的,最迫切的,正好和词库中的urgent 相对应,属于同义表达;。