宏观经济学课件(英文版)2
6
Nominal and Real GDP
7
Calculating Real GDP
The most common way to compute real GDP
was to multiply each year’s quantity of output of each good by the price of the good in a base year, such as 2000. Then all of these multiples were added to get the economy’s aggregate real GDP.
4
Nominal and Real GDP
GDP includes the value of the goods and
services produced during a specified time interval, such as a year.
That is, GDP measures current production.
9
Calculating Real GDP
A shortcoming of this approach is that it
weights the outputs of the various goods by their prices in the base year (2000). These weights become less relevant over time as relative prices of goods change.
5
Nominal and Real GDP
The nominal GDP can be misleading
because it depends on the overall level of prices, as well as on the physical quantity of output.
17
Alternative Views of GDP— Expenditure, Income, and Production
3. Domestic production of goods and services
by various industries— agriculture, manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, and so on.
Chapter
2 National-Income Accounting: Gross Domestic Product and the Price Level
1
Nominal and Real GDP
Nominal GDP measures the dollar (or euro,
etc.) value of all the goods and services that an economy produces during a specified period, such as a year.
14
Calculating Real GDP
Think of a price index that takes on the value
100 for the base year, which is 2005 in our example. When compared to this base, the price level for 2006 in case a is 1.17*100 = 117, whereas that in case b is 0.86*100 = 86. The usual name for these price indexes is the implicit GDP deflator (on a 2005 base).
22
Measuring GDP by Income
National income. A simple closed economy that has only two businesses. One, a mill, uses only labor to produce flour. The second, a bakery, uses flour and labor to produce bread. Bread is the only final product. Flour is the only intermediate product—it is used up entirely in the production of the final good, bread.
All three approaches will end up with the
same totals for nominal and real GDP.
18
Measuring GDP by Expenditure
1. Households, 2. Businesses, 3. All levels of government,
15
Real GDP as a Measure of Welfare
The aggregate real GDP does not consider
changes in the distribution of income. The calculated real GDP excludes most nonmarket goods. Real GDP assigns no value to leisure time. Measured real GDP does not consider changes in air and water quality, that is, pollution.
26
Measuring GDP by Income
One source of divergence between GDP and
4. Foreigners.
19
Measuring GDP by Expenditure
20
Measuring GDP by Expenditure
A closed economy, which has no trade
linkages to the rest of the world. An open economy is linked through trade to the rest of the world.
Some goods and services, notably those
produced by governments, are not exchanged on markets. These items enter into nominal GDP at their nominal (dollar) cost of production.
8
Calculating Real GDP
The resulting aggregate is called GDP in
2000 dollars (if 2000 is the base year). Or, sometimes, the result is called GDP in constant dollars. The nominal GDP is sometimes called GDP in current dollars
13
Calculating Real GDP
For 2006 in case a in Table 2.1, we have implicit price level = (550/468.5) = 1.17.
For 2006 in case b, we have
iห้องสมุดไป่ตู้plicit price level = (550/639.0) = 0.86.
The nominal GDP is a flow concept.
2
Nominal and Real GDP
For most goods and services—pencils,
automobiles, haircuts, and so on—the dollar value is determined by the price at which these items sell in the marketplace.
10
Calculating Real GDP
Chain weighted real GDP
11
Calculating Real GDP
12
Calculating Real GDP
Implicit price level that we are using to
convert a dollar value (nominal GDP)/(implicit price level) = real GDP. implicit price level = (nominal GDP)/(real GDP).
21
Measuring GDP by Expenditure
Some reasons for using a closed economy model: It simplifies the analysis. At least for the United States, exports and imports
16
Alternative Views of GDP— Expenditure, Income, and Production
1. Expenditures on domestically produced
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
• Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram.
宏观经济学ppt课件完整版
货币政策与财政政策协调配合
政策目标一致性
货币政策和财政政策应共同致力 于实现经济增长、物价稳定、充 分就业和国际收支平衡等宏观经
济目标。
政策工具互补性
货币政策和财政政策具有不同的调 节机制和工具，可以相互补充，形 成政策合力。
政策实施协调性
在制定和实施货币政策和财政政策 时，应加强沟通和协调，避免政策 冲突和相互抵消。
高水平对外开放
在双循环新发展格局下，中国经济将更加注重高水平对外开放，积极参 与全球经济治理和公共产品供给，推动构建人类命运共同体。
绿色低碳发展路径选择
1 2
能源结构调整 推动能源消费革命和供给革命，加快构建清洁低 碳、安全高效的能源体系，降低碳排放强度。
产业绿色转型 加快传统产业绿色化改造和新兴绿色产业发展， 推动产业结构优化升级，构建绿色产业体系。
03
失业、通货膨胀与经济周期
BIG DATA EMPOWERS TO CREATE A NEW
ERA
失业率计算及类型划分
失业率计算
失业率 = 失业人数 / 劳动力总数 × 100%。其中，失业人数指在一定年龄范围内，有劳动能力、愿意工 作但目前没有工作的人数；劳动力总数指在一定年龄范围内，有劳动能力的人数。
收入法
也称分配法，是从生产过程创造收入 的角度，根据生产要素在生产过程中 应得的收入份额以及因从事生产活动 向政府支付的份额的角度来反映最终 成果的一种计算方法。
经济增长率计算及分析
01
02
03
经济增长率的计算
通常采用GDP或人均GDP 的年均增长速度来衡量。
经济增长的源泉
包括资本积生态文明建设和环境保护工作，完善生态文 明制度体系，推动经济社会全面绿色转型。
宏观经济学英文PPT课件
Gross Domestic Product
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
How is GDP related to a nation’s total income and spending?
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures total income of everyone in the economy. GDP also measures total expenditure on the economy’s output of g&s.
For the economy as a whole, income equals expenditure, because
Macroeconomics: The study of the economy as a whole.
We begin our study of macroeconomics with the country’s total income and expenditure.
Income and Expenditure
Intermediate goods: used as components or ingredients in the production of other goods
GDP only includes final goods – they already embody the value of the intermediate goods used in their production.
宏观经济学-货币政策 (英文)
Translation demand for money Precautionary demand for money Speculative demand for money
The stock of money people hold to pay everyday predictable expenses.
Excess money demand
Excess money supply
people sell
bonds
people bye
bonds
Bond prices fall and the interet rate
rises
Bond prices rise and the interet rate
falls
Transmission Mechanism
Change in the
monetary pollcy
Change in the money
supply
Change in the AD curve
Change in price,real GDP and employment
The Effect of Expansionary Money Policy on AD
AD1
AD2
The Equation of Exchange
MV=PQ
M is the money supply in circulation,and
V represents the velocity of money P×Q is normal GDP.
The Quantity Theory of Money
The stock of money people hold to unpredictable expenses.
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
宏观经济学 麦克 帕金版本 英文ppt
Two Big Economic Questions
Figure 1.1 shows these numbers for the United States and China. It also shows the numbers for Brazil. What determines these patterns of production? How do choices end up determining the quantity of each item produced in the United States and around the world?
© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley
Two Big Economic Questions
Self-Interest You make choices that are in your self-interest—choices that you think are best for you. Social Interest Choices that are best for society as a whole are said to be in the social interest. Social interest has two dimensions: Efficiency Equity
© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley
Definition of Economics
Economics is the social science that studies the choices that individuals, businesses, governments, and entire societies make as they cope with scarcity and the incentives that influence those choices. Economics divides in to main parts: Microeconomics Macroeconomics
宏观经济学 曼昆英文课件Tutorial_CHAP02
FirmsΒιβλιοθήκη Expenditure $
For the economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure. GDP measures the flow of dollars in the economy. 3 Chapter Two
1) To compute the total value of different goods and services, the national income accounts use market prices. Thus, if $0.50 $1.00
®
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
A PowerPoint Tutorial
To Accompany
MACROECONOMICS, 6th. ed.
N. Gregory Mankiw By
Chapter Two
Mannig J. Simidian
1
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the dollar value of all final goods and services produced within an economy in a given period of time.
Two ways of viewing GDP
Total income of everyone in the economy
Total expenditure on the economy’s output of goods and services Income $ Labor
Households Goods
宏观经济学-货币政策 (英文)
Change in
investment
Change in the money supply
Change in the AD curve
change in
interest rate
Change in price,real GDP and employment
The Monetarist Monetary Policy
Open Market Operations The Discount Rate The Required Reserve ratio
The ultimate goal of monetary policy in general there are four : price stability, full employment , promote economic growth and the balance of international payments.
Following the Asian financial crisis in 1997, in order to repair
the impact of the crisis on the economy, recover and stimulate the economic development, implement the expansionary monetary policy, that is, to reduce interest rates, increasing the money supply, china's economy has been good recovery, and began growing fast.
宏观经济学课件(英文版)2
10
Calculating Real GDP
• Chain weighted real GDP
11
Calculating Real GDP
product—it is used up entirely in the production of the final good, bread.
23
Measuring GDP by Income
24
Measuring GDP by Income
25
Hale Waihona Puke Measuring GDP by Income
• A closed economy, which has no trade linkages to the rest of the world.
• An open economy is linked through trade to the rest of the world.
21
Measuring GDP by Expenditure
26
Measuring GDP by Income
quality, that is, pollution.
16
Alternative Views of GDP—Expenditure, Income, and Production
• 1. Expenditures on domestically produced goods and services by various groups—households, businesses, government, and foreigners.
宏观经济学课件chapter02精选全文
可编辑修改精选全文完整版宏观经济学课件chapter02Macroeconomics, 6e (Blanchard/Johnson)Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book2.1 Multiple Choice Questions1) Fill in the blank for the following: GDP is the value of all ________ produced in a given period.A) final and intermediate goods and services produced by the private sector onlyB) final goods and servicesC) final and intermediate goods and services, plus raw materialsD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 12) When using the income approach to measure GDP, the largest share of GDP generally consists ofA) interest income.B) labor income.C) indirect taxes.D) profits.E) capital income.Answer: BDiff: 13) For this question, assume that 1980 is the base year. Given macroeconomic conditions in the United States over the past three decades, we know thatA) nominal GDP is always smaller than real GDP since 1980.B) real GDP and nominal GDP would be equal for the entire period.C) real GDP is larger than nominal GDP from 2002 to 2008.D) real GDP and nominal GDP were equal in 1980.E) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 24) Suppose nominal GDP increased in a given year. Based on this information, we know with certainty thatA) real output has increased.B) the price level (GDP deflator) has increased.C) real output and the price level (GDP deflator) have both increased.D) either real output or the price level (GDP deflator) have increased.E) real output has increased and the price level has decreased.Answer: DDiff: 25) Use the following information to answer this question. If nominal GDP rises from $100 trillion to $120 trillion, while the GDP deflator rises from 2.0 to 2.2, the percentage change in real GDP is approximately equal toA) -10%.B) 10%.C) 20%.D) 9.1%.E) 0%.Answer: DDiff: 26) Hedonic pricing isA) the way that luxury goods are priced in a market economy.B) the tendency for the inflation rate to rise by greater and greater amounts.C) the tendency for nominal GDP to rise when the price level rises.D) the process of translating nominal GDP into real GDP.E) the process of pricing individual characteristics of a good or service.Answer: EDiff: 17) In a given year, suppose a company spends $100 million on intermediate goods and $200 million on wages, with no other expenses. Also assume that its total sales are $800 million. The value added by this company equalsA) $200 million.B) $300 million.C) $500 million.D) $700 million.E) $800 million.Answer: DDiff: 28) A firm's value added equalsA) its revenue minus all of its costs.B) its revenue minus its wages.C) its revenue minus its wages and profit.D) its revenue minus its cost of intermediate goods.E) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 29) Suppose you are provided with the following data for yourcountry for a particular month: 200 million people are working, 20 million are not working but are looking for work, and 40 million are not working and have given up looking for work. The official unemployment rate for that month isA) 7.7%.B) 9.1%.C) 10%.D) 23%.E) 30%.Answer: BDiff: 110) In the United States, someone is classified as unemployed if he or sheA) does not have a job.B) does not have a job, or else has a job but is looking for a different one while continuing to work.C) does not have a job, has recently looked for work, and is collecting unemployment insurance.D) does not have a job, and is collecting unemployment insurance.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 111) An individual is said to be a discouraged worker if he or sheA) is working, but prefers not to work.B) is working part time, but would prefer a full time job.C) is working in jobs she/he is not suited for.D) wants to work, and is actively searching for a job.E) wants to work, but has given up searching for a job.Answer: EDiff: 112) Which of the following tends to occur when the unemployment rate increases?A) a reduction in the labor force participation rateB) a reduction in the number of discouraged workersC) an increase in the number of employed workersD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 113) Labor income's share in an advanced country is likely to beA) 70%.B) 45%.C) 29%.D) 10%.E) none of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 214) The labor force in the United States is defined asA) the total number of individuals who are employed.B) the sum of the total number of individuals who are employed and the officially unemployed.C) the sum of the total number of individuals who are employed, the officially unemployed, and discouraged workers.D) the total number of individuals who are 16 years old and older, but not retired.E) none of the aboveAnswer: BUse the information provided below to answer the following questions.Suppose a country using the United States' system of calculating official unemployment statistics has 100 million people, of whom 50 million are working age. Of these 50 million, 20 million have jobs. Of the remainder: 10 million are actively searching for jobs; 10 million would like jobs but are not searching; and 10 million do not want jobs at all.15) Refer to the information above. The labor force isA) 20 million.B) 40 million.C) 60 million.D) 80 million.E) 100 million.Answer: CDiff: 216) Refer to the information above. The labor force participation rate isA) .2.B) .3.C) .4.D) .6.E) .8.Answer: DDiff: 217) Refer to the information above. The official unemployment rate isA) .1.B) .2.D) .4.E) .66.Answer: CDiff: 218) The GDP deflator provides a measure of which of the following?A) the ratio of GDP to the size of the populationB) the ratio of GDP to the number of workers employedC) the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDPD) the price of a typical consumer's basket of goodsE) real GDP divided by the aggregate price levelAnswer: CDiff: 119) Which of the following calculations will yield the correct measure of real GDP?A) divide nominal GDP by the consumer price indexB) divide the GDP deflator by the consumer price indexC) multiply nominal GDP by the consumer price indexD) multiply nominal GDP by the GDP deflatorE) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 220) The prices for which of the following goods are included in both the GDP deflator and the consumer price index?A) goods bought by householdsB) goods bought by firmsC) good bought by governmentsD) goods bought by foreign households (i.e., exports)E) all of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 221) Suppose we switch the base year from 2000 to 2008. This change in the base year will causeA) nominal GDP in every year to increase.B) nominal GDP in every year to decrease.C) both nominal and real GDP in every year to decrease.D) real GDP in every year to decrease.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 222) Pure inflation occurs whenA) nominal wages rise faster than all prices.B) all prices rise faster than nominal wages.C) all prices and nominal wages rise by the same percentage.D) the GDP deflator and Consumer Price Index rise by the same percentage.E) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 223) One of the reasons macroeconomists have concerns about inflation is that inflation causesA) real GDP to rise.B) nominal GDP to fall.C) wages to rise as fast as prices.D) real GDP to exceed nominal GDP.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 124) Changes in GDP in the short run are caused primarily byA) demand factors.B) supply factors.C) technology.D) capital accumulation.E) all of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 225) Changes in GDP in the medium run are determined primarily byA) demand factors.B) supply factors.C) monetary policy.D) all of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 226) Changes in GDP in the long run are determined primarily byA) monetary policy.B) fiscal policy.C) demand.D) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 227) Which of the following prices will be used when calculating the rate of growth of real GDP between the year's 2005 and 2006 using the chain method?A) prices in the base year (2002)B) prices in 2005C) prices in 2006D) the average of prices in 2005 and 2006E) prices in 2005, 2006, and in 2002 (the base year)Answer: DDiff: 228) Which of the following factors is NOT believed to affect output in the long run?A) technologyB) monetary policyC) the size of the labor forceD) the capital stockAnswer: BDiff: 129) The Okun's law shows the relationship betweenA) inflation and unemployment rate.B) output growth and unemployment.C) inflation and output growth.D) output growth and money supply.Answer: BDiff: 230) The Phillips curve describes the relationship betweenA) output growth and unemployment.B) inflation and output growth.C) output growth and money supply.D) inflation and unemployment .Answer: DDiff: 231) Prices for which of the following are included in the GDP deflator, but not included in the Consumer Price Index?A) firms' purchases of new equipmentB) intermediate goods and servicesC) consumption of goodsD) consumption of servicesAnswer: ADiff: 132) Macroeconomists are concerned about changes in the unemployment rate because changes in the unemployment rate provide information aboutA) the state of the economy.B) the welfare of those who are unemployed.C) none of the aboveD) both A and BAnswer: DDiff: 133) Based on the notation presented in Chapter 2, which of the following expressions represents nominal GDP?A) Y tB) P t Y tC) Y t/P tD) $Y t/P tAnswer: BDiff: 134) Deflation generally occurs when which of the following occurs?A) the consumer price index is greater than the GDP deflatorB) the consumer price index decreasesC) the rate of inflation falls, for example, from 4% to 2%D) nominal GDP does not changeAnswer: BDiff: 135) During the mid-1980s, we observed a significantreduction in oil prices. In the United States, we would expect that this reduction in oil prices would causeA) a larger reduction in the CPI compared to the GDP deflator.B) an equal reduction in the CPI and GDP deflator.C) a larger reduction in the GDP deflator compared to the CPI.D) no change in the CPI and a reduction in the GDP deflator.Answer: ADiff: 236) Suppose nominal GDP in 2009 does not change (compared its previous level in 2008). Given this information, we know with certainty thatA) real GDP increased during 2009.B) the GDP deflator increased during 2009.C) both the GDP deflator and real GDP fell during 2009.D) more information is needed to answer this question.Answer: DDiff: 237) During the late 1990s, Japan experienced reductions in the GDP deflator. Given this information, we know with certainty thatA) real GDP fell during these periods.B) real GDP did not change during these periods.C) the overall price level in Japan decreased during these periods.D) both real GDP and the overall price level decreased during these periods. Answer: CDiff: 238) Hedonic pricing is used toA) convert nominal values to real values.B) calculate the difference between nominal GDP and real GDP.C) measure the rate of change in real GDP.D) obtain chain-weight indexes.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 139) GDP in current dollars is equivalent to which of the following?A) real GDPB) GDP in terms of goodsC) GDP in 2000 dollarsD) GDP in constant dollarsE) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 140) Which of the following does NOT represent real GDP?A) GDP in current dollarsB) GDP in terms of goodsC) GDP in base year dollarsD) GDP in constant dollarsAnswer: ADiff: 141) which of the following represents real GDP?A) GDP in constant dollarsB) GDP in terms of goodsC) GDP in base year dollarsD) all of aboveAnswer: ADiff: 142) According to convention, a recession is referred to if an economy goes throughA) at least two consecutive quarters of negative growthB) at least three consecutive quarters of negative growthC) at least four quarters of negative growthD) at least two consecutive months of negative growthAnswer: ADiff: 143) Based on the notation presented in Chapter 2, which of the following expressions represents real GDP?A) Y tB) P t Y tC) Y t/P tD) $Y t/P tAnswer: ADiff: 144) Measures of aggregate output have been published on a regular basis in the United States sinceA) 1947.B) 1933.C) 1917.D) 1946.Answer: ADiff: 145) Which of the following about capital income is NOT correct?A) it refers to a firm's revenue.B) it is also called profit income.C) it goes to the firms.D) it accounts for less than 35% of income in advancedcountries.Answer: ADiff: 146) Which of the following about the Phillips curve is NOT correct?A) It shows the relation between GDP growth and unemployment.B) It has been redefined as a relation between the change in the rate of inflation and the unemployment rate.C) It was first explored by A. W. Phillips.D) The curve is downward sloping.Answer: ADiff: 12.2 Essay Questions1) Explain the three ways GDP can be measured.Answer: GDP can be measured three ways. First, GDP represents the market value of the final goods and services produced in the economy during a given period. This would be obtained by adding C, I, G, and NX. Second, GDP is the sum of the value added by firms. The value added for a firm equals the value of the production (at that stage of the production process) minus the value of the intermediate goods (excluding labor services). The final value of aggregate output can be calculated by either summing the value of all final goods and services OR by summing the value added of all goods and services at each stage of production. And finally, GDP is also the sum of all incomes earned in a given period.2) First, define nominal GDP and real GDP. Second, is it possible for nominal GDP in a year to be less than real GDP in the same year? Explain.Answer: Nominal GDP represents the value of goods and services produced using current prices. Real GDP measures the value of the same goods and services using some base year prices. It is possible for nominal GDP to be less than real GDP in a given year. Given the definitions of the two variables, this will occur if prices in that year are simply less than prices in the base year. If, for example, the base year is 2002, it will generally be the case that nominal GDP will be less than real GDP for those years prior to 2002 given that prices have generally risen in all years. 3) Explain whether it is possible for nominal GDP to increase and real GDP to decrease in the same period.Answer: Nominal GDP can rise because either the price level is rising or the real quantity of goods and services produced has increased. Nominal GDP can increase while real GDP falls if the increase in the aggregate price level is larger (in a proportionate sense) than the drop in real economic activity.4) Explain the difference between the unemployment rate and the participation rate.Answer: The unemployment rate is the percentage of the labor force (those employed and unemployed) that is unemployed. The participation rate is the percentage of the working age population that is in the labor force.5) Explain how the existence of discouraged workers alters the extent to which the official unemployment provides an accurate measure of the use of labor resources.Answer: Discouraged workers are those individuals who have decided to stop searching for employment because they have become "discouraged" about employment opportunities. At some point, these individuals will no longer be considered as part of the labor force. The existence of discouraged workers willcause the official unemployment rate to provide an under-estimate of the underutilization of labor.6) Briefly explain why the reported official unemployment rate in Spain in 1994 may have provided an over-estimate of unemployment in Spain.Answer: The relatively high unemployment rate in Spain is partly the result of a relatively large underground economy. The underground economy is that part of the economy not measured in official statistics. After taking into account those individuals who are "employed" in the underground economy, the unemployment rate in Spain would have been lower (but still relatively high).7) What are the social and economic implications of unemployment? Explain.Answer: Economic implications: signal of economic activity and measure of the utilization of labor. Social implications: the emotional and psychological suffering that occurs as a result of being unemployed.8) Explain what factors cause changes in output in: (1) the short run; (2) medium run; and (3) long run.Answer: In the short run, demand factors primarily cause changes in output. In the medium run, factors such as the technology, amount of capital, and the skill and size of the labor force (supply factors) affect output. And in the long run, the education system, saving rate, and role of government affect economic activity.9) Will the CPI and GDP deflator always move together? Explain.Answer: No they will not. Some of the goods included in the GDP deflator (some investment goods) are not included in theCPI. Some of the goods included in the CPI (foreign goods) are not included in the GDP deflator.10) Explain how inflation can lead to distortions.Answer: First, not all prices and wages adjust automatically when inflation occurs. Second, variations in relative prices (which occur when there is not pure inflation) can lead to uncertainty. Inflation can also lead to distortions if the tax system is not adjusted when inflation occurs (e.g. nominal income tax brackets).11) Explain why economists care about inflation.Answer: Inflation will cause relative prices to change. It will also cause changes in the distribution of income. Inflation will lead to other distortions such as tax distortions and uncertainty.12) Explain Okun's Law.Answer: It shows the relationship between GDP growth and unemployment rate. If output growth is high, unemployment will decrease.13) Explain the Phillips curve.Answer: It shows the negative relationship between inflation rate and unemployment rate. After 1970s, it was redefined as the relationship between the change in the rate of inflation and the unemployment rate.14) Explain why the Phillips curve on average is downward sloping.Answer: When unemployment becomes very low, the economy is likely to overheat and this will lead to upward pressure on inflation.15) Explain why economists care about unemployment.Answer: First, they care about unemployment because of its direct effect on the welfare of the unemployed. Unemployment is often associated with financial and psychological suffering.Second, they care about unemployment because it provides a signal that the economy may not be using some of its resources efficiently.16) Can an economy maintain high output growth, low unemployment, and low inflation at the the same time? Explain.Answer: It would be very hard to achieve the three objectives at the same time. High output growth leads to low unemployment, which is likely to put pressure on inflation.。