国际会计课后题答案第七章,第八章整理版

合集下载

国际会计课后题答案第七章,第八章整理版

一、讨论题7.1比照本章引述的金融工具的3个定义，说明各自的特点。

经济学家和金融界所举的定义都把金融工具界定为金融领域运用的单证：史密斯的定义把金融工具表述为“对其他经济单位的债权凭证和所有权凭证”，而《银行与金融百科全书》的定义中列举了金融领域运用的各种单证。

FASB和IASC所下的定义基础是一致的，都把金融工具界定为现金、合同权利或义务及权益工具。

IASC 的定义较清晰，在指明金融工具是“形成个企业的金融资产并形成另一企业的金融负债或权益工具的合同”后，又分别就金融资产、金融负债和权益工具下了定义。

7.2比照本章引述的衍生金融工具的4个定义，说叫各自的特点。

OECD的定义指叫衍生金融工具是“一份双边合约或支付交换协议”，ISDA定义中的表述是“有关互换现金流量和旨存为交易名转移风险的双边合同”。

后名的表述更清晰。

两个定义都着币指明衍生金融工具价值的“衍生性”，并指明可作为衍生价值的基础的标的。

两者都列举了各种不同的标的。

FASB和IASC所下的定义基本上是致的，更便于作为衍生金融工具交易的会计处理所依据的概念。

讨论时可参照教本中归纳的6项最基本的特征展开〔本章教学要点〔二〕第3点中的(2)也有简括的表述〕。

7.3区分金融资产和负债与非金融资产和负债项日是否等同于区分货币性资产和负债与非货币性资产和负债项日？请予以说明。

不等同。

形成收取或支付现金或另金融资产的合同权利或义务，是金融资产和负债的最摹本的特征，以此〔合同权利或义务〕区别于非金融资产和负债〔参阅教术7 2 1〕，而货币性资产和负债与非货币性资产和负债的区分则是根据这些项目对通货膨胀影响或汇率变动的不同反应而作出的。

二者是完全不相下的两种分类法。

更为币要的是，不要把“货币性金融资产和负债”与“货币性资产和负债”这两个概念相混淆。

前名是指“将按固定或可确定的金额收取或支付的金融资产和金融负债”，只是金融资产和金融负债的特定类别。

7.4衍生金融工具品目繁多，但其基本形式不外乎：(1)远期合同；(2)期货合同：〔3)期权合同：(4)互换〔掉期〕合同。

国际会计第七版英文版课后答案（第七章）

国际会计第七版英文版课后答案（第七章）预览说明:预览图片所展示的格式为文档的源格式展示,下载源文件没有水印,内容可编辑和复制Chapter 7Financial Reporting and Changing PricesDiscussion Questions Solutions1.Historical-based financial statements may be misleading during periods of significant inflation.Many resources may have been acquired in periods when the purchasing power of the monetary unit was much higher. These expenses then typically are deducted from revenues that reflect current purchasing power. The resulting income number is unintelligible. Another problem for statement readers is that the value of assets recorded at their historical acquisition cost is typically understated as a result of inflation. Understated asset values produce understated expenses and overstated earnings.Financial trends are also difficult to interpret, as trend statistics generally include monetary units of different purchasing power. A positive trend in sales may be due to price changes, not real increases in sales.2. A price index is a cost ratio, that is, the ratio of a representative “basket” of goods and servicesconsumed by an average family, compared to the price of that same basket in a benchmark (“base”) year. The price index is invaluable in enabling a statement reader to translate sums of money paid in the past to their current purchasing power equivalents.3.This statement is partly true and shows the confusion thatsurrounds inflation accounting. Inaccounting for changing prices, users must distinguish between general price changes and specific price changes. General prices refer to the prices of all goods and services in the economy. The object of accounting for general price level changes is to preserve the general purchasing power of a company’s money capital. Specific price changes refer to changes in the prices of specific commodities. The object of accounting for specific price changes is to preserve a company’s productive capacity or operating capability.4.The congressman is wrong. The object of inflation accounting is to clarify the distinction betweencapital and income, not to minimize corporate taxes. Inflation accounting shows how much money the company can pay in expenses, taxes, and dividends, while keeping enough resources to maintain its capital.5.Although it is generally conceded in principle that price level-adjusted financial statements are moreuseful than conventional accounting statements during periods of significant inflation, it is a judgment call to identify exactly when price level-adjusted statements become more meaningful. Asa rule of thumb, executives in Brazil use an inflation rate greater than 10 % per month. Investors inGermany or Switzerland may believe that 5 % inflation per year is alarming. Unfortunately, no one has yet developed a formal, rigorous, easy-to-apply definition of meaningfulness.How does one determine whether the benefits of price level-adjusted accounting information exceed the costs? While the costs to generate such information can be measured, it is muchharder to quantify the benefits. Financial accounting deals with information produced by business enterprises for use by external decision makers. Consequently, measurement of the benefits of price level-adjusted information must cover all user groups in an economy. Multiple user groups, uneven distributions of benefits (both within and between groups), and favorable economy-wide spillover effects of price level information complicate the task. Adding international dimensions makes the problem even worse.6.The U.S. approach resembles the price-level adjusted current cost model, whereas the U.K.approach embraces the current cost model. While both require disclosure of the impact ofchanging prices on monetary items, the U.S. approach basically uses the general price level index to compute monetary gains and losses, whereas the U.K. employs specific prices changes by way of its gearing adjustment.1.The International Accounting Standards Board sanctions use of the general price level model orthe current cost framework. Whichever method is employed, these inflation adjustments must be expressed in terms of constant purchasing power as of the balance sheet date. Purchasing powergains or losses are to be included in current income. Firms adjusting their accounts for changingprices must disclose, at a minimum: a) the fact that end-of-period purchasing power adjustmentshave been made, b) the asset valuation framework employed in the primary financial statements,c) the type of inflation index or indexes employed and theirlevel at the end of the period as wellas their movements during the period, and d) the net purchasing power gain or loss on netmonetary items held during the period. Given the options that are available, analysts mustunderstand the differences between the approved inflation accounting methods to be able tocompare companies choosing one option over the other and to assure proper interpretation ofinflation adjusted amounts.2.The historical cost-constant dollar model measures the impact of general price level changes on afirm's reported performance and financial position. The current cost model examines the impact of specific price changes on enterprise income and wealth.The two measurement frameworks are similar in that both attempt to clarify the distinction between capital and income. They differ in reporting objectives. Whereas the historical cost/constant dollar model attempts to preserve the general purchasing power of a firm's original money capital, the current cost model attempts to preserve an entity's physical capital or productive capacity.3.Your authors think that restating foreign and domestic accounts to their current cost equivalentsproduces information that is far more helpful to investor decisions than historical cost methods, whether or not adjusted for changes in general price levels. Such information provides a performance measure that signals the maximum amount of resources that enterprises can distribute without reducing their productive capacity. It also facilitates comparisons ofconsolidated data.10. The gearing adjustment is an inflation adjustment that partially offsets the additional charges toincome associated with assets whose values are restated for inflation (e.g., higher depreciation and cost of sales). This adjustment recognizes that borrowers generally gain from inflation because they can repay their debts with currency of reduced purchasing power. Hence, it is unnecessary to recognize the higher replacement cost of inventory and plant and equipment in the income statement so far as they are financed by debt.11. Accounting for foreign inflation differs from accounting for domestic inflation in two major ways.First, foreign rates of inflation often are higher than domestic rates, which increases potential distortions in an entity's reported results from changing prices. Second, as foreign exchange rates and differential national rates of inflation are seldom perfectly negatively correlated, care must be taken to avoid double-dipping when consolidating the results of foreign operations.12.Double-dipping refers to methods that count the effects of foreign inflation twice in reportedearnings. Earnings are reduced once when cost of sales is adjusted upwards for inflation, andagain when inventories are translated to domestic currency using a current exchange rate, whichyields a translation loss. Since the change in the exchange rate itself was caused by inflation, the result is a double charge for inflation.Exercise Solutions1.This exercise is a good way to test students’ understanding of the various approaches toaccounting for changin g prices. Vestel’s earnings numbers are based on the general price levelmodel whereas Infosys is measuring its performance based on a current cost framework. Modello goes a step further and adjusts its current cost statements for changes in the general price level.Some may feel that current cost data, which is based on the notion of replacement costs, is toosubjective a notion to be reliable. Since general price level data are based on general price level indices, the numbers appearing in Vestel’s income statement are much more objective andfacilitates comparisons among companies using a similar methodology. Moreover, Vestel’sstatements do not violate the historical cost doctrine. Others will argue that the value of stockinvestments are based on discounted future cash flows. Accordingly, the current cost framework provided by Infosys is more germane to investor decisions as it measures the amount of earnings that could be distributed as dividends without reducing the firm’s future dividend gen eratingpotential. Moreover, current cost earnings, including the gearing adjustment , reflects how thefirm is impacted by prices that are more germane to the firm, as opposed to the general public.Some will argue that Modello’s income statement combin es the best of both worlds. However,there is merit to the argument that the income statementshould measure the performance of thefirm and that this is best accomplished with the current cost framework. Since individualinvestors are affected by the g eneral price level, they should adjust their share of a firm’s current cost earnings distributions for general inflation.2. a.Income Statement Historical Price Level Historical Cost-Cost Adjustment Constant Dollar Revenue MXP 144,000,000 420/340 MXP 177,882,353 Operating expenses (86,400,000) 420/340 (106,729,412) Depreciation (36,000,000) 420/263 (57,490,494)Operating income MXP 21,600,000 MXP 13,662,447a Monetary gains(losses) - (73,248,759)Net income MXP 53,280,000 MXP(59,586,312)Balance SheetCash MX(P 157,600,000 420/420 MXP 157,600,000Land 180,000,000 420/263 287,452,471Building 720,000,000 420/263 1,149,809,885Acc. Depreciation (36,000,000) 420/263 (57,490,494)Total MXP 1,021,600,000 MXP 1,537,371,862Owners' equity(beg.) MXP1,000,000,000 rolled forward b MXP 1,596,958,174Net income (loss) 21,600,000 (59,586,312)Owner's equity MXP 1,021,600,000 MXP 1,537,371,862(end)a Monetary loss:CashBeginning balance 1,000,000,000 420/263 1,596,958,174 Purchase ofreal estate ( 900,000,000) 420/263 (1,437,262,356)Rental revenues 144,000,000 420/340 177,882,353Operating expenses (86,400,000) 420/340 106,729,412)157,600,000 230,848,759-157,600,000 Monetary loss (73,248,759)b Beginning equity x price level adjustment = adjusted amount= P 1,000,000,000 x 420/263 = P 1,596,958,1742.b.Cost HC/Constant DollarReturn on Assets 21,600,000 (59,586,312)1,021,600,000 1,537,371,862= 2.1% = -3.9%Cost-based profitability ratios tend to provide a distorted (overstated) picture of a company's operating performance during a period of inflation.3.20X7 20X8Cash MJR 2,500 MJR 5,100Current liabilities (1,000) (1,200)LT-Debt (3,000) (4,000)Net monetary liabilities MJR (1,500) MJR (100)Zonolia Enterprise’s net monetary liability position changed by MJR1,400 during the year (MJR100) –(MJR1,500).4.Nominal Restate for ConstantMJR’s Majikstan GPL MJR’sNet monetary liab.'s MJR 1,500 x 32,900/30,000 = MJR1,645 12/31/X7Decrease during year (1,400) = (1,400)Net monetary liab.'s MJR 100 x 32,900/36,000 = MJR 9112/31/X8Monetary (general purchasing power) gain MJR 1545. Historical Current Cost Current Income Statement Cost Adjustment Cost Revenues MXP 144,000,000 - MXP 144,000,000 Operating expenses 86,400,000 - 86,400,000 Depreciation (36,000.000) 1.8 64,800,000 Net Income (loss) MXP 21,600,000 MXP (7,200,000)Balance SheetCash MXP 157,600,000 - P 157,600,000 Land 180,000,000 1.9 342,000,000 Building 720,000,000 1.8 1,296,000,000 Acc. Depreciation (36,000,000) 1.8 (64,800,000) Total MXP1,021,600,000 MXP 1,730,800,000 Owners' Equity Beg. Balance MXP1,000,000,000 MXP 1,000,000,000 OE revaluation a - 738,000,000Net income (loss) 21,600,000 (7,200,000) Total MXP1,021,600,000 MXP 1,730,800,000a Revaluation of land MXP 162,000,000Revaluation of building 576,000,000MXP 738,000,0006. Solution in 000,000's:MJR8,000 X 137.5/100.0 = MJR11,00020X7 20X8Current cost MJR8,000 MJR11,000Acc. depreciation (1,600) (3,300)aNet current cost MJR6,400 MJR7,700a Current cost depreciation = MJR800 X 137.5/100.0 = 1,100per year for 3 years.7. As no new assets were acquired during the year, we must determine to what extent the MJR3,000 increase in the current cost of Zonolia's equipment exceeded the change in the general price level during the year. The appropriate calculation follows: MJR11,000 - [MJR8,000 X 36,000/30,000]= MJR11,000 - MJR9,600= MJR1,400Alternatively, if we follow the FASB’s sug gested methodology, where calculations are expressed in average (20X8) dollars, current cost depreciation would be computed by reference to the average current cost of the related assets. Thus, Current cost, 12/31/X7 MJR8,000,000Current cost, 12/31/X8 11,000,000MJR19,000,000Average current cost MJR19,000,000/2 = MJR9,500,000Current cost depreciation at 10% = MJR950,000Increase in current cost of equipment, net of inflation (000's): Current Restate for Current cost/Cost Inflation Constant Zonos Current cost, net12/31/X7 MJR6,400 X 32,900/30,000 MJR7,019Depreciation (950) (950)Current cost, net12/31/X8 7,700 X 32,900/36,000 7,037MJR 2,250 MJR968The increase in the current cost of equipment, net of inflation is MJR968. The difference between the nominal renge amount (MJR2,250) and constant renges (MJR968) is the inflation component of the equipment's current cost increase.8. Restate-translate method:Constant Translate $ Equivalentsrenges of constantrengesIncrease in currentcost of equip., netof inflation MJR968,000 X 1/4,800 = $202Translate-restate method:CC (MJR) Translate CC ($) Restate CC/ Constant $U.S. GPLCC, net MJR 6,400,000 x 1/4,800 = $1,333 x 292.5/281.5 = $1,38512/31/X7Dep. (950,000) x 1/4,800 = (198) = (198)CC, net 7,700,000 x 1/4,800 = 1,604 x 292.5/303.5 = 1,54612/31/X8MJR 2,250,000 $ 469 $ 3599.20X7 20X8￡m ￡mTrade receivables 242 270-Trade payables (170) (160)Net monetary working capital 72 110Change in monetary working capital = ￡38 (￡110 - ￡72) Nominal Restate for Constant￡British PPI ￡Net monetary W/C 72 X 110/100 = 79.212/31/20X7Increase during year 38 = 38.0Net monetary W/C 110 X 110/120 = 100.812/31/20X8Monetary working capital adjustment = (16.4)aa This amount is added to the current cost adjustments for depreciation and cost of sales because trade receivables exceeded trade payables, thus tying up working capital in an asset that lost purchasing power.Gearing adjustment:[(TL – CA)/(FA + I + MWC)] [CC Dep. Adj. + CC Sales Adj. + MWCA]where TL = total liabilities other than trade payablesCA = current assets other than trade receivables and inventoryFA = fixed assets including investmentsI = inventoryMWC = monetary working capitalCC Dep. Adj. = current cost depreciation adjustmentCC Sales adj. = current cost of sales adjustmentMWCA = monetary working capital adjustment= [(128 – 75)/(479 + 220 + 110] [￡m 216]= [.066 ] [216]= ￡14.3The only number I could readily identify in problem 9 is inventory of 220. The next number I could come close on is fixed assets. Looks like the solution above says 479, the text for 08 indicates 473. I could not see where the 110 (MWC) came from. Neither is it clear where the other 3 items in brackets came from. The solution needs to be clearer before I can check the numbers.This gearing adjustment of ￡14.3 million is subtracted from the current cost of sales and depreciation adjustments. It represents the purchasing power gain from using debt to finance part of the firm's operating assets.a.Nominal Thai Historical Translation U.S.baht inflation c ost/constant rate dollaradjustment baht equivalentInven-tory BHT500,000 x 100/200 = BHT250,000 x .02 = $5,000b.Nominal Translation U.S. U.S. Historicalbaht rate dollar inflation c ost/constantequivalent adjustment dollarsInven-tory BHT500,000 x .02 = 10,000 x 180/198 = $9,090Sorry this seems confusing compared to number 2 where the year end index was in the numerator and either the beginning or average index was in the denominator (e.g. 420/340 or 420/263). It is not clear why we do the opposite here where the Thai price level doubles and we put the 200 in the denominator and 100 in the numerator.c. Most students will prefer the restate-translate method. This approach has merit if general and specific pricelevels move in tandem. If not, neither approach is satisfactory as both are based on a historical cost valuation framework that is generally irrelevant for investment decisions.d. For reasons enumerated in this chapter, we favor restating local currency assets for specific price changesand then translating these current cost equivalents to dollars using the current exchange rate.11. We assume that Doosan Enterprises translates its inventory at the current rate and adjusts its cost ofsales for inflation by simulating what it would have been ona LIFO basis. Two adjustments are necessarybecause local inflation impacts exchange rates used to translate foreign currency inventory balances to dollars.With FIFO inventories, a translation loss is recorded in "as reported" earnings when it is originally translatedto U.S. dollars by a current exchange rate that changed (devalued) during the period. This translation loss isan indirect charge for local inflation. The inflation adjustment (simulated LIFO charge) to increase "as reported" cost of sales to a current cost basis is an additional charge for inflation. Absent some offsettingentry, consolidated results would be charged twice for inflation. To avoid this double charge, the translation loss embodied in reported earnings is deducted from the simulated LIFO charge to arrive at a net U.S. dollarcurrent cost of sales adjustment. Steps in the adjustment process are as follows:1. FIFO inventory subject to simulated LIFO charge KRW10,920,0002. Restate line 1 to January 1 currency units(KRW10,920,000 x 100/120). The result is anapproximation of December 31 LIFO inventory KRW9,100,0003. Difference between FIFO and LIFO inventorybalances (line 1 minus line 2) is the additionallira LIFO expense (current cost adjustment)for the current year. KRW1,820,0004. Translate line 3 to dollars at the January 1exchange rate (KRW1,820,000 ÷ 900). The resultis the additional dollar LIFO expense for thecurrent year $ 2,0225. Calculate the translation loss on FIFO inventory(line 1) that has already been reflected in "asreported" results:a. Translate line 1 at Januaryexchange rate (KRW10,920,000 ÷ KRW900) $ 12,133b. Translate line 1 at December 31exchange rate (L 10,920,000 ÷ KRW1,170) $ 9,333c. The difference is the translationloss in “as reported” results $ (2,800)6. The difference between lines 4 and 5c isthe cost of sales adjustment in dollars:a. Additional dollar LIFO expense fromline 4. $ 2,022b. Less: Inventory translation loss alreadyreflected in "as reported” results (fromline 5c) $ (2,800)c. The difference is the net dollar currentcost of sales adjustment $ (778)Here, the current cost of sales adjustment is negative (i.e., reduces the dollar cost of sales adjustment). This is because the won devalued by more than the differential inflation rate (assuming a U.S. inflation rate close to zero). If the lira devalued by less than the differential inflation rate, the cost of sales adjustment would have been positive.12.1. Cost of fixed assets at 12/31 EUR20,0002. FIFO inventory at 12/31 EUR 8,0003. Total EUR28,0004. Less: Owners' equity at 12/31 EUR 2,0005. Liabilities used to financefixed assets and inventory EUR26,0006. Restate liabilities to beginningof period markka (EUR26,000 X300/390) EUR20,0007. Purchasing power gain EUR 6,0008. Purchasing power gain inpounds (EUR 6,000/EUR 1.5) ￡4,0009. Translation gain on appliedliabilities(EUR 26,000/EUR 1.5 -EUR26,000/EUR1.95) ￡4,00010. Net purchasing power gain ￡ -0-In this case the translation gain on liabilities used to finance nonmonetary assets equals the purchasing power gain because the currency devaluation matched the differential inflation of 30%. Hence, no purchasing power gains would be recognized.Case 7-1 SolutionCase 7.1 Kashmir Enterprises1.a–cHistorical Price Level HistoricalCost Adjustment Cost ConstantIncome Statement RupeesRevenues INR6,000,000 160/144 I NR6,666,667Cost of Sales 2,560,000 160/128 3,200,000Selling & Admin. 1,200,000 160/144 1,333,333Depreciation 160,000 160/128 200,000Interest 240,000 160/160 240,000Monetary gains (losses)a - 741,666Net Income INR1,840,000 INR2,435,000Balance SheetCash INR2,480,000 160/160 I NR2,480,000 Inventory 480,000 160/128 600,000Building 3,200,000 160/128 4,000,000Accu. depreciation (160,000) 160/128 (200,000) Total INR6,000,000 INR6,880,000Accounts payable INR 620,000 160/160 I NR 620,000 Notes payable 2,400,000 160/160 2,400,000 Owners' equity 2,980,000 3,860,000INR 6,000,000 INR6,880,000a Monetary gains/(losses):CashBeg. balance INR 720,000 160/128 INR1,150,000 Down payment (800,000) 160/128 (1,000,000) Sales 6,000,000 160/144 6,666,667Selling & Adm. exp. (1,200,000) 160/144 (1,333,333) Payment on account (2,200,000) 160/144 (2,444,444) Interest (240,000) 160/160 (240,000)INR 2,480,000 INR2,798,890-2,480,000Monetary loss INR (318,890)a Monetary gains and losses:Accounts PayableBeg. balance INR 420,000 160/128 INR525,000 Purchases 2,400,000 160/128 3,000,000Payments on account (2,200,000) 160/144 (2,444,444) INR 620,000 INR1,080,556- 620,000Monetary gain INR 460,556a Monetary gains/(losses):Notes PayablePurchase warehouse INR 2,400,000 160/128 INR 3,000,000 - 2,400,000Monetary gain INR 600,000Net monetary loss: INR(318,890) + INR460,556 + INR600,000 = INR741,666.Current Cost Financial StatementsHistorical Adjustment Current Cost Income Statement Cost F actor EquivalentsRevenues INR6,000,000 - INR 6,000,000Cost of Sales 2,560,000 1.3 3,328,000Selling and adm. 1,200,000 - 1,200,000Depreciation 160,000 1.4 224,000Interest 240,000 - 240,000Net Income INR 1,840,000 INR1,008,000Balance SheetCash INR 2,480,000 - INR 2,480,000Inventory 480,000 1.3 624,000Building 3,200,000 1.4 4,480,000Acc. depreciation 160,000 1.4 224,000Total INR 6,000,000 INR 7,360,000Accounts payable INR 620,000 - INR 620,000Notes payable 2,400,000 - 2,400,000Owners' equity 2,980,000 4,340,000INR 6,000,000 INR 7,360,0002. Your authors favor current cost over historical or historical cost/constant dollar financial statements. Finance theory states that investors are interested in a firm's dividend-generating potential, as the value of their investment depends on future cash flows. A firm's dividend-generating potential, in turn, is directly related to its productive capacity. Unless a firm preserves itsproductive capacity or physical capital(e.g.,plant, equipment, inventories), dividends can’t be sustained over time. Under these circumstances, current cost financial statements give investors information important to their decisions. They show the maximum resources that a firm can distribute to investors without impairing its operating capability.3.Translate-Restate MethodBalance Sheet, Jan. 1Local Currency Trans. Dollar Inflation Historical costRate Equivalents Adjustment Constant $Cash INR 920,000 .025 $23,000 - $23,000Inventory 640,000 .025 16,000 - 16,000 Total INR1,560,000 $39,000 $39,000A/P INR 420,000 .025 $10,500 - $10,500 Owners' equity 1,140,000 .025 28,500 - 28,500 Total INR 1,560,000 $39,000 $ 39,000Income StatementDec. 31Revenues INR 6,000,000 .022 $ 132,000 108/104 $ 137,077 Cost of sales 2,560,000 .022 56,320 108/100 60,825Selling & Adm. 1,200,000 .022 26,400 108/104 27,415 Depreciation 160,000 .022 3,520 108/100 3,802 Interest 240,000 .022 5,280 108/108 5,280Net Income INR 1,840,000 $ 40,480 $ 39,755 Monetary gains (losses)a - - 4,468$44,223a Monetary gains/(losses):CashBeg. Bal INR 920,000 .02 $ 18,400 108/100 $ 19,872Downpayment (800,000) .02 (16,000) 108/100 (17,280) Sales 6,000,000 .02 120,000 108/104 124,615Selling & Adm. (1,200,000) .02 (24,000) 108/104 (24,923)Payments on Acc. (2,200,000) .02 (44,000) 108/104 (45,692) Interest (240,000) .02 (4,800) 108/108 (4,800)INR 2,480,000 $ 49,600 51,792-49,600Monetary loss $ (2,192) Accounts PayableBeg. Bal. INR 420,000 .02 $ 8,400 108/100 $ 9,072Purchases 2,400,000 .02 48,000 108/100 51,840Pmt. on acc. (2,200,000) .02 (44,000) 108/104 45,692INR 620,000 $ 12,400 $ 15,592- 12,400Monetary gain $ 2,820Notes payablePur. W/house Rpe 2,400,000 .02 $ 48,000 108/100 $ 51,840 48,000Monetary gain $ 3,840Netmonetary gain: $(2,192) + $2,820 + $3,840 = $4,468.Balance Sheet Local Trans. Dollar Inflation Historical cost- Dec. 31 Currency Rate Equiv. Adjustment Constant $Cash INR 2,480,000 .02 48,600 108/108 $ 48,600 Inventory 480,000 .02 9,600 108/100 10,368 Building 3,200,000 .02 64,000 108/100 69,120Acc. Dep. 160,000 .02 3,200 108/100 3,456Total INR 6,000,000 $120,000 $ 124,632Acc. payable 620,000 .02 12,400 108/108 $ 12,400Notes payable 2,400,000 .02 48,000 108/108 48,000Trans. adj.b - (9,380) (9,978)Owners' equity c 2,980,000 68,980 74,210Total INR 6,000,000 $120,000 $124,632________________________________________________________________ __b Translation adjustment:Beginning net assets Rpe 1,140,000 (.02 - .025) = $ (5,700) X 108/100 = $(6,156)Increase in net assets Rpe 1,840,000 (.02 - .022) = (3,680) X 108/104 = $(3,822)$(9,380) $(9,978) c Balancing residualRestate - Translate MethodBalance Sheet Local Inflation Historical Cost- Trans. D ollar Jan 1. Currency Adjustment Constant rupee Rate equivalents Cash INR 920,000 128/128 INR 920,000 .025 $ 23,000 Inventory d 640,000 128/128 640,000 .025 16,000Total INR1,560,000 INR1,560,000 $ 39,000Acct. payable INR 420,000 128/128 INR 420,000 .025 $ 10,500Owner's equity 1,140,000 1,140,000 28,500Total INR 1,560,000 INR 1,560,000 $ 39,000d Assumes inventory acquired near year-end.Income StatementYear ended Dec. 31Revenues INR 6,000,000 160/144 INR 6,666,666 .022 $ 146,667Cost of Sales 2,560,000 160/128 3,200,000 .022 70,400 Selling & Adm. 1,200,000 160/144 1,333,333 .022 29,333 Depreciation 160,000 160/128 200,000 .022 4,400Interest 240,000 160/160 240,000 .022 5,280Net Income INR1,840,000 INR1,693,334 $ 37,254 Monetary gains(losses)a- 741,666 .022 16,317INR2,435,000 $ 53,571Balance SheetDec. 31Cash INR 2,480,000 160/160 INR 2,480,000 .02 $ 49,600Inventory 480,000 160/128 600,000 .02 12,000Building 3,200,000 160/128 4,000,000 .02 80,000Acc. deprec. 160,000 160/128 200,000 .02 4,000Total INR 6,000,000 INR 6,880,000 $137,600Acc. payable INR620,000 160/160 INR 620,000 .02 $ 12,400 Notes payable 2,400,000 160/160 2,400,000 .02 48,000Owner's equity 2,980,000 3,860,000 87,770 Translation adj.b - (10,570)Total INR 6,000,000 INR 6,880,000 $137,600________________________________________b Beginning net assets INR1,140,000 (.02 - .025) = $ (5,700)Change in net assets 2,435,000 ).02 - .022) = $(4,870)$(10,570)Both methods are inadequate for American investors because they are based on the historical cost valuation framework. A better reporting procedure is to restate local accounts to their current cost equivalents, then translate these amounts to the reporting currency using the year-end (current) foreign exchange rate. This is illustrated here.Restate (current cost)/Translate (current rate)Cash INR 920,000 - INR 920,000 .025 $ 23,000Inventory 640,000 - 640,000 .025 16,000Total INR 1,560,000 INR1,560,000 $ 39,000Acc. payable INR 420,000 - INR 420,000 .025 $ 10,500Owner's equity 1,140,000 - 1,140,000 28,500。

国际会计课后题答案版

国际会计课后题答案版 Pleasure Group Office【T985AB-B866SYT-B182C-BS682T-STT18】第1章国际会计的形成与发展一、讨论题为什么说市场国际化，特别是货币市场和资本市场的国际化是会计国际化的主要推动力国际贸易和国际经济技术合作，促使会计成为一种国际商业语言。

特别是国际货币市场和资本市场的兴起向进入市场的贷款人或筹资者提出了应提供在国际间可比且可靠的财务信息的要求（即国际财务报告趋同化的要求），更成为会计国际化的主要推动力。

跨国公司是否在百分之百地推动会计国际化说明你的观点。

不是。

跨国公司对推动会计国际化有其两面性：一方面，基于其跨国经营和国际筹资的需要，他们希望通过会计国际化来缩小和协调国别差异；另一方面，他们又十分重视利用各国现存的会计差异来谋取财务利益。

后者也推动了各国会计模式和重要会计方法的国际比较研究。

（注意：“会计国际化”大体上与“会计的国际协调化”概念一致，而与国际会计研究中的“国别会计”观点对立）会计随商业活动的扩展而传播，你同意这种说法吗从历史发展的进程谈谈你的看法。

同意。

可主要就前殖民帝国的会计向其原殖民地传播、工业革命后西方会计的发展及在世界范围内的广泛传播以及第二次世界大战以后美国会计的影响在一定程度上主宰着世界各地的会计发展等历史事实，加以讨论。

哪些特定会计方法具有国际性质把外币交易和外币报表的折算引入会计领域，是会计国际化带来的独特问题。

它与由此引发的跨国企业合并和国际合并财务报表与外币折算相互关联和制约的问题，以及各国的物价变动影响在国际合并财务报表中如何处理和调整的问题，从20世纪70年代以来，就成为国际会计研究中既需协调一致但又矛盾重重的“三大难题”。

在世纪之交，金融工具（特别是衍生工具）的创新引发的会计处理问题，给传统的会计概念和实务带来了巨大的冲击，成为各国会计准则机构联合攻关、仍未妥善解决的难题。

此外，国际税务会计也是值得关注的课题。

国际会计课后题答案整理版

国际会计课后题答案整理版第1章国际会计的形成与发展一、讨论题1.1 为什么说市场国际化，特别是货币市场和资本市场的国际化是会计国际化的主要推动力？国际贸易和国际经济技术合作，促使会计成为一种国际商业语言。

1.2 跨国公司是否在百分之百地推动会计国际化？说明你的观点。

不是。

后者也推动了各国会计模式和重要会计方法的国际比较研究。

（注意：“会计国际化”大体上与“会计的国际协调化”概念一致，而与国际会计研究中的“国别会计”观点对立）1.3 会计随商业活动的扩展而传播，你同意这种说法吗？从历史发展的进程谈谈你的看法。

同意。

1.4 哪些特定会计方法具有国际性质？把外币交易和外币报表的折算引入会计领域，是会计国际化带来的独特问题。

此外，国际税务会计也是值得关注的课题。

1.5 你对会计国际化和国家化之间的矛盾及其消长有何看法？会计国际化和国家化的矛盾实际上反映了经济全球化与各国的国家利益之间的矛盾及其消长过程。

国际金融期末复习整理

国际金融期末复习整理第一章整理：选择整理：1. 《国际收支和国际投资头寸手册》(第六版)将国际收支账户分为( )。

A.经常账户B.资本账户C.储备账户D.金融账户2. 国际收支反映的内容是以交易为基础的，其中交易包括( )。

A.交换B.转移C.移居D.其他根据推论而存在的交易3. 经常账户包括( )。

A.商品的输出和输入B.运输费用C.资本的输出和输入D.财产继承款项4. 下列项目中应记入贷方的是( )。

A.反映进口实际资源的经常项目B.反映出口实际资源的经常项目C.反映资产增加或负债减少的金融项目D.反映资产减少或负债增加的金融项目5.若在国际收支平衡表中，储备资产项目为-100亿美元，表示该国( )。

A.增加了100亿美元的储备B.减少了100亿美元的储备C.人为的账面平衡, 不说明问题D.无法判断6.下列( )账户能够较好地衡量国际收支对国际储备造成的压力。

A. 货物和服务账户差额B.经常账户差额C.资本和金融账户差额D.综合账户差额7.因经济和产业结构变动滞后所引起的国际收支失街属于( )。

A.临时性不平衡B.结构性不平衡C.货币性不平衡D.周期性不平衡E.收入性不平衡8.国际收支顺差会引起( )。

A.外汇储备增加B.国内经济萎缩C.国内通货膨胀D.本币汇率下降判断整理：1.国际收支是一个流量的、事后的概念。

( √)2.国际货币基金组织采用的是狭义的国际收支概念。

( ×)3.资产减少、负债增加的项目应记入借方。

( ×)4.由于一国的国际收支不可能正好收支相抵，因而国际收支平衡表的最终差额绝不恒为零。

( ×)5.理论上说，国际收支的不平衡指自主性交易的不平衡，但在统计上很难做到。

( √)6.因经济增长率的变化而产生的国际收支不平衡，属于持久性失衡。

( √)7.资本和金融账户可以无限制地为经常账户提供融资。

( ×)8.综合账户差额比较综合地反映了自主性国际收支状况，对于全面衡量和分析国际收支状况具有重大意义。

国际会计课后答案重点

第一章导论2.会计可以被看做是包括三个部分：计量、披露和审计。

这种分类的优点和缺点是什么？你能提出其他有效的分类吗？Advantage: Some might argue that measurement, disclosure, and external auditing are three distinct (although related) processes, involving different members of the company. For example, corporate attorneys often are involved in disclosure issues, but seldom intervene in measurement ssues. The Board of Directors works with the external auditors but not necessarily with the comptroller s office. Thus, discussion of accounting requirements and voluntary accounting choices in different jurisdictions is simplified by focusing on the three components of accounting. Disadvantage: measurement, disclosure and auditing are interdependent, and should not be viewed in isolation of one another. A company choosing to disclose as little as possible, for example, may use accounting measurement approaches that reduce the information content of financial statements, and select an external auditor who will be relatively lenient in enforcing accounting requirements. One alternative classification might include accounting (measurement and disclosure), and auditing. A second classification might include financial reporting (annual and interim reporting, regulatory filings) and ad hoc disclosure (press releases, analyst meetings, etc). Any classification is arbitrary, and potentially useful depending on its purpose.优势：一些人可能认为测量，披露和外部审计是三个不同的（虽然相关）流程，涉及公司的不同成员。

国际会计学第八章课后题答案

国际会计学第八章课后题答案8.1、会计惯例”与“会计准则”这两个概念是否等同?其关联和区别表现在哪些方面?可以从历史发展的过程阐明其关联和区别。

(1)在长期的历史发展过程中,实务界形成了诸多主体都习惯采用的会计方法，这就是会计惯例。

(2)鉴于这些会计方法相互之间或对同类交易和事项采用的不同会计方法之间,往往存在矛盾乃至相悖之处,不同主体往往根据自身的利益选用不同的会计方法。

在20世纪30年代,美国的会计职业界首先通过对会计惯例的筛选，制定出可作为通用标准的会计准则。

发展至今,这仍是制定会计准则的基本方法。

(3)会计准则可以说是“标准的会计惯例”。

(4)20世纪80年代，美国财务会计准则委员会首先启动制定财务会计概念框架，以指导会计准则的制定工作,使准则的制定从初期的实用主义倾向，转向规范性的寻求概念依据,以此作为筛选不同准则之间和统一准则允许采用的不同会计方法之间矛盾的指导原则。

(5)由此引发了在制定准则时是着重考虑规范性的概念依据，还是着重考虑准则执行的经济后果之争，激化时会导致特定准则的难产，或制定发布的准则不为广大主体所遵循。

社会、经济环境的演变，也导致了原有准则的修订或被取代。

8.2、在资产和负债的确认和计量上的国际协调是否超过国际差异?你认为现存差异还值得关注吗?仍旧超过国际差异,虽然新颁布了会计法,但是在资产负债核算当中许多具备中国特色的条款依旧没有接轨,比如账款的跨年度计量，比如特殊的差旅费用。

这种差异仍旧值得关注，不仅仅对我国GDP核算造成标准不统一。

而且,跨年度核算问题对于进出口贸易的核算的管理造成困难。

今时今日，解决的办法也没有完善。

8.3 在业主权益与分期收益的确定方面,最值得关注的重大差异在哪些方面?其协调前景如何?参阅教材,从3个方面进行阐述:1.收益确定的“总括观念”和“当期经营观念” 2.“收益平稳化”问题;3.由于各国的不同法律要求,股份公司业主权益会计中的诸多差异。

国际会计答案

国际会计作业IASB：国际会计准则理事会内涵与背景国际会计准则理事会是制定及批准国际财务报告准则的一个独立私营机构。

国际会计准则理事会在国际财务报告准则基金会的监督下运作。

国际会计准则理事会于2001年成立，取代了先前的国际会计准则委员会。

国际会计准则理事会（International Accounting Standards Board ，简称IASB）。

IASB的前身是国际会计准则委员会（International Accounting Standards committee，简称IASC），在2000年进行全面重组并于2001年初改为国际会计准则理事会。

IASC是由来自澳大利亚、加拿大、法国、德国、日本、墨西哥、荷兰、英国和爱尔兰以及美国的会计职业团体于1973年发起成立的。

从1983年起，作为国际会计师联合会（International Federation of Accountants，简称“IFAC”）成员的所有会计职业团体均已成为IASC的成员。

中国于1998年5月正式加入IASC和国际会计师联合会。

IASC的目标是，制定和发布国际会计准则，促进国际会计的协调。

重组前，国际会计准则制定工作由国际会计准则委员会理事会（IASC Board）承担。

理事会由13个国家的会计职业团体的代表以及不超过4个在财务报告方面利益相关的其他组织的代表组成。

除理事会外，IASC 还成立了咨询团（Consultative Group）、顾问委员会（Advisory Council）和常设解释委员会（Standing Interpretation Committee）三个机构。

咨询团定期开会，与理事会讨论国际会计准则项目中的技术问题、IASC的工作计划及战略，在IASC制定国际会计准则的应循程序（Due Process）以及推动承认国际会计准则方面发挥重要作用。

顾问委员会的作用是提高国际会计准则的可信度，推动国际会计准则广泛承认。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

一、讨论题7.1对比本章引述的金融工具的3个定义，说明各自的特点。

FASB和IASC所下的定义基础是一致的，都把金融工具界定为现金、合同权利或义务及权益工具。

7.2对比本章引述的衍生金融工具的4个定义，说叫各自的特点。

OECD的定义指叫衍生金融工具是“一份双边合约或支付交换协议”，ISDA定义中的表述是“有关互换现金流量和旨存为交易名转移风险的双边合同”。

后名的表述更清晰。

两个定义都着币指明衍生金融工具价值的“衍生性”，并指明可作为衍生价值的基础的标的。

两者都列举了各种不同的标的。

FASB和IASC所下的定义基本上是致的，更便于作为衍生金融工具交易的会计处理所依据的概念。

讨论时可参照教本中归纳的6项最基本的特征展开（本章教学要点（二）第3点中的(2)也有简括的表述）。

7.3区分金融资产和负债与非金融资产和负债项日是否等同于区分货币性资产和负债与非货币性资产和负债项日？请予以说明。

不等同。

形成收取或支付现金或另金融资产的合同权利或义务，是金融资产和负债的最摹本的特征，以此（合同权利或义务）区别于非金融资产和负债（参阅教术7 2 1），而货币性资产和负债与非货币性资产和负债的区分则是根据这些项目对通货膨胀影响或汇率变动的不同反应而作出的。

二者是完全不相下的两种分类法。

更为币要的是，不要把“货币性金融资产和负债”与“货币性资产和负债”这两个概念相混淆。

前名是指“将按固定或可确定的金额收取或支付的金融资产和金融负债”，只是金融资产和金融负债的特定类别。

7.4衍生金融工具品目繁多，但其基本形式不外乎：(1)远期合同；(2)期货合同：（3)期权合同：(4)互换（掉期）合同。

这是根据什么标准区分的？互换合同（掉期合同）为什么不是独立的形式昵？根据的标准是：(l)远期合同和期货合同在到期时，不论对主动签约方有利还是不利，主动签约方必须履约。

(2)期权合同在到期时，主动签约方（持权人、买方）有选择权有利时履约，不利时可以不履约，合同发行方（立权人）则有义务在持权人要求履约时出售或购入合同约定的该项资产。

互换（掉期）台同实际上是两份远期合同的调换，因而不是独市的形式。

7.5说明远期合同与期权合同的共性和特性。

共性是都涉及购买或售出标的物的双边远期合约：其特性见讨论题7 4的解题指引。

7.6为什么衍生金融工具交易长期作为表外业务处理？这会带来什么样的严重后果？因为长期以来都认为金融工具代表的合同权利和义务小符合资产和负债的定义，而符合定义是确认的前提条件，所以不符合要素定义，其关键在于这些权利和义务不是由于过去的事项形成的。

带来的严重后果是由于衍生金融工具交易形成的收益和损失（报酬和风险）长期游离于表外，使表内信息足以误导投资人和报表的其他使用者。

7.7衍生金融丁具代表的权利、义务是否符合资产、负债定义？IASC和FASB存开发金融工具会计准则时，部论证了衍生金融工具代表的权利、义务符合资产、负债定史。

可参考教本小7.4l和7 4 2小的论述展开讨论（本章教学要点（四）也有简括的表述）。

7.8如果认为衍生金融工具代表的权利、义务符合资产、负债的定义，那要解决什么问题，才能在资产负债表内列报衍生金融工具呢? IASC的见解如何？要解决符合确认标准的问题。

IASC在制定IAS 39的过程中的见解是有过改变的，从ED 48把第l项确认标准凸显为“风险与报酬的实质上转移”，转变为根据一般的确认标准来阐明确认金融工具的条件为“当企业，也只有当企成为金融工具条款的一方”。

iAS 39 同时列举了应予确队的3个例子和不予确认的3个例子，参见教本7 5 4（术章教学要点（五）第5点中的(2)和(3)也有简括的表述）。

7.9你对IASC的见解有何评论？是基本赞同还是不赞同？你个人对IASC又有什么见解？对基本赞同ED 48的观点还是基本赞同1AS 39的观点，可以展开讨论，让学生自由发表意见，，并且不强求达成倾时性的意见。

讨论的关键则在于：(l）明确JAS 39摒弃ED 48的观点的意目是为对所有衍生金融工具，包括期权合同都能在表内确认敞开大门；（2)“成为金融工具条款的一方”是否也蕴含着“风险与报酬的转移”，但不定是基本上转移，也可以包括不对等的转移？7.10你对IASC和FASB的主张，即对所有金融工具包扩基本的和衍生的金融工具都应以公允价值计量的观点有何评论？你认为不去触动基本金融工具的以历史成本（摊余成本）为计量基础的传统习惯，而只要求以公允价优计量衍生工具是否合适？说明其理由。

不去触动基本金融工具以历史成本（摊余成本）为计量基础的传统习惯，对计量可靠性(因为它们一般没有公开市场价格）和与现行法规规章的配套、协调都有好处但形成了基本工具与以公允价值计量的衍生工具在计量基础上的不一致，即采用了“双重”计量标准，而且在实务中，存特定情况下，基本工其也要通过评估等手段确定其公允价值。

7.11把计量基础的确定和确队时点的选择建立在对金融资产分类的基础上，你认为合适吗？有什么利弊得失？可以说，这是种权宜的但务实的做法。

其利在于，如果分类恰当，可以保证计量的可靠性：其弊在于，可以利用对分类的主观判断和变更分类操纵净损益的确定。

现行会计准则和监管规章之所以对允许按摊余历史成本计量的“持有牟到期日7.12你怎样理解公允价值？公允价优是一种计量观念还是计量基础？对金融工具而言，在哪些情况下能可靠地以公允价值计量。

对于公允价值是一种计量观念还是计量基础，存在着不同的观点。

认为是计量基础的，是以其与历史成本计量基础相对应，说它是计量观念的，是认为公允价值是一个概括性的概念，它可以表现为现时市价、未来现金流量的折现值或是通过恰当的计价模型确定的价值。

但在使用这两个概念时二者并没有严格的界定。

现时市价是最可靠的公允价值。

对金融工具而言，证券（债券和股票）价格能否代表公司价值，取决于市场的有效性。

对于没有上市交易的证券，其公允价值的确定即使通过专业性的等级评定和资产评估，也难以摆脱主管判断的成分。

混合引量模式正是在对小能可靠地以公允价值计量的项目，才仍然以摊余历史成本汁量的。

同时，以公允价值计量衍生工具乃至基本工具（全部金融工具）是IASC为之努力的目标，通过会计估计和计价模型确定公允价值的技术在金融市场发达的国家必将更广泛地使用。

7 .13你怎样理解对套期活动的会计处理？为什么IASC和FASB都主张只有在特定条件下才能运用套期活动会计？套期活动会计是为了存会计记录中反映套期活动的避险效应（即套期工其与被套期项目的风险相互抵消的效应）而设计的，是不符台普遍采用的常规程序的，所以只是存特定条件下才能运用。

其前提是这种套期关系要明确、预先设定、可计量并确实有效.7.14你怎样区别公允价值套期和现金流量套期？对境外经营净投资套期的会计处理有什么特点？公允价值套期是指对己确认资产或负债（或它们的可辨认部分）的公允价值变动风险的套期；现金流量套期则是对可以归属于己确认资产或负债或是与预期交易相联系的现金流量变动风险的套期，但IAS 39规定，以企业报告货币表示的固定价格买、卖资产的未确认的“确定承诺”承受的虽然是公允价价风险，也要作为现金流量套期处理，以避免把现行实务中不确认的“确定承诺”确认为资产或负债。

对境外经营净投资套期的会计处理的特点是：应按照类似于现金流量套期的会计原则进行处理，但与套期有效部分（即①期术投资净额实际余额超过②套期时预计的期未投资净额时，按②；①低于②时按①）相关的套期工具的利得或损失，应按外币折算损益的归类方式进行归类（参词教本【例题5】)。

当①低于②时，套期无效部分当然耍按常规程序处理，不适用套期活动会计。

7.15金融工具在财务报告中披露的要领有哪些？(l)披露的目的是提供增进理解资产负债表内列报的金融工具，特别是衍生工具对企业财务状况、经营业绩和现金流量的重要性的信息，有助于评价与这些金融工具相关的未来现金流量的金额、时间和确定性。

(2)要求提供关于特定金融工具余额和交易的明细信息。

(3)鼓励提供以下信息：①关于金融工具的使用范围、相联系的风险、所服务的经营日标的评述；②关于管理层为控制与金融工具相联系的风险而采取的政策的评述。

二、练习题7.1设A公司于20X4年4月12日与期货经纪人签订承诺购入债券期货$50 000（当日市价）的3个月期期货合同，按期货价格的10%交纳初始保证金$5000，并在每月月末按照期货价格的涨（跌）补交（退川）相应的金额。

设4月30日该项债券期货的市价涨至$52 000。

5月20日，A公司预计其市价将转趋疲较，故按$51 000转手平仓，并支付交易费$300，通过保证金进行差额结算。

试采用(1)交易日会计和（2）结算日会计，分别作出交易日、4月末和结算日的分录。

(l)按交易日会计：4月12 日 4月30日借：债券期货投资 $50 000 借：债券期货投资 $2 000 贷：应付债券期货合同款 $50 000 贷：债券投资损益 $2 000借：存出保证金 $5000 借：存出保证金 $200贷：银行存款 $5 000 贷：银行存款 $2005月20日借：债券投资损益 $1 000贷：债券期货投资 $1 000借：应付债券期货合同款 $50 000财务费用（交易费） $300银行存款 $5 900贷：债券期货投资 $51000存出保证金 $5200(2)按结算日会计：4月12日 5月20日惜：存出保证金 $5 000 借：债券投资损益 $l OOO 贷：银行存款 $5 000 贷：债券期货投资 $l OO04月30日借：财务费用（交易费） $300借：债券期货投资 $2 000 银行存款 $5900 贷：债券投资损益 $2 000 贷：债券期货投资 $1000借：存山保证金 $200 存出保证金 $5200贷：银行存款 $2007.2设B公司于20×4年4月12日签订了卖出执行价格为$50 000的股票的9个月期美式看跌期权合同，并向立权的经纪公司交付$6 000的期权费。

设4月30日，此项股票期权的市价上涨至$50 800，期权的内3/ 10舍价值（略而不计其时间价值），即执行价值为$800。

在5月20日，B公司决定执行此项期权合同，设当日合同市价下跌至$48 000，相应地其执行价值为$2 000。

国际会计课后题答案第七章,第八章整理版