Analysis about technology of plastic mold parts
电熨斗外壳的注塑模设计说明书
编号：毕业设计说明书题目：蒸汽喷雾式电熨斗外壳的注射模设计院（系）：机电工程学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名：学号：指导教师：***职称：高级技师题目类型：☐理论研究☐实验研究☑工程设计☐工程技术研究☐软件开发2012年5月15 日本文将以家用蒸汽喷雾式电熨斗模具设计，论述相关注塑模具的关键问题和优势。
对塑料材料的性能分析，家用蒸汽喷雾式电熨斗外形的设计与建模，根据塑件的基本形状和尺寸入手，合理选择注射的成型方法。
最佳成型方法的选择，模具设计并进行理论分析。
根据具体尺寸校核注塑模具及注塑机的有关尺寸，并对工艺参数进行核定和计算。
之后进行初步的审查对所存在的问题进行确定和修正，然后绘制模具总装配图，按装配图绘制成型零件及所有需要加工的零件工作图，同时考虑零件的加工工艺。
在这次设计过程中充分利用课本中的理论，严格按照模具设计的步骤，查阅相关模具参数以及相关机械手册，对塑件工艺性分析、分型面确定、成型零件设计、型腔数量确定、浇注系统设计等。
关键词：蒸汽式电熨斗；塑料模具；塑件工艺；尺寸公差；this paper will take home Steam type electric iron product analysis and mold design, this paper discusses the key issues related to injection molds and advantage. To plastic material performance analysis, household Steam type electric iron, according to the design and modeling of plastic parts of basic shapes and sizes, reasonably select the shaping method injection. The best the shaping method choice, mould design and theoretical analysis. According to the specific size I must check injection molding tool and injection molding machine, and the relevant dimensions of verification and calculation process parameters. Carries on the preliminary review after some issues identified and fix, then draw mold assembly drawing, according to total drawings forming parts and all needs processing, and consider working drawing parts machining process of the part. In the design process make full use of book of theory, in strict accordance with the die design steps, consult relevant die parameters and related machinery's handbook for plastics technology, parting surface analysis, determination, molding parts design, cavity to determine the number, gating system design, etc.Key words：Steam type electric iron；Plastic mould；Plastics technology；Dimension tolerance目录1 绪论 (1)1.1 国内外研究现状 (1)2 电熨斗外壳设计及其成型工艺的分析 (4)2.1 塑件分析 (4)2.1.1塑件结构分析如下 (4)2.1.2塑料件成型工艺分析 (4)2.2 塑料的选材及性能分析 (4)2.2.1 ABS使用特点： (4)2.2.2 ABS成型特性,及其主要性能指标 (5)2.3 ABS塑料的注射过程及工艺 (5)2.3.1注射成型过程 (5)2.3.2 ABS的注射工艺参数 (6)2.4 ABS的主要缺陷及消除措施 (6)2.4.1残余应力引起的龟裂 (6)2.4.2熔接痕 (7)2.4.3银线 (7)2.4.4白化 (7)3 模具设计方案的确定 (8)3.1 分型面方案的确定 (8)3.2 型腔数量确定 (9)4 模具设计 (9)4.1 注塑机选型 (9)4.1.1 注射量计算 (9)4.1.2 注射机型号的选定 (10)4.1.3型腔数量的校核及注射机有关工艺参数的校核 (10)4.2 模具浇注系统设计和浇口的设计 (13)4.2.1主流道的设计 (13)4.2.2浇口的设计 (14)4.3 成型零件工作尺寸的设计和计算 (15)4.3.1型芯（见图4-4） (15)4.3.2型腔（见图4-5） (16)4.3.3型腔零件刚度和强度校核 (17)4.4 模架的确定和标准件的选用 (17)4.5 合模导向机构和定位机构 (18)4.5.1导向机构的总体设计 (18)4.5.2导柱设计 (19)4.5.3导套设计 (19)4.6 脱模推出机构的设计 (20)4.6.1脱模推出机构的设计原则 (20)4.6.2塑件的推出机构 (20)4.7 侧向分型与抽芯机构设计 (21)4.7.1 侧向分型与抽芯机构类型的确定 (21)4.7.2 斜导柱的设计 (21)4.7.3 滑块的组合及设计形式 (22)4.8 排气系统设计 (22)4.9 冷却系统的优化设计 (22)4.9.1加热系统 (22)4.9.2冷却系统 (23)4.9.3冷却装置布置方案 (24)4.10 模具材料例表 (25)5 模具装配 (26)5.1 塑料模具装配的技术要求 (26)5.2 塑料模具装配过程 (26)5.2.1装配动模部分 (27)5.2.2装配定模部分 (27)6 结论 (28)谢辞 (29)参考文献 (30)1 绪论1.1 国内外研究现状[]31.1.1国外的研究发展现状先看看国外的情况，首先说下塑料模具方面，下面以“欧洲模展上的先进模具技术”的考察报告以基准来简单介绍一下在EuroMold 2001 上展出的模具大部分为塑料模,许多模具巧妙的设计、高超的加工技术和卓越的质量令人赞叹。
一模三用注塑模具设计
引言
自从我国加入世贸组织（WTO）后，将获得一个更加稳定的国际经贸环境，从而有利于我国与各国、各地区的经济贸易合作，有利于世界经济的稳定发展，我国的利用外资领域将进一步扩大，国内和国外模具企业都可以从中得到更多的机会和收益。
关键词：制件成本;一模多用;分线盒;分型面;冷却系统
Abstract
Analysis of plastic parts to reduce the cost method,proposed in order to reduce costs,willmeet certain conditions,the specifications of several forms of plastic parts used by forming a mold,is amulti-use die;the same time a study on the use of injection-mold the three forms of classification and conditionsof production examples of die design elements,such as mold ingenious structural characteristics.The practice has proved that under certain conditions,the use of a multi-use injection mold can reduce thenumber of mold,reduce costs,and greatly enhance their market competitiveness.
介绍一项技术发明英语作文优缺点六级英语
介绍一项技术发明英语作文优缺点六级英语In today's society, people's living standard is getting higher and higher, science and technology is more and more developed, some high-tech also emerge in endlessly, but in life, some inventions are not perfect, these examples are worth our thinking.For example, the most common plastic bags in our life, it is regarded as one of the worst inventions in the 20th century because it is convenient for people to travel, easy to carry, but forget a little, scientists in the plastic bag by gradually accepted by people, later to often use can reasonable use and reasonable disposal after use of plastic bags. Because it can not be degraded, it leads to environmental pollution, hinders plant growth, and brings serious crop production.Recently, scientists have discovered an eighth continent, made up of plastic bags that people used to blow into the sea! They slowly corroded by the sea, and became a new continent! Therefore, not all inventions are perfect. However, in order to avoid causing more damage to the environment, scientists have begun to develop biodegradable plastic bags, and have limited people to use plastic bags, let people spend money to buy plastic bags, and advocate the use of cloth bags. Let'sprotect the environment together!翻译：在当今社会，人们生活水平越来越高，科技越来越发达，一些高科技也层出不穷，但是在生活中，有一些发明并不是十全十美，这些例子值得我们深思。
有限元分析技术在塑料包装模具开发中的应用
前言塑料主要是以合成树脂为基本成份，经加入填充剂、功能添加剂、加工助剂等辅助材料后，可以做成各种“可塑性”的材料[1]。
它具有质轻、绝缘、耐腐蚀、美观，制品形式多样化、便于加工、运输、回收等特点，广泛应用于食品包装材料、日用品、化妆品等快消品领域。
人类的生产生活离不开塑料制品，塑料制品无处不在，大的方面如汽车、飞机、轮船中的塑料部件，小到我们日常使用的电脑、手机、水杯、化妆品和食品容器，遍及各个角落，而这些塑料制品的生产，都离不开一个重要环节，那就是塑料成型品模具的设计。
1. 塑料吹塑成型技术概述塑料的加工主要有中空吹塑成型工艺、压塑成型工艺、注塑成型工艺、挤塑成型工艺。
其中，塑料吹塑成型工艺中，需要加热至玻璃化转变温度或熔点以上，而后置于模具中吹制进行冷却定型，将制品从高弹态或熔融状态冷却至玻璃态。
其中采用挤出吹塑成型在吹塑制品中占75%，注射吹塑成型占24%，其它吹塑成型约占1%。
模具的设计结构以及加工冷却效果对于制品的壁厚分布和生产效率有着极其重要的影响[2]。
有限元分析技术在塑料包装模具开发中的应用宋利君张雅君邓玉明陈琛王兴（内蒙古伊利实业集团股份有限公司）摘要：本文以常见的中空塑料成型品加工模具的开发为例，介绍了有限元分析工具在模具开发过程中的重要作用，并系统阐述了有限元分析方法的原理、仿真软件分类、国内外发展历程及现状，并对有限元分析软件在不同材质的塑料成型品加工仿真分析适用情况进行了阐述。
关键词：有限元分析中空成型品金属模具仿真模拟Application of Finite Element Analysis in Plastic Mould DesignSong Lijun Zhang Yajun Deng yuming Chen chen Wang xing（Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd.）Abstract：Taking the development of common hollow plastic moulds as an example, the article introduces the important role of finite element analysis tools in the development of moulds，and systematicallyexpounds the principle of finite element analysis method, the classification of simulation software,the development history and current situation at home and abroad, and the application of finiteelement analysis software in the simulation analysis of plastic moulds with different materialswaselaborated.Keywords：finite element analysis Blowmoldingproducts metal mould simulation2. 应用于塑料加工领域的计算机辅助技术常用的产品开发设计过程，一般先是提出设计理念，依据设计概念绘制设计图纸，在完成设计图绘制后，需要制作可以测试小规模加工效果的单腔实验模具、之后上机进行制作效果测试加工、而后对加工出来的塑料制品进行诸如承压、跌落、耐破等加工效果的测试，依据测试结果对加工模具结构进行优化、重新设计模具，之后再用重新设计的模具对塑料制品进行生产加工。
高考观点态度题的常见词汇
高考观点态度题的常见词汇一、高考观点态度题常见词汇示例。
1. 积极类。
- approving（赞成的）：表示对某事或某人持认可、赞同的态度。
例如：The author's approving tone towards the new policy can be seen throughout the passage.（在整篇文章中都能看出作者对新政策的赞成态度。
）- positive（积极的）：积极乐观的态度。
例如：His positive attitude towards life inspired many people.（他对生活的积极态度激励了很多人。
）- favorable（有利的；赞成的）：可以形容对事物有利的情况或者表示赞成的态度。
如：The public has a favorable opinion of this environmental protection project.（公众对这个环保项目持赞成意见。
）2. 消极类。
- negative（消极的；否定的）：表达负面的、否定的态度。
例如：The negative comments on the movie showed that it didn't meet the audience's expectations.（对这部电影的负面评论表明它没有达到观众的期望。
）- critical（批评的）：强调批评、挑剔的态度。
如：The critical remarks in the report pointed out the problems in the company's management.（报告中的批评性言论指出了公司管理中的问题。
）- disapproving（不赞成的）：与approving相反，不认可、不赞同某事或某人。
例如：She gave a disapproving look when she heard his rude words.（当她听到他粗鲁的话时，她露出了不赞成的神情。
海洋微塑料污染状况及其应对措施建议
海洋微塑料污染状况及其应对措施建议李道季【摘要】Marine plastic debris is one of the most urgent global marine environmental concerns, drawing increasing attention globally from governments, the public, scientists, media and non-governmental organizations, and has become an important topic in current marine ecology and environmental research. In terms of the characterization, source and fate of plastic debris in water bodies, sediments and biota, this paper gives brief review on the research advances on the distribution, potential ecological risks, control measures for marine plastic debris and microplastics in different counties and relevant laws, regulations and conventions proposed by governments and nongovernmental organizations. Given the lack of understanding on distribution of microplastics and ecological risk assessment system, this paper points out the existing problems in the methodology (collection, pretreatment and analysis), source and fate, ecological risk assessment and laws, regulations and policies of marine microplastics in scientific research and pollution management. Meanwhile, standardized methods, verified systematic ecological risk assessment models and relevant laws and regulations have not been well developed or established. The following suggestions on future research and management are put forward: (1) Unified and consistent analysis methods with international standards should soon developed, including the sampling, pretreatment and analysis; accurateestimation of microplastics input from terrestrial environment; potential ecological risk under environmental concentration. (2) Support for marine plastic debris and microplastics research in open sea voyages (Pacific and Indian Ocean), and systematic research on marine microplastics in riverine systems, deep sea basins and polar regions should be carried out. (3) Develop filtration system to recover plastic debris and microplastics in aquatic environment; establish relevant laws and policy to better manage plastic waste on land. (4) Improve public education system on marine plastic debris pollution to build awareness and call for public's attention to marine pollution.%海洋塑料垃圾污染是人类面临的最为急迫的全球海洋环境问题之一,已引起各国政府、公众、科学界、媒体及非政府组织等的广泛关注,并成为当前海洋生态与环境研究的热点问题之一,亟待应对和解决.从水体、沉积物及生物体内海洋塑料垃圾及微塑料污染特征、来源及归趋角度,阐述了海洋微塑料垃圾的分布特征、潜在生态风险和应对措施,以及国内外应对海洋塑料及微塑料污染所采取的管控措施,介绍了各国政府和非政府组织所提出的法律法规和公约倡议.鉴于当前鲜见典型区域塑料污染管控和生态风险评估体系研究,从科学研究和管理控制两个方面,进一步指出现阶段在海洋塑料垃圾及微塑料研究和管控方面存在的诸多问题,如方法学(采集、预处理和分析)的差异性,来源、输运与归趋尚不明确,生态风险评估体系未建立及相关管控的法律法规待健全等.在此基础上对我国海洋塑料和微塑料研究提出建议:(1)深入研究与国际接轨的标准化塑料及微塑料研究方法学(样本采集、预处理和分析)问题、准确估算入海通量、环境归趋及环境浓度下潜在的生态风险等;(2)支持开展海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料研究专题的大洋航次(太平洋和印度洋等),系统地开展河流系统-深海海盆-极地等的海洋微塑料综合研究;(3)研发水环境中塑料和微塑料垃圾的拦截和处理技术,制定和强化塑料及微塑料管控的法律法规和政策措施;(4)建立完善的海洋塑料垃圾污染公共环境意识教育体系,以唤起公众对海洋污染的关注.【期刊名称】《环境科学研究》【年(卷),期】2019(032)002【总页数】6页(P197-202)【关键词】海洋污染;海洋塑料垃圾;微塑料;管控建议【作者】李道季【作者单位】华东师范大学, 河口海岸学国家重点实验室, 上海 200062;华东师范大学海洋塑料研究中心, 上海 200062【正文语种】中文【中图分类】X83微塑料在全球各地已被不同程度地检出，分布区域遍及全球各个角落，如从近岸河口区域到大洋、从赤道海域到南北极、从海洋表层到大洋的超深渊带. 自20世纪50年代塑料被大量生产以来[1]，其产量逐年稳步增加，2016年全球塑料制品总产量已达3.35×108 t，年均增约4%[2]. 据初步估算，世界各国每年向海洋输出的塑料垃圾可达4.8×106～1.27×107 t[3]，其中有将近1.15×106～2.41×106 t的塑料垃圾由河流进入海洋[4]. 海洋环境中塑料垃圾的持续富集日益引起各界的重视，2015年海洋塑料污染已被列为与全球气候变化、臭氧耗竭、海洋酸化并列的重大全球环境问题[5]. 自2014年起，联合国环境规划署连续在第一、第二、第三届联合国环境大会上对海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料问题给予了特别关注，并提出了全球海洋塑料垃圾消减倡议[6-8]. 2015年，联合国海洋环境保护科学问题联合专家组(GESAMP)将海洋微塑料对海洋生物的危害程度等同于大型海洋塑料垃圾[9]. 据悉，海洋塑料垃圾污染致使全球经济损失超过80×108美元，其中就包括31×108美元的水产品损失[10].1 国际海洋塑料和微塑料污染及应对海洋塑料垃圾极难降解，这意味着人类制造的大多数聚合物塑料制品将持续存在数十年甚至可能持续数百年、千年. 这些陆源塑料垃圾在外界驱动力作用下进入海洋环境，随洋流长距离输送，进入大洋环流和深海海底[11-13].大约60%塑料产品的密度低于海水[14]. 当海洋塑料垃圾进入海洋环境后，一部分漂浮的塑料通过海流和风的输运进入海洋环流，形成已知世界大洋五大涡旋塑料垃圾聚集区[15]. 其中，北太平洋亚热带环流东部存在一个著名的“大太平洋垃圾带”，该地区相对较高浓度的塑料垃圾被归因于通过黑潮延伸体系统及海洋渔业生产活动携带的大量亚洲源塑料. 最新研究结果显示，该垃圾带有0.45×105～1.29×105 t塑料漂浮在1.6×106 km2区域内；塑料漂浮物中微塑料在质量上占到了8%，数量上占1.8×1012～3.6×1012个塑料的94%，且有呈指数增长的态势；从收集的塑料垃圾中标签判断，日本和中国是主要的来源，分别占29.79%和29.27%[16].研究[17]表明，大型塑料垃圾严重地破坏了自然环境，已在从海洋大型哺乳类动物(如鲸鱼、海豚等)到各种鸟类、鱼类和无脊椎动物等100多种动物体内发现了塑料垃圾. 塑料垃圾被鸟类、海龟等海洋生物摄入会导致其疾病或死亡，其还会缠住鲸鱼和海豚等生物以及破坏重要的栖息地(如珊瑚礁). 此外，塑料垃圾还可能会导致化学污染、外来物种入侵等问题，破坏当地的旅游业和渔业(如污染沙滩和破坏渔具). 除了对海洋环境的直接影响外，大型塑料垃圾也会慢慢通过生物或物理作用碎片化，成为微塑料垃圾的重要来源.微塑料普遍被定义为直径小于5 mm的塑料颗粒，依据来源划分：①原生微塑料，指粒径小于5 mm的人造工业产品，如牙膏、发胶、洁面乳和空气清新剂中的微粒等[18-19]，这些微塑料会随生活污水的排放等途径而进入周围环境；②次生微塑料，由大型的塑料垃圾经过物理、化学和生物等作用过程破碎而成[20]. 室内试验研究[21]表明，微塑料颗粒能够被海洋生物摄食，对其造成物理危害，如阻塞其摄食辅助器官和消化道、产生伪饱腹感、消耗生物储存能量等. 有研究报道称，人类食品及其添加剂中微塑料污染也普遍存在，如海洋贝类软组织中微塑料颗粒的最高含量为20个g[22]，食盐中为7～681个kg[23-24]. 也有研究发现，法国空气中塑料纤维沉降量为2～355个(d·m2)，平均每m3室外空气中有0.9个塑料纤维[25-26]，上述空气中的微塑料也可能会进入海洋环境. 目前，在野外环境中尚没有直接的证据表明微塑料对生态系统造成了影响；尽管室内毒理学试验表明微塑料能对生物产生多种毒性效应，但这些试验使用的微塑料浓度远高于真实环境中的浓度；诸多研究已表明，微塑料可以通过水产品和食盐等沿食物链向人类传播，但其健康风险还鲜见研究证实. 此外，微塑料还可能会给海洋生物带来复合化学污染损伤，如塑料中的有毒单体添加剂及其从周围环境富集持久性有机污染物及重金属等[27]. 这些污染物在生物体内富集可能随食物链传递，进而可能对海洋生物以及人类健康造成有害影响.鉴于海洋塑料和微塑料污染的严峻形势，除了联合国环境大会外，2015年联合国大会的联合国首脑会议上通过的《2030年可持续发展议程》，其中提出17个可持续发展目标(SDGs)中的SDG14特别提及了海洋塑料污染的应对问题.在国际法律框架下，《联合国海洋法公约》、《国际海事组织公约》、《伦敦公约》(LC)、《伦敦协议》(LP)、《联合国粮农组织负责任的渔业行为守则》、联合国环境署《保护海洋环境免受陆地活动影响的全球行动纲领》(GPA)、《联合国生物多样性公约》、《保护野生动物迁徙物种公约》(CMS或波恩公约)、《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》、《关于控制危险废物越境转移及其处置的巴塞尔公约》等都涉及到海洋塑料垃圾问题. 上述部分公约中明确提出了沿海国家具有保护和维护海洋环境的义务，制定了海上作业的塑料污染管理条例，禁止向海洋倾倒垃圾等多项针对海洋垃圾排放管理的条例，同时也表明了各国和地区均在海洋垃圾污染管控和生物多样性保护方面所做出的努力. 然而，大部分公约中多数指的是固体垃圾，对于塑料垃圾回收提出了较为明确的要求，但并未提出微塑料的管控措施. 一些海洋国际组织和机构，包括国际海事组织(International Maritime Organization，IMO)、西北太平洋行动计划(Northwest Pacific Action Plan，NOWPAP)、联合国教科文组织政府间海洋学委员会(United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization-Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission，UNESCO-IOC)、联合国环境规划署-地中海行动计划(United Nation Environment Programme-Mediterranean Action Plan，UNEP-MAP)、奥斯陆巴黎保护东北大西洋海洋环境公约(Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic，OSPAR)、波罗的海海洋环境保护委员会(Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission，HELCOM)、联合国工业发展组织(United Nations Industrial Development Organization，UNIDO)、海洋污染科学专家组(Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution，GESAMP)等也制定了海洋垃圾的相关指导文件，均在不同程度上涉及到微塑料污染的评估. 有些机构还组织召开了区域研讨会，倡导提高应对海洋塑料污染水平和付诸积极行动. 2017年9月以来，联合国教科文组织政府间海洋学委员会西太平洋分委会(UNESCO-IOCWESTPAC)、北太平洋海洋科学组织(PICES)、东南亚国家联盟(ASEAN)等分别召开了国际会议或组织工作组研究应对海洋塑料和微塑料污染问题.针对海洋微塑料问题，2009年以来，欧盟部分成员国、美国、英国、韩国、加拿大和印度尼西亚等国家地区分别对海岸漂浮垃圾处理、化妆品中禁用塑料微珠等制定了相关法案和行动计划. 联合国环境规划署在2015年6月8日即世界海洋日发布的报告中，倡议世界各国和地区逐步淘汰并禁止塑料微珠(初级微塑料)用于个人护理品和化妆品中. 一些西方国家纷纷出台政策法规予以应对，此外，2018年5月，欧盟提出“限塑令”方案，禁限一批日常塑料用品，并提出欧盟成员国需要在2025年之前实现回收90%塑料饮料瓶的目标，进一步明确提出减少大型塑料垃圾(次级微塑料的来源)的排放. 除此之外，一些非政府组织也对于海洋塑料污染的治理开展了一些行动. 国际上现有海洋塑料垃圾收集治理技术以荷兰The Ocean Cleanup公司项目为代表，具有较大的国际影响力，然而其实际净化效果仍需实践验证. 实效治理类，如The Seabin Project等，通常在码头等景观水域定点放置以达到美观效果，但无法大范围实效解决塑料垃圾问题，且忽视了收集与回收的挑战. 就当下而言，通过开展高关注度的治理行动、媒体广泛报道、大型企业积极呼应、政府机构支持及宣传教育等途径，在民间就海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料问题建立了较为广泛的认识.2 国内海洋塑料和微塑料污染及应对我国是塑料生产与消费大国，2014年塑料产量和消费量已占全球塑料产量和消费的近14. 2016年我国塑料制品年产量高达7.72×107 t，约占全球产量的28%，在海洋塑料垃圾应对方面备受国际关注[2]. 2015年美国学者在Science期刊上发表的文章声称，全球192个沿海国家每年向海洋输出4.80×106～1.27×107 t的塑料垃圾，并且列出我国是生产塑料垃圾最多的国家之一[3]，给我国造成极大的国际舆论压力，但其模型估算入海塑料垃圾量的准确性有待商榷.国家海洋局早在2007年起就组织开展了近岸海域海洋大型海洋垃圾监测研究，发现其中有70%～80%为塑料垃圾. 2013年华东师范大学研究并报道，我国长江口及邻近海域、闽浙沿海等海洋微塑料的赋存特征，成为我国最早的海洋微塑料污染的研究案例[28-29]. 近几年，我国海洋微塑料研究进展较快，关注的领域主要集中在微塑料在不同海洋环境介质中的含量、分布及特征，生物摄食微塑料后的累积及其毒理效应，微塑料对持久性有机污染物POPs的富集机制等方面. 科学技术部2016年启动国家重点研发计划“海洋微塑料监测和生态环境效应评估技术研究”项目，是目前世界大国中在国家层面较早开展的针对海洋微塑料污染的科研项目. 该项目主要包括海洋微塑料监测研究方法的标准化、近海微塑料的迁移扩散机制研究、微塑料的生态毒理学效应研究、对海洋生态系统的危害研究以及环境生态风险评估技术和管控与处置技术研发等，目前已取得了一系列阶段性重要成果. 同时，国家海洋局也开始进行海洋微塑料业务化监测试行. 2015年底，华东师范大学成立“海洋塑料(垃圾)研究中心”，旨针对海洋塑料污染问题开展了多学科研究，成为我国开展海洋塑料问题研究最为深入的单位. 国家自然科学基金委员会从2015年以来共资助了20多项关于微塑料的研究项目. 目前，我国海洋微塑料研究处于与国际并跑水平. 我国相关科研院所和高校已在近海、河流等区域开展相关研究工作，并将拓展到深海、大洋和极地等国际水域. 研究结果表明，海洋微塑料广泛存在于我国近海、河口和生物体中. 近海表层水体漂浮微塑料平均密度为0.33～545个m3[30-31]；近海鱼类消化道内的微塑料含量为1.1～7.2个条[32]；海洋贝类软组织中微塑料含量为0.9～4.6个g[33]. 与近年来国外有关调查结果相比，我国海洋微塑料污染程度处于中等水平. 上述研究表明，我国已开展的应对海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料污染的行动成效显著. 同时，2016年10月在上海举行了第283期东方科技论坛“海洋微塑料污染与控制”学术研讨会，是我国第一次召开的海洋微塑料污染与控制专题的国际学术研讨会. 2018年4月在华东师范大学召开了“第二届海洋微塑料污染与控制国际学术研讨会”，更加深入探讨了海洋塑料污染的最新科学研究和社会的应对框架、塑料垃圾入海量估算的结果及方法、塑料污染管理方面存在的问题和政策建议、我国海洋塑料污染面临的挑战和努力、相关的法律和法规以及海洋垃圾清除公益行动等议题. 2018年6月，“第一届全国环境微塑料污染与管控学术研讨会”在舟山市召开，较为全面地交流了我国环境微塑料的研究进展；7月，生态文明贵阳国际论坛2018年年会“海洋微塑料研讨会”在贵阳召开，各国政府代表、专家学者、环保人士及国际组织代表针对海洋微塑料污染现状及应对策略进行了深入探讨.此外，我国还积极参与了联合国及区域合作框架下的双边和多边应对海洋塑料垃圾污染的国际合作和行动，并领导区域国际合作研究，如由我国科学家领导的联合国教科文组织政府间海洋学委员会西太平洋分委会亚太区域“海洋微塑料研究项目”. 我国领导人在2017年11月召开的第十二届东亚峰会上也提出了主办召开海洋微塑料研讨会的倡议. 同时，我国科学家在IMO、UNEP、UNESCO-IOC、NOWPAP、PICES等多个国际组织以及双边和多边的国际场合中都积极参与相关应对海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料污染的国际活动和科学研究.尽管当下我国还没有为控制海洋塑料污染控制制定专门的法律法规，但我国很早就有相关的立法涉及塑料垃圾问题，如1995年的《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》，2000年的《关于立即停止生产一次性发泡塑料餐具的紧急通知》(禁塑令)，2007年的《国务院办公厅关于限制生产销售使用塑料购物袋的通知》(限塑令)，2007年原国家环境保护总局发布的《废塑料回收与再生利用污染控制技术规范》，全国人民代表大会常务委员会2009年通过发布的2009年的《中华人民共和国循环经济促进法》以及2012年的《中华人民共和国清洁生产促进法》. 目前，我国正在推进有关应对塑料垃圾问题的修法和立法工作，并正在大力推进城市垃圾分类管理和乡村文明建设等“美丽中国”建设，这些举措都会大幅减少未来我国的塑料垃圾排放量.3 我国现阶段海洋微塑料研究存在的问题目前，在科学技术和行政法规两个层面上，我国在应对海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料污染方面还存在诸多问题和不足.3.1 科学技术层面a) 微塑料分析方法学方面. 作为新型海洋污染物，国际上海洋微塑料研究尚缺乏统一监测、分析和评估技术标准. 虽然我国已经编制了《海洋微塑料监测技术规程(试行)》，但对于微塑料的定量和定性分析方法学方面仍需进一步探讨和完善. 尤其是在不同环境介质微塑料样品的采集方法、表征方式及光谱分析方面还需进一步探究.b) 海洋微塑料来源与归趋方面. 我国入海塑料垃圾和微塑料实际通量尚不完全清楚. 我国模型计算初步结果与国际上报道数据存在较大出入(数据待发表)，国际报道很有可能过高估计了我国陆源塑料垃圾入海通量. 此外，从全球尺度上，海洋塑料垃圾实测质量仅是模型估算值的1%，大量的海洋塑料垃圾不知去向[15]，造成这种巨大差异的具体原因尚有待进一步明晰. 这些海洋塑料垃圾的来源、途径和输运微塑料在海洋环境中的相互作用和最终归趋，以及塑料垃圾和微塑料在不同海洋环境中的降解过程与机制都有待进一步明确.c) 微塑料潜在生态风险评估方面. 在实际环境中尚没有直接的证据表明海洋微塑料对生态系统造成了影响，环境浓度水平下海洋塑料和微塑料的毒性效应及其机理仍然不甚清楚.d) 海洋微塑料污染管控措施方面. 海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料污染作为全球性的环境问题，从2015年开始出现规模性研究项目(科技部重点专项是其中之一)，然而到目前为止，我国的规模性研究和国际上的全球性联合研究还较为缺乏. 陆源及海洋环境中塑料垃圾和微塑料的高效收集及清除技术，也有待研发. 在河流中治理是国际公认的有效减少塑料垃圾进入海洋方式，但是迄今为止我国尚鲜见任何高效治理河流塑料的技术或项目.3.2 行政法规层面a) 在法律层面上，在《斯德哥尔摩公约》《巴塞尔公约》和《鹿特丹公约》的履约谈判中，海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料已成为热点问题，我国的履约工作也面临新的形势和任务，需要在外交谈判和履行国际环境公约中做出应对，将履约要求纳入国家相关规划，并积极应对未来相关国际法规制定方面的需求. 然而，当下，我国还没有针对塑料垃圾和微塑料污染管控的专门法律. 现行立法主要存在以下不足：相关规定过于抽象，不容易实际执行；政府部门的责任规定不清；在法律中对经济手段的应用不足等.b) 在政府部分监管方面，我国海洋垃圾问题除了应该由生态环境部统一监管之外，具体职能却分散在不同部级部门及其下属对应单位中，国土资源部、国家海洋局等也具有部分管理职能. 现行管理体制导致协调性不够，多头管理也带来责任不明的现象，对海洋垃圾管控的最终负责部门不清晰. 我国尚缺乏对海上和内陆水上运输以及与渔业产生等塑料垃圾的有效管控.c) 在科教宣传方面，我国民众普遍对塑料污染的认知程度较低，尤其是海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料污染方面的环境教育体系尚未健全.4 建议与对策目前，我国正在积极应对海洋塑料及微塑料污染的问题，其中方法学、来源与归趋、生态风险评估和防控等是当前的重点，亟待从以下方面予以应对：a) 研究制定与国际接轨的微塑料样品采集、分析和鉴定方法. 研究确定人类活动产生的塑料垃圾进入海洋陆海交界的主要河流和河口系统中微塑料污染的来源、程度、类型和层次. 建立海洋塑料和微塑料源-汇的分析方法以及微塑料对海洋生态系统和人类健康的风险评估方法，改进对海洋塑料和微塑料的归趋和影响海洋生态系统的预测，最终指导和干预未来减缓海洋塑料污染的战略.b) 开展微塑料潜在生态风险评估. 调查海洋塑料垃圾与关键海洋生物的相互作用，开展环境浓度水平下微塑料的毒性效应及其机理研究，从而了解塑料污染及与有害化学物质复合污染对海洋生物生活史不同阶段生物体的影响. 支持开展海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料研究专题的大洋(太平洋和印度洋等)科考航次，系统开展河流系统—深海盆地—极地等的海洋微塑料的综合研究. 研发污水处理过程中对微塑料的拦截和降解处理工艺技术，研发河流、海洋环境中塑料垃圾的收集处理技术.c) 应重点关注河流沿海船舶和渔业活动等产生的塑料垃圾污染治理. 建议启动对现有相关法律法规的修法程序，对我国现行可能涉及海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料问题的法律法规条文进行修订和增补，使现有相关法律法规条文针对海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料的管控更为具体，责任更为明确. 推动“河长制”和“湖长制”与“湾长制”的衔接，强化其塑料垃圾的管控职责，构建源汇双截留的海洋塑料垃圾管控防治机制. 建议制定与国际上相适应的环保政策、产业发展政策和国际贸易政策和法律措施.d) 建立完善的海洋塑料垃圾污染公共环境意识教育体系，唤起公众对海洋污染的关注，激发公众的环保意识，进而改变消费行为，自觉养成垃圾分类的习惯，循环利用，并有助于从源头上解决塑料污染问题.【相关文献】[1] GEYER R,JAMBECK J R,LAW K L.Production,use,and fate of all plastics evermade[J].Science Advances,2017,3(7):e1700782.[2] Plastics Europe.Plastics-the facts 2017:an analysis of European plastics production,demand and waste data[EBOL].Brussels:Association of Plastic Manufacturer,2017[2018-07-30].http:enresourcespublicationsplastics-facts-20https:index.php?tn=98012088_4_dg&ch=12 17.htm.[3] JAMBECK J R,GEYER R,WILCOX C,et al.Plastic waste inputs from land into theocean[J].Science,2015,347(6223):768-771.[4] LEBRETON L C M,VAN DER ZWET J,DAMSTEEG J W,et al.River plastic emissions to the world′s oceans[J].Nature Communications,2017,8:15611.[5] GALLOWAY T S,LEWIS C N.Marine microplastics spell big problems for future generations[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2016,113(9):2331-2333.。
3D打印外文文献翻译译文
文献出处:Paul G. 3D printing technology and its application[J]. Anatomical sciences education, 2015, 10(3): 430-450.原文3D printing technology and its applicationPaul GAbstract3D printing technology in the industrial product design, especially the application of digital product model manufacturing is being a trend and hot topic.Desktop level gradually mature and application of 3D printing devices began to promote the rise of the Global 3D printing market, Global industrial Analysis pany (Global Industry Analysis Inc) research report predicts Global 3D printing market in 2018 will be $2.99 billion. Keywords: 3D printing;Application; Trend13D printing and 3D printers3D printing and 3D printing are two entirely different concepts.3D printing is separated into different angles the picture of the red, blue two images, then the two images according to the regulation of parallax distance overprint together, using special glasses to create the 3D visual effect, or after special treatment, the picture printed directly on the special grating plate, thus rendering 3D visual effect of printing technology.And 3D printing refers to the 3D ink-jet printing technology, stacked with hierarchical processing forms, print increase step by step a material to generate a 3D entity, meet with 3D models, such as laser forming technology of manufacturing the same real 3D object digital manufacturing technology.3D printers, depending on thetechnology used by its working principle can be divided into two categories:1.1 3D printer based on 3D printing technologyBased on 3D printing technology of 3D printer, by stored barrels out a certain amount of raw material powder, powder on processing platform is roller pushed into a thin layer, then the print head in need of forming regional jet is a kind of special glue.At this time, met the adhesive will rapidly solidified powder binder, and does not meet the adhesive powder remain loose state.After each spray layer, the processing platform will automatically fall a bit, according to the result of puter chip cycle, until the real finished.After just remove the outer layer of the loose powder can obtain required for manufacturing three-dimensional physical.1.2 3D printers based on fused deposition manufacturing technologyBased on fused deposition manufacturing technology of the working principle of 3D printer is first in the control software of 3D printers into physical data generated by CAD and treated generated to support the movement of materials and thermal spray path.Then hot nozzle will be controlled by puter according to the physical section contour information in printed planar motion on the plane, at the same time by thermoplastic filamentous material for wire agency sent to the hot shower, and after the nozzle to add heat and melt into a liquid extrusion, and spraying in the corresponding work platform.Spray thermoplastic material on the platform after rapid cooling form the outline of a thickness of 0.1 mm wafer, forming a 3D printing section.The process cycle, load, decrease of bench height then layers of cladding forming stacked 3D printing section, ultimately achieve the desired three-dimensional object.2 The application of 3D printing needsThe 3D printing technology support for a variety of materials, can be widely used in jewelry, footwear, industrial design, construction, automotive, aerospace, dental, medical, and even food, etc. Different areas., according to the requirements of application targets used by material with resin, nylon, gypsum, ABS, polycarbonate (PC) or food ingredients, etc.3D printers of rapid prototyping technology has a distinct advantage in the market, the huge potential in the production application, hot applications outlined below.2.1 Industrial applications"Air cycling" is located in Bristol, UK the European aeronautic defense and Space pany using 3D printers, application of 3D printing technology to create the world's first print bike.The bike to use as strong as steel and aluminum alloy material of nylon, the weight is 65% lighter than metal materials.More interestingly, "air bike", chain wheels and bearings are printed at a time, without the original manufacture parts first, and then the parts together of assembly process, after printing, bicycles will be able to move freely.Bicycle manufacturing process like printing discontinuous in graphic print as simple lines, 3D printer can print out the object space is not connected to each other. 2.2 Medical applicationsIn medicine, the use of 3D printing will two-photon polymer and biological functional materials bination modified into the capillaries, not only has good flexibility and patibility of human body, also can be used to replace the necrosis of blood vessels, bined with artificial organs, partly replacing experimental animals in drugdevelopment.Biotechnology in Germany in October 2011 show, Biotechnical Fair), using 3D printers print artificial blood capillary to attract the attention of the participants, these artificial capillary has been applied in clinical medicine.2.3 application of daily life"3D food printer" is developed by Cornell University in New York, the United States food manufacturing equipment.The "3D food printer" used similar routine puter printers, the working principle of ingredients and ingredients in the container (cartridge) in advance only need to enter the required recipe, by supporting the CAD software can keep the food "print out".For many chefs, the new kitchen cooking means that they can create new dishes make food more individuality, higher food ing the "3D food printer" making food, from raw materials to finished products can significantly reduce the link, so as to avoid the pollution in the links of food processing, transportation, packing and so on and preservation, etc.Because of the cooking materials and ingredients must be placed in the printer, so food raw materials must be liquid or other can "print" state.2.4 IT applicationsRecently, a group of researchers in Disney's use of 3D printing in the same effect with the organic glass high pervious to light plastic, at low cost to print out the LCD screen with a variety of sensors, realize the new breakthrough in the IT ing 3D printing light pipe can produce high-tech international chess; the chess pieces can detect and display the current location.Although the monochrome screen pared with in the daily life, rich and colorful display some insignificant, but it hasa 3D printing the advantages of low cost, simple manufacturing process.In addition to the display screen, the use of 3D printing will also be able to print out a variety of sensors.These sensors can be through the stimulation such as infrared light to detect touch, vibration, and the results output.3D printing will create more for life and wisdom city of IT applications.3 The development trend of 3D printing technology3D printing technology continues to develop, greatly reduce the cost of the already from research and development of niche space into the mainstream market, the momentum of development is unstoppable, has bee a widespread concern and civil market rapidly emerging new areas.3D printing production model, the application of gifts, souvenirs and arts and crafts, greatly attracted social attention and investment, development speed, the market began to quantity and qualitative leap.It is predicted that in 2020, 3D printing products will account for 50% of the total production.In the next 10 years on the puter to plete the product design blueprint, gently press the "print" key, 3D printers can bit by bit with the designed model.Now some foundry enterprises began to develop selective laser sintering, 3D printer and its application to plex casting time reduced from 3 months to 10 days.Engine manufacturers through 3D printing, large six-cylinder diesel engine cylinder head of sand core development cycles, reduced to 1 week from the past 5 months.The biggest advantage of 3D printing is to expand the designers’ imagination space.As long as you can on the puter design into 3D graphics, whether is different styles of dress, elegant handicraft, or personalized car, as long as can solve the problem of material, can achieve 3D printing.With 3D printing technology breakthroughs, constantly improved increasingly, the new material of 3D printing in improving speed, size, its technology is constantly optimized, expanding application fields, especially in the field of graphic art potential, producer of the concept of 3D model can better municate ideas or solutions, a picture can be more than a few hundred or even thousands of words of description. Professionals believe that personalized or customized 3D printing can be envisioned a real-time 3D model in the eyes, can quickly improve product, growth will be more than imagine, will shape the future of social applications.3D printing technology to eliminate traditional production line, shorten the production cycle, greatly reduce production waste, raw materials consumption will be reduced to a fraction of the original.3D printing is not only cost savings, improve production precision, also will make up for the inadequacy of traditional manufacturing, and will rise rapidly in the civilian market, thus opening a new era of manufacturing, bring new opportunities and hope for the printing industry.译文3D打印技术及其应用Paul G摘要3D打印技术在工业产品设计，特别是数字产品模型制造领域的应用正在成为一种潮流和热门话题。
塑料分类的英文作文
塑料分类的英文作文Plastic classification is an essential practice in today's world. It helps us identify and separate different types of plastics for recycling purposes. But why isplastic classification so important? Well, for starters, it allows us to reduce the amount of plastic waste that ends up in landfills or polluting our oceans. By sortingplastics into different categories, we can ensure that each type is properly recycled or disposed of, minimizing its impact on the environment.Plastic classification also plays a crucial role in the manufacturing industry. Different types of plastics have different properties and uses. By categorizing them, manufacturers can easily identify the most suitable plastic for their products. For example, a soft and flexibleplastic might be used for making toys, while a rigid and durable plastic would be better suited for constructing furniture. By understanding the characteristics of each type of plastic, manufacturers can optimize theirproduction processes and create high-quality products.Moreover, plastic classification helps us understand the potential risks associated with different types of plastics. Some plastics contain harmful chemicals that can leach into the environment or our food and water. By identifying these plastics, we can take necessary precautions to minimize exposure and protect our health. Additionally, knowing which plastics are recyclable and which are not can help us make informed choices as consumers. We can opt for products packaged in recyclable plastics and avoid those that contribute to waste accumulation.Plastic classification is not just about recycling and manufacturing; it also has economic implications. The recycling industry relies heavily on the proper classification of plastics. When plastics are sorted correctly, they can be efficiently processed and turned into new products. This not only reduces the demand for virgin plastics but also creates job opportunities and stimulates economic growth. In addition, the recycling ofplastics helps conserve valuable resources like oil, which is a major component in plastic production.In conclusion, plastic classification is a vital practice that benefits the environment, manufacturing industry, public health, and the economy. By categorizing plastics, we can effectively manage plastic waste, optimize production processes, minimize health risks, and promote sustainable development. It is crucial for individuals, businesses, and governments to work together in implementing and improving plastic classification systems to ensure a cleaner and greener future.。
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Analysis about technology of plastic mold parts Today, we are going to discuss the technology of plastic mold parts.
Technical index of plastic mold parts is the core technology of each mold people to grasp, in strict accordance with the size of the drawing processing, and also carry out the mold price estimate, and accept orders for possible plastic mold parts processing problems and made on the basis of mold design, machining, assembly, adjustment, test mode until the production to meet the requirements of the product.
Technical staff of plastic mold parts according to customer's drawings, to which processing steps need to be analyzed, the plastic mold parts generally consists of some basic surface and special surface composition, technical personnel will be based on the size and tolerance of each surface to determine the processing mode, processing methods of different decisions precision plastic mold parts.
Technical process of the plastic mold parts is through strict processing steps, so that quality assured, customer satisfaction. YIZE mold master plastic mold parts and components of the technical processing, making it one of the best Dongguan precision mold parts processing factory.
The above is the analysis about technology of plastic mold parts, more information of precision plastic mould parts, please pay attention to YIZEMOULDS！
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