最新气候条件对地源热泵系统性能的影响-外文翻译整理
地源热泵系统性能影响因素模拟分析
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外文翻译---气候条件对地源热泵系统性能的影响
外文翻译---气候条件对地源热泵系统性能的影响在中国的建筑中，加热和冷却消耗了大量的能源。
为了满足这些需求，锅炉和空调是最常用的设备。
但是，热泵作为一种可以利用建筑周围可再生能源的设备，在许多应用中也得到了广泛使用。
本文将讨论气候条件对地源热泵系统性能的影响。
2.地源热泵系统的工作原理地源热泵系统是一种利用地下土壤或水体中的热能来加热或冷却建筑物的系统。
该系统通过地下水管或地下热交换器将热能传输到建筑物内部。
地源热泵系统的工作原理与空气源热泵系统相似，但地源热泵系统更加稳定，因为土壤温度的波动比空气温度的波动更小。
3.气候条件对地源热泵系统性能的影响气候条件对地源热泵系统的性能有很大的影响。
如果地源热泵系统只从土壤中吸取热量，那么在两个月后，地源热泵附近的土壤温度将会降至20摄氏度以下。
如果向土壤排入相同的热量三个月，土壤温度将会超过37摄氏度，这将不再适合于空调系统。
因此，在设计地源热泵系统时，需要考虑到热量的平衡，以确保土地资源的可持续利用。
4.解决热不平衡的措施在一些热不平衡的工程实例设计中，可以考虑一些措施来解决这个问题。
例如，可以通过增加地下热交换器的长度或者增加热交换器的数量来增加地源热泵系统的热量输出。
此外，还可以采用其他的辅助加热或冷却设备来平衡热量的不足或过剩。
5.结论综上所述，气候条件对地源热泵系统的性能有很大的影响。
为了实现地源热泵系统的可持续利用，需要平衡向土地排入的热量与从土地吸取的热量。
在设计中，需要考虑到热量的平衡，以确保系统的稳定性和可靠性。
能源消费量中，家庭取暖和降温的比例是相等的。
在中国，煤是主要的初级能源，但煤是不可再生的。
地源热泵是一种有效的供暖和降温方式，因为它们利用建筑物周围的可再生热源。
地源热泵系统比空气源热泵系统更具优势，主要表现在几个方面：(a)消耗更少的能量，(b)在极低温度下不需要额外的加热，(c)使用较少的制冷剂，(d)设计简单，维护费用较少，(e)不需要检查风化的部位。
地源热泵原理资料(中英文版)
地源热泵空调系统介绍G.S.H.P Air Conditioning System Introduction1. 地源热泵空调系统的概念G.S.H.P Air Conditioning System concept地源热泵的广义理解是指以一切与大地有关的能量作为冷热源的热泵，包括以地下水为冷热源的水源热泵、以池塘、河流和湖泊等为冷热源的地源热泵等。
这里所指的地源热泵是指狭义的理解，指利用大地作为热源，其通过地下换热器直接与大地土壤进行热交换，而不需要开采地下水的地源热泵。
由于在地表以下一定深度的地层中在未受干扰的情况下常年保持恒定的温度，远高于冬季的室外温度，又低于夏季的室外温度，这样地源热泵可克服空气源热泵的技术障碍，大大提高效率。
而且不需要开采地下水，这样可以消除水源热泵开采地下水所带来的不利影响。
The broad sense of GSHP refers to all the energy associated with the earth serves as a heat pump for cold and heat sources, including groundwater heat pump, cold and heat sources in ponds, rivers and lakes such as cold and heat source of ground source heat pump and ground source heat pump. Here refers to the narrow sense, refers to the use of the land as the heat source. Through the underground heat exchanger for heat exchange directly with the soil of the earth, without the need for GSHP exploitation of groundwater. Due to a certain depth below the surface of the formation constant keeps undisturbed conditions of temperature, far higher than the outdoor temperature in winter, and lower than the outdoor temperature in summer, the ground source heat pump can overcome the technique disorder of the air source heat pump, greatly improve the efficiency. And does not require the exploitation of groundwater, it can eliminate the adverse effects caused by the exploitation of groundwater source heat pump.此外，冬季通过热泵把大地中的热量升高温度后对建筑供热，同时使大地中的温度降低，即蓄存了冷量，可供夏季使用；夏季通过热泵把建筑物中的热量传输给大地，对建筑物降温，同时在大地中蓄存热量以供冬季使用。
环境气温对空气能热泵性能的影响
环境气温对空气能热泵性能的影响空气能热泵机组选用在额定工况下，气温是35℃标准，出水温度7℃，空气能热泵夏季制冷性能系数COP值在3.0左右，冬季（气候7℃，出水45℃）我们不计算计化霜损失，制热系数COP值也在3.0左右，空气能热泵的制冷、制热性能与室外气候就有直接的关系。
空气能热泵冷热水机组供冷能力随室外温度的升高而降低，机组消耗功率随室外环境温度的升高而增加。
当室外空气温度增至40℃时，制冷量一般要下降5—7%左右。
空气能冷热水机组正常制冷的上限温度一般在40-45℃，个别品牌设有冷凝器风扇速度逐步控制系统，最大允许室外温度可达50℃左右。
需要指出的是，跟冷却塔不一样，制冷工况下相对湿度对空气能热泵没不利影响，相反，相对湿度大，对冷却有利。
南京夏季相对湿度较高，所以实际上风冷与水冷在冷却效果的差异上，比人们想象的要小。
空气能热泵冷热水机组的制热特性更为复杂，当盘管表面温度低于空气露点温度时，空气会结露，此时盘管表面发生了相变换热，有利于提高热泵机组的制热能力，但当盘管表面温度低于空气冰点温度（0℃以下）时，如果空气中的相对湿度同时达到某一程度，盘管表面就会结霜，如不及时化霜，霜层会越结越厚，影响空气实际流通量，并阻碍了盘管上的热交换，重者会结冰，压缩机出现低压保护停机。
在不同迎面风速条件下，热泵机组室外侧空气盘管上湿空气存在着三种状态，ABC为结霜区，ABD为凝露区，CBD以下为干冷区，即不结霜也不凝露。
AB线为结霜转变曲线，它与焓湿图上的等湿球温度线接近，当迎面风速为2.5M/S、环境温度为0℃、相对湿度为73%时，盘管上即开始结霜，如将迎面风速提高至4M/S，环境温度为0℃，则相对湿度达82%时，盘管才开始结霜，结露结霜转变线相应左移，提高风速可减缓积霜。
当为迎面风速为2M/S时的结霜速率线。
可以看出，室外空气干球温度在0—5℃，相对湿度>85%时结霜最为严重，当tw<-5℃时，结霜速率减慢，这是由于此时空气中含湿量已明显减少。
外文资料及翻译
外文翻译ANALYSIS OF HVAC SYSTEM ENERGYCONSERVATIONIN BUILDINGSABSTRACTE conomic development and people's increasing demand for energy, but the nature of the energy is not inexhaustible. Environment and energy issues become increasingly acute, if no measures are taken, then the energy will limit the rapid economic development of the question.With the improvement of living standard, building energy consumption in the proportion of total energy consumption is increasing. In developed countries, building energy consumption accounts for 40% of total energy consumption of the community, while the country despite the low level of socio-economic development, but the building energy consumption has nearly 30% of total energy consumption, and still rising. Therefore, in western countries or in China, building energy consumption is affecting the socio-economic status of the overall development of the question. In building energy consumption, the energy consumption for HVAC systems has accounted for 30% of building energy consumption -50%, with the extensive application of HVAC, energy consumption for HVAC systems will further increase Great. HVAC systems are often coupled with high-quality electric energy, and our power and relatively tight in some areas, lack of energy supply and demand which is bound to lead to further intensification of contradictions. Therefore, energy-saving heating, higher professional requirements is inevitable across the board.KEYWORDS:energy-saving，HVAC1. Energy saving design measures should be takenRapid changes in science and technology today, area HVAC new technologiesemerge, we can achieve a variety of ways of energy saving HVAC systems.1.1 Starting from the design, selecting, designing HVAC systems, so that the efficient state of the economy running.Design is a leading engineering, system design will directly affect its performance. The building load calculation is an important part of the design, a common problem is that the current design of short duration, many designers to save time, wrong use of the design manual for the design or preliminary design estimates of cold, heat load with the unit construction area of cold, heat load index, direct construction design stage as hot and cold load to determine the basis, often making the total load is too large, resulting in heating equipment, air conditioning is too large, higher initial investment, operating costs, increased energy consumption.1.2 using the new energy-saving air-conditioning and heating comfort and healthy mannerAffect human thermal comfort environment of many parameters, different environmental parameters can get the same effect of thermal comfort, but for different heat and moisture parameters of the environment of its energy consumption air conditioning system is not the same.1.3 Actual situation of a reasonable choice of cold and heat sources, seek to achieve diversification of cold and heat sourceWith the extensive application of HVAC systems on non-renewable energy consumption also rose sharply, while the broken part of the ecological environment are becoming increasingly intensified. How to choose a reasonable heating sources, has caused widespread concern of all parties.1.4 to enhance the use of hot and cold recycling of the work, to achieve maximum energyHVAC systems to improve energy efficiency is one of the ways to achieve energy-saving air-conditioning. Heat recovery system installed mainly through energy recovery, with the air from wind energy to deal with new, fresh air can reduce the energy required for processing, reducing the load, to save energy. In the choice of heat recovery, the should be integrated with the local climate Tiao Jian, Jing Ji situation, Gong Cheng actual situation of harmful exhaust gases of the situation in avariety of factors Deng integrated to determine the Xuanyong suitable heat recovery, so as to achieve Hua Jiao Shao's investment, recovery of more heat (cold) the amount of purpose.1.5 focus on development of renewable energy, and actively promoting new energyAs the air-conditioning systems used in high-grade, non-renewable energy resources and environmental problems caused by the increasingly prominent, have to develop some reasonable and effective renewable energy to ease the current tensions. To heat (cold) and solar and other renewable resources used in air conditioning and refrigeration, has certain advantages, but also clean and pollution-free. Ground Source Heat Pump is a use of shallow and deep earth energy, including soil, groundwater, surface water, seawater, sewage, etc. as a cold source in winter and summer heat is not only heating but also a new central air-conditioning system cooling.2. Saving design problemsAchieve energy-saving HVAC systems, now has a lot of mature conditions, but in practical applications there are some problems：2.1 The issue of public awareness of energy conservationThe past is not enough public understanding of energy, and on the air conditioning is also very one-sided view. For a comfort of air conditioning system or heating system, should the human body has a very good comfort. But the prevailing view now is: the colder the better air-conditioning, heating the more heat the better. This is obviously we seek the comfort of air conditioning is contrary to the view. In fact, this not only greatly increase the energy consumption of air conditioning heating, indoor and outdoor temperature and because of the increase, but also to the human body's adaptability to different environmental decline, lowering the body immunity. Therefore, we need to improve advocacy efforts to change public to the traditional understanding of air conditioning and heating, vigorous publicity and promotion in accordance with building standards and the cold heat energy metering devices to collect tolls, raise public consciousness of energy.2.2 The design concept of the problemReasonable energy-saving design is a prerequisite. At present, some designers due to inadequate attention to design empirical value when applied blindly, resulting in the increase of the initial investment, energy consumption surprising, therefore recommended that the government functions and the energy-saving review body, to increase the monitoring of the HVAC air-conditioning energy saving efforts enhance staff awareness of energy conservation design, so that energy conservation is implemented.2.3 The promotion of new technologies issueNew technology in the HVAC system for energy conservation provides a new direction. Such as ground source heat pump systems, solar cooling and heating system, not only to achieve efficient use of renewable energy, and can bring significant economic benefits, is worth promoting. However, as with any new technology, these new technologies are often high in cost, and the geographical conditions of use have certain limitations, and technically there are still many areas for improvement to improve. Therefore, new energy-efficient technologies, we should be according to local conditions, sum up experience, and actively promote.3. ConclusionHVAC systems saving energy in the building occupies a very important position, should attract enough attention to the designer. Designers should be from a design point of view fully into account the high and strict compliance with energy standards energy saving ideas to run through all aspects of the construction sector. Energy-saving technologies and renewable energy recycling, the Government and other relevant departments should support and vigorously promoted. And the design, construction, supervision, quality supervision, municipal administration and other departments should cooperate closely and pay close attention to implementing a cold, heat metering devices to collect tolls, so people really get benefit from energy efficient building, energy-saving construction and non-heating energy efficient building can not have the same charge standard. At the same time to raise public awareness of energy conservation, and vigorously promote the development of new energy-saving technologies to achieve sustainable development of society.References[1] "residential design standard" DBJ14-037-2006.[2] "Public Buildings Energy Efficiency Design Standards" DBJ14-036-2006.[3] "Technical Specification for radiant heating" JGJ142-2004.析暖通空调系统在建筑中的节能问题摘要经济的发展使人们对能源的需求不断增加,但是自然界的能源并不是取之不尽,用之不竭的。
地源热泵空调系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Ground Source Heat PumpAt present,energy is the most important element for the development of states’economy.Because of the good energy-saving effect,using regenerate resource of energy,and no pollution,the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION is used more and more popular now.In the system of the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION,the terminal devices what include the fan,the deep well pump,the circulate pump are the biggest energy-consumed part except the inner device as well as the compressor motor, etc.So it is very important and significantto make the terminal devices running in the most energy-saving condition.In this paper,the author founded on the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION in Guangxi University,based on the actual project condition, made the redesign through the way of frequency conversion technology for the old system of GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION.At first, the equipments’ running control system were improved following the energ y-saving principle of fan and pump,choused Mitsubishi FR series frequency transducer with vector-controlfunction,Mitsubishi FX2N series PLC and other auxiliary parts to make up of the auto-control system for the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION,and then did the emulating analysis for the vector-control mode in the frequency conversion process.In the next based the auto-control system,made the PLC control system designing.This system monitor the temperature and flux in accurate and real time,then input feedback to the plc,finally the terminal device running status will correspond to the customer’s demanded-load,it can well meet the goal for saving energy and prolong the life of the motor and other device.At the same time,designed the PLC control process,according to this transformation of the specific programme,programmed for the PLC by using the FX-GP/WIN-C programme software.Researched and analyses the PID algorithm and its improved algorithm for the PID Operational module in the PLC.At last,through detailed analysis and accounted for energy-saving effect and the cost of thesystem-reforming,validated the profitability of this redesigned-project,and showed its feasibility and worthBe using renewable geothermal energy in shallow ground layer, a ground source heat pump (GSHP) technology is known as one of air conditioning techniques which have the greatest developmental. The GSHP has great potentials in energy reduction and in reducing CO2 emissions to conventional HVAC systems. In China, energy shortage and environmental issues pose a serious challenge accompanied by rapid economic growth. GSHP has been spotlighted as both energy efficiency and environmental benefits. Generally, the initial investment for a GCHP system is higher than that of a conventional system. GCHP energy savings will offset the higher installing cost in future. However, there are many aspects affecting the actual amount of energysaved, such as climate, building load, ground heat exchanger, heat pump, control, etc. Recently, a lot of research on the energy performance of GCHP has been carried out. However, most of these previous research projects evaluated the performance of GCHP system based on a laboratory scale or a small capacity system. There is little data documenting the long-term performance of a large-sized GCHP. Evalution and research on real world installed GCHP will provide a more accurate understanding of the current technology’s performance.The paper presented that the energy performance evaluation of two types of GSHPs based on actual operational data. The two types of GSHPs were ground-coupled heat pump system (GCHPs) and groundwater heat pump system (GWHPs) which were, respectively, installed in two apartment buildings of Wuhan, China. In one year, we monitored various operating parameters, including the outdoor temperature, the flow rate, electrical consumption, and the water temperature. The coefficient of performance (COP) values of system and chiller were determined based on a series of measurements. During residential GCHP system operation, the heat injection rate into soil is larger than the heat extraction rate out of soil. The COP of chillers of the GCHPs decreased significantly during the heating season due to the lowering of ground soil temperature. The system power consumption exhibited a strong linear relationship with outdoor temperature in both seasons and this suggests that normalizing power consumption against degree-days is a highly practical index in energy analysis in resident buildings, especially in winter.Some research topics were studied on the two actual cases. An exergy analysis of a ground water heat pump system on the actual operation was conduced. The energy efficiency and exergy loss and efficiency in each of the components of the system are detemined for the average measured parameters obtained from the monitored results of the hottest month and the coldest month. Inefficient facts are found out and increased energy efficiencies of two proposed improvement measures were estimated. Lower approach temperature is effective energy saving. In addition to the energy analysis, a full exergy analysis helps to identify the components where inefficiencies occur. An economic analysis model for GWHP was established to calculate energy consumption and operating cost based on a baseline condition. Plate heat exchanger flow rate and groundwater flow rate were optimization parameters according to different water price of the groundwater:GWHP survey data shows the impact of water price on groundwater flow rate in design. The long-term energy performances of theGWHPs and the GCHPs were investigated and compared with conventional HVAC systems and other GSHPs on literature data. A performances model was established base on the two cases to constrast the predicted performance with the actual performance.Based on superposition theorem of geothermal heat exchangers (GHE), a inverse model for GHE, G-functions interpolation approach was proposed. Linear interpolation method was adopted to fit G-functions. The method presented here uses the Nelder and Mead simplex algorithm as part of a parameter estimation algorithm to estimate G-function. For verification of G-functions interpolation approach, a numerical experimentation had been conducted where synthetic load on GHE was established. The simulation results with error and no error, were inversely modeled by G-functions interpolation approach and DST calibrated approach. The actual dataset of a small sized and a large sized GSHPs were also used in inverse modeling to verify the results from the G-functions interpolation approach. The small sized GSHPs was from literature. The large sized vertical GSHPs was the monitored case in the paper. A detailed DST model of a GHE has been calibrated to monitored data. The second year predicted temperatures calculated by the two models were compared with the measured. The results show the two approaches are reliable and have good performance of error tolerance. The error of GHE water temperature calculated by G-functions interpolation approach was less than DST calibrated approaches. The data error inversely modeled was mainly from recorded day data. As a extension study of the G-functions interpolation model, degree-day G-functions approach was proposed. The model was based on degree-day prediction load and can be applied on the residential buildings. The standard deviation of GHE water temperature by degree-day G-functions approach was larger than DST calibrated approaches. The result shows the appropriateness of degree-day G-functions interpolation approach for the quantitative modeling of GHE.This paper shows that the research on actual performance according measured data and presents two inverse models:G-functions interpolation model, degree-day G-functions model approach, which provides new methods for GHE inverse modelingWith the sustainable development theory being put forward in recent years, people pay more and more attention to energy efficiency and environmental protection. The Ground Source Heat Pump(GSHP) air-conditioning system has been a kind of new technology to save energy and protect environment. This paper gives an overview of technology economy analysis on GSHPAir-conditioning System and optimization design of its ground heat exchanger, which provide helpful suggestion to engineers.First, this paper gives an overview of the history of GSHP system in China and foreign countries. Based on the work principle of the GSHP system, the characteristics of three circulations have been proposed, which are the use of renewable energy saving and environmental friendly, etc. hi terms of technology economy, the GSHPair-conditioning system was compared with the air source heat pump system, the water source heat pump system and the traditional central air-conditioning system. Main indexes are given to evaluate the technology economy of the GSHP air-conditioning system. A practical project was used as an example for the analysis.Ground-loop heat exchanger is an important part of the GSHP air-conditioning system and deferent from other traditional air-conditioning systems. This paper gave detailed designing method of Ground-loop heat exchanger, including load calculation, pipe layout, choice of tubes and its material, antifreeze method, calculation of pressure drop, etc. Taken the GSHP air-conditioning system in the report room of Shandong Institute of Architecture and Engineering as an example, its design was analyzed and the optimization design ofground-loop heat exchanger was proposed.The people attention to energy efficiency and environmental protection,which decide the sustainable development of the country.The Ground Source Heat Pump(GSHP)air-conditioning system has been a kind of new technology to save energy and protect environment.This paper gives an overview of technology economy analysis on GSHP Air-condition System and optimization design of its ground heat exchanger,which provide helpful suggestion to engineersFirst,this paper gives an overview of GSHP system in China and foreign countries. Based on the work principle of the GSHP system,the characteristics of three circulations have been proposed,which are the use of renewable energy saving and environmental friendly,etc.In teams of technology ,the GSHP air-conditioning system was compared with the air source heat pump system,the water source heat pump system and the traditional central air-conditioning system.Main indexes are given to evaluate the technology economy of GSHP air-conditoningsystem.A practical project was used as an example for the analysis.Ground-loop heat exchanger is an important part of the GSHP air-conditioning system and deferent form other traditionalair-conditinoing systems.This paper gave detailed designing of Ground-loop heatexchanger,including load calculation ,pipe layout,choice of tubes and its material, antifreeze method, calculation of pressure drop,etc.Taken the GSHP air-conditioning system in the report room of the college and the residential community of Wulumuqi in Xinjiang as example,its design was analyzed and the optimization design of ground-loop heat exchanger was proposed.With the increasing seriousness of the problem of energy and environment more and more HVAC systems have been in service in World, which have significant influence upon energy and environment. Ground source heat pump (GSHP) system has a good development which is in the character of energy saving and environment protection. But this technology hasn’t been broadly used. And it has still some problems, which are expected being selected in the design and run. Therefore it is essential to understand roundly the character of GSHP systems, find the existent problems, and exploit the other approach of utilizing the ground energy.The paper surveys a groundwater heat pump system that is running in the heating mode in some region in Hunan. In this survey, we investigate the quantity, quality, and temperature of the circulating water, the electric consumption, and the outside weather parameter and so on. Based on the test date, we roundly understand the operation characteristic of this system in the heating mode, and analyze the influence of the different parameters on the coefficient of performance of the heat pump units. At the same time in this paper we also compare ground-source heat pump system to theair-source heat pump system and the boiler heating systems, which indicates the GSHP system utilizing ground water is more superior in energy saving and environmental protection. And according to the operating states of the system, the author optimizes the system in theory. All this experiment results can also provide some reference values for the design, manufacture and operation of ground source heat pump systems in the further.Besides, the author mentions the wading pool heat pump in this paper. Based on lumped-heat-capacity method and finite difference method, thermal storage of the wading pool is processed unsteady state heat transferring countthrough the program. In the intermittent run of the system, the paper analyses how the pool temperature change. And it also presents the influence of several parameters on heat transfer between the wading pool and the soil. It is feasible that it can be primary cold/heat source for air conditioning in the small-scaleGround-coupled heat pump (GCHP) air conditioning systems utilize ground soil as a heat or sink source, achieve heat transfer between the ground soil and a working fluid circulating in a closed loop buried in the ground. Compared to other conventional alternatives, the ground-coupled heat pump system makes full use of renewable energy, and protects the environment and reduces electric power consumption. It has been applied in Europe and American for a few decades. In recent years the technology has been paid attention to also in China, and a few GCHP projects have been completed. However, researches on design of the ground heat exchangers are far from adequate. On the base of de parted production, the paper set up the heat transfer model and study on it .As vertical U-Tube ground-coupled heat pumps have become the most widely used heat pumps because of many outstanding advantage it has, such as: fewer area requirement, fewer limits, running steadily, better performance, lower costs on system maintenance etc, the thesis lays emphasis on vertical U-tube heat exchangers. Main content of the paper:1. The physical and mathematical models were set up to simulate the ground heat around the U-tube heat2. ANSYS procedures used to prepare the ground source heat pump heat exchanger temperature distribution analysis of the results: single-tube heat exchanger pipe to the surrounding radius; The different backfill material has an obvious effect on systems, so it is necessary to seriously study the material for backfill3. The kinds of ground heat exchanger, the position of pipe, the diameter length and connection of the pipe, the system of distribution of indoor air are studied. And the factors of affection GSHP are analyzed by ANSYS. The design process of GSHP is expoundedThe Ground-Source Heat pump is a fresh domain in china and has a promising level opine. This article issue of concern has conducted the fundamental research inWith the consistent economic development, accelerating urbanization process,and increasing construction consumption, energy conservation in construction will beplaced high priority of China’s economic development. Ground source heat pump(hereinafter called GSHP), as a technology of energy conservation and environmentprotection, has obtained increasing importance and rapid development. In the wideintroduction of this project in China, some certain concrete problems had beenuncovered in practical use. As a result, there still remains huge potential to optimizethe GSHP air-conditioning system. In practical projects, a lot of elements need to beinvolved in the design and operation of GSHP. But the comprehensive analysis of allthe elements can promote the optimization of the project, which leads to much morereasonable and higher efficiency of the system, so as to push forward the developmentof GSHP and achieve a more economy, reasonable and efficient air-conditioningsystem, to response to our country’s policy.This thesis take the air-conditioning system in the library of Hunan CityUniversity’s new campus as a case study to conduct key research in the following aspects:In the beginning of design, analyze the feasibility of its application of cold and heat source system and get its advantages and disadvantages when compared to other system in the aspect of economy, to prove its reasonableness andsuperiority.In the phase of design, this thesis has analyzed the key problem—the balance of the temperature in winter and summer in several aspects such as systemdesign, operation manipulation, to adopt appropriate scheme for solving it andthen improve the efficiency and extend its time of use.From the standpoint of the water system and wind system, investigate thewhole system design. According to the air-conditioning characteristic of the building, a more reasonable optimized design and operation scheme will be proposed to improve the effect and efficiency of the air-conditioning system.The main climate characteristics of hot summer and cold winter area were hot in summer and cold in winter, and the humidity was very high, so the load characteristics were different from other climate regions. The building energy-saving season of hot summer and cold winter area was divided with AT values for the first division parameters in this dissertation. After the annual hourly energy consumption simulation of hotels, office buildings and residential buildings in hot summerand cold winter area with the DEST software, this paper described the building’s dynamic load characteristics with the cumulative effect of total load, the variation of load intensity, and the continuity of load.This paper fitted the Grou nd Source Heat Pump (GSHP) unit’s inlet and out water temperature, the building’s hourly load in to a parametric formula and simulated the operation of GSHP system with the FLUENT software which was controlled by editing the UDF program. This paper also compared the U-tube ground heat exchanger with the equivalent diameter ground heat exchanger based on dynamic load. It could be seen that the maximum deviation of the average temperature of the soil between the U-tube ground heat exchanger and the equivalent diameter ground heat exchanger was0.4℃in cooling and heating season with the GSHP system operating throughout the year in different groundwater seepage conditions. We could also get the conclusion that the average deviation of the outlet water temperature between the U-tube ground heat exchanger and the equivalent diameter ground heat exchanger was0.47℃in cooling season and0.53℃in heating season.The performance of ground heat exchangers would directly affect the performance of GSHP unit. This dissertation established the heat transfer model of geothermal hear exchanger and simulated the running performance of GSHP system which was affected by the groundwater seepage. It could be seen that the seepage was useful to long period operation of GSHP system. When the seepage velocity of the groundwater was equalto31.5m/a, the annual hourly outlet water temperature of the ground heat exchanger which was used in the hotel buildings of Shanghai was about the same.This paper selected Nanjing, Wuhan, Changsha, Chongqing as the typical representative city of the hot summer and cold winter area. Combining with the four cities’ annual load characteristics of different buildings, long period operation characteristics of the GSHP in hot summer and cold winter area were analyzed. The conclusion was placed in three points. On the one hand, the greater the cumulative effect of total load, the higher the temperature of the soil, the greater the heat storage capacity of the soil. On the other hand, the greater the continuity of load, the more uneven the distribution of the temperature of the soil. On the third hand, the greater the variation of load intensity, the higher the highest outlet water temperature of ground heat exchangers in cooling season, the lower the lowest outlet water temperature of ground heat exchangers in heating season.译文：能源是国民经济发展的基础资源。
夏热冬冷地区地源热泵空调系统的可行性研究
夏热冬冷地区地源热泵空调系统的可行性研究随着气候变暖和人类对能源的需求不断增长，地源热泵空调系统作为一种高效、环保的供暖和制冷方式受到了越来越多的关注。
夏热冬冷地区的气候条件适宜地源热泵空调系统的应用，本文将对其可行性进行研究。
首先，夏热冬冷地区的特点是夏季炎热，冬季寒冷。
在夏季，地下温度较低，地暖系统可以通过地面换热器将室内的热量传递到地下，从而实现制冷的效果。
而在冬季，地下温度较高，地暖系统则可以将地下的热量抽取到室内，实现供暖的效果。
这种反向的热交换方式使得地源热泵空调系统在夏热冬冷地区具有优势。
其次，地源热泵空调系统具有高效节能的特点。
地下温度相对稳定，地源热泵可以利用地下的热能进行热交换，比传统的空气源热泵系统更为高效。
研究表明，地源热泵空调系统的能耗仅为传统空调的30%-50%，能够有效降低能源消耗，减少对化石能源的依赖。
再次，地源热泵空调系统对环境的影响较小。
相比传统的燃煤或石油燃料供暖方式，地源热泵系统不会产生烟尘、NOx等有害气体，减少了空气污染的风险。
同时，地源热泵系统可以利用太阳能、风能等可再生能源作为辅助能源，进一步降低对环境的影响。
最后，地源热泵空调系统的运行成本相对较低。
虽然地源热泵系统的初投资较高，但其运行维护成本较低。
研究显示，地源热泵系统的维护费用仅为传统空调的30%，且使用寿命较长。
因此，对于长期使用的夏热冬冷地区来说，地源热泵空调系统具有较高的经济性。
综上所述，夏热冬冷地区地源热泵空调系统具有可行性。
它不仅适应了夏热冬冷地区的气候特点，还具有高效节能、环保、运行成本低等优点。
但在实施过程中仍需注意地下热能的回收利用、地源热泵系统的设计和运维等问题，进一步完善相关技术和政策支持，促进地源热泵空调系统在夏热冬冷地区的广泛推广和应用。
地源热泵原理资料(中英文版)
地源热泵空调系统介绍G.S.H.P Air Conditioning System Introduction1. 地源热泵空调系统的概念G.S.H.P Air Conditioning System concept地源热泵的广义理解是指以一切与大地有关的能量作为冷热源的热泵，包括以地下水为冷热源的水源热泵、以池塘、河流和湖泊等为冷热源的地源热泵等。
这里所指的地源热泵是指狭义的理解，指利用大地作为热源，其通过地下换热器直接与大地土壤进行热交换，而不需要开采地下水的地源热泵。
由于在地表以下一定深度的地层中在未受干扰的情况下常年保持恒定的温度，远高于冬季的室外温度，又低于夏季的室外温度，这样地源热泵可克服空气源热泵的技术障碍，大大提高效率。
而且不需要开采地下水，这样可以消除水源热泵开采地下水所带来的不利影响。
The broad sense of GSHP refers to all the energy associated with the earth serves as a heat pump for cold and heat sources, including groundwater heat pump, cold and heat sources in ponds, rivers and lakes such as cold and heat source of ground source heat pump and ground source heat pump. Here refers to the narrow sense, refers to the use of the land as the heat source. Through the underground heat exchanger for heat exchange directly with the soil of the earth, without the need for GSHP exploitation of groundwater. Due to a certain depth below the surface of the formation constant keeps undisturbed conditions of temperature, far higher than the outdoor temperature in winter, and lower than the outdoor temperature in summer, the ground source heat pump can overcome the technique disorder of the air source heat pump, greatly improve the efficiency. And does not require the exploitation of groundwater, it can eliminate the adverse effects caused by the exploitation of groundwater source heat pump.此外，冬季通过热泵把大地中的热量升高温度后对建筑供热，同时使大地中的温度降低，即蓄存了冷量，可供夏季使用；夏季通过热泵把建筑物中的热量传输给大地，对建筑物降温，同时在大地中蓄存热量以供冬季使用。
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气候条件对地源热泵系统性能的影响摘要：在中国的建筑物中，初级能源的30％用于加热和冷却。
在这方面应用最广泛的设备是锅炉和空调。
在许多应用中，热泵是唯一能满足加热和冷却要求的运行方式，因为他们可以利用建筑物周围的可再生能源。
在本文中，对气候对应用地源热泵系统技术的影响进行了对比讨论。
对结果进行分析能得出以下结论：如果只从土壤中吸取热量，在两个月后，地源热泵附近的土壤温度将减少到20摄氏度以下。
如果向土壤排入相同的热量三个月，土壤温度将会超过37摄氏度，那将不再适合于空调系统。
为了使作为热源/冷源的土地资源实现可持续利用，就应该使向土地排入的热量与从土地吸取的热量保持平衡。
在一些热不平衡的工程实例设计中，一些措施是可以考虑的。
关键词：气候条件；地源热泵；热不平衡1.导言用于家庭取暖和降温的能源消费量在世界能源消费量中所占的比例是一样的。
在中国大约一半的初级能源是以煤的形式供给的，而煤是不可再生能源。
在很多应用中，地源热泵(GSHPs)是供暖和降温的最有效方式，因为它们依赖于建筑物周围的可再生热源。
Lund JW(2000)指出地源热泵系统可以看成一个能高效利用能量的机械系统，而且比空气源热泵多了几个明显的优点。
主要有：(a)他们消耗较少的能量来维持运转，(b)在极低的外界温度下，他们不需要补充热量，(c)他们使用较少的制冷剂，(d)他们的设计比较简单，并且后期的维修保养费用较少，(e)他们并不需要专门的设备去查找那些因暴露而风化的部位。
不过，主要的缺点是初期投资比较高，大约比空气源设备高出30－50％。
这是由于要花费额外的人力物力来埋设热交换器或者为能源提供一口储蓄井。
但是，一旦安装完毕后，就整个系统的使用寿命而言每年的费用是比较低的，从而导致了净储蓄[1,2]。
在地源热泵应用中，对土壤热能的储存或提取是通过地热换热器(GHE)实现的。
地热换热器和贴邻的土壤之间的传热主要是热传导并在以一定程度上是以水分迁移的方式实现的[3]。
因此，它主要依赖于土壤类型，温度和湿度梯度。
热提取/储存的整个过程是暂时性的。
从与地面水平或垂直铺设的管道提取/储存热量。
热容量随潮湿程度和气候条件的变化而变化。
因为热量的提取/储存会提高/降低土壤温度，温度完全复原是有可能的。
纵向回路系统被认为运营操作较好，特别是在制冷模式中[4]。
但是，人们发现在高出土壤饱和度50％的水分含量影响下，相对来说，热泵就没有实际价值了[5]。
垂直式地热换热器通常是在垂直钻孔中插入一个或两个高密度聚乙烯U型管来充当接地环路的，分别称之为单U型管，双U型管或套管地热换热器。
本篇研究报告分别在制冷和制热模式下，对这三种类型的地热换热器进行了性能分析。
下一部分的描述中，一套试验设备在一所大学研究的基础上第一次进行建造和测试，并在广州市成功实施。
沈阳农业大学学士学位论文外文翻译2.系统说明构成试验系统的示意图如图1所示。
该系统主要由两个独立的环路构成：(a)水环路，(b)冷媒环路。
在水环路中配置一个水塔，以补给足够的水。
冷媒环路是由两个闭环铜管组成的。
热泵的工作流体是R-22。
图3中给出了这三个地热换热器的主要特点，图3中标有(a)单U型管，(b)双U型管，和(c)套管。
这些地热换热器在并联接法方式下运行。
图2中描绘了地热换热器的配置线路。
图1.地源热泵系统图2.地热换热器周围热电偶的分布地热换热器有30米的深度，换热器间的间距是5米。
沿地热换热器垂直布置六个热电偶，用来获取土壤的温度。
从上往下，这六个热电偶之间的距离是10米、8米、6米、3米和3米(图2)。
图2中的黑色圆点表示了热电偶的位置。
热电偶的输出温度被传输到数据记录器中并记录在计算机中。
热电偶也被用来测量水和冷媒的进出口温度。
为了获得地热换热器的进出口水温或者冷凝器和蒸发器的冷媒温度，热电偶被安置在管内的各个测试位置。
正如图1描绘的那样，转子流量计被用来获取每一个地热换热器的流速。
制热循环转换到制冷循环是通过一个四通阀实现的。
从夏季到冬季该实验室都能够适应。
气候条件对地源热泵系统性能的影响图3.垂直式地热换热器的钻孔示意图(a) 双U型管(b) 单U型管(c) 套管3.结果与讨论对地源热泵进行的各项测试是在稳态条件下进行的，以确定整体系统的性能特点。
对于每个钻孔，钻孔壁所反映的温度(土壤温度)是由构成地热换热器的两个部分加热达到的：一部分温度增加/减少是由于运行过程中钻孔本身的线源(U型管)所导致的，另一部分是由土壤的湿度所导致的。
(a)夏季 (b)冬季图4.不同季节周围空气的温度和湿度的分布土壤湿度主要受空气湿度的影响。
图4中分别显示了夏季和冬季周围空气的平均温度和湿度的分布情况。
该图显示夏季平均温度是29摄氏度，冬季平均温度是16摄氏度。
空气湿度随季节变化而有很大波动并且在夏季最高。
空气的平均湿度在夏季是70％，在沈阳农业大学学士学位论文外文翻译冬季是50％。
因为在广州夏季持续的时间要比冬季长，所以该项测试在夏季持续了100天，而在冬季只持续了49天。
(a)夏季(b)冬季图5.不同季节换热器周围的土壤温度图5.(a)和(b)显示了不同季节20米深度处的土壤日平均温度。
热泵开启40小时后作为记录起始点。
在试验的开始阶段，夏季的土壤温度是28摄氏度。
由试验得知，土壤温度迅速上升。
逐渐地，从第40天至第90天，由于正处于热平衡状态，温度的升高很轻微，最后不同钻孔的温度停留在一个稳定的点，此时平均温度超过37摄氏度。
冬季的土壤温度呈现相反趋势，从开始的22摄氏度左右降到稳态下的17摄氏度以下。
在这里必须指出，当夏季土壤温度高于37摄氏度和冬季低于17摄氏度之后，热泵开始间歇运行。
这就是说，土壤温度已达到其传热的极限容量，已不再满足空调系统运行的条件。
气候条件对地源热泵系统性能的影响(a)夏季 (b)冬季图6.不同季节不同地热换热器的传热能力(a)土壤温度分布 (b)传热能力分布图7.制冷模式下运行一年后的土壤温度和不同地热换热器的传热能力在不同季节受空气温度、湿度和土壤温度的影响，不同地热换热器的传热能力有很大的变化。
正如图6.(a)和(b)分夏季和冬季所显示的那样，随着运行时间的延长，不同地热换热器的每米传热能力逐渐下降。
在夏季，单U型管和双U型管每米传热能力的变化幅度大致是一样的，从开始约40瓦特/米下降到30瓦特/米以下，特别地，在运行40天后，其降幅最大。
在运行40天后，套管的传热能力下降到20瓦特/米以下。
原因就是上文所述的土壤传热特性日益恶化。
这于图 6.(b)所呈现的相类似。
热泵停止运行一段时间后，单U型管和双U型管的传热能力将从起始的60瓦特/米下降到能从土壤吸取热量的45瓦特/米以下。
套管的传热能力将从45瓦特/米下降到25瓦特/米以下。
正如上文所述，热泵系统不能连续运行。
运行一年后，土壤温度要恢复到热泵能够再次运行的水平。
图7.(a)显示了制冷模式下运行一年后的土壤温度。
土壤温度从开始的25摄氏度上升。
图7.(b)显示了制冷模式下运行一年后地热换热器的传热能力分布情况。
能够沈阳农业大学学士学位论文外文翻译看出，在相同的运行阶段，这三种地热换热器的传热能力与图 6.(a)所示的相比是比较高的。
对结果进行分析可以得出，在混合运行一定时间后地热换热器和土壤的传热性能都有所提高。
向土壤排放的热量应该与从土壤吸取的热量保持平衡。
4.结论本文进行了一系列试验，来说明气候对应用地源热泵系统技术的影响。
从结果可以看出，气候条件对地源热泵系统性能的影响非常显著。
如果仅是吸取热量，两个月后，换热器附近的土壤温度将会下降到20摄氏度以下。
如果仅是排入热量，三个月后，土壤温度将会超过37摄氏度，这已不再满足空调系统的运行条件。
为了使作为热源/冷源的土地资源实现可持续利用，就应该使向土地排入的热量与从土地吸取的热量保持平衡。
作为最后的结论，应该使地源热泵的地热换热器能够适应具有更多优势的中国南方气候。
在一些热不平衡的工程实例设计中，一些措施是应该考虑的。
由广州科学工程项目主办2005Z3-D0491。
原文出处：Xiangyun LIU,Min YANG,Ying CHEN,etc.EFFECT OF CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OFGROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP SYSTEM[A].International Congress of Refrigeration [C].Beijing:2007.1-7.气候条件对地源热泵系统性能的影响EFFECT OF CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ON THEPERFORMANCE OFGROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMPSYSTEMABSTRACT: Heating and cooling in buildings consume about 30% of the primary energy used in China.The most widely applied systems in this aspect are boilers and air-conditionings. Heat pumps are the only monovalent action way to satisfy the requirements of heating and cooling in many applications,becauses surroundings. In this paper, a comparative discussion isthey can use renewable energy in the building’given to the effect of climatic on applying ground source heat pump system technology.Analysis of the results can lead to the following conclusions: If only extracting heat from the earth,in two months, the soil temperature near the GSHP would be reduced to lower than 20℃. If only injecting mheat for three months,the soil temperature would be over 37℃, which is no longer suitable for air-conditioning. To preserve the ground resource for sustainable utilization as heat source/sink, it should be balanced between the heat injected to the ground and that extracted from the ground. Some measures can be considered in the designfor the case of heat unbalance.Key words: climatic condition, Ground Source Heat Pump, heat unbalance.1. INTRODUCTIONDomestic heating and cooling consumption are responsible for a average percentage of world energy consumption. About half of this primary energy in China is consumed in the form of coal,which can not be regenerated. G round source heat pumps (GSHPs) offer the most efficient way to provide heating and cooling among many applications, as they rely on renewable heat sources of the building's surroundings. Lund JW (2000) observed that ground source heat pump system was considered to be a machine system which can use energies efficiently, and GSHPs have several advantages o ver air source heat pumps. These are: (a) they consume less energy to operate, (b) they do not require supplemental heat at extremely low outside temperature, (c) they use less refrigerant, (d) they have a simpler design and less maintenance subsequently and (e) they do not require the unit to locate where it is exposed to weathering. However, the main disadvantage is the higher initial capital cost, being about 30–50% more expensive than air source units. This is due to the extra expense and effort to bury heat exchangers i n the earth or provide a well for the energy sources. However, once installed, the annual cost is less over the life of the system, resulting in net savings [1, 2]. In ground heat pump applications, deposition or extraction of thermal energy from the ground is accomplished through a ground heat exchanger (GHE). Heat transfer between the GHE and adjoining soil is primarily by heat conduction and to a certain degree by moisture migration [3].Therefore, it depends strongly on the soil type, temperature and moisture gradients. The entire process of heat extraction/deposition is a transient one. Heat is extracted/deposited from pipes laid horizontally or vertically in the ground. The thermal capacity of the soil varies with the moisture content and the climatic condition. Because the extraction/deposition of the heat will raise/reduce the ground temperature, complete temperature recovery may be possible. Vertical loop systems are known as operating better, especially in the cooling mode [4]. It was沈阳农业大学学士学位论文外文翻译found, however, that the effect of moisture content variation above 50% of saturation on ground heat pump performance is relatively insignificant [5]. The vertical ground heat exchangers are usually constructed by inserting one or two high-density polyethylene U-tubes into vertical boreholes to serve as the ground loops, which are referred to as single U-tube, double U-tube or cannula GHEs, respectively. The study reported here includes the performance analysis of three types of ground heat exchanger described above at cooling and heating mode. An experimental set-up, described in the next section, is constructed and tested for the first time on the basis of a university study performed in city of Guangzhou.2. System descriptionA schematic diagram of the constructed experimental system is illustrated in Figure1. This system mainly consists of two separate circuits: (a) the water circuit, (b) the refrigerant circuit. A water tower is configured in the water circuit to supply enough water. The refrigerant circuit is built by the closed loop copper tubing. The working fluid of the heat pump is R-22. The main characteristics of three ground heat exchangers (GHE) are given in Figure 3, which are marked with (a)Single U-tube, (b)Double U-tube, and (c) Cannula. These ground heat exchangers operate in parallel connection. The ground heat exchangers are configured in line as depicted in Figure 2.Fig.1 Ground source heat pump system Fig.2 Distribution of thermocouples around GHEThe ground heat exchangers are 30m depth, and the space between GHEs is 5m. Six thermocouples are configured along the ground heat exchange vertically to obtain the temperature of soil. The distance between thermocouples are 10m、8m、6m、3m and 3m from down to up(Fig.2). The black dots in Figure 2 denote the position of the thermocouples. The output temperature of the thermocouples are transferred to a data logger and are recorded in a computer. Thermocouples are also used to measure the inlet and outlet temperature of water and refrigerant. To obtain the inlet and outlet water temperature of the ground heat exchanger or refrigerant temperature of condenser and evaporator, thermocouples are put inside the tube气候条件对地源热泵系统性能的影响at every tested position. Rotameters are used to obtain the flow rate of every ground heat exchanger as depicted in figure 1. Conversion from the heating cycle to the cooling cycle is obtained thtough a four-way valve. The laboratory will be conditioned during the summer and winter seasons.(a) (b) (c)Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of boreholes in the vertical GHE:(a) double U-tube and (b) single U-tube.(c) cannula3. Results and discussionThe tests conducted on the GSHP system are under steady state conditions to determine the overall performance of the system. For each borehole, its temperature (soil temperature) response on the borehole wall to heating of the GHE consists of two parts: the primary temperature increase/decrease due to the line source (U-tube) in the borehole itself during the operation and the second one caused by the humidity of the soil.(a) In summer (b) In winterFig. 4. Distributions of temperature and humidity of ambient air in different season The humidity of the soil is affected mainly by the humidity of air. The mean temperature and humidity of ambient air were distributed in Fig.4 for summer and winter individually. The figures present that the mean temperature is 29℃in summer and 16℃in winter. The沈阳农业大学学士学位论文外文翻译humidity of the air varies greatly all the season and is higher in summer. The mean humidityof the air is 70% in summer and 50% in winter. Because the summer season is longer than winter season in Guangzhou, the tests have been carried out in summer for 100 days, and for 49days in winter.Fig.5 The ground temperature around ground heat exchanger in different seasons The average day ground temperature in different seasons at 20m depth are presented in Fig.5(a) and (b).The initial points are taken 40 hours after the pump start. At the beginning of the experiment,the ground temperature is about 28℃ in summer. As the experiment proceeds, the temperature increases rapidly. Gradually, from the 40th day to the 90th day, because the heat balance is being established, the temperature increases very slightly and finally stays at a stable point for different boreholes, and the mean temperature rises over 37℃. The ground temperature in winter shows a reverse trend, decreasing from around 22℃ atthe beginning to lower than 17℃ when stabilized. It must be mentioned here that the heat pump begin to run intermittently after the ground temperature is over 37℃ in summer and lower than 17℃ in winter. It means that the ground temperature has reached its ultimate capacity for heat transfer, which is not suitable for air-conditioning any longer.。