现代语言学名词解释

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现代语言学名词解释

现代语言学名词解释现代语言学名词解释一绪论1 Linguistics 语言学:Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of language2 Phonetics语音学 : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants3 Phonology语音体系: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. For example, phone, phoneme, and allophone.4 Morphology形态学:The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. For example, boy and “ish”---boyish, teach---teacher.5 Syntax句法 : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentence s is called syntax. For example, ”John like linguistics.”6 Semantics词义学: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example: The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found, The king became worried.”Here the word seal means different things.7 Pragmatics语用学: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. For example, “I do” The word do means different context.8 Sociolinguistics社会语言学: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. For example, regional dialects, social variation in language.9 Psycholinguistics语言心理学: The study of language withreference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.二音系学1 Phonetics语音通信学: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.2 Phonology语音体系: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.3 Phone发声: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do, some don’t.4 Phoneme音素: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.《现代语言学名词解释》。

现代语言学名词解释（2）

现代语言学名词解释（2）现代语言学名词解释5 allophone音位变体: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.6 Complementary distribution互补分布: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in Complementary distribution.7 Minimal pair极小队: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is pronounced with great force than the other or others.9 tones声调: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone isa suprasegmental feature.10 intonation语调: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English三形态学1 morphology形态学: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2 inflectional morphology转折形态学: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.3 derivational morphology派生形态学: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation.4 morpheme词素: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.5 free morpheme自由形态: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes.6 bound morpheme黏着语素: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.《现代语言学名词解释》。

现代语言学名词解释（2）

现代语言学名词解释(同名11001)

现代语言学名词解释现代语言学一绪论1 Linguisitics :Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of language2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants3 Phonology” : T he study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone.4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and“ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.”6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things.7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means d ifferent context.8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language.9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.二音系学1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speakinga language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t.4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme aresaid to be in compkenebtary distribution.7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others.9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature.10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest}三形态学1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study ofword-formation.4 morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselces or in combination with other morphemes.6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.8 affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.9 prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.10 suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.11 derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to creat a word.Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form nes words.12 compounding: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to creat new words. {$isbest}四句法学1 linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence a s the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2 sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command.3 transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.4 D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed as D-structure.5 Move а : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is called Move а{$isbest}五语义学1 semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized.3 reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4 synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy.5 polysemy : Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word.6 antonymy : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms.7 homonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.8 hyponymy : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.9 componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze wprdmeaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists.10 grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality,i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of asentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.11 semantic meaning : The semantic meaning of a sentence is governed by rules called selectional restrictions.12 predication : In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called predication. The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. {$isbest}六语用学1 pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2 context: The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer.3 utterance meaning: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.4 locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of utterancewords,phrases,clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexion and phonology.5 illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; It is the act performed in saying somethi ng.6 perlocutionary act: A illocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something: it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something. {$isbest}七历史语言学1 historical linguistics: Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change.2 apocope: Another well-documented sound loss is the deletion of a word-final vowel segement, a phenomenon called apocope.3 epenthesis: A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis.4 metathesis: Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as metathesis.5 compounding: Compounding is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.6 derivation: Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots.7 blending: Blending is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.8 back-formation: Back-formation is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing word.9 semantic broadening: Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation..10 semantic narrowing: Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning.11 semantic shift: Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in whicha word loses its former meaning and acquire a new, sometimes related, meaning.12 protolanguage: It refers to a family of a language.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages.13 sound shift: It refers to the systematic modification of a series of phonemes.{$isbest}八社会语言学1 sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social context.2 speech community: A speech community is thus defined as a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language.3 speech variety: Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.4 language planning: One way out of the communication dilemma is language standardization known as language planning. This means that certain authorities, such as the government or government agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling system, across regional boundaries.5 idiolect: Such a personal dialect is refered to as idiolect.6 standard language: The standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system,used by the mass media.7 nonstandard language: Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or vernacular, languages.8 lingua franca: A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.9 pidgin: A pidgin is a variety of language that is generally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium of communication.10 Creole: A Creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech communication.11 diglossia: Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech communication, each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations.12 bilingualism: Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.13 ethic dialect: An ethnic language variety is a social dialect of a language ,often cutting across regional differences.14 sociolect: Social dialect, or sociolects, are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.15 register: Registers are language varieties which are appropriate for use in particular speech situations, in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For that reason, registers are also known as situational dialects.16 slang: Slang is a causal use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinage and figure of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness.17 tabo A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.18 euphemism: Euphemism comes from the Greek word euphemismos, meaning “to speak with good words”. A euphemism, then ,is mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substitute when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive. {$isbest}九心理语言学1 psycholinguistics:Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind. As the suggests, psycholinguistics is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics, drawing equally upon the language we acquire, produce and comprehend.2 cerebral cortex: The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called the cerebral cortex.3 brain lateralization: The localization of cognitive of cognitive and percpetual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called lateralization.4 linguistic lateralization: In their research of brain lateralization, psycholinguistics are particulary interested in linguistic lateralization, wh ich is the brain’s neurological specialization for language.5 dichotic listening: Evidence in support of lateralization for language in the left hemisphere comes from researches in dichotic listening tasks6 right ear advantage: Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right car. This phenomenon is knowas the right ear advantage.7 critical period hypothesis: The critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly and without explicit instruction.8 linguistic determinism: Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. That is, language determines thought, hence the strong notion of linguistic determinism.9 linguistic relativism: Whorf also believed that speakers of different language perceive and experience the world differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion10 subvocal speech: When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech”.of linguistic relativism.{$isbest}十语言习得1 language acquisition: Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s development of their first language, that is, the native language of the community in which a child has been brought up.2 telegraphic speech: The early multiword utterance of children have a special characteristic. They typically lack inflectional morphemes and most minor lexical categories. Because of their resemblance to the styly of language found in telegrams, utterance at this acquisition stage are often called telegraphic speech.3 holophrastic sentence: Children’s one-word utterance are also called holophrastic sentences.4 acquisition: According to Krashen,acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.5 learning: Learning, however, is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.6 language transfer: Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge inlearning a second language. This is known as language transfer.7 positive transfer: Presumably, positive transfer occurs when an L1 pattern is identical with, or similar to, a target-language pattern.8 negative transfer: Conversely, negative transfer occurs when an L1 pattern is different from the counterpart pattern of the target language.9 contrastive analysis: The Contrastive Analysis approach was founded on the belief that, by establishing the linguistic differences between the native and target language system, it was possible to predict what problems learners of a particular second language would face and the types of errors they would make.10 interlanguage: SLA is viewed as a process of creative construction, in which a learner constructs a series of internal representations that comprises the learner’s interim knowledge of the target language, known as interlanguage.11 formal instruction: Formal instruction occurs in classrooms when attempts are made to raise learner’s consciousness about the nature of target language rules in order to aid learning.12 instrumental motivation: Thus, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is functional.13 integrative motivation: Integrati ve motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.14 acculturation: A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the 12community. This adaptation process is called acculturation.。

现代语言学名词解释

一绪论1 Linguisitics:Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of language2 Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants3 Phonology” : The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.Forexample,phone,phoneme,and allophone.4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and“ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.5 Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.”6 Semantics:The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things.7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context.8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,socialvariation in language.9Psycholinguistics: The studyof language with reference toworkings of mind is calledpsycholinguistics.二音系学1 Phonetics: The study ofsounds that are used in linguisticcommunication is calledphonetics.2 Phonology: The study of howsounds are put together and usedin communication is calledphonology.3 Phone: Phone can be simplydefined as the speech sounds weuse when speaking a language.A phone is a phonetic unit orsegement. It does notnecessarily distinguish meaning;some do,some don’t.4 Phoneme: Phonology isconcerned with the speechsounds which distinguishmeaning. The basic unit inphonology is called phoneme;itis a unit that is of distinctivevalue.5 allophone: The differentphones which can represent aphoneme in different phoneticenvironment are called theallophones of that phoneme.6 Complementary distribution:These two allophones of thesame phoneme are said to be incompkenebtary distribution.7 Minimal pair: When twodifferent forms are identical inevery way except for one soundsegement which occurs in thesame place in the stings, the twowords are said to form aminimal pair.8 Stress: When a certain syllableof a word is stressed, it meansthat the syllable is prouncedwith great force than the otheror others.9 tones: Tones are pitchvariation, which are caused bythe different rates of vibration ofthe vocal cords. Pitch variationscan distinguish meaning justlike phoneme; therefore, thetone is a suprasegementalfeature.10 intonation: When pitch,stress and sound length are tiedto the sentence rather than theword in isolation, they arecollectively known as intonation.Intonation plays an importantrole in conveying meaning inalmost everylanguage,especially in alanguage like English三形态学1 morphology: Morphology is abranch of grammer whichstudies the internal structure ofwords and the rules by whichwords are formed.2 inflectional morphology:Inflectional morphology studiesthe inflections ofword-formation.3 derivational morphology:Derivational morphology is thestudy of word-formation.4 morpheme: Morpheme is thesmallest meaningful unit oflanguage.5 free morpheme: Freemorpheme are the morphemeswhich are independent units ofmeaning and can be used freelyall by themselces or incombination with othermorphemes.6 bound morpheme: Boundmorphemes are the morphemeswhich cannot be usedindependently but have to becombined with othermorphemes, either free or bound,to form a word.7 root: A root is often seen aspart of a word; it can neverstand by itself although it bearsclear,definite meaning; it mustbe combined with another rootor an affix to form a word.8 affix: Affixes are of two types:inflectional and derivational.9 prefix: Prefix occur at thebeginning of a word.10 suffix: Suffixes are added tothe end of the stems; theymodify the meaning of theoriginal word and in many caseschange its part of speech.11 derivation: Derivation affixesare added to an existing form tocreat a word.Derivation can beviewed as the adding of affixesto stem to form nes words.12 compounding: Likederivation, compounding isanother popular and importantway of forming new words inEnglish. Compounding can beviewed as the combination oftwo or sometimes more thantwo words to creat new words.四句法学1 linguistic competence:Comsky defines competence asthe ideal user’s knowledge ofthe rules of his language,andperformance the actualrealization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2 sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command.3 transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.4 D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed as D-structure.5 Move а : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is cal led Move а五语义学1 semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized.3 reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; itdeals with the relationshipbetween the linguistic elementand the non-linguistic world ofexperience.4 synonymy : Synonymy refersto the sameness or closesimilarity of meaning. Wordsthat are close in meaning arecalled synonymy.5 polysemy : Polysemy refers tothe fact that the same one wordmay have more than onemeaning.A word having morethan one meaning is called apolysemic word.6 antonymy : Antonymy refersto the oppositeness of meaning.Words that are opposite inmeaning are called antonyms.7 homonymy : Homonymyrefers to the phenomenon thatwords having differentmeanings have the sameform,i.e. different words areidentical in sound or spelling, orin both.8 hyponymy : Hyponymy refersto the sense relation between amore general, more inclusiveword and a more specific word.9 componential analysis :Componential analysis is a wayto analyze wprd meaning. It wasproposed by structuralsemanticists.10 grammatical meaning : Thegrammatical meaning of asentence refers to itsgrammaticality,i.e. itsgrammatical well-formedness.The grammaticality of asentenceis governed by the grammaticalrules of the language.11 semantic meaning : Thesemantic meaning of a sentenceis governed by rules calledselectional restrictions.12 predication : In semanticanalysis of a sentence, the basicunit is called predication. Thepredication is the abstraction ofthe meaning of a sentence.六语用学1 pragmatics: Pragmatics can bedefined as the study of howspeakers of a language usesentences to effect successfulcommunication.2 context: The notion of contextis essential to the pragmaticstudy of language. Generallyspeaking, it consists of theknowledge that is shared by thespeaker and the hearer.3 utterance meaning: Utteranceis based on sentence meaning; itis realization of the abstractmeaning of a sentence in a realsituation of communication, orsimply in a context.4 locutionary act: A locutionaryact is the act of utterancewords,phrases,clauses. It is theact of conveying literal meaningby means of syntax, lexion andphonology.5 illocutionary act: Anillocutionary act is the actexpressing the speaker’sintention; It is the act performedin saying something.6 perlocutionary act: Aillocutionary act is the actperformed by or resulting fromsaying something: it is theconsequence of, or the changebrought about by the utterance;it is the act performed by sayingsomething.七历史语言学1 historical linguistics:Historical linguistics is thesubfield of linguistics thatstudies language change.2 apocope: Anotherwell-documented sound loss isthe deletion of a word-finalvowel segement, a phenomenoncalled apocope.3 epenthesis: A change thatinvolves the insertion of aconsonant or vowel sound to themiddle of a word is known asepenthesis.4 metathesis: Sound change as aresult of sound movement isknown as metathesis.5 compounding: Compoundingis a process of combining two ormore words into one lexicalunit.6 derivation: Derivation refersto the process by which newwords are formed by theaddition of affixes to the roots.7 blending: Blending is aprocess of forming a new wordby combining parts of otherwords.8 back-formation:Back-formation is a process bywhich new words are formed bytaking away the suffix of anexisting word.9 semantic broadening:Semantic broadening refers tothe process in which themeaning of a word becomesgeneral or inclusive than itshistorically earlier denotation..10 semantic narrowing: Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning.11 semantic shift: Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquire a new, sometimes related, meaning.12 protolanguage: It refers to a family of a language.13 sound shift: It refers to the systematic modification of a series of phonemes.八社会语言学1 sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social context.2 speech community: A speech community is thus defined as a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language.3 speech variety: Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.4 language planning: One way out of the communication dilemma is language standardization known as language planning. This means that certain authorities, such as the government or government agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling system, across regional boundaries.5 idiolect: Such a personaldialect is refered to as idiolect.6 standard language: Thestandard language is asuperposed, socially prestigiousdialect of language. It is thelanguage employed by thegovernment and the judiciarysystem,used by the mass media.7 nonstandard language:Language varieties other thanthe standard are callednonstandard, or vernacular,languages.8 lingua franca: A lingua francais a variety of language thatserves as a medium ofcommunication among groupsof people for diverse linguisticbackgrounds.9 pidgin: A pidgin is a variety oflanguage that is generally usedby native speakers of otherlanguages as a medium ofcommunication.10 Creole: A Creole language isoriginally a pidgin that hasbecome established as a nativelanguage in some speechcommunication.11 diglossia: Diglossia usuallydescribes a situation in whichtwo very different varieties oflanguage co-exist in a speechcommunication, each with adistinct range of purely socialfunction and appropriate forcertain situations.12 bilingualism: Bilingualismrefers to a linguistic situation inwhich two standard languagesare used either by an individualor by a group of speakers, suchas the inhabitants of a particularregion or a nation.13 ethic dialect: An ethniclanguage variety is a socialdialect of a language ,oftencutting across regionaldifferences.14 sociolect: Social dialect, orsociolects, are varieties oflanguage used by peoplebelonging to particular socialclasses.15 register: Registers arelanguage varieties which areappropriate for use in particularspeech situations, in contrast tolanguage varieties that areassociated with the social orregional grouping of theircustomary users. For that reason,registers are also known assituational dialects.16 slang: Slang is a causal useof language that consists ofexpressive but nonstandardvocabulary, typically ofarbitrary, flashy and oftenephemeral coinage and figure ofspeech characterized byspontaneity and sometimes byraciness.17 tabo A linguistic taboo refersto a word or expression that isprohibited by the “polite”society from general use.18 euphemism: Euphemismcomes from the Greek wordeuphemismos, meaning “tospeak with good words”. Aeuphemism, then ,is mild,indirect or less offensive wordor expression substitute whenthe speaker or writer fears moredirect wording might be harsh,unpleasantly direct, oroffensive.九心理语言学1psycholinguistics:Psycholinguistics is the study of language inrelation to the mind. As thesuggests, psycholinguistics isviewed as the intersection ofpsychology and linguistics,drawing equally upon thelanguage we acquire, produceand comprehend.2 cerebral cortex: The mostimportant part of the brain is theoutside surface of the brain,called the cerebral cortex.3 brain lateralization: Thelocalization of cognitive ofcognitive and percpetualfunctions in a particularhemisphere of the brain is calledlateralization.4 linguistic lateralization: Intheir research of brainlateralization, psycholinguisticsare particulary interested inlinguistic lateralization, which isthe brain’s neurologicalspecialization for language.5 dichotic listening: Evidence insupport of lateralization forlanguage in the left hemispherecomes from researches indichotic listening tasks6 right ear advantage: Stimuliheard in the left ear are reportedless accurately than those heardin the right car. Thisphenomenon is knowas the rightear advantage.7 critical period hypothesis: Thecritical period hypothesis refersto a period in one’s lifeextending from about age two topuberty during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly and without explicit instruction.8 linguistic determinism: Whorf proposed first that all higherlevels of thinking are dependenton language. That is, languagedetermines thought, hence thestrong notion of linguisticdeterminism.9 linguistic relativism: Whorfalso believed that speakers ofdifferent language perceive andexperience the world differently,that is, relative to their linguisticbackground, hence the notion10 subvocal speech: Whenlanguage and thought areidentical or closely parallel toeach other, we may regardthought as “subvocal speech” oflinguistic relativism.。

英语现代语言学名词解释

现代语言学一绪论1 Linguisitics : Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants3 Phonology” : The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone.4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.”6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be f ound.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things.7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context.8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language.9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.二音系学1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t.4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution.7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others.9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme;therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature.10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest}三形态学1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation.4 morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselces or in combination with other morphemes.6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to forma word.8 affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.9 prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.10 suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.11 derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to creat a word.Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form nes words.12 compounding: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to creat new words. {$isbest}四句法学1 linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2 sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command.3 transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.4 D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed as D-structure.5 Move а : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is called Move а{$isbest}五语义学1 semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized.3 reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4 synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy.5 polysemy : Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word.6 antonymy : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms.7 homonymy :Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or8 hyponymy : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.9 componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze wprd meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists.10 grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality,i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of asentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.11 semantic meaning : The semantic meaning of a sentence is governed by rules called selectional restrictions.12 predication : In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called predication. The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.{$isbest}六语用学1 pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2 context: The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer.3 utterance meaning: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a4 locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of utterance words,phrases,clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexion and phonology.5 illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; It is the act performed in saying something.6 perlocutionary act:A illocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something: it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.{$isbest}七历史语言学1 historical linguistics: Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change.2 apocope: Another well-documented sound loss is the deletion of a word-final vowel segement, a phenomenon called apocope.3 epenthesis: A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis.4 metathesis: Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as metathesis.5 compounding: Compounding is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.6 derivation: Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots.7 blending: Blending is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.8 back-formation: Back-formation is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing word.9 semantic broadening: Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation..10 semantic narrowing: Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning ofa word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning.11 semantic shift: Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquire a new, sometimes related, meaning.12 protolanguage: It refers to a family of a language.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages.13 sound shift: It refers to the systematic modification of a series of phonemes. {$isbest}八社会语言学1 sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social context.2 speech community: A speech community is thus defined as a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language.3 speech variety: Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.4 language planning: One way out of the communication dilemma is language standardization known as language planning. This means that certain authorities, such as the government or government agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling system, across regional boundaries.5 idiolect: Such a personal dialect is refered to as idiolect.6 standard language: The standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system,used by the mass media.7 nonstandard language: Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or vernacular, languages.8 lingua franca: A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.9 pidgin: A pidgin is a variety of language that is generally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium of communication.10 Creole: A Creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established asa native language in some speech communication.11 diglossia: Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech communication, each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations.12 bilingualism: Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.13 ethic dialect: An ethnic language variety is a social dialect of a language ,often cutting across regional differences.14 sociolect: Social dialect, or sociolects, are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.15 register: Registers are language varieties which are appropriate for use in particular speech situations, in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For that reason, registers are also known as situational dialects.16 slang: Slang is a causal use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinage and figure of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness.17 tabo A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.18 euphemism: Euphemism comes from the Greek word euphemismos, meaning “to speak with good words”. A euphemism, then ,is mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substitute when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive.{$isbest}九心理语言学1 psycholinguistics:Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind. As the suggests, psycholinguistics is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics, drawing equally upon the language we acquire, produce and comprehend.2 cerebral cortex: The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called the cerebral cortex.3 brain lateralization: The localization of cognitive of cognitive and percpetual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called lateralization.4 linguistic lateralization: In their research of brain lateralization, psycholinguistics are particulary interested in linguistic lateralization, which is the brain’s neurological specialization for language.5 dichotic listening: Evidence in support of lateralization for language in the left hemisphere comes from researches in dichotic listening tasks6 right ear advantage: Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right car. This phenomenon is knowas the right ear advantage.7 critical period hypothesis: The critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to pub erty during which the humanbrain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly and without explicit instruction.8 linguistic determinism: Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. That is, language determines thought, hence the strong notion of linguistic determinism.9 linguistic relativism: Whorf also believed that speakers of different language perceive and experience the world differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion10 subvocal speech: When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech”.of linguistic relativism.{$isbest}十语言习得1 language acquisition: Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s development of their first language, that is, the native language of the community in which a child has been brought up.2 telegraphic speech: The early multiword utterance of children have a special characteristic. They typically lack inflectional morphemes and most minor lexical categories. Because of their resemblance to the styly of language found in telegrams, utterance at this acquisition stage are often called telegraphic speech.3 holophrastic sentence: Children’s one-word utterance are also calledholophrastic sentences.4 acquisition: According to Krashen,acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.5 learning: Learning, however, is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.6 language transfer: Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language transfer.7 positive transfer: Presumably, positive transfer occurs when an L1 pattern is identical with, or similar to, a target-language pattern.8 negative transfer: Conversely, negative transfer occurs when an L1 pattern is different from the counterpart pattern of the target language.9 contrastive analysis: The Contrastive Analysis approach was founded on the belief that, by establishing the linguistic differences between the native and target language system, it was possible to predict what problems learners of a particular second language would face and the types of errors they would make.10 interlanguage: SLA is viewed as a process of creative construction, in which a learner constructs a series of internal representations that comprises the learner’s interim knowledge of the target language, known as interlanguage.11 formal instruction: Formal instruction occurs in classrooms when attempts are made to raise learner’s consciousness about the nature of target language rules in order to aid learning.12 instrumental motivation: Thus, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is functional.13 integrative motivation: Inte grative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.14 acculturation: A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the 12community. This adaptation process is called acculturation.。

现代语言学名词解释

现代语言学名词解释现代语言学名词解释现代语言学名词解释现代语言学一绪论1 Linguisitics :Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of language2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants3Phonology” : The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone.4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish, teach---teacher.5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.”6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things.7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For examp le, “I do” The word do means different context.8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language.9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.二音系学1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t.4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme indifferent phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in compkenebtary distribution.7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others.9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature.10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English三形态学1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studiesthe internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation.4 morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselces or in combination with other morphemes.6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.8 affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.9 prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.10 suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.11 derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form tocreat a word.Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form nes words.12 compounding: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to creat new words.四句法学1 linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2 sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command.3 transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.4 D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed asD-structure.5 Move а : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is called Move а五语义学1 semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized.3 reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4 synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy.5 polysemy : Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word.6 antonymy : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms.7 homonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.8 hyponymy : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.9 componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze wprd meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists.10 grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality,i.e. its grammaticalwell-formedness. The grammaticality of asentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.11 semantic meaning : The semantic meaning of a sentence is governed by rules called selectional restrictions.12 predication : In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called predication. The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.七历史语言学1 historical linguistics: Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change.2 apocope: Another well-documented sound loss is the deletion of a word-final vowel segement, a phenomenon called apocope.3 epenthesis: A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis.4 metathesis: Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as metathesis.5 compounding: Compounding is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.6 derivation: Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots.7 blending: Blending is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.8 back-formation: Back-formation is a process bywhich new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing word.9 semantic broadening: Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation..10 semantic narrowing: Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning.11 semantic shift: Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquire a new, sometimes related, meaning.12 protolanguage: It refers to a family of a language.13 sound shift: It refers to the systematic modification of a series of phonemes.absee管理员UID 5精华0积分3990 帖子1111 阅读权限200注册2007-6-4状态离线#8使用道具发表于2007-7-26 21:20 资料个人空间短消息加为好友八社会语言学1 sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social context.2 speech community: A speech community is thus defined as a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language.3 speech variety: Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.4 language planning: One way out of the communication dilemma is language standardization known as language planning. This means that certain authorities, such as the government or government agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation andspelling system, across regional boundaries.5 idiolect: Such a personal dialect is refered to as idiolect.6 standard language: The standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system,used by the mass media.7 nonstandard language: Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or vernacular, languages.8 lingua franca: A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.9 pidgin: A pidgin is a variety of language that is generally used by native speakers of other languages asa medium of communication.10 Creole: A Creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech communication.11 diglossia: Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-existin a speech communication, each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations.12 bilingualism: Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.13 ethic dialect: An ethnic language variety is a social dialect of a language ,often cutting across regional differences.14 sociolect: Social dialect, or sociolects, are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.15 register: Registers are language varieties which are appropriate for use in particular speech situations, in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For that reason, registers are also known as situational dialects.16 slang: Slang is a causal use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically ofarbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinage and figure of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness.17 tabo A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.18 euphemism: Euphemism comes from the Greek word euphemismos, meaning “to speak with good words”. A euphemism, then ,is mild, in direct or less offensive word or expression substitute when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive.absee管理员UID 5精华0积分3990 帖子1111 阅读权限200注册2007-6-4状态离线#9使用道具发表于2007-7-26 21:20 资料个人空间短消息加为好友九心理语言学1 psycholinguistics:Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind. As the suggests, psycholinguistics is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics, drawing equally upon the language we acquire, produce and comprehend.2 cerebral cortex: The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called the cerebral cortex.3 brain lateralization: The localization of cognitive of cognitive and percpetual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called lateralization.4 linguistic lateralization: In their research of brain lateralization, psycholinguistics are particulary interested in linguistic lateralization, which is the brain’s neurological specialization for language.5 dichotic listening: Evidence in support of lateralization for language in the left hemisphere comes from researches in dichotic listening tasks6 right ear advantage: Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right car. This phenomenon is knowas the right ear advantage.7 critical period hypothesis: The critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly and without explicit instruction.8 linguistic determinism: Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. That is, language determines thought, hence the strong notion of linguistic determinism.9 linguistic relativism: Whorf also believed that speakers of different language perceive and experience the world differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion10 subvocal speech: When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we mayre gard thought as “subvocal speech”.of linguistic relativism.absee管理员UID 5精华0积分3990 帖子1111 阅读权限200注册2007-6-4状态离线#10使用道具发表于2007-7-26 21:20 资料个人空间短消息加为好友十语言习得1 language acquisition: Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s development of their first language, that is, the native language of the community in which a child has been brought up.2 telegraphic speech: The early multiword utterance of children have a special characteristic. They typically lack inflectional morphemes and most minor lexical categories. Because of their resemblance to the styly of language found in telegrams, utterance at this acquisition stage are often called telegraphic speech.3 holophrastic sentence: Children’s one-word utterance are also called holophrastic sentences.4 acquisition: According to Krashen,acquisition refersto the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.5 learning: Learning, however, is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.6 language transfer: Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language transfer.7 positive transfer: Presumably, positive transfer occurs when an L1 pattern is identical with, or similar to, a target-language pattern.8 negative transfer: Conversely, negative transfer occurs when an L1 pattern is different from the counterpart pattern of the target language.9 contrastive analysis: The Contrastive Analysis approach was founded on the belief that, by establishing the linguistic differences between the native and target language system, it was possible to predict what problems learners of a particular second language would face and the types of errors they wouldmake.10 interlanguage: SLA is viewed as a process of creative construction, in which a learner constructs a series of internal representations that comprises the learner’s interim knowledge of the target language, known as interlanguage.11 formal instruction: Formal instruction occurs in classrooms when attempts are made to raise learner’s consciousness about the nature of target language rules in order to aid learning.12 instrumental motivation: Thus, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is functional.13 integrative motivation: Integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.14 acculturation: A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the12community. This adaptation process is called acculturation.。

现代语言学重要名词解释

Applied linguistics～In a broad sense, applied linguistics is the study of various applications of linguistic (and phonetic) scholarship to related practical fields. In a narrow sense applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. Prescriptive study～It is an attitude to linguistic studies which aim to lay down rules for “correct” behaviour, i.e., to tell people what they should say an what they should not say.Descriptive study～It is a linguistic study which describes and analyzes the language people actually use.Competence and performance～They are distinctions drawn originally by the American linguist N.Chomsky. Competence refers to the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, i.e., the ability all native speakers have of being able to understand and produce sentences which they have never heard before. Performance on the other hand refers to the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Arbitrariness～By arbitrariness, we mean that there is no logical connection between meaning and sounds,e.g.,a dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. Language is largely arbitrary, but not entirely arbitrary. Productivity～It refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that has heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation.Duality～It refers two sets of structures or two levels of the language system. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless, and at the higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units, such as morphemes, words, etc. Displacement～As one of the design features the human language, it refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future, e.g. when a man is crying to a woman about something, it might be somethingthat had occurred, or somethingthat is occurring, or somethingthat is to occur.Cultural transmission～It meansthat language is not biologicallytransmitted from generation togeneration, but that the details ofthe linguistic system must belearned a new by each speaker. Itis true that the capacity forlanguage in human beings has agenetic basis, but the particularlanguage a person learns to speakis a cultural one other than agenetic one.Articulatory phonetics~It is oneof the branch as of phonetics thatis the longest established and themost highly developed. It helps ushave a good understanding of howour speech organs work toproduce the sounds we hesr, and inwhat ways the sounds differ.Auditory phonetics~It is thebranch of phonetic research fromthe hearer’s point of view. Theylook into the impression which aspeech sound makes on the heareras mediated by the ear, theauditory nerve and the brain.Acoustic phonetics~It is the studyof the physical properties ofspeech sounds, considered asphysical signals transmittedthrough the air.The IPAManner of articulation~It is oneof the two ways classifies Englishconsonants. By “manner ofarticulation” we mean the mannerin which obstruction is created. Interms of manner of articulation theEnglish consonants can beclassified into the following sixtypes: stops, fricatives, affricates,liquids, nasals, glides. Forexample, we can tell that [p] is astop.Place of articulation~It is one ofthe two ways classifies Englishconsonants. By “place ofarticulation”we mean the placewhere obstruction is created.English consonants can beclassified into seven types:bilabial, labiodental, detal,alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal. Forexample, [p] is a bilabial sound.To give a complete phoneticdescription of a sound we need todepend on both manner and placeof articulation.Complementarydistribution~Two allophones ofthe same phoneme occur indifferent environments, they nevercontrast each other. These twoallophones of the same phonemeare said to be in complementarydistribution. For example, therelation between clear /l/, dark [l\],snf [t]. Ehilr /l/ and /r/ form aphonemic contrast as theydistinguish meaning in suchcombinations as [li:d], [ri:d], and[li:f], clear /l/ and dark [l\] are incomplementary distribution.Minimal pair~When twodifferent forms are identicalinevery way except for one soundsegment which occurs in the sameplace in the strings, the two wordsare said to form a minimal pair. Soin English, pill and till, till and kill,kill and dill, and dill and gill.Accordingly, we can conclude that/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ are phonemesin English.Suprasegmental features~Thephonemic features that occurabove the level of the segmentsare called suprasegmental features;these are the phonologicalproperties of such units as thesyllable, the word, and thesentence. The mainsuprasegmental features includestress, intonation, and tone.Tones~They are pitch variations,which are caused by the differingrates of vibration of the vocalcords. Pitch variations candistinguish meaning just likephonemes; therefore, the tone is asuprasegmental feature. English isnot a tone language.Suffix~It is an affix which isadded to the end of a word. It maybe inflectional such as the pluralending –s in boys, or derivationalsuch as –ness in loneliness.Prefix~It is an affix which isadded to the front of a root or stem,e.g. il- in illegal.Compounding~It is the process ofthe combination two or morewords to create new words, e.g.“work”combined with anotherword “friendship”.Recursiveness~It refers to aproperty of grammar which allowsan infinite number of sentences tobe generated, and sentences withinfinite length.Transformational rule~It is arule which lays down proceduresfor converting one grammaticalpattern into another. Such a rulemay change one sentence type intoanother, delete or add elements,change the order of element foranother.D-structure~It is shortened fordeep structure which refers to thegrammatical relationships inherentin the elements of a phrase orsentence but not immediatelyapparent from their linearsequenceSimple sentence~It is asyntactic pattern consisting ofsingle clause without anysubordinate or co-ordinate clauses.It contains a subject and apredicate and stands alone as itsown sentence.Coordinate sentence~It is asentence which contains twoclauses joined by coordinatingconjunction but which is notgrammatically dependent on it, e.g.“He went shopping but he did notbuy a new hat”consists of twocoordinate clauses joined by acoordinator “but”.Complex sentence~It is asentence which contains two, ormore, clauses, one of which isincorporated into the other, e.g. “Idon’t know whether he called”.Finite verb~It is a form of theverb which is limited in time by atense, a mood, and also, in manylanguages, shows agreement withperson and number, e.g. went andis in “Yesterday he went fishing,but today he is staying at home.”It expresses existence, action oroccurrence.UG principles~They are a set ofgeneral principles, such as casecondition and adjacency condition,that generate phrases and at thesame time restrain the power ofMove a.UG parameters~They aresyntactic options of UG that allowgeneral principles to operate inone way or another and contributeto significant linguistic variationsbetween and among naturallanguages.Case condition~It is a principle ofgeneral principles of UniversalGrammar which requires that anoun phrase must have Case andCase is assigned by verb orpreposition to the object position,or by auxiliary to the subjectposition. This theory accounts forthe fact that noun phrases appearonly in subject and objectpositions.Adjacency condition~It is aprinciple of generalprinciples of UniversalGrammar which states that aCase assignor and a Caserecipient should stay adjacentto each other and explainswhy no other phrasalcategory can intervenebetween a verb and its directobject.Complete synonyms~Theyare the synonyms that aremutually substitutable underall circumstances.Synonyms~It refers to two ormore words that are identical orclose in meaning.Antonym~It refers to therelationship between the wordsthat are opposite in meaning.Complete homonyms~It refers tothe words that are identical in bothsound and spelling, e.g. bear/bear/(n. any of various kinds ofusually large and heavy animalswith thick rough fur) and bear/bear/(v. to carry from one place toanther).Superordinate~It refers to theword which is more general inmeaning in the sense relation ofhyponymy.Linguistic context~It, sometimesknown as co-text, is concernedwith the probability of a word’sco-occurrence or collocation withanother word, which the part oftext that precedes and follows aparticular utterance.Grammaticality~It refers to thegrammatical well-formedness of asentence.Sense relations~It refers to thesemantic relationships that may beset up between individual orgroups of lexical items, e.g.synonymy, antonymy.Polysemic word~It is a word thathas more than one meaning.Selectional restrictions~They arecongstraints on what lexical itemscan go with what others. Mostlinguistic units (phonemes, words)are limited in the way they cancombine with other units inparticular environments.Argument~It is a logicalparticipant in a predication,largely identical with the nominalelements in a sentence.Predicate~It is something thatsaid about an argument in asentence.Indirect speech act~It means thatsome sentences, in the utteranceand the seeming performance of aspeech act, perform a certainillocutionary act indirectly. Forexample, Can you pass me the saltplease?, you appear to be asking aquestion, but actually you ateissuing a directives indirectly. It isthe shared backgroundinformation and the general powerof nationality and the power ofinference on the part of the hearerthat co-operatively make itpossible.Comparative and historical linguistics~It, as one of the branch of diachronic linguistics, is the comparative study of various language with a view to investigating their historical relationships, and the rules that govern the changes that have occurred in the reconstructing the “proto-language”from which these language were derived. Middle English~It is a major period in the history of English development that began in 1066, the Norman conquest, and ended in 1500. Middle English had been deeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar. For example, such terms as “army”, “court”, “defense” “faith”“prison”and “tax”came from the language of the French fulers.Modern English~(roughly from 1500 to the present). European renaissance movement, a period of humanistic revival of classical art, literature and learning whose influence reached England in the late fifteenth century. During this period the language saw greater and more important phonological, lexical and syntactic changes than in any other centuries before or later. English in the post-renaissance period has become a world language. Metathesis~It is a process involving an alteration in the sequence of sounds. Metathesis had originally been a performance error, which was overlooked and accepted by the speech community. For example, the word “bird” was “brid”in Old English. The word “ask” used to be pronounced [aks] in Old English, as still occurs in some English dialects. Compounding~It is a process of combining two or more words into one lcxical unit. For example, sailboat, big-mouth.Derivation~It refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems, or words. For example, qualification, finalize. Crimm’s Law~Jakob Grimm, a German linguist, formulated the regular correspondences as the following: the Indo-European aspirates: the As the changes or correspondences were so strikingly regular that they could taken as a law. Known as Grimm’s Law.Elaboration~It occurs when there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity to expressiveness. For example, thesyntactic system of ModernEnglish is more complex than thatof Old English, imposing a stricterword order on the language. OldEnglish word orders were freerbecause its richer morphologicalsystem, such as the case markingsystem, helped indicategrammatical relations.Language variety~It, also speechvariety, is distinguishablesub-language or actualrepresentation of a language usedby a speaker or a group ofspeakers. Language varieties maydistinguished by lexical,phonological, morphological,syntactic, or a combination oflinguistic features.Language variation~It is thestydy of those distinctive featuresof a language that differsystematically when comparisionsare made between different groupsof speakers or the same speaker indifferent situations. Languagevariation is mainly concerned ofthe same language.Dialect~It is, in its modern sense,any distinct form of a languagewhich arises from differencesamong the space, the temporalfactor, the social distance, etc. Itdiffers in pronunciation, grammar,and vocabulary from the standardlanguage, and it is in itself asocially favored variety which isnot yet regarded as a differentlanguage.Regional dialect~It, also local,geographical or territorial dialect,is a speech variety which isspoken by the people of aparticular geographical area with aspeech community.Language planning~It refers to acomplex of efforts made bycertain authorities to chooseand/or improve a particular speechvariety and spread the use of it,including its pronunciation andspelling systems, across reginalboundaries.Idiolect~It is the language varietyof an individual speaker, includingpeculiarities of pronunciation,grammar and vocabulary.Creole~It, also creolized language,is a mixed, native language insome speech community. It hasdeveloped out of a pidgin andadopted by a population as itsprimary language.Slang~it is a variety of speech thatconsists of expressive butnonstandard vocabulary, typicallyof arbitrary, flashy and oftenephemeral coinages andsometimes by raciness.Euphemism~It is a word orexpression that is thought to bemild, indirect, or less offensiveand used as a polite substitute forthe supposedly harsh andunpleasant word or expression.Vernacular~It, also vernacularlanguage, refers to the type ofspeech used by the majority of thepopulation of a speech communityin everyday situations, rather thanspecialized literary usage. Whenso used it is the same as popularlanguage or common language. Itcan also refer to the indigenouslanguage of a country, a languagewhich is neither of a foreign originnor of a learned formation.Broca’s area~It, also center ofBroca, is the cerebral area, usuallyin the left inferior frontal gyrus inthe brain which controls thefunction of speech production.Wernicke’s area~It, also centre ofWernicke, is an area in the backportion of the left cerebralhemisphere in the brain whichcontrols the comprehension ofspeech.The critical period hypothesis~Itis the speculation that there is aperiod in one’s life extending fromabout age two to puberty, duringwhich the human brain is mostready to acquire a particularlanguage and language learningcan proceed easily, swiftly, andwithout explicit instruction.Cerebral plasticity~It refers tothe neurological flexibility whichenables on cerebral hemisphere ofthe brain to take to take over thefunction of the other if it isdamaged because prior to the timeof the completion of thelateralization process, bothhemispheres of the brain areinvolved to some extent inlanguage.SLA~It, the initials for secondlanguage acquisition, is mainly thestudy of how learners acquire orlearn another language after theyhave acquired their nativelanguage. As a general term, itrefers either to the acquisition of asecond language(L2), in contrastwith FLA(first languageacquisition) or the acquisition of aforeign or subsequent language,such as a third or fourth language.Intake~It is used linguistically torefer to the input that has beenassimilated and fed into theinterlanguage system of a L2learner.Surface structure~A level ofsyntactic representation after theoperation of necessary syntacticmovement.Explain and give examples toshow in what way componentialanalysis is similar to the analysisof phonemes into distinctivefeatures.A: In the light of componentialanalysis, the meaning of a wordconsists of a number of distinctivemeaning features; the analysisbreaks down the meaning of theword into these features; it is thesedifferent features that distinguishword meaning and the meaning.Similarly, a phoneme isconsidered as a collection ofdistinctive sound features; aphoneme can be broken down intothese distinctive sound featuresand it is these sound features thatdistinguish different sounds. Forexample, “man”and “boy”sharethe features of +HUMAN,+MALE and +ANIMATE butdiffer in the feature of ADULT; [p]and [b] are both bilabial andplosive but they differ in thefeature of voicing.The phonological features thatoccur above the level ofindividual sounds are calledsuprasegmental features.Discuss the mainsuprasegmental features,illustrating with examples howthey function in the distinctionof meaning.A: The main features includestress, tone and intonation.Stress refers to both wordstress and sentence stress. Theshift of stress changes the meaningor the part of speech of a word andthe meaning of a sentence.Tone refers to the pitchvariation which is an importantfeature for some languages calledtone languages, such as Chinese.Intonation is especiallyimportant in a language likeEnglish. The three most frequentlyused intonations are the fall, therise and the fall-rise. The fallingintonation conveys astraight-forward fact; the risingintonation indicates a question;and the fall-rise intonation alwaysconveys some implication.。

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现代语言学名词解释现代语言学名词解释现代语言学一绪论1 Linguisitics :Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of language2Phonetics :The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants3 Phonology” : The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.Forexample,phone,phoneme,and allophone.4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish, teach---teacher.5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.”6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not befound,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things.7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context.8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language.9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.二音系学1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.2Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t.4Phoneme:Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds whichdistinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.5allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.6Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in compkenebtary distribution.7 Minimal pair:When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.8 Stress:When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others.9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature.10intonation:When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English三形态学1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2inflectional morphology:Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation.4 morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselces or in combination with other morphemes.6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.8 affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional andderivational.9 prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.10 suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.11 derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to creat a word.Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form nes words.12 compounding: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to creat new words.四句法学1 linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2 sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command.3 transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.4 D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed as D-structure.5 Move а : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is called Move а五语义学1 semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized.3 reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience.4 synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy.5 polysemy : Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word.6 antonymy : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms.7 homonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that wordshaving different meanings have the same form,i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.8 hyponymy : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation betweena more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.9 componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze wprd meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists.10 grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality,i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of asentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.11 semantic meaning : The semantic meaning of a sentence is governed by rules called selectional restrictions.12 predication : In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called predication. The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.七历史语言学1 historical linguistics: Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change.2 apocope: Another well-documented sound loss is the deletion of a word-final vowel segement, a phenomenon called apocope.3 epenthesis: A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis.4 metathesis: Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as metathesis.5 compounding: Compounding is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.6 derivation: Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots.7 blending: Blending is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.8 back-formation: Back-formation is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing word.9 semantic broadening: Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation..10 semantic narrowing: Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning.11 semantic shift: Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquire a new, sometimes related, meaning.12 protolanguage: It refers to a family of a language.13 sound shift: It refers to the systematic modification of a series of phonemes.absee管理员UID 5精华 0积分 3990帖子 1111阅读权限200注册 2007-6-4状态离线#8 使用道具发表于 2007-7-26 21:20 资料个人空间短消息加为好友八社会语言学 1 sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social context. 2 speech community: A speech community is thus defined as a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language. 3 speech variety: Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group ofspeakers.4 language planning: One way out of thecommunication dilemma is language standardization known as language planning. This means that certain authorities, such as the government or government agency of a country, choose a particular speechvariety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling system, across regional boundaries.5 idiolect: Such a personal dialect is refered to as idiolect.6 standard language: The standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system,used by the mass media.7 nonstandard language: Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or vernacular, languages.8 lingua franca: A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.9 pidgin: A pidgin is a variety of language that is generally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium of communication.10 Creole: A Creole language is originally a pidginthat has become established as a native language in some speech communication.11 diglossia: Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech communication, each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations.12 bilingualism: Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.13 ethic dialect: An ethnic language variety is a social dialect of a language ,often cutting across regional differences.14 sociolect: Social dialect, or sociolects, are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.15 register: Registers are language varieties which are appropriate for use in particular speech situations, in contrast to language varieties thatare associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For that reason, registers are also known as situational dialects.16 slang: Slang is a causal use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinage and figure of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness.17 tabo A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite”society from general use.18 euphemism: Euphemism comes from the Greek word euphemismos, meaning “to speak with good words”.A euphemism, then ,is mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substitute when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive.absee管理员UID 5精华 0积分 3990帖子 1111阅读权限200注册 2007-6-4状态离线#9 使用道具发表于 2007-7-26 21:20 资料个人空间短消息加为好友九心理语言学 1 psycholinguistics:Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind. As the suggests, psycholinguistics is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics, drawing equally upon the language we acquire, produce and comprehend. 2 cerebral cortex: The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called the cerebral cortex.3 brain lateralization: The localization ofcognitive of cognitive and percpetual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called lateralization.4 linguistic lateralization: In their research of brain lateralization, psycholinguistics areparticulary interested in linguistic lateralization, which is the brain’s neurological specialization for language.5 dichotic listening: Evidence in support of lateralization for language in the left hemisphere comes from researches in dichotic listening tasks6 right ear advantage: Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right car. This phenomenon is knowas the right ear advantage.7 critical period hypothesis: The critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly and without explicit instruction.8 linguistic determinism: Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. That is, language determines thought, hence the strong notion of linguistic determinism.9 linguistic relativism: Whorf also believed that speakers of different language perceiveand experience the world differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion10 subvocal speech: When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech”.of linguistic relativism.absee管理员UID 5精华 0积分 3990帖子 1111阅读权限200注册 2007-6-4状态离线#10 使用道具发表于 2007-7-26 21:20 资料个人空间短消息加为好友十语言习得 1 language acquisition: Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. In general, language acquisition refers to children ’s development of their first language, that is, the native language of the community in which a child has been brought up. 2 telegraphic speech: The early multiword utterance of children have a special characteristic. They typically lack inflectionalmorphemes and most minor lexical categories. Because of their resemblance to the styly of language found in telegrams, utterance at this acquisition stage are often called telegraphic speech.3 holophrastic sentence: Children ’s one-wordutterance are also called holophrastic sentences.4 acquisition: According to Krashen,acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.5 learning: Learning, however, is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.6 language transfer: Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language transfer.7 positive transfer: Presumably, positive transfer occurs when an L1 pattern is identical with, or similar to, a target-language pattern.8 negative transfer: Conversely, negative transfer occurs when an L1 pattern is different from the counterpart pattern of the target language.9 contrastive analysis: The Contrastive Analysis approach was founded on the belief that, by establishing the linguistic differences betweenthe native and target language system, it was possible to predict what problems learners of a particular second language would face and the types of errors they would make.10 interlanguage: SLA is viewed as a process of creative construction, in which a learner constructs a series of internal representations that comprises the learner’s interim knowledge of the target language, known as interlanguage. 11 formal instruction: Formal instruction occurs in classrooms when attempts are made to raise learner’s consciousness about the nature of target language rules in order to aid learning.12 instrumental motivation: Thus, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is functional.13 integrative motivation: Integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.14 acculturation: A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new cultureof the 12community. This adaptation process is called acculturation.。