Taboo exist in all the nations in the world
The-Taboos-in-Western-Etiquette
The Second Category
❖Taboos of unpleasant topics-----Under the category of delicacy
fall such topics as death, disease, physical and mental defects and criminal actions as well as religion and race.
The First Category
Taboos on speaking the names of certain supernatural beings -----These include mainly God, the Devil.
Taboos over God and Devil
❖The motivation behind the taboo of God might have something to do with respect , while the clearest taboo motivated by fear must be that of the Devil.
Euphemisms for God and Devil
❖ God could not be referred to by name, which has resulted in expressions such as the Lord, the King of Kings and the All-Mighty.
❖ The euphemistic expressions associated with the Devil are somewhat humoristic and friendly, perhaps to make the Devil seem less frightening and unfamiliar, as for example in: "What in the Sam Hill are you doing?" (Western). Hughes (44) lists some British English examples such as Old Nick and Lord of the Flies.
随着社会的不断发展英语作文模板
随着社会的不断发展英语作文模板全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1With the continuous development of society, there have been significant changes in various aspects of our lives. From technology to culture, economy to environment, the world we live in today is vastly different from the one our ancestors knew. In this essay, we will explore how society has evolved over time and the impact these changes have had on our daily lives.One of the most noticeable changes in society is the advancement of technology. With the invention of the internet, smartphones, and social media, communication has become easier and more accessible than ever before. People can now connect with others from all over the world in an instant, breaking down barriers and creating a global community. This interconnectedness has also revolutionized industries such as healthcare, education, and business, making services more efficient and convenient for consumers.Alongside technological advancements, societal norms and values have also evolved over time. Issues such as genderequality, LGBTQ+ rights, and racial diversity are no longer taboo subjects but are now widely discussed and advocated for. This shift in consciousness has led to greater inclusivity and acceptance in society, creating a more tolerant and diverse community for all individuals to thrive in.Moreover, the economy has undergone major changes with the rise of globalization and digitalization. Companies now have the ability to reach a larger market and outsource labor to cut costs, leading to increased competition and a more interconnected global economy. This has both positive and negative consequences, as it has created job opportunities in emerging industries while also contributing to income inequality and environmental degradation.In terms of the environment, society is becoming increasingly aware of the impact of human activity on the planet. Climate change, deforestation, and pollution are no longer just environmental issues but are now seen as societal challenges that require collective action. Governments, businesses, and individuals are taking steps to reduce their carbon footprint and promote sustainability to ensure a greener future for generations to come.In conclusion, the continuous development of society has brought about significant changes in technology, culture, economy, and the environment. These advancements have both positive and negative implications, shaping the way we live our lives and interact with one another. As we move forward, it is important for us to embrace these changes, adapt to new circumstances, and work together to create a better and more sustainable world for all.篇2With the continuous development of society, various changes and advancements have taken place in different aspects of life. From technology to culture, economy to education, the society has been experiencing rapid transformations and progress. In this essay, we will explore how society has been evolving over time and the impact it has had on individuals and communities.First and foremost, the advancements in technology have radically transformed the way we live our lives. The invention of the internet and smartphones has revolutionized communication and access to information. People can now connect with each other instantly, regardless of their geographical location. This has opened up new opportunities for collaboration, learning,and sharing of ideas. Additionally, technological innovations in various fields such as healthcare, transportation, and entertainment have improved the quality of life for many individuals.Furthermore, the changes in the economy have also played a significant role in shaping society. Globalization has led to increased trade and interconnectedness among nations, resulting in economic growth and development. The rise of multinational corporations and the digital economy have created new job opportunities and increased the standard of living for many people. However, there are also challenges such as income inequality and job displacement that need to be addressed to ensure the well-being of all members of society.In addition to technology and economy, social norms and values have also evolved over time. Issues such as gender equality, LGBTQ rights, and racial justice have gained more attention and awareness in recent years. The #MeToo movement, Black Lives Matter protests, and Pride parades are examples of how individuals are advocating for social change and challenging traditional beliefs and practices. These movements have sparked important conversations and actions towards creating a more inclusive and equitable society.Moreover, education has also been impacted by the changes in society. With the rise of online learning platforms and virtual classrooms, access to education has become more democratic and inclusive. People from different backgrounds and locations can now access quality education and acquire new skills and knowledge. This has empowered individuals to pursue their passions and interests, leading to personal growth and development.Overall, the continuous development of society has brought about both opportunities and challenges for individuals and communities. It is important for us to adapt to these changes, embrace diversity, and strive for progress and innovation. By working together and supporting each other, we can create a society that is inclusive, sustainable, and prosperous for all its members.篇3As society continues to develop, we are witnessing many changes and advancements in various aspects of our lives. From technological innovations to cultural shifts, the world we live in today is vastly different from what it was even just a few decades ago. In this essay, we will explore how these changes have come about and what they mean for the future of our society.First and foremost, the rapid advancement of technology has had a profound impact on the way we live our lives. With the advent of the internet and smartphones, we are more connected than ever before. This has opened up a world of opportunities for communication, education, and entertainment. People can now access information from anywhere in the world with just a few clicks, and social media has revolutionized the way we interact with one another.Furthermore, technological advances have also led to improvements in various industries, such as healthcare, transportation, and agriculture. Medical breakthroughs have enabled us to live longer and healthier lives, while new modes of transportation have made travel more accessible and efficient. The use of automation and artificial intelligence in agriculture has increased crop yields and reduced the need for manual labor.In addition to technological advancements, social changes have also played a significant role in shaping our society. As attitudes towards gender, race, and sexuality continue to evolve, we are becoming more inclusive and accepting of diversity. Movements such as #MeToo and Black Lives Matter havebrought attention to important social issues and sparked conversations about equality and justice.Moreover, the rise of the sharing economy has led to a shift in the way we consume goods and services. Companies like Uber and Airbnb have created new opportunities for individuals to earn money and have provided consumers with more affordable and convenient options for transportation and accommodation.As we look to the future, it is clear that the pace of change will only continue to accelerate. It is important for us to adapt to these changes and embrace new technologies and ways of thinking. By staying open-minded and flexible, we can continue to thrive in a rapidly evolving society.In conclusion, as society continues to develop, we are faced with both opportunities and challenges. The advancements in technology, the evolution of social attitudes, and the rise of new industries are reshaping the world we live in. It is up to us to embrace these changes and work towards creating a better future for ourselves and future generations.。
语言学-禁忌语taboo PPT
Examples
• Domestic help day help or live-in help • instead of mail or servant Custodian or superintendent doorkeeper caretaker or jaitor • She has a title loose or she has a cylinder missing. • instead of she is crazy or she is not right in the head.
Taboo
Definition Different Stages Division&Examples Taboo& Euphemism Conclusion
Definition
• A taboo is (in certain cultures) ban or prohibition on something that is
Discrimination
I.
Gender discrimination
a) Some English names of some animals are often used to refer to certain women • e.g. bat(贱妇、丑妇、妓女) cow(子女多的人、经常怀孕的女儿) mutton(放荡的女人、做少妇打扮的老妇人、妓女)
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Hen: 厚脸皮、河东狮吼
Hen party 只有女人的嘈杂集会 henpecked husband 怕老婆的丈夫
Dog:
English: The dog is considered to be man’s best friend. It most stands in the neutral position or with the complimentary sense of the situation.
最新高中英语(外研版选修六)课时作业：Module 2 单元检测卷(二)
最新教学资料·外研版英语单元检测(二)第一卷第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1．What are the speakers talking about?A．A singer.B．A song.C．Love.2．What is the possible relationship between the speakers?A．Master of crosstalk and audience.B．Mother and son.C．Teacher and student.3．Where is Mr.White at present?A．At Jinjiang Hotel.B．At home.C．At a restaurant.4．What does Jane like watching?A．Stand-up comedies.B．Sports games.C．Cartoons.5．Which of the following is TRUE about Lily’s chemistry teacher?A．He is not popular with every student.B．He doesn’t laugh often.C．He is a good chemistry teacher.第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。
每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料，回答第6至8题。
【中考真题】2024年山东省潍坊市中考英语试卷(附答案)
2024年山东省潍坊市中考英语真题学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、阅读理解Pete: Good book?Debbie: Yeah, it is, and at the same time it helps you find out more about yourself.Pete: Oh, one of those. I never read that kind of thing. It’s not worth it.Debbie: No, sometimes they’re really good. This questionnaire, for example. It’s about your hidden talents (才能).Pete: Hidden talents? That’s ridiculous.Debbie: Well, Pete. I think it’s a shame that you feel that way.Pete: Well, OK. Let me have a look.Pete: Sorry, Debbie. It’s no good.Debbie: Why?Pete: It says, “You’re excellent at design and at manual things. ” Me! I’m not excellent at all. It just goes to show.Debbie: What? That school doesn’t help you discover your real talent?Pete: No, that you can’t judge (判断) a book by its cover.1．Debbie is reading a book about how to ________.A．choose a book B．make a questionnaire C．discover the hidden talents D．be excellent at manual things2．What does the underlined word “ridiculous” in Picture 2 probably mean?A．Silly.B．Harmful.C．Fantastic.D．Interesting. 3．Which is TRUE according to the conversation?A．Pete is good at design.B．Pete thinks the book useless.C．Debbie goes to show herself.D．Debbie judges the book by its cover.Fleming saw many soldiers die from infections (感染) in their wounds as he worked in a hospital during World War I. This made Fleming decide to find a way to help the body fight infections.In September 1928, Fleming left some glass dishes on a bench in his laboratory for two weeks. When he came back, he noticed something puzzling. Bacteria (细菌) were growing on all the glass dishes except one. On this dish mould (霉菌) had started to grow—the kind found on old bread. The mould seemed to be giving off something that stopped the bacteria from growing. Fleming called it “mould juice”. He tried it on other bacteria, and it killed them, too. Fleming became wild with joy and named it penicillin.Unfortunately, Fleming’s boss thought he was wasting his time and it was impossible to kill bacteria at that time. Fleming did a few more experiments with penicillin, and he also wrote about it so other scientists could learn about it. However, because no one seemed interested in his discovery, he forgot about penicillin and started to work on other things.In 1939, Ernest Chain, a scientist, and his boss, Howard Florey, were looking for medicines that could kill bacteria. They discovered Fleming’s notes and decided to test penicillin. In 1940, they gave penicillin to some sick mice, who survived later. But those who didn’t get it died. Floreydeclared: “It looks like a miracle!” By 1943, the final tests on humans were finished successfully and the world had its first antibiotic (抗生素) medicine.4．Why did bacteria stop growing on one of the dishes?A．The mould juice killed them.B．Some old bread was on the dish.C．There was something special in the lab.D．The dish was on the bench for two weeks. 5．Fleming had to give up his study on penicillin because ________.A．something else was worth doing B．doing experiments cost much moneyC．no scientists showed an interest in it D．his boss didn’t believe his new discovery 6．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?A．The discovery of penicillin.B．The great work of Chain and Florey.C．The tests on sick mice and humans.D．The value of Fleming’s notes about penicillin. 7．Which might be the best title of the text?A．The life of Fleming B．The story of Ernest ChainC．The science of fighting infections D．The birth of the world’s first antibioticmedicineAt the beginning of the school year, each student would be given a special job for which they would be responsible (负责任的) for the whole term. Rita, a quiet and hardworking girl, hoped for an exciting task, like taking care of the class plants. Instead, she received a small box with sand and a small ant.Even though the teacher explained that this task was very special, Rita could not help feeling disappointed. However, she decided to do her best with her new job. She began to study and care for the ant, learning about its habitat (栖息地) and needs. She made the box a comfortable home for the ant, and it grew much bigger than anyone expected.Rita’s efforts caught the attention of her science teacher, Mr. Thompson. He turned her work into a class project, and Rita became the class expert (专家) on ants. Her hard work helpedthe whole class learn about ant behavior and habitats. They even built a small ant farm in the classroom to observe the ant closely.Gradually, Rita’s classmates became more and more interested in the ant project. They started asking her questions and observing the ant’s behavior themselves. Rita organized a presentation where she shared her findings with the whole school during the science fair.At the end of the year, Rita’s class was recognized as the best of the year. Rita was as well praised for her hard work and how she turned a small task into something big. Rita learned that every task, no matter how small, could make a big difference. She also learned that sometimes the most unexpected things can lead to great success.8．What was Rita’s job this term?A．To look after plants.B．To raise an ant.C．To become an expert.D．To build an ant farm.9．How did Rita feel about receiving the task at first?A．Cool.B．Bored.C．Angry.D．Unhappy. 10．What was the final result of Rita’s special job?A．Her class became No. 1 of the year.B．She gave a report to the whole school.C．The class learned much knowledge about ants.D．She caught the attention of the science teacher.11．What can we learn from Rita’s story?A．Actions speak louder than words.B．The harder you work, the luckier you’ll be.C．A small task could make a big difference.D．Great success depends on the most unexpected things.A friend advises me to say no more often, so I can fix my eyes on what matters most. Personally, I’ve used his advice to great advantage. 12 I’ve noticed a few areas where people hesitate (犹豫) to say yes. Here’s what I suggest you say YES to:Say yes to challenge (挑战).13 Why add any more challenge to your life than you already have? Although there are a few challenges you might have good reasons to say no to, say yes to the challenges that stretch and grow you. My dad has wisely pointed out that I may do best when in a challenging situation. Challenge can bring out the best in you.14It’s true that too much fun can be frivolous (无聊的). However, in some cases, it is also easy to get so focused on our work that we forget to enjoy it and have fun. Sometimes you can have fun, but you can make the situation fun by the attitude and energy you bring to it.Say yes to opportunity (机会).Put yourself in the place full of opportunities. Sometimes opportunity finds you, but more often you have to search for it. 15 Communicate with people who are making things happen. And when you do find opportunity, don’t pass it by because of laziness.根据短文内容，从下列选项中选出能填入文中空白处的最佳选项，选项中有一项为多余选项。
新编英语教程第三册第三版第四单元课件
新编英语教程（第三版）第三册
Unit 4 The Light at the End of the Chunnel
Lead-In Listening In and Speaking Out Text Oral Work Guided Writing Comprehensive Exercises
Script
新编英语教程（第三版）第三册
Unit 4 The Light at the End of the Chunnel
Lead-In Listening In and Speaking Out Text Oral Work Guided Writing Comprehensive Exercises
Discussion: How much do you know about the UK-French relationship? Have a discussion with your partner.
新编英语教程（第三版）第三册
Unit 4 The Light at the End of the Chunnel
Lead-In Listening In and Speaking Out Text Oral Work Guided Writing Comprehensive Exercises
People nowadays like to be together not in the oldfashioned way of, say, mingling on the piazza of an Italian Renaissance city, but, instead, huddled together in traffic jams, bus queues, on escalators and so on. It’s a new kind of togetherness which may seem totally alien, but it’s the togetherness of modern technology. — J. G. Ballard
英文版谈判策略及欧美谈判风格.doc
Design Your Negotiation Strategies for Businessmen from theAmericas and EuropeI.：IntroductionAccording to Robert Maddox, author of SUCCESSFUL NEGOTIATION, negotiation is the process we use to satisfy our needs when someone else controls what we want, is a basic human activity as well as a process people undertake every day to manage their relationship, is a fact of life. People negotiate something at work, at home, or as a consumer everyday even when they don’t think of themselves as doing so. Negotiation is a conflict-solving process, so negotiation strategies are necessary. In different situation , need different strategies. International business negotiations cover various levels of negotiators from multi-nations andmulti-nationalities. Due to different cultural background and customs there exist evident differences of values and negotiation styles among people all over the world. Therefore a business negotiator should have some business conventions of different countries. Different cultures solve problems in different ways. You must ask yourself what you expectations are when you enter a negotiation setting. The expectation of different cultures, even within an organization, can be very different. Those expectations relate directly to their view of what the problem is and what the values are surrounding the problem and the options for solving it.So in this paper, focus will be laid upon what negotiation strategies is, what the major negotiation styles are in the Americas and in Europe, and what differences are between in the Americas and in Europe.II：what I have learned from this courseThis term, we have learned the ENGLISH FOR INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS-------NEGOTIATION & COMMUNICATION. At first, I don’t know anything about business negotiation, but now something are change and different. We have learned Part1 - ABC to business negotiation & communication, Part3-Practical business negotiation, and Part 4 – Intercultural business negotiation & communication in this term. Through learning 3 part, I already know that what is communication and negotiation, what are the principles and strategies of negotiation & communication, what is the intercultural business negotiation and so on. In class, we always have opportunities to practice our new knowledge ,as to me ,I think it is a better way to study well, which enhance our business English ability to some extent, after that ,I know what is it and how to use it. In the future we may use it’s theories into our daily life to help and change us. All in all, It’s very useful in English major.III：The brief introduction to negotiation strategies.What is negotiation strategies?Negotiation strategies is a kind of psychological judo. Strategies are crucial tobusiness negotiation. They are acting guidelines and policies of the whole negotiation process and are subject to modification with the progress the negotiation. Since different organizations work in different ways, and each has a characteristic style of negotiation, negotiators need training and experience before they can successfully handle the differen t styles of other parties. No single style of negotiation “wins”. It is the more skilled negotiator who will prevail.A: Choosing suitable style and modes.As strategies are closely related to negotiation styles, each negotiating team and each negotiator should choose a style that will best serve their goal. Negotiators and teams must be flexible, able to change styles as easily as they change locations.B: Strategies of pre-strategies of presentation.In the bidding presentation of the negotiation process, there are three guidelines to the way in which a bid should be put firmly , clearly, seriously, and without reservation or hesitations.C: Strategies of responsiveness.At this stage first party should fully aware that he has put a bid, and he has apr efect right to know what the other party is prepared to offer in return. It’s quite necessary to do some research work of studying the other side before responding to the bid. In responding to bids by the other party there is a need to distinguish between clarification and justification. On this basis, he or she must have idea how to satisfy the other party in gaining their interests and at the same time have to figure out what are the interests that really belongs to them and what are the things they expect to get. D：Offensive and defensive strategies.Offensive strategies are designed to take the initiative while defensive strategies are the counter to offensive ones, and they are the springboards from which a counter-offensive can be launched.E: Strategies of making concession.Making concessions is one of the most popular strategies used in the bargaining process to keep the negotiation on going. Making concessions however has a lot to do with many other factors. Every concession is very closely connected to a part y’s own interests. Although it depends mainly on the negotiator’s flexible usage of the strategies of making concessions, it also is constrained by some basic principals.F: Towards settlement.When the parties become aware that a settlement is approaching, they should make final offer.IV：The major negotiation style in the Americas and in Europe .1: Definition for negotiation style➢Negotiation style is the demeanor which acting in the negotiation occasion and process.➢Negotiation style is the negotiato rs’ Reflection of the culture➢Negotiation style has itself’ s Unique which is different from the style of different countries and areas.➢Negotiation style goes through repeated practice and conclusions which isgenerally accepted by its country and the businessmen..2: The Function of N Style➢Great harmonious atmosphere➢Provide basis for N strategies➢Improve the N levelPeople from different counties have different values, different attitudes and different experience. These different nations of value yield different understandings of the culture-negotiation link. researches and observations by most scholars indicate fairly clearly that negotiation practices differ from culture to culture and that culture can influence “negotiating style”—the way person from different cultures conduct themselves in negotiating sessions.3: The major negotiation style in the Americas3-1: American style3-1-1: Establish the negotiation relationshipThe American style is characterized first by personalities which are usually outgoing, and quickly convey sincerity. Personalities are confident and positive and talkative. They usually ignore establishing personal relation prior negotiation. In their minds, good business relation brings about good personal relation, not vice versa.3-1-2: Process of decisionsAmerican’s process of decisions is top to down. Their high individualism is manifested through their decision making process--- individual has the right to make decision. Personal responsibility is stressed.3-1-3: Value of timeAmericans are very direct, openly disagree and think punctuality is mandatory. Their try to demand the same from counterparts. They tend to make concessions throughout the negotiations , setting one issue, then proceeding to the next. They are particularly high in bargaining phases of negotiation, make decisions based upon the bottom line and on cold, hard facts. Thus the final agreement is a sequence of several smaller concessions.3-1-4: The ways of negotiationsThe Americans style of negotiation is possibility the most influential in the world. Openly disagree and use aggressive persuasive tactics such as threats and warnings. Prefer speedy negotiations and get annoyed with too much socializing or postponement.3-2: Canadian style3-1-1: Establish the negotiation relationshipCanada is a Immigrant country ,has many races. Canadians are opening , and liking to live a comfortable life, emphasizing the free, and focusing on profit.3-2-2: Process of decisionsCanadian sates have their own society lives, economical activities, and development on Science and technology. Their have powerful decision right .3-2-3: Value of timeIf you want to visit the businessmen ,you should ask the Secretary for help, appointing a date in advance, and meeting them on time .3-2-4: The ways of negotiationsCanadian like to take the relative things about Skiing, skating, ice sculpture and ice hockey. All activities should not be arranged on 13th, because they taboo this day. What’s more, they like blue, so you can g ive them valuable flowers and blue-packing present when you are invited. They don’t like to bargaining on the price, and don’t do less profits and more sales business.3-2-5: Attitude to contractThe French speaking businessmen make a sign after the main terms are agreed, but they always change the less important terms after making a sign. While English speaking businessmen are not.4: The major negotiation style in Europe .4-1: British style4-1-1: Establish the negotiation relationship.British people are not used to showing off in public and keep a distance with others. They will not confuse personal relation, so business affairs go first. They also attach great importance to protocol and ceremony, before negotiation exchange or greeting and courtesy may sometimes last for a couple of hours.4-1-2:Process of decisions.British’s process of decisions is top to down. Personal responsibility is stressed. They take more attention on their counterparts’ identification ,experience, and ability.4-1-3: Value of time.Britain is a an orderly society ,punctuality is mandatory. Englishmen always arrange appointments in advance and present an agenda as early in the process as possible.4-1-4: The ways of negotiations.British negotiators’ style is clam, balanced, confident, cautious and not flexible. They tend to keep silent in the beginning in business talks, they are reserved rather than expressive or demonstrative in the way they communicate and start the bargaining at a point only slightly distant from the projected goal.4-1-5: Attitude to contract.British business moves at a deliberate pace. They take more attention on the details in contract. They keep the promise. But they don’t care about the date of delivery.4-2: French style4-2-1: Establish the negotiation relationship process of decisionsFrench people consider the friendship as important in doing business, so they will not place large order before trustful and friendly relationship is established.4-2-2: process of decisionsFrench people’s high individualism is manifested through their decision making process--- individual has the right to make decision. Personal responsibility is stressed.4-2-3: Value of timeFrench people are very strict to others on the time, while to themselves are not.Usu ally in French . August is holiday month ,so don’t arrange appointment in this month4-2-4: The ways of negotiationsFrench negotiators are reputed to have three main characteristics in international dealing: a great deal of firmness, an insistence on using French as language for negotiation, and a decidedly lateral style in negotiating. That is ,they prefer to make an outline agreement, then an agreement in principle, and then headings of agreement repeatedly covert the whole breadth of a deal.4-2-5:Attutide to contractAll contracts must be completely in French, and commonly used foreign words cannot be substituted. They keep a promise, and focus on terms of quality and date of delivery.V: Design my negotiation strategies.International business negotiations take place across national boundaries,which means understanding the different cultural environments among nations and considering cultural differences in all respects of business are very import to the operation of international business negotiations.Case in:One of Latin American company, Brazil, go to America to import sets of equipment, but they late for the meeting, because of going shopping. The members of German are so angry that they spend much time to blame Brazil company. The members of Brazil have apology to them, but in the negotiating . the German representatives are so arrogant that they force Brazil to sign the contract without bargaining. The Brazil representatives think it every unreasonable. As a result, they break the business relationship.As we know that the Germen negotiation style that the Germen are confident and striving to excel , they are very direct, openly disagree and think punctuality is mandatory. Their try to demand the same from counterparts. They show their trustless and dislike to the later without any hiding. As to contract , they do their homework very well before negotiations, make poor conversation partners as they see no points in small talk. The Latin American Negotiation style is that the Latin American are insist that relationships are equal ,friendly, and win-win. Respecting their culture is very important. People in Latin American consider relationship a very important element in doing business. They don’t cherish the time. Just as a banker said：They will pay while you never know when. The process speed is very slow because they have long-time holidays and short-time workdays. Thus negotiation is done within networks, relationships are emphasized, and open ruptures are avoided. The Latin America n people don’t take more attention on contract. What’s worse, their don’t give any concessions. There is no doubt that the relationship of Germen and Latin American is brokenUpon this case ,we can gain some negotiations strategies. As to Germen, we should meet them at anytime on time, make a good preparation for negotiations, do the negotiating process efficiently and carefully, what’s more, we should also keepour promises conformity with the contract. While as to Latin American , we should respect them and their culture that is very important. If a good relationship is established between the two sides, they will not hesitate to help their counter counterparts. After we consigned the contract, we should urge them to do something.International business negotiations take place across national boundaries, which means understanding the different cultural environments among nations and considering cultural differences in all respects of business are very import to the operation of international business negotiations.。
(完整版)大学跨文化交际期末总结word打印版
Chapter 1 CultureDefinitions:1 Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. 文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。
(P12/P29)2 Cultural Identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
(P19/29)3 Subculture exist within dominant cultures and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域.(P23/29)4 Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as culture do.相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体世代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。
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Taboo exist in all the nations in the world, and is a common human culture phenomenon. Today international communication is more often than before, we can’t avoid running into language taboo when communicate with others in politics, economic, religion and so on.
Every nation has its own criterion of what is beautiful. Things considered beauty in one nation might not turn out to be so or even turning out to be ugliness in other nations. Most of taboos just fall into this category of things. So it is of great necessity, for the sake of inter-cultural communication.
In the domestic study, people made research on Chinese taboos tend to be more of a negative use of language. /yingyukaitibaogao/ They are not tinged with heavy religious colors but they take on much more hue of humanism. Cultivating the individual’s moral character is valued in Chinese taboo, which is aimed to reach a harmonious state of social relationships. English taboo emphasizes euphemisms. They tend to be more of a positive use of language and they are heavily tinged with the religious belief of sin. They are not tinged with heavy religious colors but they take on much more hue of humanism．
Significance of My Research
This thesis intends to study linguistic taboo in Intercultural communication dynamically from the perspective of politeness using the theory of context to contribute to reducing miscommunications and conflicts in intercultural communication, to improving teachers and students’awareness of intercultural communication in FLT(foreign language teaching) and to developing students’Intercultural communicative competence to meet the rapid development of the technology of information and transportation．
My thesis aims at study linguistic taboo in intercultural communication.In intercultural communication, because linguistic taboo and politeness are culture-specific，linguistic and cultural transfers concerning linguistic taboo may lead to pragmatic failure at various levels，which reduces the effectiveness of the communication. points out that, due to cultural differences，habits and ethnocentrism，partic ipants from different cultures tend to abide by different politeness principles in intercultural communication. The change of linguistic taboo as human society evolves according to the relationship between language use and social development, and the relationship of linguistic and social rules.
Firstly, English taboo is a highly conscious act of linguistic choices and involves various linguistic devices for its realization at different levels of linguistic structure. Secondly, use the principle of politeness in intercultural communication, dynamic analysis of linguistic taboo. Thirdly, give some suggestions on FLT (foreign language
teaching) and intercultural communication.。