美国文学作家以及作品总汇
美国文学部分 (American Literature)一．独立革命前后的文学（The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1)．殖民地时期的文学的特点2)．主要的作家、其概况及其代表作品2．独立革命前后时期的主要作家本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林，散文家、科学家、社会活动家，曾参与起草―独立宣言。
《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanack《致富之道》The Way to Wealth《自传》The Autobiography托马斯·潘恩Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩，散文家、政治家、报刊撰稿人。
《税务员问题》The Case of the Officers of Excise《常识》Common Sense《美国危机》American Crisis《人的权利》Rights of Man《专制体制的崩溃》Downfall of Despotism《理性时代》The Age of Reason菲利普·弗伦诺Philip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺，著名的―革命诗人‖。
《蒸蒸日上的美洲》―The Rising Glory of America‖《英国囚船》―The British Prison Ship‖《纪念美国勇士》同类诗中最佳―To the Memory of the Brave Americans‖《野生的金银花》―The Wild Honeysuckle‖《印第安人殡葬地》―The Indian Burying Ground‖二．美国浪漫主义文学（American Romanticism）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1)．美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景2)．主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格3)．清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文，美国著名小说家，被称为―美国文学之父‖.《瑞普·凡·温可尔》Rip Van Winkle《纽约外史》A History of New York《见闻札记》The Sketch Book《睡谷的传说》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀开创了以《皮裹腿故事集》为代表的边疆传奇小说，其中最为重要的一部是《最后的莫西干人》。
《皮裹腿故事集》Leatherstocking Tales《间谍》The Spy《领航者》The Pilot《拓荒者》The Pioneer《最后的莫希干人》The Last of Mohicans《大草原The Prairie《探路者》The Pathfinder《杀鹿者》The Deerslayer拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson爱默生，美国19世纪著名哲学家、文学家、超验主义代表人物。
《论自然》―Nature‖《论美国学者》―The American Scholar‖《论自助》―Self—Reliance‖爱默生与梭罗：梭罗的超验主义思想和他的《沃尔登》纳撒尼尔·霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne霍桑的清教主义思想及加尔文教条中的"原罪"对霍桑有着一定的影响（人性本恶的观点）霍桑对浪漫主义小说的贡献：小说的主题、心理描写、象征手法和小说结构《福谷传奇》The Blithedale Romance《玉石雕像》The Marble Faun《红字》The Scarlet Letter《小伙子布朗》Young Goodman Brown《有七个尖角阁的房子》The House of the Seven Gables华尔特·惠特曼Walt Whitman惠特曼，美国现代文学开创者之一，用一生经历编撰、扩充诗集《草叶集》，是自由现代诗体（free verse）的鼻祖。
《草叶集》Leaves of Grass：（1）―涉水的骑兵‖―Cavalry Crossing a Ford‖（2）―自我之歌‖―Song of Myself‖（3）―一个孩子的成长‖―There Was a Child Went Forth‖赫尔曼·麦尔维尔Herman Melville麦尔维尔，美国浪漫主义时期成就最高的小说家，曾做过水手，代表作《白鲸》。
《奥穆》Omoo《雷得本》Redburn《泰比》Typee《玛地》Mardi《白外衣》White Jacket《白鲸》Moby-dick埃德加·爱伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡，擅长写怪诞恐怖小说和侦探小说，被西方人认为是侦探小说的鼻祖。
《怪诞奇异故事集》Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque《厄舍古屋的倒塌》The Fall of the House of Usher《帖木儿和其他诗》Tamerlane and Other Poems《安娜贝尔·李》―Annabel Lee‖《乌鸦》―The Raven《海城》―The City in the Sea‖《致海伦―》To Hellen‖艾米莉·迪金森Emily Dickinson艾米莉·迪金森的很多诗作都以死亡为主题。
狄金森诗歌的主题：（1）―永恒‖主题的诗Her poems concerning death and immortality（2）狄金森的爱情诗Her love poems（3）狄金森的自然诗)Her nature poems《埃米莉·迪金森诗集》The Poems of Emily Dickinson《因为我不能等待死亡》―Because I Could Not Stop for Death‖三．美国现实主义文学（American Realism）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1). 主要作家的主要作品、作品的艺术特色及其文学流派。
2). 现实主义、自然主义等名词的解释。
2．美国现实主义时期的主要作家马克·吐温Mark Twain马克·吐温、亨利·詹姆斯、豪威尔斯是美国现实主义时期的三位杰出代表。
马克·吐温的作品富有地方色彩、语言幽默。
《汤姆·索亚历险记》The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《亚瑟王朝廷上的康涅狄格州美国人》A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court《镀金时代》The Gilded Age《加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙》The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County《傻瓜出国记》The Innocent’s Abroad亨利·詹姆斯Henry James詹姆斯，小说家、文学批评家，美国现实主义文学代表人物之一。
使詹姆斯获得声誉的是他的国际主题小说。
詹姆斯的小说艺术特色：―视角‖与心理分析《苔瑟·米乐》Daisy Miller《一个美国人》The American《贵妇人的画像》The Portrait of A Lady《欧洲人》The Europeans《波士顿人》The Bostonians《专使》The Ambassadors《金碗》The Golden Bowl《鸽翼》The Wings of the Dove西奥多·德莱塞Theodore Dreiser德莱塞，美国著名自然主义作家。
《嘉丽妹妹》Sister Carrie《珍妮姑娘》Jennie Gerhardt《美国的悲剧》An American Tragedy《天才》The Genius―欲望‖三部曲―Trilogy of Desire‖：《金融家》The Financier《巨头》The Titan 《斯多葛》The Stoic四．美国现代主义文学（American Modernism）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1）．主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格2）．名词解释："迷惘的一代"，意象派诗歌，象征主义，表现主义，意识流2．美国现代主义时期的主要作家埃兹拉·庞德Ezra Pound庞德，美国意象派诗歌的创始人。
《地铁站一瞥》―In a Station of the Metro‖《诗章》（长诗）―The Cantos‖《盟约》―A Pact‖《河商的妻子》―The River Merchant‗s Wife： A Letter‖罗伯特·弗洛斯特Robert Lee Frost弗洛斯特，美国20世纪最伟大的诗人之一。
在他的诗中，充满了新英格兰的如画的风光和风土人情。
弗洛斯特的诗歌：田园诗；自然诗《未选择的路》―The Road Not Taken‖《摘苹果后》―After Apple-Picking‖《雪夜停马在林边》―Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening‖尤金·奥尼尔Eugene O'Neill奥尼尔，美国最出色的剧作家，曾四次荣获普利策奖，也是迄今为止唯一的一位获得诺贝尔奖的剧作家，1936, 被誉为―美国戏剧之父‖。
《天外边》（其成名作）Beyond the Horizon《琼斯皇帝》The Emperor Jones《伟大之神布朗》The Great God Brown《毛猿》The Hairy Ape《直到夜晚的漫长一天》（自传体戏剧）The Long Days Journey Into Night司各特·菲兹杰拉德F Scott Fitzgerald菲兹杰拉德，被视为早期"爵士时代"的文学代言人，《了不起的盖茨比》使他成为了不起的小说家。
《爵士时代的故事》（短篇小说集）―Tales of the Jazz‖《早晨的起床号》―Taps at Reveille‖《冰宫》―The Ice Palace‖《五一节》―May Days‖《人间天堂》The Side of Paradise《了不起的盖茨比》The Great Gatsby《夜色温柔》Tender in the Night《最后的巨头》The Last Tycoon欧内斯特·海明威 Ernest Hemingway海明威，―迷惘的一代‖的代表人物。
美国文学部分作家及其作品
美国文学部分作家及其作品1. Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林，1706-1790，著有：A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money; Poor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书The Way to Wealth致富之道The Autobiography自传2. Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩1737-1809，著有：The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题Common Sense常识American Crisis美国危机Rights of Man人的权利Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃The Age of Reason理性时代3. Philip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺，1752-1832，著有：The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲The British Prison Ship英国囚船To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地4. Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文，1783-1859，著有：A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家Bracebridge Hall 布雷斯布里奇田庄Talks of Travellers 旅客谈The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉。
美国文学作家以及作品总汇
美国文学部分(American Literature)一．独立革命前后的文学（The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1)．殖民地时期的文学的特点2)．主要的作家、其概况及其代表作品2．独立革命前后时期的主要作家本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林，散文家、科学家、社会活动家，曾参与起草―独立宣言。
《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanack《致富之道》The Way to Wealth《自传》The Autobiography托马斯·潘恩Thomas Paine托马斯·潘恩，散文家、政治家、报刊撰稿人。
《税务员问题》The Case of the Officers of Excise《常识》Common Sense《美国危机》American Crisis《人的权利》Rights of Man《专制体制的崩溃》Downfall of Despotism《理性时代》The Age of Reason菲利普·弗伦诺Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺，著名的―革命诗人‖。
《蒸蒸日上的美洲》―The Rising Glory of America‖《英国囚船》―The British Prison Ship‖《纪念美国勇士》同类诗中最佳―To the Memory of the Brave Americans‖《野生的金银花》―The Wild Honeysuckle‖《印第安人殡葬地》―The Indian Burying Ground‖1二．美国浪漫主义文学（American Romanticism）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1)．美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景2)．主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格3)．清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文，美国著名小说家，被称为―美国文学之父‖.《瑞普·凡·温可尔》Rip Van Winkle《纽约外史》A History of New York《见闻札记》The Sketch Book《睡谷的传说》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀开创了以《皮裹腿故事集》为代表的边疆传奇小说，其中最为重要的一部是《最后的莫西干人》。
美国各文学时期重要作家及其主要作品
美国各文学时期重要作家及其主要作品美国文学的发展历史虽然只有200多年，但是它在这段时间里所取得的成就却是十分辉煌的。
美国文学业已形成的民族性、时代性和社会性，使它成为世界文学的重要组成部分。
美国文学的发展和美国历史的发展几乎是平行的。
美国殖民主义时期三个代表诗人1.安妮·布雷兹特里特Anne Bradstreet （1612-1672）美国第一位作品得以发表的女诗人。
她出生于英格兰，1630年时随父亲和丈夫来到北美马萨诸塞湾殖民地。
诗的风格与同时代的英国诗人John Donne、Edward Taylor有相似之处。
她最著名的诗集是《第十位缪斯》(The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America,1650)，这也是她生前出版的唯一诗集。
一般认为，她最优秀的诗作，主要收录于她去世后由罗杰斯选编的《布雷兹特里特诗集》(Several Poems 1678)。
《写在我家失火之际》On the Burning of Our House）反映出殖民时期生活的侧面，《灵与肉》（The Flesh and the Spirit）向读者展示了作为一名虔诚的清教徒，在面临新大陆恶劣的生存环境时，诗人内心深处肉体与灵魂、世俗与信仰之间的斗争。
2.爱德华·泰勒(Edward Taylor，1644?-1729年)美国清教派牧师和诗人。
他被公认为美国19世纪前最重要的诗人。
在他有生之年仅发表过两首诗歌，直到1937年人们研究他的手稿时才认识到他那虔诚的诗歌的优美绝伦。
像约翰·多恩和乔治·赫伯特以及其他英国玄学派诗人一样，泰勒擅长运用精心选择的暗喻和丰富而唯美的比喻，也采用日常生活中的寻常措辞和比喻。
《爱德华·泰勒诗集》(1939年)收录了他的杰作，包括写于约1685年的《上帝对其选民有影响的决定》，和写于1682-1726年的《内省录》（Preparatory Meditation）中的部分。
美国文学重要作家作品(天河学生)
美国重要作家及作品一．美国浪漫主义时期American RomanticismWashington Irving华盛顿·欧文（1783-1859）美国著名小说家，被称为“美国文学之父”.The Sketch Book《见闻札记》1819-1820Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·凡·温可尔》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷的传说》James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀（1789-1851）The Last of Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》1826Henry David Thoreau亨利·戴维·梭罗（1817-1862）Walden《瓦尔登湖》1854Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑（1804-1864）The Scarlet Letter《红字》1850Young Goodman Brown《小伙子布朗》The House of the Seven Gables《有七个尖角阁的房子》1851Herman Melville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔（1819-1891）Moby-dick《白鲸》1851Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡(1809-1849)爱伦·坡，擅长写怪诞恐怖小说和侦探小说，被西方人认为是侦探小说的鼻祖。
To Helen《致海伦》-poemAnnabel Lee《安娜贝尔·李》-poemThe Raven《乌鸦》-poemThe Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》-novel二、美国现实主义文学时期（American Realism）Mark Twain马克·吐温（1835-1910）马克·吐温的作品富有地方色彩、语言幽默。
美国文学史作家及作品
14、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗1807-1882
The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night夜吟;Ballads and Other Poems民谣及其他诗; A Psalm of Life人生礼物
The Side of Paradise人间天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和倒霉;
The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比;Tender in the Night夜色温柔;The Last Tycoon最后的巨头
27、Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特·海明威1899-1961（“迷惘的一代”的代表人物）
The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起;Farewell to Arms永别了，武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣The Old Man and The Sea老人与海
13、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡1809-1849（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）
Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集;Tales故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌;Annabel Lee安娜贝尔·李-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头
6、James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀1789-1851
The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;;Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer杀鹿者
美国文学作家作品
美国文学部分(American Literature)一．独立革命前后的文学（The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1)．殖民地时期的文学的特点2)．主要的作家、其概况及其代表作品2．独立革命前后时期的主要作家本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林，散文家、科学家、社会活动家，曾参与起草“独立宣言”。
《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanack《致富之道》The Way to Wealth《自传》The Autobiography托马斯·潘恩Thomas Paine托马斯·潘恩，散文家、政治家、报刊撰稿人。
《税务员问题》The Case of the Officers of Excise《常识》Common Sense《美国危机》American Crisis《人的权利》Rights of Man《专制体制的崩溃》Downfall of Despotism《理性时代》The Age of Reason菲利普·弗伦诺Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺，著名的“革命诗人”。
《蒸蒸日上的美洲》“The Rising Glory of America”《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship”《纪念美国勇士》同类诗中最佳“To the Memory of the Brave Americans”《野生的金银花》“The Wild Honeysuckle”《印第安人殡葬地》“The Indian Burying Ground”二．美国浪漫主义文学（American Romanticism）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1)．美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景2)．主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格3)．清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文，美国著名小说家，被称为“美国文学之父”.《瑞普·凡·温可尔》Rip Van Winkle《纽约外史》A History of New York《见闻札记》The Sketch Book《睡谷的传说》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀开创了以《皮裹腿故事集》为代表的边疆传奇小说，其中最为重要的一部是《最后的莫西干人》。
美国文学选读作家-作品
美国文学选读作家-作品UNIT【1-10】本杰明·富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin,1706—1790)1732年，他用笔名发表了《格言历书》(Poor Richard's Almanac)，内容除历书之外还附有谚语，格言、警句，非常畅销，后作为系列出版物发行25年。
《自传》(The Autobiography)著于1771年至1790年，较为全面、生动而深刻地记载了他个人的生活经历，历来被公认为美国文学中的经典之作。
埃德加·爱伦·坡(Edgar Allan Poe,1809—1849)《帖木尔》(Tamerlane and Other Poems)，诗集《艾尔·阿拉夫》(Al Araaf, 1829)《诗集》(Poems, 1831)和《乌鸦及其他诗篇》(The Raven and Other Poems, 1845) ，短篇小说方面的成就更为显著，尤其长于创作哥特式的小说和侦探小说《述异集》(Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque, 1840)《故事集》(Tales, 1845)《厄舍古厦的倒塌》(“ T he Fall of the House of Usher”)、《红色死亡假面舞会》(“ The Masque of the Red Death”)、《莉盖亚》(“Ligeia”)、《黑猫》(“ The Black Cat”)、《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》(“ The Cask of Amontillado”)、《莫格街谋杀案》(“ Murders in the Rue Morgue”)、《被窃的信件》(“ The Purloined Letter”)和《金甲虫》(“ The Gold Bug”)。
他的侦探小说情节常跌宕起伏, 诡谲多变,结局常常是在情理之中而又在意料之外,人物城府深邃,个性分明,历来为人称道，一般认为他是西方侦探小说的开山鼻祖。
美国文学作家及作品汇总
1. Transcendentalism: 超验主义1. Flourished from about 1836 to 1860. It stood in reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment, and as a revolt against the cultural dominion of England.2. General features(1)Emphasis on the significance of imagination, spirit and individualism, exploring the innermost being of man(2)Opposition against neoclassical conception of formality and order(3)Divinity of man and nature, perception of nature as symbolic of Spirit or God(4)Goes further into nature to acquire truth and knowledge than Romanticism3. Major figures of Transcendentalism: Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller.2. American naturalism：1. Flourished between1880 to 1940. It was a term created by Emile Zola. Charles Darwin‟s evolutionary t heory and French naturalism played an important role in American naturalism.2. General features:(1)A view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment(2)Scientific accuracy and lots of factual details(3)Extreme objectivity and frankness(4)Tone: ugly side of the society, gloom, hopelessness, despair3. Major figures of naturalism: Stephen crane，Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser.3.The lost generation:1. The term came from Gertrude Stein who said in Hemingwa y's presence that “you are all a lost generation.”2. It refers to the generation after the World War I or the young writers who lived as expatriates in Western Europe for a short time. Most of them caught in the war and cut from the old value.3. They were disillusioned with capitalist ideals and civilization and sense of loss after the world war.4. These writers adopted unconventional style of writing and reacted against the tendencies of the older writers in the 1920s.4.Jazz age:1. It refers to the time in 1930s after the World War I when there was a financial boom.2. It is about life and fate of young men who indulged in stimulus and pleasure3. And disillusionment of American dream.4. Fitzgerald was the literary spokesman for the Jazz age.5.Free verse:1. It is a style of poetry that has irregular rhythms and lines and attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure. Instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech.2. While it alternates stressed and unstressed syllables as stricter verse forms do, free verse does so in a looser way.3. Whitman's poetry is the most impressive example of free verse. Other major figures of free verse include Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot and other major American can poets of the 20th century.6. The iceberg analogy:1. The Iceberg Theory is a writing theory by Ernest Hemingway: "The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one eigh th of it being above water.”2. It means that a writer may omit things but the readers will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them if the writer is writing truly enough.3. It was well suited to evoke the stoic courage of his characters who face lonely and thankless tasks.1.Poe's Poetic Ideas1. Poe believes that Poetry is not to summarize and interpret earthly experience, but the elevation of excitement of the soul should be “the poetic principle”. The best poetic topic is perishing of beauty, or “supernal beauty”.2. Everything that detains human soul must be excluded from the poetry, including moral sense.3. Poe defines poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty”, giving emphasis upon the importance of the rhythmical or musica l element in poetry.2．Whitman's style1. Transcendentalism: optimism, divinity of man and nature, emphasis on individualism and exploring the innermost of being of man.2. Democratic thought: celebration of ideal democratic society and attacks against corruption3. The sprawling lines: extremely long.4. Parallelism: the parallel lines say the same thing but use different words.5. Envelope structure: the first line begins with the subject, and then more and more lines list modifiers till the verb appears in the last line of the stanza. This is like enclosing a whole list of ideas in an envelope.6. Catalogue technique: means listing. Typical poems by Whitman make long, long lists of images, of sights, sounds, smells, taste, and touch.7. No conventional meter and rhythm . The verse unit is usually an independent clause.3．Formal features of Dickinson's poetry1. Based on her own experience Theme: love, nature, friendship, death and immorality3. Peculiar poetic form: abundant dashes, irregular punctuation and capitalization, faulty grammar, no title, no regular line4. Remarkable for its uncommon variety, original subtlety and unusual richness5. Poetic indirection: e.g. “There is certain slant of light” and “Tell all the truth but tell its slant!”4．The theme and techniques in Eliot's "The Waste Land"Theme：1. Modern spiritual barrenness, 2. Despair and depression that followed the WWI3. Sterility and turbulence of the modern world, and the decline and break-down of western culture4. Shows the search for regeneration by people living in a chaotic world.Technique：1. Varied length and rhythm to harmonize with the changing subject matter2. Unrhymed lines,3. Lots of borrowings from different writers5．Analysis of "Richard Cory" by Edwin Arlington Robinson1. Theme：It seems that Cory‟s life should be a happy and successful one, but his inner world is far more compl icated than what he appears to be. It tells us that success may be meaningless to some people and cannot reflect the true meaning and value of life and shows the hollowness and loneliness of modern people.2. TechniqueWording: (1)Lively words: “imperially”; “quietly”; “admirably”(2)Simple words: looked at；clean favored；was arrayed；glittered; was human; put a bullet through his head(3)Simple words to show contrast between the cheering life and the tragic ending(4)Ancient words: …clean favored‟、…arrayed‟、…schooled‟to correspond the serious topicUnexpected ending, sharp contrast and mild sarcasm, leaving great room for readers to think about the topicPoetic sounds: Traditional pentameter with a rhyming scheme of“abab, cdcd，elef, ghgh”6. Comment on “Stop ping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" by Robert FrostSummary and Theme:The speaker is stopping by some woods on a snowy evening. He or she takes in the lovely scene in near-silence, is tempted to stay longer, but acknowledges the obligations and duties yet to be fulfilled before he or she can rest for the night. In this poem, Robert Frost discusses the relation between mortal obligations and the eternal rest.Form:The poem consists of four (almost) identically constructed stanzas. Each line is iambic, with four stressed syllables:Features of content:1. Plain in words, but profound in meaning. Simple words with far-reaching meanings2. Since it is full of symbolic constructs, it is thought- provoking, and the readers can get great fun in developing the subtext.Detailed analysis:In the first stanza, the poet leads us to a piece of beautiful woods filled up with snow. As we all know that the woods are usually linked with myth, the unknown world, and the utmost tranquility. We can guess that, in this poem, the poet takes the woods as the eternal life, the bliss, that is to say the Heaven. He is fed up with the routine duties, and wants to rest forever. The woods happens to provide an ideal place.Then it comes to the snowy evening. “It is the darkest evening of the year.” The snow is cold and the evening dark, all of which indicate that the poet is depressed inside. His subconscious wants him to stop, but his “little horse” with the inspiring bells, which is actually a sy mbol of vitality, urges him to go. In the second stanza, the poet uses “frozen lake” to denote death. Why he transfers the embodiment of death from the beautiful “woods” to the deadly “frozen lake” is because the point of view has changed from the poet to the little horse.In the third st anza, the little horse wonders why the poet stops when he should go on. Only “the easy wind” and “downy flake” answer it with soft sweep. We can imagine the scene: the “downy flake” is so light and gentle that it flies in the soft wind. Thus we can get the idea: the poet‟s answer is as slight and uncertain as the flakes, because he himself doesn‟t know why he stops suddenly in the woods.Toward the end, the poet comes back from the illusion. Though the woods are attractive, he must move on, because he ha s promise to keep. “The promise” could be an obligation or a goal. One cannot die before fulfilling one‟s dream. The poet uses “sleep” to represent death, jus t as we usually do.7.Theme and technique in The Great Gatsby by FitzgeraldTheme:It resents the decline of the American dream in1920s, the hollowness of the upper class and the falseness of ideals and moves toward disillusion. It also shows that will not to a perfect country. Instead, it leads total depravity. The nationals become hypocritical, indifferent, empty, and cruel, day and night indulged in material pursuing.Technique:1. Development of traditional narrative techniques and first-person narrator: The whole novel proceeded with Nick‟s narration.2. Two main clues of the story: The main clue is the imbroglio between Gatsby and the family of Tom, and the minor one is the imbroglio between Tom and the family of Wilson.3. The contrastive techniques endow the novel with artistic glamour and profound connotation.4. Technique of delayed character revelation to emphasize the theatrical quality of Gatsby‟s approach to lifement on Hemingway's style and Farewell to Arms"Style:1. News reporting style: direct, concise, life-like dialogues, less ornaments2. Iceberg theory: omit something but the readers will still have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them thanks to the direct and true description.3. The Loss generation: people disillusioned after the world war by old values and insensitivity and hollowness of society4. Hemingway code heroes: (1) physically strong, (2) endowed with certain skills, (3)strong will power(Man can be destroyed, not defeated; Courage=grace under pressure), (4)tested in difficultiesFarewell to ArmsThemes: The grim reality of war, the relationship between love and pain, feelings of lossMotifs: Masculinity, games and divertissement, loyalty versus abandonment, illusions and fantasies, alcoholismSymbols: Rain serves in the novel as a potent symbol of the inevitable disintegration of happiness in life. Catherine‟s hair9.Analyze "Dry September" by William Faulkner1. “Dry September” was written in 1931, and is a well-known story of Faulkner.2. This story touches upon the strange relationship between sex and violence, examines the psychological state of the main characters, and exposes the crime of racial discrimination which makes one bristle with anger.3. The tone of this story contributes much to its effectiveness, particularly to the imagery of infernal heat and dryness and to the setting itself.4. From the character Miss Minnie the reader could perceive the obvious impact of Freud‟s ideas on William Faulkner.。
美国文学作家作品
1、Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传2、Thomas Paine托马斯·潘恩1737-1809The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代3·Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺1752-1832The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地4、Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文1783-1859A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；TheSketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉5、James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀1789-1851The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leatherstocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer杀鹿者6、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡1809-1849（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集;Tales故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌;Ligeia莱琪儿;Annabel Lee安娜贝尔·李-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木儿和其他诗;Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems艾尔·阿拉夫，帖木儿和其他诗;The Raven and Other Poems乌鸦及其他诗:The Raven乌鸦;The City in the Sea海城;Israfel 伊斯拉菲尔;To Hellen致海伦7．Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼·布朗;The Scarlet Letter红字;The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子--------心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像8、Henry David Threau亨利·大卫·梭罗1817-1862Wadden,or Life in the Woods华腾湖或林中生活;Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience抵制公民政府;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers9、Henry James享利·詹姆斯1843-1916小说：Daisy Miller苔瑟·米乐；The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像；The Bostonians波士顿人；The Real Thing and Other Tales真货色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove鸽翼；The Ambassadors大使；The Golden Bowl金碗评论集：French Poets and Novelists法国诗人和小说家;Hawthorne霍桑;Partial Portraits不完全的画像;Notes and Reviews札记与评论;Art of Fiction and Other Essays小说艺术10、F Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯·菲茨杰拉德1896-1940(迷惘的一代)The Side of Paradise人间天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和倒霉;The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比;Tender in the Night夜色温柔;The Last Tycoon最后的巨头短篇小说：Flappers and Philosophers姑娘们和哲学家们;Tales of the Jazz爵士时代的故事;Taps at Reveille早晨的起床号→The Ice Palace冰宫;May Days五一节;The Diamond as Big as the Ritz像里茨饭店那样大的钻石;Winter Dreams 冬天的梦;The Rich Boy富家子弟;Babylon Revisted重访巴比伦敦The Crack-up崩溃（自传体文集）。
美国文学作家作品汇总
18、 Mark Twain马克·吐温（Samuel Longhorne Clemens）---美国文学的一大里程碑 The Celebrated
Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记;The
Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying
Ground印第安人殡葬地
4、Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文1783-1859 A History of New
1、Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and
Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to
Jacket白外衣;Pierre皮尔埃;Piazza广场故事;Billy Budd比利·巴德
13、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗1807-1882 The Song of
Hiawatha海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night夜吟;Ballads and Other
Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School
Address神学院演说
Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhodo杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日子-首开自由诗之先河