Association and collocation__ II
背单词的四大方法
背单词的四个实用方法1、Collocation and Context 词语搭配法2、Syllable and Sementation 音节记忆法3、Root ，Prefix and Suffix 词根记忆法4、Association memory method 联想记忆法1、Collocation and Context词语搭配法Collocation单词搭配：快速的——fast、quickFast train 快速的火车quick shower 洗澡快Context 语境、上下文：从记单词到记例句、语境2、Syllable and Sementation 音节记忆法记单词不能记字母的排列，要以音节组合来记忆例如我们的身份证号码：440- 181-年-月-日-XXXXIntellectual instrument geniusIn-tel-lec-tual ins-tru-ment gen-iusAction invitation attention ——tion3、Root（词根），Prefix（前缀）and Suffix （后缀）词根记忆法和汉字的偏旁部首本质是一致的因为英文是由希腊语和拉丁文演变而来的，很多的单词的词根意思和派生词是完全不一致的。
词根记忆要慎用。
Prefix——前缀Pre——之前的prepare predict preventRe——重新的review repair returnSuffix——后缀——able表能力capable available reliable——ness 表状态awareness madness4、Association memory method联想记忆法谐音记忆、图片联想chill 吃两条冰棍——很寒冷To warp up打包记忆单词——定期复习（遗忘曲线）。
英语专业词汇学第7章
• •
More Examples:
Feature deletion can also be applied to verbs. e.g.
such verbs as kill yields die, teach yields learn, feed yields eat, show yields see, etc. The deletion of the feature [+Volitive] from the verb listen yields hear, look yields see respectively. It should be noted that feature-deletion takes precedence over feature-additon.
Other frequent single-feature contrasts include:
B. The Feature-deletion and Feature-addition Rules
These are rules that either delete features from, or add features to, the end of the feature list. e.g. Deletion of features generally produces superordinates, like fruit from apple, Addition of features produces subordinates, like apple from fruit.
• On the lexical level, paradigmatic contrasts indicate which words
翻译中的语篇意识
nominal, verbal, and clausal.
Nominal substitution:
one/ones; same, e.g. A: If only I could remember where it was that I saw someone putting away the box with those candles in， I could finish the decorations now. B: You mean the little colored ones?
M.A.K.
Halliday (2000:4) : cohesion is a semantic concept, referring to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and it occurs where the interpretation of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another.
到游乐场去的那一天，奥斯本中尉到了
勒塞尔广场就对太太、小姐们说：“塞 特笠太太，我希望您这儿有空位子，我 请了我们的都宾来吃饭，然后一块儿上 游乐场。他跟乔斯差不多一样怕羞。”
原文中的“modest”有多个意思，可以表示
“谦虚的”、“端庄的”、“贞节的”、“羞 怯的”、“有节制的”、“朴实的”等等。那 么，为什么译者将词义选定为“怕羞”呢？如 果孤立地看这一句话甚至这一个段落，是很难 确定其词义的，因为任何一个意思在这句话中 似乎都讲得通。只有从语篇着手，分析语境和 上下文，才能选定符合原意的汉语对等词。原 来《名利场》第三章末尾一段对乔斯的性格作 了交代：Poor Joe, why will he be so shy?还 有此书第五章的一段文字：He had arrived with a knock so very timid and quiet, 从 “shy”,、“timid”、 “quiet”这三个词我们就 可以有充分的根据将此处的 “modest” 译作 “怕羞”。
基于语义学理论的英语词汇学习
基于语义学理论的英语词汇学习摘要：词汇学习在外语学习中的重要性不言而喻。
现在，词汇学习已经成为了所有语言学习的一个非常重要的部分。
语义学是一门崭新的学科，把语义学用于英语学习更是一个全新的内容。
本论文主要试图从语义学中两个重要理论，即语义场理论和语义成分分析出发把语义学理论引入英语学习之中，用语义学的原理认识词汇，从而运用更加科学有效的方法提高词汇学习，并从中总结和找出一定的规律，这对提高我们学生学习英语的兴趣，提高掌握英语词汇的能力，进而更好地、恰当地并且得体地使用词汇，都有重要的现实意义。
这种理论与实践的结合是很有意义的。
关键词：英语词汇学习；语义学；语义场理论；语义成分分析CONTENTSIntroduction (1)1. Background of Vocabulary Learning in English Study (2)1.1 The Importance of V ocabulary in English Learning ........... 错误！未定义书签。
1.1.1 The Definition and Function of V ocabulary (2)1.1.2 The Important Status of V ocabulary in Learning English (2)1.2 The Present Situation of V ocabulary Learning in China .... 错误！未定义书签。
1.2.1 Some Research about V ocabulary Learning ................ 错误！未定义书签。
1.2.2 The Main Problems in Learning V ocabulary (3)1.3 Some Traditional Methodologies about How to Learn V ocabulary 错误！未定义书签。
7.现代英语词汇学(第七章)
with the stimulus. Stated in terms of semantic features, the rule would go as follows: “Change the sign of only one feature.” The word man, for example, hason with the word woman: [+Noun], [+Human], [+Adult]. But these two words differ in the last feature [+ Male]. If [+Male] is changed to [- Male], the stimulus man yields the response woman. The antonymous adjectives longshort elicit each other with a change of the feature [+ Polar]. Other frequent single-feature contrasts include [+ Plural] in verbs (is - are, was – were, has – have, etc.); [ + Past] among strong verbs (is – was, are- were, has- had, take- took, etc.) [+ Nominative] among pronouns (he- him, she- her, we- us, they- them, etc.); and [+ Proximal] among the deictic /daitik/ words (here-
词汇学--词的联想与搭配verb+on+for+from+of
Chapter 7 Association and CollocationPart I Verb + on + doing sth.Part II Verb + forPart III Verb + fromPart I Verb + on + doing sth.Verbs Followed by the Preposition On and GerundTo be bent on doing …To be keen on doing …T o compliment sb. on doing …To count on doing …To embar k on doing …To concentrate on doing …She is bent on becoming a film star when she grows up.commendatory term/word == complimentary sense→→derogatory term: convey a derogatory senseOne man’s meat is another man’s poison.One Man’s Job, Another Man’s HobbySome of my friends often compliment me on my abilities to make everything a hit. They even speak highly of my being able to concentrate on doing the things I am keen on doing. They are singing my praises (= praise sb.) and applauding my success. And when they ask me what has made my career so successful, I will proudly tell them that the secret lies in my ability to embark on doing the thing I aim at and that I am often bent on doing it well.In doing things, I seldom, or never, count on anyone else for the completion and success of the thing I have already embanked on. In many cases, I am often keen on doing it all myself, without ever asking anyone else to give me a hand. It may be because of this personality of mine that I’m often able to hit the target and achieve what I wanted.Since my childhood, I have been keen on many things, but the things I am most interested in are no more than reading, writing, thinking, and driving, if I have time. Many people regard those things as their jobs, but I see them as my hobbies, for I get a great kick out of (= be very willing to do …) doing them and I can hardly tear myself away from them. But by most people’s standards, driving can be my true hobby. I would seek every opportunity and spend an hour or two sitting in my car, or driving to the country. As a matter of fact, this hobby helpsme a great deal in my profession. And if I owe my success to anything else, I would owe it to this great hobby, for it helps me relax and prepare me in doing my real business.To gamble on doing …To bet on doing …To stake on doing …To wager on …To lay / make / place a wager on …To insist on doing …To persist / persevere in doing …To adhere / stick / cling to doing …To hold on to doing …To pride oneself on doing …== be proud of doing sth.== take a pride in doing sth.To rely on doing …To spend money on doing …Luck is Not Always on Your SideHave you ever gambled on starting a business? Or have you gambled on taking a risk in doing a particular thing? Whatever the answer, I guess almost everybody has done that one or twice. Among these people, some might be on the gravy train(= getting a lot of money without much effort, e.g. through corruption) and succeed in the attempt; others might be unlucky and suffered a heavy loss in the end. In the case of the former, they might pride themselves on riding the gravy train, and in the latter, they might curse their fate and insist on not trying again.Indeed, if we say everything we do is a gamble, there are always the lucky dogs, whose sun is shining right on them. For these people, they don’t have to rely on working hard, and they don’t have to toil and moil (= work hard). All they need to do is start, and success is theirs. But for the unlucky ones, they may have to spend a whole year’s savings on having made a gamble. All they get is to draw a blank, or even a broken heart.E.g. Some people get rich by fraud, others by relying on seeking assistance.I became rich five years ago, not by ungracious means but by perspiration and inspiration.To focus attention on doing …cf. to pay attention to …To concentrate on doing …To harp on doing … → talk repeatedly and tiresomely about sth.唠唠叨叨地反复讲To reckon on doing …Association: depend on …;rely on …;count on …;draw on …To calculate on doing …To set one’s heart on doing …To be intent on doing …To congratulate… on doing …To have an influence / effect / impact on …To place / put / lay emphasis on …To impose / put / levy / tax … on …To impinge on …Make a Start NowHave you set your heart on doing business or are you ready for a new pursuit? The chances are that you may have made the decision to go in for business. You may reckon on the business for making big bucks. Well, if that is your target, focus your attention on carrying out your plan and be persist in doing it well. But if you are fed up with competing in the dog-eat-dog world of business, you may like to call it quiz and start a new pursuit in a branch of learning. Anyway, you can’t afford to be in two minds. You will have to make the decision as what you are going to do. You can’t reckon on livi ng a better life by twiddling the thumbs (to move one’s thumbs round each other with one’s fingers or waste one’s time doing nothing).You may then complain that you are not on the gravy train. You may think that other people are luckier than you are. But believe me, the sun is not always shining on the same person. If you can make a start on doing a particular thing, you may have undreamed luck going for you. You may be blessed with chances to make your business a hit. Anyway, make a start now instead of twiddling your thumbs. God won’t reward those that are not brave enough to make a start.Ex. Can you recall other verb phrases with preposition on as possible as you can?E. g.Part II Verb + forVerbs Followed by the Preposition For and gerundTo account for doing …To answer for doing …To arrest sb. for doing …To admire sb. for doing …To apologize to sb. for doing …To be celebrated for doing …To be renowned for doing …To be distinguished for doing …To be well-known for doing …To be noted for doing …To be notorious for doing …To be sorry for doing …To be in the mood for doing …The Celebrated and the NotoriousWe can always remember some figures in history and their names won’t be erased from the memories of people from generation to another. There are always people who are celebrated for making contributions to human progress and renowned for their accomplishments in science and technology. But there is another kind of people whose names will also be remembered. Although I am not in the mood for talking about these people, they do make us feel terribly sorry for what they have done. Hitler is such a man who is notorious for all the nasty things he had done to the world. Of course, there are notorious people everywhere. Although all their manes can be remembered, the celebrated can be remembered with fondness whereas/while the notorious with hatred. That’s the difference between the celebrated and the notorious.To claim damages for doing … → 因……要求索赔To compensate for doing …To criticize sb. for doing …To forgive sb. for doing …To give sb. credit for doing …To have a gift for doing …To have an eye/ear for doing …To have a flair (鉴别力)for doing …To have a talent for doing …To have a weakness for doing …特别喜欢，过分喜欢干某事John used to have a weakness for boasting, to which he paid a lot and thus he was left in isolation. （weakness: uncountable noun）To justify oneself for doing …To make allowances for doing …To have many opportunities for doing …To be responsible for doing …To blame sb. for doing …To chide sb. for doing …To commend sb. for doing …To condemn sb. for doing …To despise sb. for doing …To find an excuse for doing …To pardon sb. for doing …To punish sb. for doing …To p rosecute /sue sb. for doing …To charge … with …To accuse … of …To rebuke sb. for doing …指责,谴责To reprimand sb. for doing …To reproach sb. for doing …To scold sb. for doing …To reward sb. for doing …To suffer for doing …It will be unjust to let me suffer for the folly of other people.让我因他人的愚昧而受罪是不公平的。
学术英语 collocationPPT课件
• _____ additional time to
• _____ comments • _____ a letter提交信函
• stiff • charge • evenly • go into effect • act • implement • volume • extend • accommodate • merit • develop • submit
• intensely worrying • awash with change • shape our lives for the better • the prime concern • a passing encounter • intense feelings • a mutual attachment • self-evident • a matter of chance/luck • have little/no say in…/have a say
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• 生活水平 • 经济困难 • 找工作 • 最终结果 • 报纸广告 • 找工作网络 • 大学就业办 • 猎头 • 工作机会 • 找工作的人 • 在职培训 • 行业转换 • 政府开设、管理的
2020/10/13
Text A
• standard of living • economic hardship • job search • the end result • newspaper ads • Internet job sites • unversity placement offices • headhunters • job openings • job candidates • on-the-job/in-service training • sectoral shifts • government-run
AI专用词汇
AI专⽤词汇LetterAAccumulatederrorbackpropagation累积误差逆传播ActivationFunction激活函数AdaptiveResonanceTheory/ART⾃适应谐振理论Addictivemodel加性学习Adversari alNetworks对抗⽹络AffineLayer仿射层Affinitymatrix亲和矩阵Agent代理/智能体Algorithm算法Alpha-betapruningα-β剪枝Anomalydetection异常检测Approximation近似AreaUnderROCCurve／AUCRoc曲线下⾯积ArtificialGeneralIntelligence/AGI通⽤⼈⼯智能ArtificialIntelligence/AI⼈⼯智能Associationanalysis关联分析Attentionmechanism注意⼒机制Attributeconditionalindependenceassumption属性条件独⽴性假设Attributespace属性空间Attributevalue属性值Autoencoder⾃编码器Automaticspeechrecognition⾃动语⾳识别Automaticsummarization⾃动摘要Aver agegradient平均梯度Average-Pooling平均池化LetterBBackpropagationThroughTime通过时间的反向传播Backpropagation/BP反向传播Baselearner基学习器Baselearnin galgorithm基学习算法BatchNormalization/BN批量归⼀化Bayesdecisionrule贝叶斯判定准则BayesModelAveraging／BMA贝叶斯模型平均Bayesoptimalclassifier贝叶斯最优分类器Bayesiandecisiontheory贝叶斯决策论Bayesiannetwork贝叶斯⽹络Between-cla ssscattermatrix类间散度矩阵Bias偏置/偏差Bias-variancedecomposition偏差-⽅差分解Bias-VarianceDilemma偏差–⽅差困境Bi-directionalLong-ShortTermMemory/Bi-LSTM双向长短期记忆Binaryclassification⼆分类Binomialtest⼆项检验Bi-partition⼆分法Boltzmannmachine玻尔兹曼机Bootstrapsampling⾃助采样法／可重复采样／有放回采样Bootstrapping⾃助法Break-EventPoint／BEP平衡点LetterCCalibration校准Cascade-Correlation级联相关Categoricalattribute离散属性Class-conditionalprobability类条件概率Classificationandregressiontree/CART分类与回归树Classifier分类器Class-imbalance类别不平衡Closed-form闭式Cluster簇/类/集群Clusteranalysis聚类分析Clustering聚类Clusteringensemble聚类集成Co-adapting共适应Codin gmatrix编码矩阵COLT国际学习理论会议Committee-basedlearning基于委员会的学习Competiti velearning竞争型学习Componentlearner组件学习器Comprehensibility可解释性Comput ationCost计算成本ComputationalLinguistics计算语⾔学Computervision计算机视觉C onceptdrift概念漂移ConceptLearningSystem/CLS概念学习系统Conditionalentropy条件熵Conditionalmutualinformation条件互信息ConditionalProbabilityTable／CPT条件概率表Conditionalrandomfield/CRF条件随机场Conditionalrisk条件风险Confidence置信度Confusionmatrix混淆矩阵Connectionweight连接权Connectionism连结主义Consistency⼀致性／相合性Contingencytable列联表Continuousattribute连续属性Convergence收敛Conversationalagent会话智能体Convexquadraticprogramming凸⼆次规划Convexity凸性Convolutionalneuralnetwork/CNN卷积神经⽹络Co-oc currence同现Correlationcoefficient相关系数Cosinesimilarity余弦相似度Costcurve成本曲线CostFunction成本函数Costmatrix成本矩阵Cost-sensitive成本敏感Crosse ntropy交叉熵Crossvalidation交叉验证Crowdsourcing众包Curseofdimensionality维数灾难Cutpoint截断点Cuttingplanealgorithm割平⾯法LetterDDatamining数据挖掘Dataset数据集DecisionBoundary决策边界Decisionstump决策树桩Decisiontree决策树／判定树Deduction演绎DeepBeliefNetwork深度信念⽹络DeepConvolutionalGe nerativeAdversarialNetwork/DCGAN深度卷积⽣成对抗⽹络Deeplearning深度学习Deep neuralnetwork/DNN深度神经⽹络DeepQ-Learning深度Q学习DeepQ-Network深度Q⽹络Densityestimation密度估计Density-basedclustering密度聚类Differentiab leneuralcomputer可微分神经计算机Dimensionalityreductionalgorithm降维算法D irectededge有向边Disagreementmeasure不合度量Discriminativemodel判别模型Di scriminator判别器Distancemeasure距离度量Distancemetriclearning距离度量学习D istribution分布Divergence散度Diversitymeasure多样性度量／差异性度量Domainadaption领域⾃适应Downsampling下采样D-separation（Directedseparation）有向分离Dual problem对偶问题Dummynode哑结点DynamicFusion动态融合Dynamicprogramming动态规划LetterEEigenvaluedecomposition特征值分解Embedding嵌⼊Emotionalanalysis情绪分析Empiricalconditionalentropy经验条件熵Empiricalentropy经验熵Empiricalerror经验误差Empiricalrisk经验风险End-to-End端到端Energy-basedmodel基于能量的模型Ensemblelearning集成学习Ensemblepruning集成修剪ErrorCorrectingOu tputCodes／ECOC纠错输出码Errorrate错误率Error-ambiguitydecomposition误差-分歧分解Euclideandistance欧⽒距离Evolutionarycomputation演化计算Expectation-Maximization期望最⼤化Expectedloss期望损失ExplodingGradientProblem梯度爆炸问题Exponentiallossfunction指数损失函数ExtremeLearningMachine/ELM超限学习机LetterFFactorization因⼦分解Falsenegative假负类Falsepositive假正类False PositiveRate/FPR假正例率Featureengineering特征⼯程Featureselection特征选择Featurevector特征向量FeaturedLearning特征学习FeedforwardNeuralNetworks/FNN前馈神经⽹络Fine-tuning微调Flippingoutput翻转法Fluctuation震荡Forwards tagewisealgorithm前向分步算法Frequentist频率主义学派Full-rankmatrix满秩矩阵Func tionalneuron功能神经元LetterGGainratio增益率Gametheory博弈论Gaussianker nelfunction⾼斯核函数GaussianMixtureModel⾼斯混合模型GeneralProblemSolving通⽤问题求解Generalization泛化Generalizationerror泛化误差Generalizatione rrorbound泛化误差上界GeneralizedLagrangefunction⼴义拉格朗⽇函数Generalized linearmodel⼴义线性模型GeneralizedRayleighquotient⼴义瑞利商GenerativeAd versarialNetworks/GAN⽣成对抗⽹络GenerativeModel⽣成模型Generator⽣成器Genet icAlgorithm/GA遗传算法Gibbssampling吉布斯采样Giniindex基尼指数Globalminimum全局最⼩GlobalOptimization全局优化Gradientboosting梯度提升GradientDescent梯度下降Graphtheory图论Ground-truth真相／真实LetterHHardmargin硬间隔Hardvoting硬投票Harmonicmean调和平均Hessematrix海塞矩阵Hiddendynamicmodel隐动态模型H iddenlayer隐藏层HiddenMarkovModel/HMM隐马尔可夫模型Hierarchicalclustering层次聚类Hilbertspace希尔伯特空间Hingelossfunction合页损失函数Hold-out留出法Homo geneous同质Hybridcomputing混合计算Hyperparameter超参数Hypothesis假设Hypothe sistest假设验证LetterIICML国际机器学习会议Improvediterativescaling/IIS改进的迭代尺度法Incrementallearning增量学习Independentandidenticallydistributed/i.i.d.独⽴同分布IndependentComponentAnalysis/ICA独⽴成分分析Indicatorfunction指⽰函数Individuallearner个体学习器Induction归纳Inductivebias归纳偏好I nductivelearning归纳学习InductiveLogicProgramming／ILP归纳逻辑程序设计Infor mationentropy信息熵Informationgain信息增益Inputlayer输⼊层Insensitiveloss不敏感损失Inter-clustersimilarity簇间相似度InternationalConferencefor MachineLearning/ICML国际机器学习⼤会Intra-clustersimilarity簇内相似度Intrinsicvalue固有值IsometricMapping/Isomap等度量映射Isotonicregression等分回归It erativeDichotomiser迭代⼆分器LetterKKernelmethod核⽅法Kerneltrick核技巧K ernelizedLinearDiscriminantAnalysis／KLDA核线性判别分析K-foldcrossvalidationk折交叉验证／k倍交叉验证K-MeansClusteringK–均值聚类K-NearestNeighb oursAlgorithm/KNNK近邻算法Knowledgebase知识库KnowledgeRepresentation知识表征LetterLLabelspace标记空间Lagrangeduality拉格朗⽇对偶性Lagrangemultiplier拉格朗⽇乘⼦Laplacesmoothing拉普拉斯平滑Laplaciancorrection拉普拉斯修正Latent DirichletAllocation隐狄利克雷分布Latentsemanticanalysis潜在语义分析Latentvariable隐变量Lazylearning懒惰学习Learner学习器Learningbyanalogy类⽐学习Learn ingrate学习率LearningVectorQuantization/LVQ学习向量量化Leastsquaresre gressiontree最⼩⼆乘回归树Leave-One-Out/LOO留⼀法linearchainconditional randomfield线性链条件随机场LinearDiscriminantAnalysis／LDA线性判别分析Linearmodel线性模型LinearRegression线性回归Linkfunction联系函数LocalMarkovproperty局部马尔可夫性Localminimum局部最⼩Loglikelihood对数似然Logodds／logit对数⼏率Lo gisticRegressionLogistic回归Log-likelihood对数似然Log-linearregression对数线性回归Long-ShortTermMemory/LSTM长短期记忆Lossfunction损失函数LetterM Machinetranslation/MT机器翻译Macron-P宏查准率Macron-R宏查全率Majorityvoting绝对多数投票法Manifoldassumption流形假设Manifoldlearning流形学习Margintheory间隔理论Marginaldistribution边际分布Marginalindependence边际独⽴性Marginalization边际化MarkovChainMonteCarlo/MCMC马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗⽅法MarkovRandomField马尔可夫随机场Maximalclique最⼤团MaximumLikelihoodEstimation/MLE极⼤似然估计／极⼤似然法Maximummargin最⼤间隔Maximumweightedspanningtree最⼤带权⽣成树Max-P ooling最⼤池化Meansquarederror均⽅误差Meta-learner元学习器Metriclearning度量学习Micro-P微查准率Micro-R微查全率MinimalDescriptionLength/MDL最⼩描述长度Minim axgame极⼩极⼤博弈Misclassificationcost误分类成本Mixtureofexperts混合专家Momentum动量Moralgraph道德图／端正图Multi-classclassification多分类Multi-docum entsummarization多⽂档摘要Multi-layerfeedforwardneuralnetworks多层前馈神经⽹络MultilayerPerceptron/MLP多层感知器Multimodallearning多模态学习Multipl eDimensionalScaling多维缩放Multiplelinearregression多元线性回归Multi-re sponseLinearRegression／MLR多响应线性回归Mutualinformation互信息LetterN Naivebayes朴素贝叶斯NaiveBayesClassifier朴素贝叶斯分类器Namedentityrecognition命名实体识别Nashequilibrium纳什均衡Naturallanguagegeneration/NLG⾃然语⾔⽣成Naturallanguageprocessing⾃然语⾔处理Negativeclass负类Negativecorrelation负相关法NegativeLogLikelihood负对数似然NeighbourhoodComponentAnalysis/NCA近邻成分分析NeuralMachineTranslation神经机器翻译NeuralTuringMachine神经图灵机Newtonmethod⽜顿法NIPS国际神经信息处理系统会议NoFreeLunchTheorem ／NFL没有免费的午餐定理Noise-contrastiveestimation噪⾳对⽐估计Nominalattribute列名属性Non-convexoptimization⾮凸优化Nonlinearmodel⾮线性模型Non-metricdistance⾮度量距离Non-negativematrixfactorization⾮负矩阵分解Non-ordinalattribute⽆序属性Non-SaturatingGame⾮饱和博弈Norm范数Normalization归⼀化Nuclearnorm核范数Numericalattribute数值属性LetterOObjectivefunction⽬标函数Obliquedecisiontree斜决策树Occam’srazor奥卡姆剃⼑Odds⼏率Off-Policy离策略Oneshotlearning⼀次性学习One-DependentEstimator／ODE独依赖估计On-Policy在策略Ordinalattribute有序属性Out-of-bagestimate包外估计Outputlayer输出层Outputsmearing输出调制法Overfitting过拟合／过配Oversampling过采样LetterPPairedt-test成对t检验Pairwise成对型PairwiseMarkovproperty成对马尔可夫性Parameter参数Parameterestimation参数估计Parametertuning调参Parsetree解析树ParticleSwarmOptimization/PSO粒⼦群优化算法Part-of-speechtagging词性标注Perceptron感知机Performanceme asure性能度量PlugandPlayGenerativeNetwork即插即⽤⽣成⽹络Pluralityvoting相对多数投票法Polaritydetection极性检测Polynomialkernelfunction多项式核函数Pooling池化Positiveclass正类Positivedefinitematrix正定矩阵Post-hoctest后续检验Post-pruning后剪枝potentialfunction势函数Precision查准率／准确率Prepruning预剪枝Principalcomponentanalysis/PCA主成分分析Principleofmultipleexplanations多释原则Prior先验ProbabilityGraphicalModel概率图模型ProximalGradientDescent/PGD近端梯度下降Pruning剪枝Pseudo-label伪标记LetterQQuantizedNeu ralNetwork量⼦化神经⽹络Quantumcomputer量⼦计算机QuantumComputing量⼦计算Quasi Newtonmethod拟⽜顿法LetterRRadialBasisFunction／RBF径向基函数RandomFo restAlgorithm随机森林算法Randomwalk随机漫步Recall查全率／召回率ReceiverOperatin gCharacteristic/ROC受试者⼯作特征RectifiedLinearUnit/ReLU线性修正单元Recurr entNeuralNetwork循环神经⽹络Recursiveneuralnetwork递归神经⽹络Referencemodel参考模型Regression回归Regularization正则化Reinforcementlearning/RL强化学习Representationlearning表征学习Representertheorem表⽰定理reproducingke rnelHilbertspace/RKHS再⽣核希尔伯特空间Re-sampling重采样法Rescaling再缩放Residu alMapping残差映射ResidualNetwork残差⽹络RestrictedBoltzmannMachine/RBM受限玻尔兹曼机RestrictedIsometryProperty/RIP限定等距性Re-weighting重赋权法Robu stness稳健性/鲁棒性Rootnode根结点RuleEngine规则引擎Rulelearning规则学习LetterS Saddlepoint鞍点Samplespace样本空间Sampling采样Scorefunction评分函数Self-Driving⾃动驾驶Self-OrganizingMap／SOM⾃组织映射Semi-naiveBayesclassifiers半朴素贝叶斯分类器Semi-SupervisedLearning半监督学习semi-SupervisedSupportVec torMachine半监督⽀持向量机Sentimentanalysis情感分析Separatinghyperplane分离超平⾯SigmoidfunctionSigmoid函数Similaritymeasure相似度度量Simulatedannealing模拟退⽕Simultaneouslocalizationandmapping同步定位与地图构建SingularV alueDecomposition奇异值分解Slackvariables松弛变量Smoothing平滑Softmargin软间隔Softmarginmaximization软间隔最⼤化Softvoting软投票Sparserepresentation稀疏表征Sparsity稀疏性Specialization特化SpectralClustering谱聚类SpeechRecognition语⾳识别Splittingvariable切分变量Squashingfunction挤压函数Stability-plasticitydilemma可塑性-稳定性困境Statisticallearning统计学习Statusfeaturefunction状态特征函Stochasticgradientdescent随机梯度下降Stratifiedsampling分层采样Structuralrisk结构风险Structuralriskminimization/SRM结构风险最⼩化S ubspace⼦空间Supervisedlearning监督学习／有导师学习supportvectorexpansion⽀持向量展式SupportVectorMachine/SVM⽀持向量机Surrogatloss替代损失Surrogatefunction替代函数Symboliclearning符号学习Symbolism符号主义Synset同义词集LetterTT-Di stributionStochasticNeighbourEmbedding/t-SNET–分布随机近邻嵌⼊Tensor张量TensorProcessingUnits/TPU张量处理单元Theleastsquaremethod最⼩⼆乘法Th reshold阈值Thresholdlogicunit阈值逻辑单元Threshold-moving阈值移动TimeStep时间步骤Tokenization标记化Trainingerror训练误差Traininginstance训练⽰例／训练例Tran sductivelearning直推学习Transferlearning迁移学习Treebank树库Tria-by-error试错法Truenegative真负类Truepositive真正类TruePositiveRate/TPR真正例率TuringMachine图灵机Twice-learning⼆次学习LetterUUnderfitting⽋拟合／⽋配Undersampling⽋采样Understandability可理解性Unequalcost⾮均等代价Unit-stepfunction单位阶跃函数Univariatedecisiontree单变量决策树Unsupervisedlearning⽆监督学习／⽆导师学习Unsupervisedlayer-wisetraining⽆监督逐层训练Upsampling上采样LetterVVanishingGradientProblem梯度消失问题Variationalinference变分推断VCTheoryVC维理论Versionspace版本空间Viterbialgorithm维特⽐算法VonNeumannarchitecture冯·诺伊曼架构LetterWWassersteinGAN/WGANWasserstein⽣成对抗⽹络Weaklearner弱学习器Weight权重Weightsharing权共享Weightedvoting加权投票法Within-classscattermatrix类内散度矩阵Wordembedding词嵌⼊Wordsensedisambiguation词义消歧LetterZZero-datalearning零数据学习Zero-shotlearning零次学习。
词典学专业术语
词典学术语abbreviation缩略语abbreviative notation缩略标记abridged删节的，未足本的abridged dictionary节本词典abridgement删节，节本absolute equivalent绝对对应词absolute synonym绝对同义词abusage滥用abusive language辱骂语academic dictionary学术词典academic lexicography学术词典学academy dictionary学院词典accent mark重音号acceptability接受性acceptability rating接受等级access alphabet检索字母表access point检索项access structure检索结构acknowledges致谢项acrolect上层方言acronym首字母缩略词active dictionary积极词典，主动性词典active vocabulary积极词汇adjectival noun形容词性名词adjective complement形容词性补语adjective compound复合形容词adjunct附加性副词adnominal名词修饰语advanced searches高级搜索affix词缀affixation词缀法，词缀词agglutinative language黏着型语言alien word外来词allomorph语素变体allophone音位变体allusion典故alphabetic arrangement字母顺序排列alphabetic order字母顺序alphabetic sequence字母顺序alphabetic writing字母文字，拼音文字alphabetization按字母顺序排列alphanumeric combination字母数字组合词alphapedia字顺百科alternative lexicography另类词典学ambiguity歧义ambilogy双关语amelioration of meaning词义的扬升Americanism美国词语，美式英语Ampersand&号（=and）analogical dictionary类义词典analytic definition分析式释义analytic language分析型语言analytical ordering分析排列angle brackets尖括号animate noun生物名词，动物名词anisomorphism语言差异性antedating早于已摘录文献的引语anthroponymy人名学antidictionary反动词典appendix附录appreciative赞赏的，褒义的appropriateness得体性，适切性approximative equivalent近义对等词arch弓形符（即︵）archaic word古词archaism古体，古语archaizing dictionary仿古词典archeography古文献学archive引语档案areal linguistics区域语言学argot黑话arrow箭号article词条，条目artificial language人工语言asserted meaning陈述意义association联想association by contiguity相邻联想association by contrast对比联想association by similarity类似联想association group联想词群associational word联想词associative meaning联想意义asterisk星号（*）at单价号（@）attestation isolee个别使用attributive adjective修饰性形容词authentic example真确性例证authentication求证authenticity真实性author dictionary独编词典author’s dictionary作家词典automatic lemmatization自动归目automatic lexicography自动词典学autosemantic word自义词auxiliary verb助动词back clipping截尾缩略back matter附录部分，后文back matter structure附录结构back page material后页材料back-formation逆构词法backward dictionary逆序词典，倒排词典barbarism不纯正的词语，粗野语base词基，词根base structure基础结构base word词目base-repeating词根重叠释义法basic searches基本搜索basic sense基本义项basic vocabulary基本词汇basic word stock基本词汇bias word倾向性词语bias-free vocabulary无偏见词汇biblical expression圣经词语bibliography书目；目录学bidirectional dictionary双向双语词典bifunctional dictionary双功能词典big dictionary大型词典bilingual dictionary双语词典bilingual edition双解本，双解版bilingual learner’s dictionary双语学习词典bilingual lexicography双语词典学bilingual thesaurus双语分类词典bilingualized dictionary双解词典biographical dictionary人名词典biographical entry人名条目biographical lexicography人名词典学biographical sources传记资料blend混成词，拼缀词blending混成法，拼缀法；拼缀词bogey怪字bold-faced type黑体字borrowed word外借词borrowing借词bound equivalent局限对应词bound form黏附形式bound morpheme黏着词素bound root黏着词根braces大括号brackets方括号breve短音符bridge dictionary桥接词典British National Corpus英国国家语料库broad notation宽式标音法broad transcription宽式音标，宽式记音法browser浏览器buying guide购买指南cacography拼写错误cacology用词不当calque仿照词canonical form标准形式cant隐语，黑话capital letter大写字母caret脱字号（^）casual style随便语体，随意文本catachresis词语误用catchword眉词，导词categorical diversity范畴的差异性categorical equivalence范畴对应关系categorical identity范畴一致性categorization划分范畴，归类caution提醒号CD-ROM dictionary光盘词典censorship审查制度census普查，调查centered period分节点，音节号，中黑点（·）character dictionary字典character set字集check mark核对号（√）children’s dictionary儿童词典chronological dictionary序时词典circular definition循环释义circularity循环释义，互训circumflex音调符号，长音符号circumlocution迂回曲折表达法，遁词citation引语，书证，例证citation file引例档案classificatory label分类标注，类别标记clause idiom成语性分句cliché陈词滥调clipped form截短形式clipped word截短词clipping截短法close construction封闭结构closed combination封闭型组合closed corpus封闭式语料库closed-class words封闭性词类code代码codification编码coding代码化cognate同源词cognitive meaning认知意义coherence连贯性co-hyponym共下义词，共同受支配词coinage新造词语coined term新造术语coined word新造词，新创词college dictionary大学词典collegiate dictionary大学词典collocation搭配（关系）collocational information搭配信息collocative meaning搭配意义colloquial language口语colloquial standard口语标准语colloquial word口语词colloquialism口语词colorpedia彩图百科comb effect梳子效应combinatory possibility组合可能性combinatory variant组合变体combining form组合形式commercial dictionary商业词典common core vocabulary基本词汇，共有核心词汇common usage普通用法common word普通词compact dictionary缩印词典compact edition缩印版comparative lexicography比较词典学compilation（词典）编纂compiler编纂者compiler perspective编篡者视角complementaries互补反义词complete antonym完全反义词complete synonym完全同义词complex word复杂词componential analysis成分分析，义素分析composition合词法compound复合词compound word复合词，合成词compounding复合构词法comprehensive dictionary详解词典computational lexicography计算词典学computer lexicography计算机词典学conceptual connection概念联系conceptual dictionary概念词典conceptual meaning概念意义concise dictionary简明词典concordance语词索引confrontationist linguistics对照语言学conjunct连接性副词connotation隐含意义；附加意义；内涵connotative meaning内涵意义connotative style咨询文体content word实义词context语境context definition语境释义法context of situation言语环境，情景语境contextual definition语境释义contextual function语境功能contextual meaning语境意义contextual theory语境理论contract word缩写词contracted form,contraction缩写contradictory term对立性反义词contrast对称词contrastive analysis对比分析contrastive linguistics对比语言学conversion词类转化法conversive换位反义词cooccurrence同现cooccurrence relation同现关系cooccurrence restriction同现限制cooccurrence-range搭配cooccurrent meaning共现意义copying in dictionaries词典抄借copyright版权core group核心词群core sense核心义项core vocabulary核心词汇core word核心词co-reference互见corpus语料库corpus composition语料库的组成corpus correction语料库矫正corpus-orient lexicography语料库技术词典学correction矫正correctness正确性count noun可数名词countable noun可数名词coverage覆盖度creole混合语creolized language混合语cross reference互参，互见，交互参照cross-classification交叉结构cross-reference structure参见结构cryptogram密码cryptology隐语cultivated spoken language有教养的口头语言cultivated usage优雅用法cultural borrowing文化借用cultural context文化环境cultural dictionary文化词典cultural guide文化向导cultural lexicography文化词典学cultural-bound lexical item文化局限词汇项cultural-bound term(word)文化局限词cultural-loaded expression文化含义词cultural-specific vocabulary文化局限词汇culture-specific vocabulary文化局限词汇cuneiform,cuneiform writing楔形文字curtailed word缩短词cyclopedia百科全书cynicism挖苦语dagger剑号（┼）data bank数据库database数据库，资料库databases&audio-visual materials数据库与声像资料data-processing资料加工，数据处理dead affix废弃的词缀，废缀dead conjugation已经不用的词形变化形式dead language死语言dead metaphor死隐语dead word废词deadjective suffix附加于形容词的后缀deadjective verb来自形容词的动词declension（静词）词尾变化decode解码decoding dictionary解码词典decoding function解码功能de-etymologization词源中断definiendum被下定义的词语，被释词目definiens(pl.definientia)下定义用的词语，释义defining dictionary释义词典defining vocabulary(DV)定义用词汇，定义用词汇总表definition释义，定义deflexion词尾消失degeneration of meaning词义的降格deictic field指示范围denominal adjective来自名词的形容词denominal noun来自名词的名词denominal suffix附加于名词的后缀denominal verb来自名词的动词denotation所指意义，字面意义denotational meaning指称意义，所指意义denotative meaning外延意义denotatum(pl.denotata)所指客观对象density of entries词条密度derivation派生词；派生法derivation by zero suffix零位后缀派生法derivational affix派生词缀derivational antonym派生反义词derivational compound派生复合词derivational morpheme派生形素derivational suffix派生后缀derivative派生词derived form源出（<）derived sense派生义项derived stem派生词干deriving form派生形式derogatory贬损的，贬义的description描写descriptive dictionary描写性词典descriptive equivalent描写性对应词descriptive function描写功能descriptive trend描写性倾向descriptivism描写主义descriptor系索词，标志词designate定义，所指内容的组成designation指称意义designative word指称词designatum(pl.designata)所指内容desk dictionary案头词典desktop e-dictionary桌面电子词典desktop electronic-dictionary桌面电子词典deterioration of meaning词义降格，词义贬降determiner限定词deverbal adjective来自于动词的形容词deverbal noun来自于动词的名词deverbal suffix附加于动词的后缀diachronic approach历时角度diachronic dictionary历时词典diacritic变音符，附加符号diacritic sign附加符号diacritical mark变音符，附加符号diacritical marking符号标音法dialect dictionary方言词典dialect lexicography方言词典学dialectism方言词语diction措词dictionary词典，字典dictionary awareness词典意识dictionary criticism词典批评dictionary culture词典文化dictionary family词典家族dictionary for comprehension理解型词典dictionary for production生成型词典dictionary for speakers of the source language源语用户词典dictionary for speakers of the target language目的语用户词典dictionary for translation翻译词典dictionary form词典形式dictionary history词典史dictionary lookup词典查检dictionary maker词典编篡者dictionary making词典编篡dictionary meaning词典意义dictionary of proverbs谚语词典dictionary of the literary language书面语词典dictionary of the spoken language口语词典dictionary proper正文部分dictionary research词典研究dictionary review词典评论dictionary structure词典结构dictionary text词典语篇dictionary typology词典类型学dictionary use词典使用dictionary user词典使用者dictionary with bilingual双解词典dictionary word词典词didactic function教导功能differentia specifica属差differentia(pl.differentiae)种差differential dictionary区别性词典differential linguistics区别语言学diglossia双语现象diglottic level双语现象的变体diminutive指小（词）diminutive suffix指小后缀directories of agencies机构指南disambiguation消除歧义discourse meaning话语意义discrimination辨异，词义辨析disjunct分离性副词distinctive feature区别性特征distributional analysis分布分析法ditransitive verb双宾语动词ditto“同上”号（″）division into syllables分音节DJ丹尼尔▪琼斯标音法domesticated word归化词dominant sense主要意义double brackets双方括号double check双核对号（√）double dagger双剑号（╪）double scale组成一对的同义词double virgules双斜线号（//）doublet同源异体字echoic word拟声词edition版本editor编辑EFL lexicography英语作为外语的学习词典学electronic bilingual dictionary电子双语词典electronic dictionary电子词典electronic lexicography电子词典学elevation of meaning词义的扬升ellipsis省略号（…）ELT lexicography英语教学词典学emotive meaning情感意义emotive overtone感情色彩empirical ordering经验排列enclitic后接词encode编码，组码encoding dictionary编码词典encoding function编码功能encyclopedia百科全书encyclopedia definition百科释义encyclopedic dictionary百科词典encyclopedic entry百科条目encyclopedic matter百科信息English Philological Society英语语文协会entailed meaning蕴含意义entry条目，词条entry pane条目窗entry word词目ephemeral word瞬息新词equivalent对应词equivalent analogue等值的对应体ESL(English as second language)作为第二语言的英语ethnolinguistic bilingual dictionary人类语言学双语词典etymological dictionary词源词典etymology词源（学）euphemism委婉语everyday expression日常用语example,example-sentence例句exclamation mark感叹号exegetic dictionary注释词典exemplification括注法explanatory definition解说式释义explanatory equivanlent解释对等词explanatory gloss解释性说明explicit cross-reference明示互参extended sense引申意义extension外延extension of meaning语义扩大extinct language死语，死亡语extralinguistic context语言外语境familiar style非正式文体family of languages语系field场field theory词场理论field label学科标注figurative meaning比喻意义figurative speech比喻语figurative-metaphorical比喻隐喻的figure of speech修辞格file资料档案files of citation引例档案filler-in填空词fist参见号fixed accent固定重音fixed collocation固定搭配fixed phrase固定短语fixed stress固定重音fixed word-combination固定词组fixed word-order固定词序folk definition通俗释义folk etymology民俗词源，俗词源学folk speech民间语folk usage通俗用法folk-etymological民俗词源的forcing example强迫性例证foreign affix外来词缀foreign learner’s dictionary外国学习者词典foreign word外来词，外语词foreignism外来词语form of address称呼形式form speech正式言语form style正式文体form word形式词format板式，开本formative构词成分formulaic definition程式释义four-letter word四字母语，粗俗词语frame(structure)框架（结构）free combination自由组合free morpheme自由语素free root自由词根free translation意译free variant自由变体free variation自由变异free word order自由词序French quotes法文引号，书名号frequency词频frequency word-book频率词表front and back clipping对词的首部与尾部的缩略front clipping对词的首部的缩略front matter前页部分front matter,front page material前页，前页材料，（正文前的）材料frozen expression定型短语frozen style拘谨文体full homonym实足同形同音异义词full word实词，完全词function word功能词，虚词functional equivalent功能等值functional label功能标注functional language功能语言functional marker功能标记functional typology功能分类法functional varieties功能变体functional word功能词，虚词fuzzy terms模糊词语gazetteer地名索引，地名词典gem dictionary珍宝词典，精选词典general concordance普通词表general dictionary通用词典；普通词典generalization of meaning词的普遍化general-purpose bilingual dictionary综合性双语词典，通用双语词典general-purpose dictionary综合性（语文）词典general-purpose English dictionary综合性英语词典generative dictionary生成词典generic term类属词genus总属genus proximum近种geographical dictionary地理词典geographical entry地理条目geographical sources地理资料ghostword鬼词，别字giving synonyms同义词释义gleaning补遗gloss夹注，注释glossary注释词表，术语汇编glueword连接词gobbledygook官样文章Gothic writing哥特体字，黑体字governed word受支配词governing word支配词government publications政府出版物gradable adjective等级形容词grammar语法grammatical bound meaning受语法限制的意义grammatical coding语法代码grammatical collocation语法搭配grammatical context语法语境grammatical function语法功能grammatical information语法信息grammatical labeling语法代码grammatical marker语法标记grammatical motivation语法理据grammatical pattern语法模式grammatical sequence语法序列grammatically-partial word虚词graphic illustration插图，图解graphic substance形的实体graphic symbol书写符号guide word眉题，向导词habitual collocation习惯性搭配habitual co-occurrence习惯性同现handheld electronic dictionary掌上电子词典haplography掉字，漏写hard word难词head phrase词条headword词目heavy-duty word重负荷词hesitation-form犹豫形式hierarchical structure层级结构hierarchical system层级系统hieroglyphic writing象形文字high word高位词historical comparative linguistics历史比较语言学historical dictionary（按历史原则编写的）历史词典historical lexicography历史词典学historical ordering历史排列historical principle历史性原则historism历史词语homograph同形异义词homography同形异义homonym同音异义词，同形异义词homonymy同音异义，同形异义homophone mark同音号humorous幽默的hybrid混合词hybrid language混杂词hybrid word混合词，杂交词hyperonym总义词hypersemanticized discourse超语义化的说法hyphen连字符；隔音号hyphenated name连号hyphenation断词hyphenation routine连字法规则hypocoristic form爱称形式hypocoristic word爱称词hyponym下义词hyponymy下义关系identifying indication识别性说明ideogram表意文字ideographic symble表意符号ideographic writing表意文字ideography表意文字研究ideographical dictionary概念词典，义类词典ideographical function意识功能idiom习语，成语idiomatic expression习惯性词语idiomatic usage习惯用法idiomatics习语学，成语学illiterate language文盲用语illustration插图，例证illustrative citation例证，引证illustrative example说明性例句；例证illustrative quotation例证imitation binding仿古装帧imitative semantic change语义变化模仿immediate postpositive直接后置形容词implicative method隐含法implicit cross-reference暗示互参impolite word不礼貌用语imposition强加inappropriate不得体的indention缩格index索引index verborum词语出处索引indexation索引检索indexes&abstracts索引与摘要indexing language索引语言infix中缀inflected language屈折语inflection屈折变化inflectional affix屈折词缀inflectional language屈折语inflectional morpheme屈折词素inflectional variant屈折变体inflective language屈折语inflexion屈折变化inflexional ending词尾屈折inflexional language屈折语inflexional series屈折序列inflexional suffix屈折后缀informal style非正式文体informant语言调查合作人information card背景资料卡information category信息范畴information retrieval language情报检索语言informative dictionary知识性词典initial inflexion开首屈折initial part词首部分initialism首字母连写词inkhorn term学究气的用语innovation新造词insertible equivalent可插入对应词instruction manual说明手册instrument language古今语言instrumental case工具格intensifier强调成分interactive dictionary交互词典interface language接口语言interjection感叹词interlingual dictionary语际词典interlingual interference语际障碍interlingual purism语际语言纯正主义International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA)国际音标，国际音标注音法internationalism国际词intimate style亲昵语体intralingual purism内部语言纯正主义introspective example自省性例证invented example自造词irregular inflection不规则屈折形式italic斜体字italic bold-face type斜黑体jargon行话KK KK音标koine共通语，共同语language for specific purposes专门用途语言language notes语言说明language transfer语言迁移language typology语言类型学langue语言，语言系统latent word潜在词Latinism拉丁词语learned word文言词learner’s dictionary学生词典lemma词目lemma unit词目单位letter-by-letter arrangement纯字母排列法lexeme词汇单位；词位，词素，词项lexical词汇的，语词的lexical ambiguity词汇歧义；词汇模糊性lexical collocation词汇搭配lexical context词汇语境lexical density词汇密度lexical entry词项，语词条目lexical equivalent词义对应词lexical expression词汇表达方式lexical field词汇场lexical gap词汇空缺lexical grammar词汇语法lexical item词汇单位；词位，词素，词项lexical meaning词汇意义lexical set词群，词集lexical stock词汇总库lexical unit词汇单位lexical word词汇词lexicographer词典学家，词典编篡者lexicographese词典用语lexicographic context词典语境lexicography词典学，词典编篡，词典编篡学lexicology词汇学lexicon词典（尤指古代语言的词典）；词库ligature连音符lingua franca混合语，通用语，交际语linguistic context语言语境linguistic dictionary语文词典linguistic matter语言信息linguistic typology硬译分类学linguistics across culture跨文化语言学literal error排字错误，印刷错误literal meaning字面意义literal translation直译，硬译literary书面语literary language文学语言literary standard文学标准语literary word书面词语live suffix活后缀living affix现在通用的词缀living conjugation“活”的（词形）变化living language现用语言，活语言living word现在通用的词汇loan blend借词混成词，借词拼缀词loan shift转用借词loan translation翻译借词，仿译词loan word借词，外来词local dialect地方方言locution措词logical definition逻辑式定义logical ordering逻辑排列logographic lexicon字典logography速记符long vowel长元音lower-case letter小写字母（印刷用语）LSP lexicography专业英语词典学machine-readable dictionary机读词典machine-aided lexicography机助词典学macro-lexicography宏观词典学macron长音符（加在元音上的“-”）macrostructure宏观结构made-up example自造例main word主导词majuscule大写字母makeshift language代用语言malformation构词错误，误构manual手册maps&atlases地图与地图集marginal meaning外延意义mark,marker标记master index总索引meaning意义meaning discrimination词义辨析meaning-oriented principle意义中心原则means of access检索途径measure adjective度量形容词measure noun度量名词mechanical dictionary电脑词典mediostructure中间结构medium dictionary中型词典megastruture整体结构metalanguage元语言metalexicography元词典学metaphor隐喻metaphoric meaning比喻意义，喻义metaplasm词形变异methodology方法论metonymy换喻，转喻microcontext微观语境microglossary微词典microlexicography微观词典学microstructure微观结构middle matter正文部分midline dot分节点mixed language混合语modal verb情态动词mode式momentary event verb瞬间动作动词monolingual dictionary单语词典monolingual lexicography单语词典学monosemic word单义词monosemy单义性moribund language垂死语言morpheme语素morpheme word语素词morphemic arrangement语素顺序排列morphemic dictionary词素词典morphemical mark形态符号morphology词法morphology label词法标注mother tongue negative transfer母语负迁移motional verb动作动词motivated word有理据的词motivation of word词的理据multi-lingual dictionary多语词典multilingual lexicography多语词典学multi-media dictionary多媒体词典multiword lexical unit多单词词位，复词词汇单位narrow Romic严式罗密克音标narrow transcription严式音标，窄式记音法narrowed meaning狭义narrowing词义缩小native affix本族词缀native language本族语native speaker说本族语的人native speaker’s dictionary本族语词典native word本族词natural language自然语言near-synonym近义词negative transfer负迁移neoclassic formation新古典词的构词法neoclassic word新古典词neologism新词nest(ing)派生词群nest-alphabetic method词集字母排列法nil-equivalent零对应词，无对应词noetics义位学nomenclature术语集nominal definition名目定义nonce-word临时词non-designative非指称词non-echoic word非拟声词non-gradable adjective非等级形容词non-historical dictionary非历史词典non-insertible equivalent非插入对应词non-productive无构词能力的non-restrictive collocation非限制性搭配nonstandard非标准（用语）normal dictionary传统词典normative dictionary规范词典normative lexicography规范性词典学notional passive意义上被动notional system概念系统notional word实义词noun名词noun adjunct附加名词noun cluster名词词组noun compound复合名词noun of multitude群体名词noun-drivative派生名词now rare目前少用nuance细微差别numbered clause分节号（§）numeral数词object宾语object language目的语，对象语言obsolescent陈旧的obsolete已废的obsolete affix废缀obsolete word旧词obsoletism已废弃的词语one-phrase definition单一短语释义法one-to-one correspondence一一对应one-to-one equivalent一一对等on-line dictionary在线词典，网络词典onomasiological gap词汇空缺；名称空缺onomasiology定名学onomasticon专名词典onomatopoeic word拟声词open combination开放型组合open corpus开放式语料库open-class words开放性词类opposite meaning对立意义optional variant随意变体oratorical style演说文体ordinal number序数词ordinals序数词orthographic criterion书写标准orthographic syllable拼法音节orthography正字法，拼写法ostensive definition直观定义ostensive definition直观释义法output language输出语outside matter正文外部分overall-descriptive dictionary全面描写词典over-defining过度释义P marker短语标记pagination页码检索paper dictionary纸质词典paradigm（名词、动词等的）词形变化表paragraph分节号（§）；段落；段落号（▪）parallel bars平行号（║）parent language母语，源语parentheses圆括号parole言语paronym形似词partial conversion部分词类转化partial equivalent部分对应词partial homonym部分同音同形异义词participle分词particle小品词，语助词parts of speech词类parts-of-speech label词性标注passive dictionary被动型词典，消极词典patois土话pedagogical dictionary教学词典pedagogical lexicography教学词典学pejorative轻蔑词pejorative epithet表贬损的修饰语pejorative suffix贬义后缀perfect antonym完全反义词perfect equivalence完全对等perfect equivalent完全对等词perfect homonym完全同音同形异义词period句号period dictionary断代词典period lexicography断代词典学peripheral kinds of vocabulary边缘性词汇peripheral language外围语periphrastic definition迂回定义peroration of meaning词义的降格personal suffix人称后缀phantom word幻象词phenomenological typology现象分类法philological bilingual dictionary语文学双语词典philological dictionary语文词典philology语文学phoneme音位，音素phonemic notation音标，音位标音法phonemic transcription音位标音phonemic word音位词phonemics音位学，音素学phonetic acronym语音缩写词phonetic alphabet音标，语音字母phonetic change语音演变phonetic convergence音变的汇合phonetic hyphen隔音号（-）phonetic motivation拟声理据phonetic pattern语音模式phonetic spelling表音拼写法phonetic syllable语音音节phonetic symbol音标，音符phonetic transcription注音，标音法phonetic writing拼音文字phoneticism音标拼词法phonographic alphabet表音字母phonology音系学，音位学phrasal verb短语动词phrase短语，词组phrase clipping短语略写phrase idiom惯用短语phrase marker短语标记phraseological dictionary熟语词典phraseological lexicography熟语词典学phraseology熟语，熟语集phrasing措词pictograph象形文字pictographic writing图画文字pictorial arrangement图式顺序排列pictorial dictionary图画词典pictorial illustration插图pidgin混杂语pidgin English洋泾浜英语plurality复数性，多重性plurilingual多语种的plurilingualism多语制pocket dictionary袖珍词典pocket electronic dictionary掌上电子词典poetic word诗歌用语poetical archaic word诗用古词poetry诗体poetism诗体词语polite formulas礼貌套语polylingual多语种的polylingual dictionary多语种对照词典polylingualism多语制polyseme,polysemous word多义词（现象）polysemy多义现象，一词多义polysyllable多音节词polytechnic dictionary科技词典popular etymology俗词源学popular language俗语popular word俗语词portmanteau word紧缩词post-modifier后置修饰语postpositive后置形容词pragmalinguistics语用语言学pragmatic analysis语用分析pragmatic equivalent语用对应词pragmatic failure语用失误pragmatics语用学predeterminer前置限定词predicative表语preface序言prefix前缀prefixation加前缀premodifier前置修饰语prescriptive规范性的prescriptive dictionary规范词典prescriptive grammar规定语法prescriptive lexicography规定性词典学prescriptive trend规定性倾向prescriptivism规定主义present participle现在分词presentational affix表义词缀presentational or tectonic typology表述（或构造）分类法primary accent主重音primary linguistic data第一手语言资料primary meaning本义primitive原始词principal language主体语言print dictionary印刷型词典printing印刷proclitic后接发音词productive activity（说、写等）产出性活动productive affix有派生能力的词缀，派生词缀productive bilingual dictionary能产性双语词典productive dictionary产出型词典productive function产出功能productivity能产性pronominal adjective代词性形容词pronouncing dictionary发音词典pronunciation key发音表prototype原型proverb谚语provincial standard地方标准punctuation mark标点符号punning双关语purism语言纯正主义purrword褒词quadrilingual dictionary四语词典quasi-normative bilingual dictionary准规范化双语词典quasi-synonym准同义词quasi-synoymous word准同义词questionnaire问卷，调查表quotation书证quotation mark引号radiation（词义的）辐射radical词根，部首radical flexion词根屈折radical language词根语radical sense原始义range of application使用范围range of collocation搭配范围rare罕用reading programme阅读项目real definition真实定义realization体现关系Received Pronunciation(RP)标准发音receptive activity接收活动receptive function接收功能receptor language接收语reciprocal dictionary互补词典reciprocal relation相互关系reduced entry减缩词条reduplication重叠reduplicative word重叠词reference参见reference book工具书reference dictionary查考型词典reference matter检索信息reference mark检索符号reference need检索目的reference skill检索技巧reference unit检索单位referent所指事物，词目所指的对象referential definition所指释义referential meaning information所指意义referential pragmatics指代语用学referential symbolism所指符号refinement修饰reflected meaning发射意义regional word地区性词regionalism区域词语register域register label语域标注relational word关系词relative synonym相对同义词，近义词reroute重新查找respelling schemes重拼法respelling system重拼发音符号系统restricted language限制性语言restriction of meaning词义的限制restrictive collocation限制性搭配reverse dictionary逆序词典rheme述位rhyming dictionary音韵词典Roman type正体字root词根root antonym词根反义词root inflexion词根屈折root form词根形式，根式round brackets圆括号runic writing北欧古代文字running head向导词run-on(entry)副词目，内词条sandhi连读变音scholarly dictionary学术词典schoolboy slang学生俚语scientific terminology科技术语search检索，搜索searching window检索窗secondary accent次重音，次重音号secondary compound二次复合词secondary derivative次派生词secondary language第二语言secondary meaning次要意义secondary morpheme-word次语素词secondary phoneme次音位secondary stress次重音segmental dictionary部分语词词典，特种语词词典selection of entries(articles)选条selection of head characters选字selection of headwords选词selection preference选择倾向selection restriction选择限制sell-aware form自觉形式semantic affinity语义一致semantic arrangement语义顺序排列semantic coincidence语义重合semantic component语义成分semantic condensation语义缩合semantic contradiction语义矛盾semantic contrast语义对比semantic criterion语义标准semantic dictionary主题词典semantic divergence词义分化semantic extension语义扩展semantic factor语义因素semantic field语义场semantic function语义功能semantic glosses语义注释semantic inclusion语义包容semantic intersection语义交叉semantic marker语义标记semantic motivation语义理据semantic properties语义特征semantic prototype model语义原型模式semantic shift语义演变semantics语义学sememe义素semi-bilingual半双解semicolon分号semiology,semiotics符号学semi-unabridged dictionary半足本词典sense义项sense discrimination义项区分sense relation义项关系sentence connector连接词sentence idiom成语性句子sentence pattern句型sentence substitute替代词set expression固定词语shades of meaning语义色彩shift sign移位符（加在元音上的符号，如︵，′）short cuts词义速查short vowel短音符shortening缩短法signification词义singularity单数性slang俚语slang dictionary俚语词典slang expression俚语词语slang word俚语词slant斜线号（/）slip资料卡small capital小大写small dictionary小型词典snarl word贬词social dialect社会方言social-situational feature社会情景特征social-cultural meaning社会文化意义sociopragmatic information社会语用信息sociopragmatics社会语用学solecism语法错误solid compound固定复合词sound pattern语音模式sound shift语音演变sound system语音系统sound-variation语音变异source蓝本sources of statistics统计资料speaker-meaning说话人的用意special dictionary专科词典special lexicography专科词典学special pages专题页special-field dictionary专科词典specialized dictionary专门词典specialized meaning专用义specific term/word狭义词specifying gloss规定性注释speech act言语行为speech level label语言层次标注speech mechanism言语机制speech recognition言语识别speech repertoire活用语言库。
cross-association语言学举例
交叉联想是语言学中一个重要的概念，它指的是在人们对语言进行理解和使用时，通过联想将不同的语义信息或语法结构相互联系起来。
在语言学研究中，交叉联想对于理解语言的组织和语用规律具有重要意义。
下面我们通过几个具体的例子来说明交叉联想在不同语言现象中的应用和影响。
1. 交叉联想在词汇理解中的应用在词汇理解中，交叉联想可以帮助我们理解和记忆单词的意义。
当我们学习英语中的单词“apple”时，我们往往会联想到苹果这种水果，这就是通过交叉联想将单词和具体的事物联系起来，帮助我们更好地理解和记忆单词的意义。
在这个过程中，交叉联想帮助我们建立起单词和事物之间的联系网络，使得我们更容易在实际沟通中准确使用这些词汇。
2. 交叉联想在语法结构中的应用除了在词汇理解中的应用外，交叉联想也在语法结构理解中起着重要作用。
在学习英语语法时，我们会通过交叉联想来理解和记忆不同的句子结构和语法规则。
通过将不同的句子结构进行比较和联系，我们可以更好地理解语法规则的逻辑和用法，从而提高自己的语言表达能力。
3. 交叉联想在跨语言交流中的应用在跨语言交流中，交叉联想也发挥着重要的作用。
当我们学习一门外语时，我们往往会通过将外语单词和自己熟悉的母语单词进行比较和联系，从而更好地理解外语单词的意义和用法。
在这个过程中，交叉联想帮助我们将不同语言之间的联系进行联想和建立，使得我们能够更快地掌握和运用新语言。
交叉联想作为一个重要的语言学概念，在语言理解和使用过程中发挥着重要的作用。
通过交叉联想，我们能够更好地理解和记忆词汇、语法结构，提高语言表达能力，并且在跨语言交流中更快地掌握和运用新语言。
对于语言学研究和语言教学来说，交叉联想都具有重要的理论和实践意义。
交叉联想是语言学研究中一个重要且复杂的概念。
它涉及到人们对于语言的理解和使用过程中，如何通过联想将不同的语义信息或语法结构相互联系起来。
在语言学的研究中，交叉联想不仅对于理解语言的组织和语用规律具有重要意义，而且也对于跨语言交流和语言习得过程中产生了深远的影响。
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Text cohesion
• 1.3 连接 • 指由连接成分把两个或多个句子，或者段落连接起 来的现象。 • (26) I took a bath, dined, and then dozed fitfully for a while.(additive) • (27) Law-and–order is the longest-running and probably the best-loved political issue in U. S. history. Yet it is painfully apparent that millions of Americans who would never think of themselves as law-breakers, let alone criminals. (adversative) • (28) Red-light running has always been ranked as a minor wrong . So it may be in individual instances. (Causal)。 • And 为连词，连接两个句子；yet和so为连接副词来 连接两个句子，或者小句。 2010-11-25
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Noun and adjective
• Smile:
apologetic; artful; bland; bright; charming; contemptuous; cordial; cynical; derisive; engaging; faint; forced; grim; incredulous; quizzical; self-satisfied; wan; wry a loose coat; a loose tooth; loose behavior; loose conduct; loose meanings; loose thinking; loose dyestuff; loose color
Association and collocation between English words (词类间的联想与搭
配)
• Noun and verb authority:
accept, assert, deny, exercise, follow
difficulty: create, overcome, raise, relieve, solve expenditure: curtail, lavish, meet, reduce, slash deserve: blame, credit, praise, punishment, a reward exert: effort, control, influence, fascination, strength,
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Adjective and preposition
• Different adjectives are followed by different prepositions. be busy ____; be ready ___; be sure ___; be upset ___; be anxious ____ • Different adjectives are followed by the same preposition. be good/clever/adept/skillful/slow ___ be good/nice/bad/suitable/fit ___ be distinguished/noted/famous/notable/remarkable/
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• The collocation between adj. and prep. can be replaced by one verb or verb phrase. be forgetful of = forget be productive of = produce be deserving of = deserve be successful in = succeed in be dependent upon = depend on be ignorant of = don’t know
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• Cohesion concerns the ways in which the components of the surface text, i.e. the actual words we hear or see, are mutually connected within a sequence. • Halliday & Hasan, 于1976 提出了语篇衔接 的概念，并区分了5种衔接。
Text cohesion
•1.4 词汇衔接 1.4
Types of lexical cohesion: 1. Reiteration (a) Same word (repetition) (b) Synonym/antonym (c) Superordinate (d) General word 2. Collocation
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notorious ____
• The collocation between adj. and prep. depends on the object. a. be angry/annoyed ___sb. b. be angry /annoyed ___ sth. c. be surprised __ sb./sth. be pleased ___ sb./sth. be worried ____ sb./sth.
pressure
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General association and special assocation
• general associatin: achieve success, attain one’s end, cultivate acquaintance, develop one’s talents, exercise one’s gifts, fight a battle • special association: carry one’s point, clip sb.’s wings, cut a figure, force sb.’s hand, break the news, lift a siege
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COHERENCE
• Coherence concerns the way in which concepts and relations are mutually accessible and relevant. In other words, a coherent text is one which is easy for us to understand because it is easy for us to make a mental representation of it.
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Five types of cohesion
• Reference • Substitution • Ellipsis • Conjunction • Lexical cohesion
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Text cohesion
• 1.1 指称 • 指一个项目的意义要靠另一个项目来解释 的现象。共有三种指称：人称指称、指示 人称指称、 人称指称 指称和比较指称： 指称和比较指称 • [1] Core six cooking apples. Put them into a fireproof dish. These are red ones, but they are not so delicious. • Them—人称指称，表示前面的 人称指称， 人称指称 表示前面的apples • These—指示，指前面的 指示， 指示 指前面的them和apples 和 • So—比较，把这些苹果与其他的相比较。 比较， 比较 把这些苹果与其他的相比较。
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Text cohesion
• 1.2 省略和替代 • 当在下面一个句子重新出现时，被省略掉，或者 被其他项目所替代的现象。例如，上例中的ones 就用以替代apples，再如： • [2] A. Have you been playing football? • B. Yes, I have (been playing football.) • [3] A: Has he been ever to Beijing? • B: I think so。 • So 替代整个小句 (he has been to Beijing.) 。
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• Loose:
special association:
• big gun; • big time; • bitter pill; 名人,要人 欢乐时刻, 出 名 失望, 困恼 死刑 困境 骗子
• capital sentence; • deep water; • faster countg man does not like bears, so yesterday in the park he gave the bear some poisonous food to eat. • [5] To err is human; to forgive divine • [6] And sings a solitary song, • That whistles in the wind. • Bear—bears: 重复（相同的词） • Err—forgive: 重复（反义） • Sing—song—whistle: 搭配
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• Verb and adverb See p149-150