史资料British Writers and Works
英国文学史选读复习资料
英国文学史选读复习资料英国文学史选读复习资料英国文学史是世界文学史中的重要组成部分，涵盖了从中世纪到现代的众多文学作品和作家。
在这篇文章中，我们将回顾一些英国文学史上的重要时期和作品，以帮助大家更好地理解和复习这一领域。
1. 中世纪文学中世纪文学是英国文学史的起点，以骑士文学和宗教文学为主要形式。
《贝奥武夫》是中世纪英国文学中最重要的作品之一，讲述了贝奥武夫与怪物格伦德尔的战斗。
此外，中世纪还有许多神秘的抒情诗歌和教会文学，如《悲歌》和《坎特伯雷故事集》。
2. 文艺复兴时期文艺复兴时期是英国文学史上的黄金时代，代表作家包括莎士比亚、斯宾塞和培根。
莎士比亚的戏剧作品是世界文学的瑰宝，如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》。
斯宾塞的史诗《仙后》也是这一时期的杰作，描绘了亚瑟王的传奇故事。
3. 17世纪文学17世纪是英国文学史上的变革时期，文学形式更加多样化。
约翰·米尔顿的史诗《失乐园》是这一时期的代表作之一，探讨了人类的堕落和救赎。
约翰·唐纳的戏剧作品《魔法师》则展示了他对权力和政治的深刻洞察力。
4. 18世纪文学18世纪是英国文学史上启蒙时代的兴起，代表作家包括亚历山大·蒲柏和塞缪尔·约翰逊。
蒲柏的诗歌作品《伊甸园》和《人类的悲剧》探讨了人类的自由意志和苦难。
约翰逊的《英语词典》对英语语言的规范化和发展起了重要作用。
5. 浪漫主义文学浪漫主义文学是19世纪英国文学的重要流派，代表作家包括威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治。
华兹华斯的诗歌作品《抒情诗集》和《普雷德斯》强调了自然和个人情感的重要性。
柯勒律治的《抒情诗集》则表达了对自然的热爱和对社会不公的关注。
6. 维多利亚时代文学维多利亚时代是英国文学史上的繁荣时期，代表作家包括查尔斯·狄更斯和艾米莉·勃朗特。
狄更斯的小说《雾都孤儿》和《双城记》揭示了当时社会的不公和贫困问题。
英国文学史复习资料
英国文学史资料British Writers and WorksGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。
代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。
)The father of English poetry.It is ____alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive (综合的，广泛的)realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. ( A )A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. Matin LutherC. William LanglandD. John Gowerwriting style: wisdom, humor, humanity.① <The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use …heroic couplet‟(双韵体) by middle English②<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③ <The House of Fame>声誉之宫Medieval Ages’ popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)Famous three：King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama i s the real mainstreamof the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:1.new discoveries in geography and astrology(占星术)2.the religious reformation and economic expansion3.rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam Shakespeare6. William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616①Historical plays:Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；RichardII；Henry VIII②Four Comedies:<As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜;<A Midsummer Night‟S Dream>仲夏夜之梦; <Merchant OfVenice>威尼斯商人③Four Tragedies:<Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗; <King Lear>李尔王; <Macbeth>麦克白④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets>Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually iniambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.IV The 18th Century：Enlightenment同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。
英国文学史及选读复习资料
英国文学史及选读复习资料英国文学史及选读复习资料英国文学历史悠久而丰富多样，涵盖了从中世纪到现代的各个时期和流派。
在这篇文章中，我们将探索英国文学史的一些重要时期和作品，并提供一些选读复习资料，帮助读者更好地了解和掌握英国文学。
中世纪文学是英国文学史的起点，其代表作品包括《贝奥武夫》和《坎特伯雷故事集》。
《贝奥武夫》是一部史诗，描写了勇敢的英雄贝奥武夫的冒险故事。
《坎特伯雷故事集》是一部讲述了一群人在前往坎特伯雷朝圣途中分享故事的作品，通过这些故事，揭示了中世纪社会的各个层面。
文艺复兴时期是英国文学史的重要里程碑，该时期的作品受到古希腊罗马文化的影响，充满了人文主义的精神。
莎士比亚是这一时期最杰出的作家之一，他的作品包括诗剧《哈姆雷特》和《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。
这些作品以其深刻的人物刻画和复杂的情节而闻名，被认为是世界文学的瑰宝。
17世纪是英国文学史上的黄金时代，其中最重要的作家是约翰·米尔顿。
他的史诗《失乐园》被誉为英国文学的巅峰之作，以其对人类自由意志和权力的思考而著称。
此外，约翰·多恩也是这一时期的重要作家，他的诗歌作品以其独特的形式和思想深度而受到赞誉。
18世纪是英国文学史上的启蒙时代，这一时期的作品强调理性和科学思维。
亚历山大·蒲柏是这一时期最重要的作家之一，他的诗歌作品《诗人的墓》和《奥德赛》被广泛阅读和研究。
此外，詹姆斯·汤姆森的长诗《四季》也是这一时期的重要作品，描绘了大自然的美丽和变化。
19世纪是英国文学史上的浪漫主义时期，作家们追求情感和个体的表达。
威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治是浪漫主义诗歌的代表作家，他们的作品强调对自然和内心世界的关注。
此外，查尔斯·狄更斯是这一时期最重要的小说家之一，他的作品《雾都孤儿》和《双城记》等揭示了当时社会的不公和人性的复杂性。
20世纪是英国文学史上的现代主义时期，作家们挑战传统文学形式和观念。
英国文学史复习资料
英国文学史复习资料
以下是一些关于英国文学史的复习资料：
1. 《英国文学的发展与演变》（The Development and Evolution of British Literature）：这本书提供了英国文学史的全面概述，从中世纪到现代不同时期的文学作品和文学流派都有介绍。
2. 《英国文学史导论》（Introduction to British Literary History）：这本导论书通过对英国文学史的重要事件、作家和作品进行深入讲解，帮助读者理解英国文学的演变和发展。
3. 《英国文学史简明教程》（A Short History of English Literature）：这本书以简明清晰的语言介绍了英国文学史的重要内容，包括不同时期的文学作品和重要作家的生平和作品。
4. 网络资源：有许多网站提供关于英国文学史的资料和学
术文章，如英国文学史学术网站、大学的文学部门网站等。
你可以在搜索引擎上搜索英国文学史相关的关键词，找到
适合你的学习资料。
5. 学术论文和专著：在学术期刊和图书馆中，你可以找到
许多针对英国文学史的研究论文和专著，这些都是深入了
解英国文学史的重要资源。
无论使用哪种资料，重要的是要有系统地学习和复习英国
文学史，理解各个时期的文学作品和文学流派的特点和发
展趋势，同时熟悉一些重要的作家和作品。
英国文学史复习材料
Old and Medieval English Literature1.How to define the period of Old English Literature?English literature begins with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England at about 450 and ends at 1066, the year of Norman Conquest of England of Old English literature, a few relics are still preserved. All of them are poems, or songs by the Anglo-Saxon scop or gleeman (minstrels) who sang of the heroic deeds of old time.2.What does Old English Poetry include?Old English poetry includes two groups: the religious group and the secular one. The former is mainly on biblical themes. For example, Genesis A, Genesis B and Exodus are poems based on the Old Testament, while the latter shows the harshness of circumstance and the sadness of the human lot. A typical example is England’s national epic Beowulf.3.What is the plot and theme of England’s national epic Beowulf?Beowulf, nephew of the king of the Geats, hears that Hrothgar, a Danish king, is in great trouble. The kingdom of the king is harassed by a monster called Grendel. He at once sails there, grapples with the monster, and wounds in fatally. Then comes Grendel’s mother, a she-monster, in revenge of her son. Beowulf follows her to her under water cave and kills her with a giant sword. With these honors won, he returns to his homeland and reigns as its king for 50 years. Then a fire-breathing dragon comes out of its den and kills many people. Though old now, Beowulf still kills its single-handedly. But he, too, is fatally wound and later dies. 4.What is epic?Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey.It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple but full of magnificence. Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age and its people are also called epic.5.How to define the Medieval Period in English literature?The Medieval period in English literature starts at 1066, the year of Norman Conquest, and ends at about the 15th century. The early part of the period, i.e. from 1066 to the mid-14th century, English literature flourishes with the appearance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower, and others.pared with Old English literature, what are the characteristics of Medieval EnglishLiterature?In comparison with Old English literature, Medieval English literature deals with a wider range of subjects. It is uttered by more voices and in greater diversity of styles, tones and genres. And it is deeply influenced by the principles of the medieval Christian doctrine, which are primarily concerned with the issue of personal salvation. Romance become a popular literary form, indicating the age to be a chivalric rather than heroic one.7.What is the miracle play?The miracle play, he medieval dramatization of a Biblical story (e.g., Cain and Abel) or of a sain t’s life, was chiefly popular from the twelfth through the fifteenth centuries. The term is sometimes limited to plays on saint’s lives. The Biblical plays are then called mystery plays.8.Why is Chaucer regarded as ―the Father of English Poetry‖?Originally, Old English poems are mainly alliterative verses with few variations. Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it. In The Romaunt of the Rose, he first introduced to English the octosyllabic couplet. In TheLegend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet. And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature.Besides this, though he drew influence from French, Italian and Latin models, he is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language. His production of so much excellent poetry was an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country.And he made the dialect of London the foundation for Modern English speech. Small wonder latter day writer, John Drydon would call him ―the Father of the English Poetry‖.9.What is Heroic Couplet?Heroic couplet is rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter, often containing a complete thought.There is a fairly heavy pause a the end of the first line and a still heavier one at the end of the second. Commonly there is a parallel or an antithesis within a line, or between the two lines. It is called heroic because in England, especially in the 18th century, it was much used for heroic (epic) poems.10.What is Chaucer’s literary achievement?(1) First of all, he presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age and created awhole gallery of vivid characters in his works, especially in The Canterbury Tales.(2) He anticipated a new era, the Renaissance. In his works, the spirit of Renaissance can bealready seen.(3) He developed his characterization to a higher level by presenting characters with bothtypical qualities and individual dispositions.(4) And he greatly contributed to the maturing of English prosody by adopting differentrhyming skills. Drydon called him ―Father of English poetry‖.11.What is popular ballad?Ballad is originally a song intended as the accompaniment to a dance. In the modern sense, a ballad is just a simple spirited poem in short stanzas in which some popular story is graphically narrated. The English popular ballad flourished from the 12th century to the 15th century, reflecting the life of the people then. And the most remarkable ones are the Robin Hood ballads. These are ballads about an outlawed hero who lives in the forest with his men, robs the rich and help the poor. Major collections of these ballads did not begin until the 18th century and the most creditable among them are Thomas Percy’s Relics of Ancient English Poetry, Walter Scott’s Minstrels of the Scottish Border, etc.12.How would you define the term Renaissance?This term refers to a great bourgeois cultural movement in Europe which began in the 14th century and continued to the mid-17th century. It first started from Italy and then spread all over Europe. Originally, the term means ―rebirth‖ or ―revival‖. And the movement seems to be a rebirth or revival of ancient Greek and Roman culture, caused by a series of historical events, such as the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalistic ideas in Medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman catholic church.13.How to define the term Humanist?Humanism is a system of beliefs upheld by writers and artists of the Renaissance period in fighting against medieval asceticism. It states that man is godly, that man is able to find truth, goodness and beauty, and that man is in control of the present life rather than being controlled by God. Briefly, humanism puts man at the center of their beliefs and takes man to be the measure of every thing while the former asceticism puts God at the center of their beliefs and takes personal salvation to be the most important thing on the earth for man.14.What are the main characteristics of humanist writings?Humanist writings affirm the value of man and repudiate the absolute control of man by God.They call for man’s freedom in thinking, praise man’s worldly aspirations, and denunciate the feudalistic control of man’s thought. They state that man has a right for earthly happiness and that asceticism is against human nature. In them, reason and science are put into a very high place while mysticism is thrown away. They are mostly realistic in essence.15.What is bland verse?This term, which was first brought into England by Surrey, is used to name the unrhymed iambic pentameter line in poetry.16.What is sonnet?Sonnet is a type of poem consisting of one single fourteen-line stanza. It was perfected by the Italian poet in the 13th century and introduced into England in the early 16th century.English sonnets in terms of structure, largely fall into two classes: the Petarchian or Italian form and the Shakespearian or English form. The form divides its fourteen lines of iambic pentameters into two parts: one octet and one sestet; while the latter consists of three quatrains and a final couplet. The three quatrains develop the poem’s subject consistently and the couplet condenses the emotion into an epigram.17.Why is Edmund Spencer regarded as ―the poet’s poet‖?Edmund Spencer (1552～1599) is the author of Faerie Queene, creator of the Spencerian stanza and one of the greatest figures of the Renaissance period in England. His poetry usually enjoys five qualities : (1) a perfect melody, (2) a rare sense of beauty, (3) a splendid imagination, (4) a lofty moral purity and seriousness; and (5) a dedicated idealism. It is just his idealism, his love of beauty, and his exquisite melody that make him known as “the poet’s poet.18.What is the Spencerian stanza?A Spencerian stanza is one that consists of eight five-foot iambic lines, followed by aniambic line of six feet, rhyming ababbcbcc. It is so named because it was Spencer that first used this form in his masterpiece Faerie Queene.19.What is the dominant theme in Marlowe’s Dr. Faustus?Dr. Faustus is a play based on the German legend of a magician. The hero, Dr. Faustus, aspires for knowledge and in order to get it, sells his soul to the devil. He experiences a lot of strange things and finally meets his tragic end.The play’s dominant moral is human passion for knowledge, power and happiness; it also reveals man’s frustration in realizing the high aspirations in a hostile moral order. And the confinement to time is the cruelest fact of man’s condition.20.What is Marlowe’s literary achievement?Marlowe’s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English. It is Marlowe who brought vitality and grandeur into the blankverse with his ―mighty lines‖, which carry strong emotions.Marlowe’s second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance heroes for the English drama. Both Tumburlaine and Dr. Faustus, characterized by endless aspiration for power, knowledge and glory, are typical in possessing the true Renaissance spirit.Owing to the above, though Marlowe is not strong in dramatic construction, and his women characters are somehow pale, he is still regarded as an eminent pioneer of the English drama.21.Roughly speaking, Shakespeare’s literary career can be divided into four periods. What are thefour periods? And what are the major works in each period?Shakespeare’s dramatic works can be divided into four periods: The first period of Shakespear e’s drama career was one of apprenticeship, characterized by histories, and comedies, including Henry VI, Richard III, The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Eerona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost.In the second period, Shakespeare’s style and approach became highly individualized. By constructing a complex pattern between different characters and between appearance and reality, Shakespeare made subtle comments on a variety of human foibles. However, optimism still prevails in most of the works.Shakespeare’s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies.His optimism waned in this period and strong touch of pessimism marked most of his works, which revealed the society to be an evil one. The famous four tragedies were all written in this period, which include Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth.The last period of Shakespeare’s work includes his principal romantic tragicomedies.22.What is the theme of The Merchant of Venice?The traditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.But modern critics tend to view it from another aspect. Many people today regard the play as a satire of the Christian’s hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews, here represented by Shylock.23.What are the common characteristics shown in the four great tragedies of Shakespeare?Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. They have some characteristics in common.(1) Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in adifficult situation. His fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.(2) Each hero has his weakness of nature. Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces thedilemma between action and mind. Othello’s inner weakness is mad use of by the outside evil force. The old King Lear, who is unwilling to totally give up his power, makes himself suffer from treachery and infidelity. And Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes.(3) The whole play is usually centered about the hero. All characters and incidents serve butto set him off.(4) And along with the portrayal of the weakness and bias of the hero, the sharp conflictsbetween the individual and the evil forces in the society is also revealed.24.How to analyze the complicated character of Hamlet?Without a knowledge of his character, Hamlet’s story would hardly be intelligible. Hamlet is neither a frail and weak-minded youth nor a thought-sick dreamer. Though he is deprived of his right to the throne, he is still loved and respected by everyone. Though a scholar, he is also fearless and impetuous in action. We see him rushing after the Ghost, killing Polonious, dealing with Claudious’agents, boarding the pirate, leaping into the grave and at last executing his revenge. A mere scholar can never do such things.Hamlet is humanist, a man who is free from medieval prejudices and superstitions. He has an unbounded love for the world rather for heaven. He cherishes a profound reverence for man and a firm belief in man’s power over destiny. Such a delight in nature and man is characteristic of the humanists of the Renaissance.His intellectual genious is outstanding. He is a close observer of man and manners. His quick perception drives him to penetrate below the surface of things and question what others take for granted. So he is forever unmasking his world.From these we may know that Hamlet is not a mere scholar, simply meditative by nature.On the country, Hamlet is a man of genius, highly complicated and educated, a man of profound perception and sparkling wit. He is a scholar, soldier, and statesman all combined.His image reflects the versatility of the men of the Renaissance.And it is just because he is blessed with such a profound perception that he, through his personal wrongs, perceives something rotten in the state affairs and his sense of personal wrongs grows to a disgust for world in which such crimes prevail. He seems to understand that his mere revenge upon his uncle would in on way solve the problems that trouble and upset him. This, and this only, is the cause of his profound melancholy and his delay in action.So Hamlet’s melancholy expresses, in a way, the crisis of humanism at the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century.25.Why is it said that Shakespeare’s heroines are ―the daughters of the Renaissance‖?In Shakespeare’s plays, he shows an equalitarian attitude toward women. His heroines no longer cling about the neck of a father or a husband, unable to defend themselves. Instead, they are of a new type. They are witty, bold, loving, optimistic and faithful. They are happy and make the others happy. They carry their destinies with them and in speaking and thinking as well as in feeling are men’s equals or even superiors. Though there are moments of weariness and frailty, their courage never fails them in times of danger. And with every pang of affection and anxiety they only grow stronger and more capable of coping with the situation. In the ideal women of his plays, the heart and head sway away equal. This is best exemplified in the character of Portia, heroine of The Merchant of Venice. She is beautiful, prudent, resourceful and witty. She chooses her own husband and is capable of rising to an emergency. She is independent in character and takes her own path of life. In a word, Shakespeare’s heroines are the masters of their own fates and in them, the influence of the Renaissance can also be seen. Some people even call them ―daughters of the Renaissance‖.Their splendor is unprecedented in the English history and it is not until the modern age that women characters again obtain equal position with men.26.What is Shakespeare’s literary achievement?(1) Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature.(2) Shakespeare is amazingly prolific. Within 22 years, he produced 37 plays, 154 sonnets,and 2 long poems.(3) Shakespeare was skilled in may poetic forms, the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and thedramatic blank verse.(4)Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the EnglishRenaissance, and one of the greatest writers the world over.27.Who is Bacon and what are the three classes of his works?Francis Bacon (1561～1626), a representative of the English Renaissance, is a well-known philosopher, scientist, and essayist. He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking, and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge. His Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of the English prose.And some phrases have even entered the English literary tradition.His works can be divided into three groups. The most important works of his first group, the philosophical ones, include The Advancement of Learning(1605), written in English;Novum Organum (1620), an enlarged Latin version of the Advancement of Learning, etc. his literary works are in the second group, among which the most famous is his Essays. And the third group is his professional works, including mainly Maxims of Law and The Learned Reading Upon the Statue of Uses.28.What is the characteristics of Bacon’s Essays?Bacon’s essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulness. The neatness, preciseness, the gravity, and the weightiness are the essential qualities of his writings.The theme of the essays vary, including his personal opinions on friendship, love, old age, beauty, public performance, etc. the essays are well arranged and enriched by Biblical allusions, metaphors and cadence. So the reasoning is very persuasive.29.How would you define ―Metaphysical Poetry‖?‖Metaphysical Poetry‖ is commonly used to name the works of the 17th century poets who wrote under the influence of John Donne (1575～1631), leader of the school, Andrew Marvell, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, and Henry Vaughan. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery is drawn from actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s beloved with God, or with himself.30.What is the social and background of John Milton’s writings?Milton lives in the 17th century, a century of revolution and restoration in the English history.During the Tudor dynasty (1485～1603), the crown seemed to be able to win the support of the English bourgeoisie. But at the end of Elizabethan’s reign, clashes between the two appeared and under Charles I, the situation became worse as he insisted upon absolute monarch and paid no attention to the people’s cries. A civil war broke out in the 1642 and lasted till 1649. the revolutionary camp won and England became a Republic. Later, the revolutionaries split up and Cromwell, leader of the big bourgeoisie, put down the middle bourgeoisie and declared dictatorship. After his death, parliament recalled Charles II to England in 1660. the Restoration ushered in a period of white terror to the country. Many Republicans were killed. Then, afraid of another revolution, the big bourgeoisie, expelled Charles II and invited William, Prince of Orange, from Holland, to be king of England in1688. this was called ―Glorious Revolution‖, glorious because it was bloodless and there was no revival of the revolutionary demands.31.Who is Milton? What are his major works? And what is the social significance of his writings?John Milton, the greatest 17th century English poet and writer of political pamphlets, serves as the representative writer of the English revolutionary camp. During the Revolution, he used hi pen as the weapon in fighting against the king and the Catholic Church. His representative works in this period are Defense of the English People (1650), Second Defense of the English People (1652), and Areopagitica (1644)。
英国文学史复习资料
英国文学史复习资料英国文学史复习资料英国文学史是指英国国内从古代到现代的文学作品和文学发展的历史。
以下是英国文学史的复习资料。
1. 古代文学时期（公元前450年至公元1066年）古代英国文学时期主要包括凯尔特传统和盎格鲁-撒克逊文学。
凯尔特传统涵盖了关于亚瑟王、魔法和传说的故事。
盎格鲁-撒克逊文学以史诗和散文的形式存在，其中最著名的作品是《贝奥武夫》和《安德·狄德》。
2. 中世纪文学时期（1066年至1485年）中世纪英国文学时期由法国诺曼人的入侵而引入众多法语和拉丁语的作品。
其中最著名的作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》，它由杰弗里·乔叟写成，并包含了各种各样的故事。
3. 文艺复兴时期（1485年至1660年）文艺复兴时期是英国文学的黄金时期，以莎士比亚为代表。
莎士比亚的作品包括许多戏剧，如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》等。
其他重要的作家还包括斯宾塞、马洛等。
4. 17世纪文学时期17世纪文学时期是英国社会和政治变革的时期，也是宗教分裂的时期。
约翰·米尔顿的《失乐园》被认为是这一时期最重要的作品之一。
其他作家还包括约翰·唐纳森、詹姆斯·谢尔顿等。
5. 启蒙时期（1660年至1785年）启蒙时期是英国文学史上的一次重要转折点，代表了对理性、科学和自由思想的追求。
著名作家包括强纳森·斯威夫特、丹尼尔·笛福、亚历山大·蒲柏、简·奥斯汀等。
6. 浪漫主义时期（1785年至1837年）浪漫主义时期是对启蒙时期理性主义的反应。
浪漫主义作品强调情感、个人主义和自然。
威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·柯勒律治、约翰·济慈等都是这一时期的重要作家。
7. 维多利亚时代（1837年至1901年）维多利亚时代是英国帝国的鼎盛时期，文学作品多样化。
查尔斯·狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》、古斯塔夫·福楼拜的《名利场》等作品成为经典。
(完整版)英国文学简史期末测验考试复习要点刘炳善版(英语专业大必备)
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）•《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）•《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer)“英国诗歌之父”。
（Father of English Poetry）《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）•托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ）《乌托邦》（Utopia）•埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）《仙后》（The Faerie Queene)•弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）《论说文集》（Essays)克里斯托弗·马洛Christopher Marlowe•《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）•《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）•《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta）威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night’s Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice）悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）、《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《李尔王》（King Lear）、《麦克白》（Macbeth）历史剧《亨利四世》（Henry IV）传奇剧《暴风雨》（The Tempest）本·琼生Ben Johnson•《人人高兴》（Every Man in His Humor）•《狐狸》（V olpone）•《练金术士》（The Alchemist）三、17世纪文学约翰·弥尔顿John Milton《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）《复乐园》（Paradise Regained）诗剧《力士参孙》（Samson Agonistes）•约翰·班扬（John Bunyan）《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress）•威廉·康格里夫（William Congreve）《以爱还爱》（Love for Love）《如此世道》（The Way of the World）四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。
英国文学史资料
英国文学史资料British Writers and WorksPart 1. Early and Medieval English Literature早期和中世纪的英国文学1. Beowulf贝奥武夫: the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons2.William Langland威廉·郎兰Piers the Plowman耕者皮尔斯3. Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里•乔叟（1340~1400）①<The Canterbury Tales> 坎特伯雷故事集②<Troilus and Criseyde> 特罗勒斯和克莱西（意大利）③<The Romaunt of Rose> 玫瑰传奇（翻译）Part 2. The English Renaissance英国文艺复兴时期文学4. Thomas More托马斯•莫尔1478~1535①<Utopia>乌托邦5.Philip Sidney菲利普·锡德尼爵士①Astrophel and Stella爱星者和星星②Apology for Poetry诗辩6. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞1552~1599 （后人称之为“诗人的诗人”）①<The Faerie Queene>仙后--allegory (for Queen Elizabeth)②<The Shepherd’s Calendar>牧人日历7. Francis Bacon弗兰西斯•培根1561~1626①<Essays> 随笔(famous quotas: <Of studies>)8.Christopher Marlowe柯里斯托弗•马罗1564~1595①<Doctor Faustus> 浮士德博士②<T amburlaine> 铁木真③<The Jew of Malta> 马耳他的犹太人9. William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616①Venus and Adonis 维纳斯与阿都尼斯The Rape of Lucrece 鲁克丽丝受辱记The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍记Love’s Labour’s Lost爱的徒劳Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶Much Ado about Nothing 无事生非The Merry Wives of Windsor 温莎的风流女人Measure for Measure 一报还一报The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事The Tempest 暴风雨The comedy of errors错中错Cymbeline 辛白林Pericles 佩里科尔斯Timon of Athens 雅典的泰门Coriolanus 科里奥兰纳斯Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉All’s Well That Ends Well 终成眷属Troilus and Cressida 特洛埃围城记Julius CaesarKing John 约翰王②Four Comedies:<A s Yo u L i k e I t>皆大欢喜;<Twelfth Night>第十二夜;<A Midsummer Night‟S Dream>仲夏夜之梦;<The Merchant Of Venice> 威尼斯商人③Four tragedies:<Hamlet> 哈姆莱特;<Othello> 奥赛罗;<King Lear> 李尔王;<Macbeth> 麦克白④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets>10. Ben Jonson本·琼森1572-1637①<Every Man in His Humour> 人人高兴②<V olpone，or the Fox> 狐狸③<The Alchemist>（1610）炼金术士④<Bartholomew> 巴索罗谬诗集Part 3. The Period of The English Bourgeois Revolution英国资产阶级革命时期文学11. John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674①Epics:<Paradise Lost>失乐园<Paradise Regained>复乐园②Dramatic poem:< Samson Agonistes>力士参孙③<Areopagitica>论出版自由④<On His Deceased Wife >1658（梦亡妻）12. John Bunyan约翰•班扬1628~1688①allegory< The Pilgrim‟s Progress >天路历程（John Donne约翰·邓恩）13. Andrew Marvell安德鲁·马维尔To His Coy Mistress致他娇羞的女友14. John Dryden约翰·德莱顿1631-1700(long poem) Absalom and Achitophel 亚布萨伦与琦图菲尔 (124)All for love 一切为了爱Part 4.The Eighteenth century英国18世纪文学15. Richard Steele理查德·斯蒂尔1672-1729The Tatler 闲谈者The Spectator旁观者16. Alexander Pope 亚历山大•蒲柏1688~1744①< Essay on Criticism> 批评论②<The Rape of the Lock> 卷发遇劫记③<Essay on Man> 人论<The Dunciad>群愚史诗17. Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745(Dublin, Ireland)A Tale of a Tub 木桶的故事The Battle of the Books 书战Gulliver’s Travels 格列夫游记（Four parts: Lilliput 小人国Brobdingnag 大人国the Flying Island 飞岛国-Laputa the Yahoos慧马国-Houyhnhnm）Pamphlets on Ireland 关于爱尔兰的小册子：（1.<A Modest Proposal> 一个小小的建议 2.<The Drapier’s Letters> 布商的书信）18. Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔•笛福1660~1731（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。
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英国文学史资料British Writers and WorksI. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.e.g. Homer‟s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:ing alliterationDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence beginwith the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P5ing metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled wayUnderstatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。
代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。
)The father of English poetry.writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.① <The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use …heroic couplet‟(双韵体) by middle English②<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③ <The House of Fame>声誉之宫Medieval Ages’ popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)Famous three：King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the EnglishRenaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:1.new discoveries in geography and astrology2.the religious reformation and economic expansion3.rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.1.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞1552~1599（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。
）The poets‟poet.The first to be buried in the Poet‟s corner of Westerminster Abbey①<The Faerie Queene>仙后(for Queen Elizabeth)The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.Artistic features:ing Spenserian StanzaDefinition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight linesin iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter.② <The Shepherds Calendar>牧人日历The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind.③ <Amoretti>爱情小唱2. Thomas More托马斯•莫尔1478~1535One of the greatest English humanists①<Utopia>乌托邦3. Francis Bacon弗兰西斯•培根1561~1626（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。
）Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.Writing style:brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to man‟s reason.①<The Advancement of Learning>学术的推进②<Essays>随笔(famous quotas: <Of studies>)The theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted bydifferent people to pursue studies.4. Ben Jonson①<Comedy of Humours>②<Volpone, or the fox>狐狸5. Christopher Marlowe柯里斯托弗•马洛1564~1595“University Wits”, the pioneer of English drama（完善了无韵体诗。
）Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.①<The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus>浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成）②<Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝③<The Jew of Malta>马耳他的犹太人6. William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616①Historical plays:Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII②Four Comedies: <As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜; <AMidsummer Night‟S Dream>仲夏夜之梦; <Merchant Of Venice>威尼斯商人③Four Tragedies: <Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗; <King Lear>李尔王;<Macbeth>麦克白④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets>Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of14 lines, usually in iambicpentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.III The 17th Century1. John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674（诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。
）①Epics: <Paradise Lost>失乐园<Paradise Regained>复乐园②Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士参孙③ <Areopagitica>论出版自由<The Defence of the English People>为英国人民声辩④ <On His Blindness>我的失明This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical ofItalian sonnet.Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure thesuffering best.2. John Bunyan约翰•班扬1628~1688（代表作《天路历程》，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。