S Blends l
成人高考英语真题 (5)
Ⅰ. Phonetics 5 points1．A．stage B．passage C．percentagee D．village 2．A．pension B．extension C．collisionD．dimension3．A．move B．joke C．hope D．zone4．A．wealthy B．athlete C．beneath D．southem5．A．phrase B．loose C．expose D．accuseⅡ.Vocabulary and Structure 15 points6．The relationship between parents and their children _______ a strong influence on the character of the children.A．haver B．having C．to have D．has 7．Only by telling the truth _______ win the trust and support of your friends.A．you can B．can you C．you did D．did you8．These apple trees, _______ I planted three years ago, have not borne any fruit.A．that B．what C．which D．when9． Don’t remind me of that awful day; I _______ such a fool of myself.A．made B．make C．will make D．am making10．My daughter is quite well now _______ a slight headache.A．beside B．besides C．but for D．execpt for11．She is treated _______ better than I was.A．much B．little C．many D．more12．If it had not rained yesterday, they _______ work on time.A．will finish B．will have finishedC．would finish D．would have finished13．They are studying the Solar System’s _______ planet, Saturn,and its moons.. A．two largest B．largest two C．second largest D．largest second 14．I’d like to go with you; _______ , my hands are full at the moment.A．however B．whatever C．whenever D．wherever15．He entered the office hurriedly, _______ the door open.A．leaving B．left C．leave D．to leave16．He had to quit the job _______ his ill health.A．as B．as for C．because D．because of17. She needs more friends of her own _______.A．year B．age C．period D．stage18．_______ ,the training will help you become better at what you do.A．In the season B．In the periodC．In the long run D. In the long range19．Sea levels are _______ to rise between 7 and 23 inches by the end of 21 century.A．inspected B．suspected C．expected D．detected20．Smoking and drinking may _______ heart disease and cancer.A．result from B．lead to C．come from D．get toⅢ. Close30 pointsThe Nobel Prizes are awards that are given each year for special things that people or groups of people have achieved. They are awarded in six 21 : physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, peace and economics.The prizes come from 22 that was created by the Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel. He wanted to use some of his money to help make the world a 23 place to live in.Many organizations, chosen by Alfred Nobel himself, 24 who receives the prizes. Each award 25 a gold medal, a diploma and a lot of money. Prizes can only be given to 26of all races, countries and religions. Only the Peace Prize can 27 be given to a group.The first Nobel Prizes were handed out 28 December 10, 1901-five years after Alfred Nobel’s death. Nobel was a chemist, engineer and inventor 29 most famous invention, dynamite炸药, made him a 30 man. Although he gave the world such a 31 weapon. Nobel was always against wars and 32 . He therefore left a lot of money that was to go to those who did a lot for the peace of 33 .Officials at first handed out only five prizes a year. The prize for economics was first awarded in 1969. In some 34 prizes were not awarded because there were no 35 candidates.All prizes are presented in Stockholm, Sweden, with the exception of the Peace Prize, which is awarded in Oslo, Norway.21. A.parts B.areas C.regions D.classes22. A.a bond B.a fund C.a scholarship D.an investment23. A.cleaner B.richer C.better rger24. A.declarer B.conclude C.determine D.announce25. A.makes up B.focuses on C.refers to D.consists of26. anizations B.singlesr C.institutions D.individuals27. A.yet B.also C.still D.ever28. A.on B.in C.at D.by29. A.who B.that C.whose D.whom30. A.humorous B.rich C.serious D.smart31. A.strange B.mysterious C.magic D.deadly32. A.violence B.hatred C.confusion D.jealousy33. A.races B.regions C.mind D.mankind34. A.years B.year C.time D.times35. A.valuable B.invaluable C.worthy D.worthwhileⅣ. Reading Comprehension 60 pointsAt first glance, there hardly seems to be any comparison between Ravenna and Rome, but back in the 5th century, it was Ravenna that served as capital of the Westem Roman Empire. In this city. Roman rulers built monuments which are famous, then and now, for their sweeping mosaics镶嵌图案. Seven of Ravenna’s eight buildings from the 5th and 6th centuries are spectacularly decorated with examples of this ancient art. “in the past, many people couldn’t read or write.”says tour guide and Ravenna native Silvia Giogoli. “Mosaics were a way to explain the religion and the political situation to the people.”Visitors to Ravenna can look at pieces of art by ancient artists, listen to musicians, and learn to make their own masterpieces.Travel TipsWhen to Go:June—October;weather is pleasant in April and May but historic sites can get crowded with shool groups.Where to Stay: Walk through historic district sites from Albergo Cappello and stay at a modern Hotel Centrale Byron.How to Get Around: Take the train from Bologna, and then walk, bike, or use taxis within the city.Where to Eat or Drink: Housed in a former movie theater, two-story Ristorante Cinema Alexander blends 1940s Hollywood flavor with homemade Emilia Romagna courses and attentive servicehelpful in translating the menu. For fresh seafood, try Osteria L’Accigua and Da Buco.What to Buy: Watch the next generation of Emilia Romagna mosaic artists create contemporary and traditional pieces in local studios where modern artists use the same methods as their Byzantine forefathers.What to Read Before you Go: Ravenna in Late Antiquity, by Deborah Mauskopf Deliyannis2010, provides a wide-ranging look at the city’s art, architecture, and history.36. In ancient times, mosaics were used to .A. display artistic achievementsB. compete with Roman paintingsC. explain religion and politicsD. teach reading and writing37. Lots of schoolchildren visit historic sites such as Ravenna in .A. MayB. JuneC. SeptemberD. October38. If you want to try fresh seafood, you should go to .A. Emilia RomagnaB. Hotel Centrale ByronC. Ristorante Cinema AlexanderD. Osteria L’Accigua and Da Buco39. Why is Ravenna in Late Antiquity recommended in this passageA. Because it was written by a famous writer.B. Because tourists get to learn a lot about the city from it.C. Because tourists can get valuable tips for buying art pieces.D. Because it provides useful information about the city’s weather.Passage TwoWhen you pat your pet dog, he wags摆来摆去his tail. That is his way of saying that he loves you. And, if you pay attention, you will see that he uses his tail to say so many things. Every movement of the tail means a different thing. If the dog is wagging its tail, it is a sign of friendliness; if his tail is straight, it means he is getting ready for a fight; and if his tail is tucked塞behind his legs, it means he is giving up the fight.Unlike dogs, cats’ tail language is not so expressive. When a cat feels threatened, he puffs himself up to appear big and his tail shakes with tension. And when he is displeased with something, he lashes out甩动his tail.The tail language of dogs and cats has a little story behind it. Earlier, when dogs and cats had not become friends with human beings, they were predators. They used to hunt other animals for their food. When dogs went out hunting with their friends, tail language came handy. When they were close to each other,dogs could use facial expressions to talk. But, for long-distance communication, they used their tails. Unlike dogs, cats liked to hunt alone. So, they did not need to use tail language too often. As a result, their vocabulary in tail language is much smaller than that of dogs’ .40. What does it mean when a dog’s tail is straightA. It has a lot to say to you.B. It wants to stop fighting.C. It is going to fight.D. It likes to be patted.41. A cat tries to appear big when it is .A. facing a dangerB. unhappyC. ready to huntD. hungry42. Which of the following does the author intend to sayA. Dogs and cats are not good friendsB. Dogs are much friendlier than cats.C. Dogs and cats are usually good pets.D. Dogs use tail language more than cats.43. In the last paragraph, the underlined word “predators” refers to .A. animals that follow and obey other animalsB. animals that kill and eat other animalsC. animals that live in the wildD. animals kept by peoplePassage ThreeLike any teenagers, the face of One Teen Story is changing fast. Just a year olk, the monthly magazine of short fiction for young people is getting a new editor-in-chief: Patrick Ryan, 47, the associate editor of Granta from 2009 to 2013. He left the London-based literary journal last month.Editing One Teen Story- the younger sibling姊妹篇of One Story magazine-will offer Ryan a chance to reach a whole new audience. “It’s really the only magazine for young aduit short fiction,”he says from his office in New York. “It’s tremendously exciting that there are younger people out there who have subscriptions and look forward to getting these stories once a month. That form is usually only presented when it’s forced upon them in schools.”Designed for readers 14 and up, One Teen Story publishes nine issues a year. Like its sibling magazine, it doesn’t carry photographs or advertising. It’s just exactly what it says:one story perissue.Ryan says young people are “looking for engaging reads about people whom they can identify with. It’s not about having a message or positive spin说教. It always start on a character level, and it has to have an interesting story. If you look at the ‘Twilight’ characters and the ‘Harry Potter’ characters, they feel very contemporary.”Ryan also sees the magazine as a way to encourage talented authors. “ I would love th make One Teen Story the first publication for writers who then go on and keep at this business. I just really love the idea that this magazine would be the starting point for somebody –would be the push to make a talented writer feel that it was worth keeping at this.”44. Who is Patrick RyanA. He is the editor-in-chief of Granta.B. He is the editor-in-chief of One Story.C. He is the editor-in-chief of “Twilight”.D. He is the editor-in-chief of One Teen Story45. What is One Teen StoryA. It is a story magazine for teenagers.B. It is a London-based literary journal.C. It is a column of a newspaper.D. It is a magazine of science fiction46. According to Ryan, what attracts young rcaders mostA. Photographs and illustration.B. Chances and practices in business.C. Characters and stories close to their life.D. Political teachings and moral messages.47. In the last paragraph, the underlined phrase “this business” means .A. reading stories.B. writing storiesC. editing magazinesD. making moneyPassage FourCouples are restricting the size of their families in the UK because of cash worries brought on by the financial crisis and the subsequent decline. We’re now up to nearly 3.7 million families where there is an only child, a rise from about 3.3 million in 2005. That means nearly half of all parents have only one child.Financial worries aren’t the only driver. The trend towards later motherbood has been mentioned as a cause, as have soaring casts of raising a child, which have been calculated as $222,500 from birth to 21 years of age. This is an increase of nearly 40% in 10 years.The increasing availability of IVF试管婴儿is also a factor and an interesting one. Couples who might have remained childless in the past now invest in IVF and get pregnant. And because of the cost they stop after one child.It may not be a bad thing; there are outstanding examples of talented only children. Some argue that being an only child promoted their success. These include actors Natalie Portman and AI Pacino, golfer. Tiger Woods and even Queen Victoria. A study from the Institute for Social and Economic Research at the University of Essex also showed that the fewer brothers and sisters a child has, the happier they are. It seems fighting for parental attention and affection-which sometimes descends into physical fights-is mor stressful than any adult had previously thought. And it’s not compensated弥补by having a playmate.48. The smaller size of UK families is mainly related to .A. financial problemsB. technical problemsC. health problemsD. cultural problems49. The passage shows that IVF is .A. safer than natural pregnancyB. very popular in UKC. very expensiveD. a risky investment50. What is a proved advantage of one-child familyA. Improved family lifeB. Higher number of sports stars.C. Efficient family education.D. Promotion of children’s success.51. The findings of the institute at the University of Essex might mean that .A. the only children’s lack of playmates causes problemsB. the only children are much happier than othersC. parents-children relationship is off balanceD. children have to struggle for parental lovePassage FiveAbout 79 million Americans have pre-diabetes糖尿病前期. That means they have blood sugar that’s higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed诊断with type 2-at least not yet. One long-term study reported by the American Diabetes Association found that 11% of people with pre-diabetes develop the full-blown disease each year. Another study shows that pre-diabetes will probably become type 2 in 10 years or less.Yet, that process is not inevitable. Last year, scientists in Colorado found that people with pre-diabeles who lowered their blood sugar to normal levels—levels—even briefly—were 56% less likely to reach type 2 levels.If you have pre-diabetes, here are four steps to help prevent or delay a diabetes diagnosis.Lose 7% of your body weight. That is about 15 pounds for the persons who weigh 200. Dropping that small percentage has been shown to lower the risk of developing type 2 by close to 60%.Exercise 30 minutes five days a week. Whether you do the 30 minutes in one shot or in three 10-minute sessions, the benefit is the same. Choose certain exercises, such as fast walking,playing tennis or lifting weights. Physical activity such as sweeping floors works,too.Turn to your doctor. In some cases, pre-diabetes raises the risk of heart disease and stroke by 50%. Your doctor may use some medicine to control your glucose葡萄糖levels and keep your blood pressure in check.Know your numbers. To see if your pre-diabetes is improving, have your blood sugar checked regularly. A fasting blood sugar of 100 to 125 mg/dl suggests pre-disbetes; 126 mg/dl or above is diabetes; and below 100 is normal. Other tests, including glucosc tolerance and AIC, also are used to monitor blood sugar.52.What do we learn from the two studies mentioned in Para graph 1A. Pre-diabetes will surely become type 2 diabetes.B. Pre-diabetes is likely to become diabetes within years.C. Enough attention should be paid to the treatment of type 2.D. Pre- diabetes is ranked No. 1 danger threatening Americans’health.53. To prevent or delay a diabetes diagnosis, people with pre-diabetes should pay most attention to .A. glucose levelsB. exercisesC. heart diseaseD. stroke54. Which of the following suggests that you have pre-diabetesA. 70 mg/dl.B. 90 mg/dl.C. 110 mg/dl.D.130 mg/dl.55. What column of a newspaper is most likely to have this articleA. Technology.B. Entertainment.C. Education.D. Health.Ⅴ. Daily Conversation 15 pointsDirections：Pick out five appropriate expressions from the eight choices below and complete the following dialogue by blackening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet．Father: How’s your day at school, CostaCosta: 56 , Daddy It’s a day I will never forget.Father: Oh, it is 57 ,my sonCosta: I have been made the chairman of the Strdents’Association.Father: That’s great. 58Costa: 59 .Father: That’s really nice. You stood first in the examination and now you have won the chairmanship. 60 . my son.Costa: Thank you ,Daddy.Ⅵ. Writing25 pointsDirections：For this part,you are supposed to write a composition of about 100—120 words based on the following situation．Remember to write it clearly．61.你Li Yuan 的班级即将组织一次郊游picnic,请你给你的外籍Steve写封信,内容包括：·邀请他参加此项活动;·介绍活动的具体安排和内容如时间、地点等;·告知需要做的准备如着装、自备午餐等；·希望他参加并尽快给予答复.。
phonics fun 自然拼读(课堂PPT)
6
Systematic syllabus
Book 5 Final consonant blends
ng nk nd nt sk st tion Plural & Past tense endings
high frequency words
11
Key features
Illustrating the relationship between letters and sounds with:
funny rhymes
12
Key features
Illustrating the relationship between letters and sounds with:
7
Systematic syllabus
Book 6 Alternative spelling patterns
Different sounds of a, o, u etc. Silent letters (k, b, w, gh) Using a & an (e.g. an MTR station)
interesting stories
13
Key features
Illustrating the relationship between letters and sounds with:
tongue s
14
Key features
Special emphasis on common errors among local students
2
自然拼读全ppt课件
a-e
Magic E (神奇的E)
cake take lake make face name page
e-e
these theme eve evening
o-e
nose coke rose rope hope pose
i-e
time five nine white write like lime ride
84%的字母与其读音是完全对应的
13%的字母与其读音是不完全对应的 3%的字母与其读音的对应关系完全无法预测
为什么要学习自然拼读法？
4
3
不容易遗忘
提高阅读和写作能力
2
1
见词能读
听词能写
自然拼读法可以帮助学生——
一、同形不同音的字母及音标
b
/b/
book big bag box
/d/
d
desk doll dog dad
dirty bird birthday circus girl dirt circle
sister brother marker rooster under mother winter
armchair card arm car cart park garden farm
re音节 指元音字母与 re 结合而成的音节。
five vase very seven
w
/w/
we window watch want
x
/ ks /
box six fox
z
/z/
zip zoo
同形不同音的字母及音标
Vowel
U u
O o
I i
E e
A a
MSDS cognis leveling stripping lightening padding soaping fixing reducing oxidizing
Cognis2004Product rangeDie Produktnamen sind eingetragene Warenzeichen.The product names are registered trademarks.Stand: April 2004Edition: April 2004Type of product Product Ionic natureChemical basis Field of application FORYLASE AT -Enzyme All temperature enzymatic desizingFORYLASE CE -Enzyme Removes sticked out fibres FORYLASE KL-EnzymeReplaces alkali scouring. For knit wear and yarnFORYLASE PA -Enzyme compound Replaces alkaline scouring and desizes at the same timeARBYL R CONCnonionicPolyglycolether of fatty alcoholsWetting agent and special detergent with fat dissolving propertiesARBYL SFR anionic Phosphoric acid ester Deaeration agent with excellent wetting power COTTOCLARIN BAM, BL, HEFatty Methyl Ester Wetting, scouring and bleaching agent, free from phosphorous, especially for maximum add-on systemsCOTTOCLARIN OK 88anionicCompound of Fatty Methyl Wetting, boiling-off,bleaching and dyeing auxiliaries with high alkaline stability, good wetting and dispersing properties, high viscosity FORYL ALL-INanionic Anionic and nonionic surfactantsAll-in one auxiliary for the peroxide bleaching FLORANIT 4028anionicFatty alcohol sulphateWetting agent formercerising and caustizisingFLORANIT LTanionic/nonionic Fatty alcohol sulphate and nonionic surfactants Low foaming wetting agent for mercerising andcaustizisingSECURON 520, 530anionic Phosphonic acid Demineralization of cellulose SECURON 540anionic EDTTI‘S sodium saltsSequestering agent SECURON 28, CanionicComplexing and dispersing agents, based on organic acidsSequestering agent LAMEPON 56anionic Protein derivativesNon-foaming stabilizer for peroxide bleachingSTABILOL HNanionicPolyhydroxy carboxylic acids, sodium salts Organic stabilizer for hydrogen peroxide hot bleachingSTABILOL P anionicCompound of Phosphonic Organic stabilizer for hydrogen peroxide bleaching Wetting agents for mercerizingPretreatmentEnzymesComplexing agentsStabilizersiso-octyl alcoholEthoxylates(FMEE)acids and EDDHA-Na Ester Sulfonates(FMES)and H2O2Scouring agentnonionicType of product Product Ionic nature Chemical basis Field of application LORINOL GFnonionicGlucose derivateFor reduction cleaning of PES dyeingsLORINOL GF PLUS nonionic Glucose derivateFor reduction cleaning of PES dyeings in the dyebath LORINOL R Sulphinic acid derivateUniversal reducing agent with high efficiency LAMEPON A nonionicProtein fatty acid condensate Dispersing agent andprotective colloid for direct dyesLAMEPON N anionicLignin sulphonateDispersing agent andprotective colloid for direct, sulphur, vat and azoic dyes LAMEPON PAD anionic Alkane sulphonateDispersing agent andprotective colloid for direct, sulphur and vat dyestuffs, especially for pad and pigment dyeing processes LAMEPON RE NEU (SF)anionic Alkane sulphonateSpecial auxiliary for dyeing cellulose fibres with reactive dyestuffsARBYL 18/50nonionicPolyglycolether of fatty alcoholsAll-in-one scouring and dyeing of wool and PA BREVIOL CEP nonionicEthoxilated castor oilLevelling and dispersingagent for PES, dispersant for PES oligomersBREVIOL MP anionic ArylesterLevelling, dispersing, and migrating agent for disperse dyes applied to PES BREVIOL LC anionic Blend of lecithinesLevelling and dispersing agent and prevents running creases in the dyebath of polyester and triacetate BREVIOL SCN cationic Polyglycolether of fatty aminesLevelling agent for wool and PAOSIMOL 109anionic Alkane sulphonate Levelling agent for PA OSIMOL ROL, OVnonionic Ethoxilated castor oilLevelling and dispersing agent for disperse dyes, dispersant for PES oligomersBREVIOL AFMnonionic Polyamide derivate Prevention of rope marks for PABREVIOL PAM-NnonionicPolyamide derivatePrevention of crease marks, high stability to electrolytes, especially for cellulosicsLevelling agentsCrease pre-vention agentsDispersants Reducing and oxidizing agentsType of product Product Ionic nature Chemical basisField of application ARBYL SFRnonionicFatty alcohol polyglycol ethers and phosphoric acid estersDeaerating and wetting agentsBREVIOL JET nonionic Self-emulsifying silicone compoundDefoamer for Jet- and HT-apparatusFOAMASTER 340nonionic Hydrocarbons and emulsifiersDefoamer for Jet- and HT-apparatusFOAMASTER 5574nonionicSpecial hydrocarbons and emulsifiersUniversal biodegradable antifoamSTABIFIX AFB anionicCondensate ofhighmolecular sulfonic acidsFixing agent for PA, can be applied in the ment of fastness dyebathSTABIFIX FFCcationic Polymeric quaternary ammonium compound Formaldehyde-free fixing agentSTABIFIX OFcationicDicyanodiamideformaldehyde polymer Fixing agent for cellulosic fibresBREVIOL WSM anionic Protein derivates Wool protecting agent LAMESTRIP CO nonionic PolyvinylpyrrolidonStripping agentLAVIRON NSO anionic Fatty alcohol ethersulphate Antifrosting agent LOCANIT SanionicPolyacrylic acid, sodium saltsAftertreatment in reactive dyeing, free from detergents LORINOL PK nonionicEnzyme solution in waterDestruction of residual peroxideDefoamersOther dyeing auxiliaries Agents for improvement of fastnessType of product Product Ionic nature Chemical basis Field of application LAMALGIN GS-5anionicSodium alginateFor direct and resist printing, medium viscosityLAMALGIN 889anionicMixture of polysaccharides based on sodium alginate For direct and resist printing, medium viscosity LAMALGIN G-10 NC HW anionicSodium alginateFor direct and resist printing, low viscosityLAMALGIN G-3 NC HW,G-4 NC HWanionic Sodium alginateFor direct and resist printing, high viscosityLAMALGIN GX-50anionicSodium alginate, preserved For direct and resist printing,high viscosity LAMALGIN GX-100anionicSodium alginate, preserved For direct and resist printing,low viscosity LAMEPRINT 2005, 2005 RF,LAMEPRINT 671 RFnonionicGalactomannan, preserved Carpet and yarn printing,space dyeing with acid, premetallized and basic dyestuffs, swells only after addition of acid, high viscosity LAMEPRINT 651nonionicGalactomannan, preserved Carpet and yarn printing,space dyeing with acid, premetallized and basic dyestuffs, swells only after addition of acid LAMEPRINT A-3nonionicGalactomannan, modifiedDirect and discharge printing with vat, acid, premetallized, basic and disperse dyestuffs (not suitable for HT-fixation), high viscosityLAMEPRINT A-9nonionicGalactomannanether, preservedDirect and discharge printing with vat, acid, premetallized, basic and disperse dyestuffs (not suitable for HT-fixation), medium viscosityLAMEPRINT A-13nonionicGalactomannanether, preservedDirect and discharge printing with vat, acid, premetallized, basic and disperse dyestuffs (not suitable for HT-fixation), low viscosityLAMEPRINT CT-100anionicPolyxyloglucaneether, preservedDirect and resist printing with disperse dyestuffs, low viscosityTamarind thickenersGuar thickeners Alginate thickenersType of productProductIonic nature Chemical basis Field of application LAMEPRINT E-90nonionicPolyxyloglucaneether, preservedDirect, discharge and burn out printing with basic and disperse dyestuffs, medium viscosityBlended thickeners LAMEPRINT VAT-8, VAT-11anionicBlend of polysaccharides, preserved Direct vat and discharge printing on cellulosic fibres,medium resp. low viscosity Otherthickeners LAMEPRINT KL 100anionic Carboxymethylated starchUniversal thickening agent, low viscositySTABIPRINT B-FASTanionic Acrylic copolymer aqueous dispersion Binder for pigment printing system STABIPRINT B-SOFTanionicAqueous dispersion of acrylic copolymers Binder for pigment printing system STABIPRINT C-FF nonionic Fatty alcohol polyglycol etherCrosslinking agent for pigment printing system STABIPRINT C-FP nonionic Etherified hexamethylol melamine Crosslinking agent for pigment printing system STABIPRINT TAanionicAcryl polymerCrosslinking agent for pigment printing system, high viscousADASIL SM nonionic Amino functional silicone oil emulsion Silicone softener BREVIOL DE 3049nonionicFatty alcohol polyglycoletherEmulsifier for w/o emulsions INEX 773 C nonionic Modified polyvinyl alcohol Textile printing adhesive OSIMOL PHT nonionic Fatty acid ethoxilate Fixation accelerator for disperse printingLAMESAL NBSanionic3-Nitro benzene sulfonic acid, Na-saltUniversal oxidizing agent, also for vat dyesPRINTOL G-N nonionic Propane triole Eliquescent agent, dissolving aidPRINTOL LSM nonionic Aliphatic etherDyestuff dissolving aid for water soluble dyesPRINTOL SnonionicEmulsified vegetable oilFor improvement of running characteristicsSUPERCLEAR X-TRAcationicDerivative of polyamide resinSpecial auxiliary improving the wetfastnessesOther printing auxiliariesProducts for pigment printingType of product ProductIonicnatureChemical basis Field of application STABITEX CAT-Inorganic salts in water Special catalyst for lowformaldehyde andformaldehyde-free resins STABITEX ETR-Methylol dihydroxyethyleneurea, modifiedLow formaldehyde resinconforming to ECO-TexStandard 100STABITEX ZF-Cyclic urea derivative Formaldehyde-free resin forwash and wear finishADALIN 1167nonionic Polyethylene dispersion Softening additive for (resin)finishingADALIN FL nonionic Fatty acid amide andpolyethyleneSoftener with highsmoothening effect for(resin) finishingADALIN K pseudo-cationicPolyethylene dispersion Softener with highsmoothening effect for(resin) finishingADALIN NI nonionic Polyethylene dispersion Softener with highsmoothening effect for(resin) finishingADALIN SO nonionic Polyalkyleneglycol Special product forcompressive shrinking ADASIL 98-N nonionic Silicone elastomercompoundPermanent finishing softenerfor cotton and blends withhigh smoothening effectsADASIL DCS nonionic Microemulsion ofaminofunctional siliconesHydrophilic softener for resinfinishing, also terry towels,very soft hand, non yellowingADASIL ME, HS, PM nonionic Microemulsion ofaminofunctional siliconesPermanent finishing softenerwith excellent handle oncotton and blendsADASIL SM nonionic Semi micro emulsion ofaminofunctional siliconesPermanent finishing softenerwith excellent handle DURASOL 5071cationic Dispersion of silicic acid Antislip finish for all fibresResin finish products Finishing additivesType of productProductIonic nature Chemical basisField of applicationREPELLAN HY-NcationicDispersion of fatty acidmodified melamin resin and paraffinSemipermanent water repellent agent, extender foroleophobic finishing REPELLANCF, EPF, KFC cationicPerfluoro acrylic copolymer dispersion Permanent water, oil andstain repellent finishing REPELLAN NFC nonionic Perfluoro acrylic copolymer dispersionFor technical fabrics REPELLAN TcationicParaffin dispersion with aluminum salts Water repellent finish for all types of fibresREPELLAN ZN cationicParaffin dispersion with zirconium salts Water repellent finish for all types of fibresREPELLAN XL-E nonionicOxim blocked isocyanate emulsionCross linking agent,improves wash durability of fluorocarbons up to 50 wash cyclesCOTTOSINT 150nonionic Starch derivativeFinishing agent for stiffening and filling effects STABIFORM 691nonionicPolyvinyl acetate dispersionWashfast finish for filling, stiffening and coatingKATAX F anionic Organic salts in waterAntistatic for feathers and carpet back coatingNONAX 1166pseudo-cationic Polyoxyethylene derivative Permanent antistatic finishfor synthetic fibresDYNAPRESS 750 G anionicButadiene styrene copolymer dispersionLaminating and coating agentLAVIRON 118 SK amphoteric Alkyl amine oxideThermally sensitive foaming agent for finishing andcoating, suitable for repellent finishesLAVIRON WA 1 SPEZ anionicFatty alcohol sulfate, sodium saltFoaming agent for synthetic latices for carpet back coatingSTABICRYL 1009nonionicVinylacetate ethylene copolymer dispersionCoating and finishing agent with antislip propertiesSTABIFORM MD anionicDispersion of ethylene vinylacetate copolymer and silica acid For coating and finishing of mattress ticking and upholstery fabricsFilling and stiffening productsWater and oil repellent agentsCoating,bonding,laminatingSpecial finishing productsType of product ProductIonicnatureChemical basis Field of application BELSOFT 200nonionic Fatty acid amide andnonionic surfactantsUniversal softener for alltypes of fibres, highcompatibility in finishingrecipes, stabilizer in peroxidebleaching, crease markinhibitorBELSOFT PS nonionic Fatty acid amide andsiliconeSoftener and additive inresin finishing, impartssoftness, volume andsupplenessSETILON KN, KNL nonionic Combination of fattyalcoholsScroopy softening of cotton,silk, rayon and synthetics,especially for medical cottonBELFASIN 44cationic Fatty acid amide Universal softening agent forall fibres, all applications,very good antistaticpropertiesBELFASIN 615cationic Fatty acid amide Universal softener for alltypes of fibres andapplications, except resinfinishingBELFASIN 84cationic Fatty acid amide Softener for PAC fibre,applied in the dyebath andaftertreatmentBELFASIN ESW cationic Fatty acid amide Universal softening agent forall fibres, all applications,very good antistaticproperties. Low yellowingBELFASIN GT cationic Dispersion of hydrocarbonsand fatty acid derivativesLast rinse lubrication ofweaving and knitting yarns,lubricating softener for knitgoodsBELFASIN LX cationic Aminofunctional siliconesand quaternary compoundsSoftener for knit goods andhand knitting yarns withsuperior softnessBELFASIN OET cationic Quaternary fatty acidderivativeUniversal softener for alltypes of fibres and materials,biodegradableNonionic softeners Cationic softenersType of product ProductIonicnatureChemical basis Field of application BELFASIN PES cationic Dispersion ofhydrocarbons, fatty acidderivatives and antistaticsLast rinse lubrication of PESyarnsBELFASIN SI cationic Fatty acid amide andsiliconeUniversal softener for alltypes of fibres, especially forjet machinesAQUASOFT 22amphoteric Combination of amphotericand cationic componentsSoftener with soft handleand good hydrophilicity,suitable for sprayingAQUASOFT SIL cationic Combination of amphotericand cationic componentsSoftener with very softhandle and goodhydrophilicity, suitable forsprayingSpecial softenersA DALIN 11672425FIBROSINT C 7567 ADALIN FL2425FIBROSINT M 7789 ADALIN K2425FIBROTEX 390189 ADALIN NI2425FIBROTEX D 5189 ADALIN SO2425FIBROTEX P 4189 ADASIL 98-N2425FILASINT 376589 ADASIL DCS2425FILASINT 392389 ADASIL ME, HS, PM2425FLORANIT 40281011 ADASIL SM2223FLORANIT LT1011 ADASIL SM2425FOAMASTER 3401819 AQUASOFT 223031FOAMASTER 55741819 AQUASOFT SIL3031FORYL 1001213 ARBYL 18/501617FORYL 1971213 ARBYL R CONC1011FORYL 3331213 ARBYL SFR1011FORYL ALL-IN1011 ARBYL SFR1619FORYL FK-N1213 AVIROL 308 AS89FORYL FW1213 AVIROL 4007 N89FORYL JA1213 AVIROL 71289FORYL KS1213 AVIROL GPW 71589FORYL LN1213 AVIROL KW 6689FORYL NF CONC1213 AVIROL KW 7989FORYL OV1213 AVIROL KW 90089FORYL SF1213 AVIROL NW 94 PI89FORYLASE AT1011 AVIROL PA89FORYLASE CE1011B ELFASIN 442829FORYLASE KL1011 BELFASIN 6152829FORYLASE PA1011 BELFASIN 842829FUMAN ON1415 BELFASIN ESW2829G ERBASOL 41331213 BELFASIN GT2829H ORSIL HV 5567 BELFASIN LX2829HORSIL NV67 BELFASIN OET2829I NEX 746 H67 BELFASIN PES3031INEX 773 AN67 BELFASIN SI3031INEX 773 AS, C, R67 BELSOFT 2002829INEX 773 C2223 BELSOFT PS2829K ATAX 57023 BREVIOL DM1415KATAX AL23 BREVIOL AFM1617KATAX F45 BREVIOL CEP1617KATAX F2627 BREVIOL DE 30492223KATAX HS45 BREVIOL JET1819L AMALGIN 8892021 BREVIOL LC1617LAMALGIN GS-52021 BREVIOL MP1617LAMALGIN GX-1002021 BREVIOL PAM-N1617LAMALGIN GX-502021 BREVIOL SCN1617LAMALGIN G-10 NC HW2021 BREVIOL WSM1819LAMALGIN G-3 NC HW, G-4 NC HW2021 C OTTOCLARIN BAM, BL, HE1011LAMEPON RE NEU (SF)1617 COTTOCLARIN KD, OK, PN1011LAMEPON 561011 COTTOSINT 1502627LAMEPON A1617D EFINDOL C 56741213LAMEPON N1617 DURASOL 50712425LAMEPON PAD1617 DYNAPRESS 750 G2627LAMEPRINT 2005, 2005 RF2021 F IBROCOL P 60 U67LAMEPRINT 671 RF2021 FIBROPUR 392267LAMEPRINT 6512021 FIBROPUR C 5567LAMEPRINT A-132021 FIBROPUR P 6567LAMEPRINT A-32021LAMEPRINT A-92021STABIFORM MD2627 LAMEPRINT CT-1002021STABILOL HN1011 LAMEPRINT E-902223STABILOL P, ZM1011 LAMEPRINT KL 1002223STABIPRINT C-FF2223 LAMEPRINT VAT-8, VAT-112223STABIPRINT C-FP2223 LAMESAL NBS2223STABIPRINT TA2223 LAMESTRIP CO1819STABIPRINT B-FAST2223 LAVIRON 118 SK2627STABIPRINT B-SOFT2223 LAVIRON NSO1819STABITEX CAT2425 LAVIRON WA 1 SPEZ2627STABITEX ETR2425 LOCANIT S1819STABITEX ZF2425 LORINOL GF1617STANTEX S 636223 LORINOL GF PLUS1617SUPERCLEAR X-TRA2223 LORINOL PK1819SYNTERGENT LY1213 LORINOL R1617M OLVENIN CG 645 V67MOLVENIN CG 70 V67N ONAX 11662627O SIMOL 1091617OSIMOL PHT2223OSIMOL ROL, OV1617P RINTOL G-N2223PRINTOL LSM2223PRINTOL S2223Q UELLAX 130, 130 L67QUELLAX C 25 S67QUELLAX FLEX A 2489R EPELLAN HY-N2627REPELLAN NFC2627REPELLAN T2627REPELLAN XL-E2627REPELLAN ZN2627REPELLAN CF, EPF, KFC2627S ECURON 28, C1011SECURON 520, 5301011SECURON 5401011SELBANA 300123SELBANA 423623SELBANA 4554 V23SELBANA 461123SELBANA AP 11523SELBANA AP 6523SELBANA CCM23SELBANA CW23SELBANA UN23SETILON KN, KNL2829SILKOL FD45SILKOL HV 8645SPREITAN 41823SPREITAN 50023SPREITAN SO23STABICRYL 10092627STABIFIX AFB1819STABIFIX FFC1819STABIFIX OF1819STABIFORM 6912627Cognis Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Henkelstrasse 67D-40551 Düsseldorf - Germany Tel.: (+49) (0)211 / 7940-7578Fax: (+49) (0)211 / 798-2028。
基于主成分分析和聚类分析的李子果实品质综合评价
李可，林籽汐，刘佳，等. 基于主成分分析和聚类分析的李子果实品质综合评价[J]. 食品工业科技，2024，45（8）：293−300. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023060002LI Ke, LIN Zixi, LIU Jia, et al. Comprehensive Evaluation of Plums Quality Based on Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(8): 293−300. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023060002· 分析检测 ·基于主成分分析和聚类分析的李子果实品质综合评价李 可1，林籽汐1，刘 佳2，廖茂雯1，袁怀瑜1，梁钰梅1，潘翠萍1，郭南滨3，朱永清1，张国薇2，李华佳1,*（1.四川省农业科学院农产品加工研究所，四川成都 610000；2.四川省农业科学院园艺研究所，四川成都 610000；3.四川省葡萄酒与果酒行业协会，四川成都 610000）摘 要：为了解不同品种李子的品质特性，本文选取12个品种李子作为研究对象，分别从外观、理化及糖酸组成等方面对果实品质进行了对比分析，同时采用主成分分析和聚类分析对李子品质性状进行综合评价。
结果表明，不同品种李子外观、理化和糖酸组成等指标均表现出丰富的多样性。
糖酸组成、色泽、单果重、果实密度和果形指数等是评价李子综合品质的关键性指标。
12个品种中‘紫皇’（ZH ）‘圣雪珀’（SXP ）‘爱丽丝’（ALS ）‘香李’（XL ）‘香甜李’（XTL ）5个品种综合评分为正值，品质较好。
其中，ZH 和SXP 品质特征为出汁率、可溶性固形物、总糖含量及色泽品质高；ALS 品质特征为总糖、总甜度、甜酸比和糖酸比最高；XL 和XTL 品质特征为可溶性固形物含量、糖酸比、甜酸比高，但出汁率低。
词汇学 blending
First Word Second Word Blend Meaning of Blend
aviation beauty boat light smoke
electronics utility hotel radar fog
avionics n. application of electronics in aviation.
telex n. a communication service involving teletypewriters connected by wire through automatic exchanges.
word+ tail
Whole form of the first word+last part of the second word.
smog n.
fog intensified by smoke.
head+head
The first part of the first word+the first part of the second one.
First Word Second Word Blend Meaning of Blend
词汇学 blending 搜索 赵嘉冰康美璐contents:(一)definition and its characteristics.(二)the reason why blending produced.(三)four kinds of blending.(四)conclusion.definition and characteristic:blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word isformed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, thewords that is coined is called a blend or portmanteau word.definition:characteristics:?blending is thus a process of both compounding and abbreviation.?blending is a productive word-formation process, and blends continue to multiply.the reason why blending producedto adapt to the high pace of modern life, the modernenglish has become more simplified. people tend to usethis way to create a lot of blending words , whichexpress new terms, new names and new concepts. theyare broadly used in fields such as scientific, politics,economics, electronics, computers, aerospace, medicalscience, bioengering, and communications.four kinds of blending1. head+tail2. head+head3. word+ tail4. head+ wordhead+tailthe first part of the f
语言学导论术语汉译..
A-bar movement（A-棒儿移位）306 Ablaut（元音交替）164Abney, S.（人名，阿伯尼）360accent (see phrasal stress)（重读）accusative case （宾格）248, 251, 265–6, 356, 360–1accusative possessors in Child English（儿童英语中宾格性领属者）359–61accusative subjects（儿童英语中宾格性主语）in Child English355–8in infinitive clauses（非定式小句）251 acquired language disorders（获得性语言错乱）13, 213acquisition of language（语言的获得）(see also developmental linguistics（发展语言学）) 408acrolect（上层方言）234activation in psycholinguistics（心理语言学中的激活作用）202, 209active articulator（主动性发音器官）31 active voice（主动语态）137additions in speech errors（言语失误中的追加）115Adger, D. （人名，阿杰尔）267 adjacency pairs（邻接对）401adjectives（形容词）130comparative form of （（形容词）的比较级形式）130and derivational morphology（（形容词）和派生形态学）144dimensional（程度（形容词））175–6, 177, 179incorporation（（形容词）并入）161in language acquisition（（语言习中的）形容词）187superlative form of （形容词的最高级）130adjuncts（附加语）249, 331adverbs（副词）130, 144Affected Object（蒙受性宾语）334–5affix（词缀）140Affix Attachment（词缀附接）273, 319 affricates（塞擦音）29African American V ernacular English (AA VE)（非裔美国人英语方言土语）agreement in（AA VE的一致关系）233, 237double negation in（AA VE的双重否定）297empty T in（AA VE中的空语类T）271–2 inversion in（AA VE中的倒装）311–13 possessives in（AA VE中的所有格或属格）237age and variation in language use（年龄与语言运用中的变异）235–6age-graded sociolinguistic variables（与年龄段相关的社会语言学变量）16Agent（施事）305, 333, 334–5 agglutinating languages（黏着语）156–7 agrammatism（语法缺失）(see also Broca’s aphasia（布洛卡失语症）) 214–17,377–82, 385, 408comprehension errors in（语法缺失中的理解错误）215, 216–17, 378–80production errors in（语法缺失中的发音错误）215–16, 378agreement （一致关系）135, 137, 144–5, 233, 248in AA VE（AA VE中的一致关系）233, 237 in complement clauses（补语小句中的一致关系）251in East Anglian English（东央格鲁英语中的一致关系）233in EME（EME中的一致关系）320 operations in syntax（句法中一致关系演算或操作）264–5, 267–8, 306, 345, 407in SLI（SLI中的一致关系）219, 385in south western English （东南部英语中的一致关系）233allomorphs（语素变体）152allomorphy（语素音位变化）151–2 lexically conditioned（词汇制约的语素音位变化）152phonologically conditioned（音系制约的语素音位变化）152, 220plural（复数的语素音位变化）188–9 third person singular present（第三人称单数现在时的语素音位变化）220allophones（音位变体）77allophonic variation（音位的变化）77 allophony（音位变化）77alternation in phonology（音系（学）中的交替）26, 83–5, 90, 152alveolars（齿龈音）30, 109 alveopalatals（齿龈硬腭音）(see palato-alveolars)ambiguity（歧义）(see also structural ambiguity（结构歧义）) 5, 232 amelioration in semantic change（语义变化中的改进现象）231American English（美国英语）55, 63, 71, 227 A-movement（论元移位）306Ancient Egyptian（古埃及人）119 Antecedent（先行语）277local for reflexives（约束反身代词的局部先行语）277–8anterior as phonological feature（作为音系特征的前部性）86, 413anticipations in speech errors（言语错失中的先兆）115, 117antonyms（反义词）176, 208, 209 antonymy（反义关系，反义现象）176, 177–8 aphasia（失语症）11–13, 213–19 selective impairment in（失语症中的缺陷或障碍选择性）213apophony （元音交替，元音弱化）(see ablaut) apparent-time method（视时方法后手段）16, 66approximant as phonological feature（无擦通音作为音系特征）412approximants（无擦通音）33in child phonology（儿童音系中的无擦通音）100–4Arabic （阿拉伯语）81, 224 arbitrariness of the linguistic sign（语言符号的任意性）205argument movement（论元移位）(see A-movement)arguments（论元）130, 247Armenian alphabet（亚美尼亚字母或文字）119Articles（冠词）( see also determiners（限定语）) 130, 133Ash, S. （人名，阿施）237aspect （体）252perfect（完成（体））252, 261 progressive（进行（体））252aspirated as phonological feature（送气作为音系特征）87, 413aspiration（送气音）35, 75–7, 87–90, 90–1 assimilation（同化现象）(see also harmony （和谐发音）) 5in Farsi（Farsi中的同化现象）49 partial（部分同化）100target of （同化对象）100total（整体同化）100trigger for（同化的触发者）100 audience design（（面向受众的设计））53–4, 409Austin, J. L. （人名，奥斯汀）394 Australian English（澳大利亚英语）62, 64, 71, 227auxiliary copying in children（儿童语言中的助动词拷贝）295auxiliary inversion（助动词倒装）294–6 auxiliary verbs（助动词）133difficulties with in SLI（特定语言障碍中助动词使用上的困难）219, 385dummy（假性助动词）319errors in SLI （SLI中助动词的错失）385 as finite T（助动词作为定式的T）259, 261and gapping（助动词和空位）272 perfect （完成体）136progressive（进行体）136babbling（婴儿发出的咿哑声）96back as phonological feature（后部（音）作为音系特征）413backtracking in parsing（切分中的回溯法）373back vowels（后元音）36, 109–10Bailey（贝利）, B. 313Bantu（班图语）156bare nominals（光杆名词性成分）284–5 in Child English（儿童英语中的光杆名词型成分）358–9base form of verbs（动词的基础形式/基式）147basic level of categorisation（（范畴化的基本层级）194–6, 226, 232in Wernicke’s aphasia（维尼克失语症中范畴化的基本层级）217–18basilect（下层方言）235behaviourism（行为主义）115Belfast（贝尔法斯特）51Belfast English（贝尔法斯特英语）300Bell（贝尔）, A. 53Bengali（孟加拉人（的），孟加拉语（的））71–2, 87Berko（拨库）, J. 189Bidialectalism（双方言现象）409 Bilabials（双唇音）30Bilingualism（双语现象）409Binarity（二分性）of parametric values（参数值的二分性）314, 317, 320, 321, 325,349, 351of phonological features（音系特征的二分性）85blends（融合）207–8, 209in paragrammatism（语法倒错性言语障碍中融合现象）382Bloom（布龙姆）, L. 355body of tongue （舌面）(see dorsum) borrowing（借用）224–5bound morphemes（粘着语素）140in aphasia （失语症者话语中的）216in SLI（特定语言损伤中的）219–21 bound variable interpretation of pronouns（约束代词阐释的变量）342–4bound word（粘着词）150Bradford（布莱德福德）47–8Braine, M.（人名）351Bresnan, J. （人名）246British English ( 英国英语see also Contemporary Standard English) 62 , 69 –70, 71,227–8, 230broad transcription（宽式标音）76 Broca, P. （人名）12Broca’s aphasia (布洛卡失语症see also agrammatism) 214– 17, 377–82 Broca’s area （布洛卡区）12Brown, R. （人名）189Bucholtz, M. （人名）51Bulgarian （保加利亚语）85calque（仿造，语义转借）225 Cambodian （柬埔寨语）38Canadian English （加拿大英语）227–8 Cantonese （广东话，粤语）79, 81Cardiff （加迪夫，地名）53Caribbean English（加勒比式英语）66 case (格see also genitive case（属格）, nominative case（主格）,objective case（宾格）) 248assignment of（格指派）264, 265–6, 267–8, 345, 356–8,360–1errors in agrammatism （语法缺失中的格错误）216errors in SLI（特定语言损伤中的格错误）385（拉丁语中的格）in Latin 158marking in Child English（儿童英语中的格标记）355–8structural（结构格）356in Turkish（土耳其语中格）158 categorical perception（范畴感知）113 causative verb（致使动词）274–5Celtic languages（凯饵特语族语言）164 central vowels（央元音）36centre-embedding（中心内嵌现象）370, 373–4cerebral cortex（大脑皮层）11cerebral hemispheres（大脑半球）11, 214 chain shift（链移）66–7Chambers, J. （人名）227child grammar（儿童语法）349–61child phonology（儿童音系）96–106 Cherokee（切罗基语）119Chicago（芝加哥）66Chinese （汉语）43, 119, 156, 224 Chomsky, N. （人名，乔姆斯基）1, 2, 7, 11, 213, 245–6, 314, 325, 377, 407Chukchee（楚克其人[语]）160–1 circumfix (框架式词缀see confix)citation form（引用形式，基础形式，原形）134clauses（小句）247bare infinitive（光杆不定试小句）275–6 complement （小句补语）250–2, 275, 276 as CPs （充任CPs的小句）279, 280, 282, 283, 293, 304, 349, 356, 361declarative（陈述小句）279, 280finite in German SLI（德语SLI小句中的限定性）385finite verb in （小句中的限定动词）251, 265–6force of（小句的语力）279function of（小句的功能）253in German（德语中的小句）321–4 infinitive（不定式小句）275, 276–8 interrogative （疑问小句）279main（主要小句，主句）250, 280–1 non-finite verb in（小句中的非定式动词）251, 281–2v. phrases（小句和短语）261–2relative（关系小句）253, 367in sentence perception（句子感知过程中的小句）367, 368tensed (v. untensed)（时态小句和非时态小句）251as TPs（小句作为TPs）273, 274, 275–6, 278click studies（点击调查）367–8 cliticisation（附着化）274–6and copies（附着化和拷贝）296, 298–9 clitics（附着成分）150–1in Spanish（西班牙语中的附着成分）151 cluster (see consonant cluster) 音丛（参见辅音丛）codas of syllables（音节的节尾（音））79–82 in child language（儿童语言中的节尾音）104–5cognitive effects of utterances（话语的认知效应）399cognitive synonymy（认知同义关系或现象）174–5cognitive system（认知系统）language as（语言作为认知系统）1–14, 409 coherence in discourse（语篇中的连贯）397 co-hyponyms（共存性下义词/下位词）172, 209in Wernicke’s aphasia（维尼克失语症中的共存性下义词）218co-indexing（同指标/同标引）341 Comanche（科曼奇族/语）225co-meronyms（共存性局部关系词）174, 208 comment (v. topic)（话题和评述/述题）249, 281Communicative Princ iple of Relevance（交际的关联原则）399–400communities of practice（实践社群）52 commutation test（接换测试）390 competence (v. performance)（（语言能力）和语言行为/运用）2–3, 9, 264, 339, 367, 370, 375, 388, 408, 409complement（补语）130, 247–9, 262 covert（隐性补语）278interrogative expressions as（疑问表达式充任补语）297complementaries（互补性反义词）176 complementarity（互补性/关系）176, 177–8 complementary distribution（互补分布）76 complement clause（补语小句）250–2in German（德语中的补语小句）322 complement clause question（疑问型补语小句）299–300complement clause yes-no question（是非型疑问补语小句）303complementiser（标句词）135 declarative（陈述句的标句词）279 empty（空标句词）278–83, 284, 299 interrogative（疑问型标句词）279 complex sentence（复合句）250–3 compounds（复合词）148–50, 379, 408in language acquisition （语言习得中的复合词）191–2structural ambiguity in（复合词中的结构歧义）149synthetic（合成性复合词）162 comprehension of language (see sentence comprehension, speech perception)（语言理解（参见句子理解、言语感知））concatenative morphology（并置形态学）163 concept (v. lexical entry)（概念（和词条））205–6, 209, 225, 233confix（框架词缀/环缀）162 conjugation （接合）159consonants（辅音）28–35categorical perception of （辅音的类别感知）113syllabic（成音节性辅音）41three-term description of（辅音的三个方面的描写）34, 61in writing systems （书写系统中的辅音）119consonant change （辅音变化）61–4 consonant cluster （辅音丛）41deletion in（辅音丛中的删除现象）54–6 simplification in child language（儿童语言中的辅音丛简化现象）98consonant harmony（辅音和谐/辅音的协同发音）99consonant insertion（辅音插入）64 consonant loss（辅音丢失）63 consonant mutation（辅音变换）164–5 consonantal as phonological feature（作为音系特征的辅音性）412constituency tests（成分性测试）263–4 constituents（结构成分）249, 263–4 covert (see empty constituents)（隐性成分（参见空成分））in sentence comprehension（句子了解中的隐性成分）366constraints（限制（条件））in phonology （音系中的限制条件）90–1 in syntax （句法中的限制条件）263, 312–13, 318Contemporary Standard English (CSE) （当代标准英语）311questions in（CSE中的疑问句）311, 313, 316strong C in（CSE中的强C）314weak T in （CSE中的弱T）317, 319 content words （内容词、实词）132in aphasias （失语症中的内容词或实词）214–15 continuous perception of vowels（元音的连续性感知）110–11contour tone（轮廓调或曲折型声调）43 contrastive sounds（对立音）77control（控制）276clause（控制小句）277, 282–3verbs （控制动词）277conversation（会话）245, 388logic of（会话的逻辑）395–7 Conversational Analysis (CA)（会话分析）246, 401–2conversational implicature（会话涵义）397 conversational maxims（会话准则）396–7, 399, 409conversational particles（会话中的小品词）400conversion（（词性）转换）143Co-operative Principle（合作原则）396co-ordinating conjunction（并列连词）134 co-ordination test（并列关系测试）263–4, 279–80, 283, 333copy (trace) of movement（移位拷贝（语迹））295, 298–9, 340in Child English（儿童英语中的移位拷贝）295in sentence perception（句子感知中的移位拷贝）368–70as variable（移位拷贝作为变量）341co-referential interpretation of pronouns（代词的同指阐释）342, 343coronal（前舌音/舌冠音）34count noun（可数名词）285Coupland, N. （人名）53covert movement （隐性移位）339, 343–5 covert question operator（隐性疑问算子）302–3, 324Crossover Principle（跨越原则）343–4C Strength Parameter（C强度参数）314 cumulation（堆积现象）158Cutler, A.（人名）207Czech（捷克（语））81data of linguistics（语言学语料/数据）1–2, 117, 170declarative（陈述句/式）253–4, 394–5 declension（形态变化，尤其指格变化）158–9, 160default cases in phonology（音系（学）中的缺省情况）90definitions（定义）179–81, 193deictic words（指示性词语）389, 398 delinking in child phonology（儿童音系中的链接解除现象）103demonstratives（指示语）133dentals（牙齿，齿音）31, 109 derivational morphology（派生形态学）131, 143, 144in compounds（复合词中的派生形态）150 in language acquisition（语言习得中的派生形态）190–2Derivational Theory of Complexity (DTC)（复杂性推导理论）367Derivations（派生（式），推导（式））in phonology（音系学中的推导（式））85 in syntax（句法中的推导（式））306 despecification in child phonology（儿童音系中的描写（式））103determiner phrase (DP)（限定词短语/词组）262, 283–7in Child English（儿童英语中的限定词词组）286determiners (see also articles) （限定词（参见冠词））133, 297empty（空限定词）283–7null in Child English （儿童英语中的空限定词）358as operators（限定词作为算子）297 prenominal（名词前的限定词）286–7 pronominal（代词性限定词）286–7 quantifying（量化限定词）284–5, 303in SLI （SLI中的限定词）219Detroit （底特律）52, 66developmental linguistics（发展论语言学）1, 6–9DhoLuo（卢奥语，东苏丹语族，尼罗语支）164diachronic method in historical linguistics（历史语言学中的历时方法）15–16 diacritic （附加符号）35dialect contact（方言接触）227dialects（方言）regional （地域方言）14rhotic（翘舌音方言）77rural （乡村方言）228social（社会方言）14urban（城市方言）228dictionaries（词典、辞书）179–81 diphthongisation in language change（语言变化中的双元音化）64diphthongs（双元音）38–9discourse markers（话语标记）15 discourses（话语）245discrimination experiment（辨别力实验）111 distinctive features（区别性特征）85, 412, 414in child phonology（儿童音系中的区别性特征）101distribution（分布）76dorsals（舌面音）34dorsum（舌背、舌面）31Do-support（Do支撑）274D-projections（D投射）287, 349drag chain（拉链）67dual-lexicon model of child phonology（音系学中的双词库模型）104–5Dutch（荷兰语）231Early Modern English (EME)（早期现代英语，初期现代英语）negation in（EME中的否定）314–20 null subjects in （EME中的空主语）319–20, 351, 352questions in（EME中的疑问句）316 strong T in（EME中的强T）317East Anglian English（东盎格鲁英语）63, 64–5echo question（回声问）297, 299 Eckert, P. （人名）51–2Economy Principle（经济原则）301–2, 314, 318–19, 324‘edge’ as target of movement （边缘位置作为移位的目的地）306education level and language use（教育水平和语言运用/使用）49Egyptian cuneiform（古埃及楔形文字）119 Eimas, P.（人名）96elision （省缺）4ellipsis（省略）278, 371Elsewhere Condition（另处原则）89–90 empty constituents （空成分）246, 271–86, 407, 408in psycholinguistics（心理语言学中的空成分）271in sentence perception（句子感知中的空成分）368–70enclitic（后附着）151entailment（衍推/蕴含）170–1, 392–3 environment (context) in phonological rules （音系规则中的环境（语境））87errors in speech （言语中的偏误/失误，口误）114–17, 199, 207–9Estonian（爱沙尼亚语）38ethnic group and language use（族群和语言运用/使用）49–50exchanges in speech errors (see also word exchanges) （言语失误中的换位现象（参见词的换位））11 4 –16, 11 7exclamative（感叹句，感叹式）254 exponent（体现）145, 152–3, 252, 259, 261 extended exponence（扩展了的体现）159 extraction site（提取部位）298Farsi (Persian) （波斯语（波斯语的））49 Fasold, R.（人名）272feature matrix （特征矩阵）86features（特征）distinctive in phonology（音系学中的区别性特征）86–90, 177functional in agrammatism（语法缺失中的功能性特征）380–2morphological（形态特征）153, 163 semantic（语义特征）176–9semantic in acquisition（习得中的语义特征）193filler-gap dependencies（填充词-空位依存性/关系）369–70finite (v. non-finite) verb forms（定式（非-定式）动词形式）251–3 finiteness in language acquisition （语言习得中的有定性）359–61Finnish （芬兰语）99, 156flap （闪音）34flapping（闪音化）61floating features（漂移特征）101–4, 106 flouting of conversational maxims（对会话准则的藐视）397, 399focus（焦点）282, 389–92position（位置）282focus bar（焦点棒儿）88Fodor, J. （人名）201form (v. lemma)（形式（和内容））in lexical entries（词条中的形式和内容）128, 205–7free morphemes （自由语素）140Frege, G. （人名）338, 339, 344French （法语）90–1, 215, 224, 225, 230 frequency effect（频率效应）in paraphasias（言语错乱中的频率效应）217, 218in substitution errors（替换语误中的频率效应）208fricatives（擦音）29, 31–3Frisian（弗里斯兰语）231Fromkin, V. （人名）207front vowels （前(部)元音）36, 109–10 functional categories（功能语类）132–5, 247, 385in aphasia（失语症中的功能语类）214–17, 378–82comprehension of in agrammatism （语法缺失中功能语类的理解）378–80in language acquisition（语言习得中的功能语类）187–8and pragmatic presupposition（功能语类和语用预设）393production of in agrammatism（语法缺失中功能语类的产生）378in SLI （SLI中的功能语类）219–21 function words（功能词）132gapping（功能词缺项）272garden-path sentences（花园幽径句）10, 370, 374, 408gender（性范畴）errors in agrammatism（语法缺失中的性范畴错误）380, 381–2errors in SLI（SLI中的性范畴错误）385 in Old English（古英语中的性范畴）233 gender and language use （性范畴和语言的使用/运用）49, 234generative grammar（生成语法）4, 245 generative phonology（生成音系学）97–8 generic interpretation（通指阐释）of determiners（限定词的通指阐释）284 genetic endowment and language（遗传本能与语言）7, 13–14, 188, 311and language disorders（遗传本能与语言错乱）213genitive case（领属格）248, 265, 267, 356, 360–1and possessors in Child English（儿童英语中的领属格和领有者）359–61Georgian alphabet（乔治亚字母表）119 German（德语）81, 162, 164, 206, 231, 321–4 clause structure in（德语中的小句结构）321–4movement in （德语中移位）322–3 operator questions in （德语中的算子疑问句）323–4SLI in（德语中的SLI）383–5strong C in finite clauses in（德语中的强C）323strong T in finite clauses in（德语中的强T）323yes-no questions in（德语中的是非问句）324Germanic （日耳曼语）164, 224, 231 Glides（滑音）33global aphasia（全局性失语症）11glottal fricative（声门擦音）33, 47 glottalisation（声门化）82glottal plosive (glottal stop) （声门爆破音（声门塞音））34Goal（目标/终点）334Gordon, P. （人名）192grammar of a language（一种语言的语法）2–6, 81, 83, 120, 238, 306, 345, 350, 407 grammatical categories（语法语类）247in acquisition（习得中的语法语类）186–8 in sentence comprehension（句子理解中的语法语类）200grammatical functions（语法功能）247–50, 262grammatical (morphosyntactic) word（语法（形态-句法）词）146, 159Greek （希腊语）160, 225Greek alphabet（希腊字母表）119 Grice, P. （人名）396–7, 398, 402 Grimshaw, J. （人名）302Grodzinsky, Y. （人名）380–2gutturals（侯音，腭音）78Halliday, M.（人名）97hard palate（硬腭）31harmony（和谐）consonant （辅音和谐）99lateral（边音和谐）101–4velar（软腭音和谐）99, 101vowel（元音和谐）99–100Hawaiian（夏威夷语）81Head（核心成分）of compounds（复合词的核心）148of phrases（短语或词组的核心）257–61 head-driven phrase structure grammar（核心驱动短语结构语法）246head first word order（核心在首的词序）321, 350head last word order（核心在尾的词序）321 head movement（核心移位）293–6, 298, 306 Head Movement Constraint (HMC)（核心移位限制）318, 324Head Position Parameter（核心位置参数）321, 349, 350–1, 361Head Strength Parameter（核心强度参数）314Hebrew（希伯莱语）215, 380, 381 Henry, A. （人名）300high as phonological feature（高舌位作为音系特征）413high vowels（高元音）36, 109–10 historical linguistics（历史语言学）15–16 Hoekstra, T. （人名）373Holmes, J. （人名）49host for clitic（附着形式的宿主）151 Hungarian（西班牙语）38, 99, 156, 224, 267, 360Hyams, N. （人名）351–2, 359–61 Hyponyms（下位词）172in Wernicke’s aphasia（维尼克失语症中的下位词）218hyponymy（上下位关系）170–3, 177, 178, 194Icelandic（冰岛语）230Idealisation（理想化）409identification experiment（鉴别/识别实验）110–11, 112identification of null subject（空主语的识别）320, 352identity of meaning (see synonymy)（意义的同一性（参见同义关系））imaging techniques （成像技术）13 imperative （祈使句/式）254, 394–5 implicational scale（含义等级）55–6 implicit (understood) subject（隐性（理解出来的）主语）277, 351incomplete phrase（未完成短语/词组）261–2 incorporation（并入）160–1 independence of language faculty（语言能力的独立性）11, 377indirect speech acts（间接言语行为）394–5 inferences in conversation（会话中的推理）400infinite nature of language（语言的无限性）3–4, 260infinitive（不定式）134infinitive particle（不定式小品词）259–60 as non-finite T（不定式作为非有定的T）259 infinitive phrase （不定式短语/词组）259 infix（中缀）163INFL as grammatical category（屈折语素作为语法的语类）261inflection （屈折）143in English（英语中的屈折）137in grammar（语法中的屈折）136 inflectional categories（屈折语类）136as deictic（屈折语类终于哦为指示语）389 inflectional errors（屈折错误）in agrammatism （语法缺失中的屈折错误）378in SLI（SLI中的屈折错误）219–21, 385 inflectional formative（屈折的构成）145 inflectional languages（屈折语）156, 158–9, 160inflectional morphology（屈折形态学）143, 144–8in compounds （复合词中的屈折形态学）150in language acquisition（语言习得中的曲折形态学）187, 188–92inflectional paradigms in aphasia（失语症中的屈折变化表）216inflectional properties（屈折特征）137 inflectional rules （see morphological processes）（屈折规则）（参见形态过程）inflectional systems （屈折系统）156 informational encapsulation（信息封装）201 ‘information’ i n categories（语类中的信息）195–6information structure（信息结构）390–1 innateness hypothesis（内在性假说）7, 11, 213, 349–50, 361, 408input representations in child phonology （儿童音系中的输入表达式）103–6 Instrument（工具/用事）333interaction and variation（互动和变异）54 interdentals （齿间音）31interrogative（疑问（句））253–4, 394–5 interrogative complement（疑问性补语）299–300, 303interrogative interpretation（疑问句阐释）300–2, 341interrogative operator（疑问算子）302–3 intonation（语调）43–4intonational change （语调变化）71–2Inuit（因纽特语）119inversion（倒置、倒装）in questions（疑问句中的倒置现象）294–6, 300, 316, 322in varieties of English（英语变异中的倒置）311–14IPA (International Phonetic Association)（国际语音学会）27–44, 411Irish Gaelic （爱尔兰盖尔语）225Irony（反语）397Iroquoian（伊洛魁语的）161isolating languages（孤立语）156, 157 Italian（意大利语）214, 224, 230, 380 aphasic speech in（意大利语中的失语症者的言语）215, 380, 381–2Jamaican V ernacular English (JVE)（牙买加英语土语）313–14weak C in（牙买加英语土语中的弱C）314Japanese（日语）38, 78, 81, 160topic marking in（日语中的话题）391–2 Jones, D. （人名）27labelled bracketing（带标签的加方括弧法）141, 258labelled tree diagram（带标签的树形图）141–2, 258labials（唇音）34labiodentals（唇齿音）31Labov, W. （人名）16, 56, 57–8, 66–7, 68, 70 language contact（语言接触）227 language change（语言变化）15–16, 56–8, 61–72language disorders（语言错乱）11–14, 408 Language Faculty（语言官能）7–9, 280, 349–50language games（语言游戏）117 language shift（语言变换）15language use（语言运用）and the structure of society（语言运用与社会结构）14–16language variation（语言变异）15 laryngeal fricative (see glottal fricative)（喉擦音（参见声门擦音））larynx（喉）28Lashley, K.（人名）116–17lateral as phonological feature（边音作为音系特征）413lateral harmony（边音和谐）101–4 laterals（边音）33in child phonology（儿童音系中的边音）100–4Latin（拉丁语）157–60, 165, 224, 225, 391 Latin alphabet （拉丁语字母（表））119lax vowels（松元音）38, 77lemma（词条的内容）205–7retrieval of（词条内容的恢复）207–9 lesions of the brain（大脑的损伤）11 levels of linguistic analysis（语言分析的层次/级）76–7, 78, 106, 120Levelt, P.（人名）205level tones（直线调，水平调）43lexeme （词位）143–4, 145, 146, 205 lexical attrition（词汇磨损）228lexical categories（词汇语类）129–32, 247 lexical diffusion（词汇扩散）68–70lexical entry（词条）4, 78, 128, 129, 131, 138, 147–8, 152, 170, 176–8, 191–2, 219–20, 238, 287, 335, 407v. concept（词条和概念）205, 225 lexical functional grammar （词汇功能语法）245lexical gap（词汇空缺）174lexical learning（词汇学习）349lexical recognition（词汇认知）201–3, 207–9 lexical stress (see word stress)（词汇重音）（参见词重音）lexical substitutions in speech errors（语误中的词汇替换）207lexical tone（词调）43lexical verbs（词汇性动词）133lexicon（词库）4, 128, 131, 137–8, 147–8, 170–6, 199, 203, 217–18, 238, 345, 354, 407 grammatical properties in（词库中的语法特征）4, 147phonological properties in（词库中的音系特征）4, 147psycholinguistics and（心理语言学和词库）204–10semantic properties in （语义特征）4, 147 LF component of a grammar（语法的LF部分）5, 407Linear B（线性B）119linguistically determined variation（由语言决定着的变异，语言性质的变异）54–6linguistic experience of the child（儿童的语言经验）7–8linguistic variables and language use （语言的可变性和语言应用）47–58Linking Rules（链接规则）335Liquids（流音）33Literary Welsh （威尔士文学语言）164–5 Litotes（间接肯定法）397Liverpool（利物浦）63local attachment preferences（局部附加优势）372–3localisation of brain function（大脑功能的侧化）11–13Location（处所，位置）334Logical Form (LF) （逻辑形式）5, 246, 330, 339–45, 407logical object （逻辑宾语）5logical subject（逻辑主语）5, 374logic of conversation（会话逻辑）395–7 London（伦敦）65long vowels（长元音）37–8low as phonological feature（低舌位作为音系特征）413low vowels（低元音）36, 109–10 McMahon, A. （人名）232–3McNeill, D. （人名）286Malay（马来语）224Manner, Maxim of（方式，方式准则）397 manner of articulation（发音方式）29–30, 33 and language change（发音方式和语音变化）62–3Maori（毛利语）161, 225Maximal Onset Principle（首音最大化原则）82Meaning（意义）in sentence perception（句子感知中的意义）200meaning inclusion ( see also hyponymy) （意义包含（参见上下位关系））172, 178 meaning opposites（意义对立）175–6 memory for syntax（句法记忆）366 merger（合并）257–62, 306, 345, 407 constraints on （合并的条件限制）264 meronyms（部分关系词）174 meronymy（整体-部分关系）173–4, 208 metalanguage（元语言）336–7, 339 Meyerhoff, M. （人名）51mid closed vowels（中闭元音/半闭元音）38 Middle English（中古英语）231mid open vowels（中开元音/半开元音）38 mid vowels（中元音）36Milroy, J.（人名）51Milroy, L.（人名）51minimal pair（最小比对）75–6minimal responses（小型应对语）15 modifiers in compounds（复合词中的修饰语）148monophthongisation（单元音化）64–5 monophthongs（单元音）38 monosyllabic words（单音节词）41mood and speech acts（语气和言语行为）394–5morphemes（语素）140–3in aphasia（失语症中的语素）214–17 bound（粘着语素）140free（自由语素）140as minimal linguistic sign （语素作为最小的语言符号）140, 145morphological change（形态变化）233–7 morphological development in children （儿童的形态发展）188–92morphological irregularity （形态的不规则性）137morphological operations（形态操作）162–5 morphological processes（形态过程）140–50, 157–65, 407dissociation of in SLI（SLI中的形态的分离）219–20as features（形态作为特征）153 phonological conditioning of（形态的音系限制）152, 220realisations of（形态的实现）152 voicing as（浊化作为形态）164vowel change as（作为形态的元音变化）163–4morphological properties in sentence perception （句子感知中的形态特征）200 morphological variation（形态变异）233–7social contact and （社会接触和形态变异）237morphology（形态学）140, 165 phonological processes in（形态学中的音系过程）162–5morphs（形素）152motor control （运动神经控制）109, 113 movement in syntax （句法中的移位）246, 293–306, 340covert（句法中的隐性移位）345, 407in German（德语中句法移位）322–3 overt（显性句法移位）345, 407in sentence comprehension（句子理解过程中的句法移位）366Myhill, J. （人名）237Nahuatl （那瓦特语）161, 224narrow transcription（严式音标）77nasal as phonological feature（鼻音作为音系特征）85, 412nasalisation（鼻音化）40–1nasals（鼻，鼻音）30native speakers as sources of data（母语者作为语言数据的来源） 1natural classes in phonology（音系中的自然类）88–9Navajo（纳瓦霍语）83, 160Negation（否定）133in Child English（儿童英语中的否定）104 in CSE（CSE中的否定）312, 314–20in EME（EME中的否定）314–20 negative concord in AA VE（AA VE中的否定一致）312negative operator（否定算子）297 Neogrammarians（新语法学派学者）68 Neurolinguistics（神经语言学）1, 11–14 neutral context in lexical decision task（词汇确定任务中的中性语境）202new (v. old) information（新信息和旧信息）390New Y ork（纽约）57New Zealand English（新西兰英语）66, 71–2, 227, 230nodes in tree diagrams（树形图中的节点）258 nominal phrases（名词性短语/词组）in Child English（儿童英语中的名词性词组或短语）358–61as D-projections（名词性短语或词组作为D投射）286, 287, 349, 358, 361 nominative case（主格）248, 251, 265–6, 356, 360in AA VE（AA VE中的主格）272 nominative subjects in Child English（儿童语言中的主格主语）355–8noun incorporation（名词并入）161 nouns（名词）129–30and derivational morphology（名词和派生形态学）144in language acquisition（语言习得中的名词）186, 192–6and person（名词和人称）135in taxonomies（分析体系中的名词）173 non-concatenative morphology（非并置形态学）165non-count nouns（非复数名词）285non-finite clauses（非定式小句）in Child English（儿童英语中的非定式小句）353–61non-finite (v. finite) verb forms（非定式（和定式）动词形式）251–3in German SLI（德语SLI中的非定式动词形式）384–5non-rhotic dialects（非翘舌音方言）37–8, 57 non-standard dialects（非标准方言）15 non-words（非词）perception of （非词的感知）206–7 Norfolk（诺福克）66, 228Northern Cities Chain Shift（北城市链移）66–7, 68Northern English（北部英语）65, 69 Norwich（诺威奇）49, 235nucleus of syllable（音节的节核）41, 79 null constituents (see empty constituents)（空结构成分（参见空成分））null determiners（空限定词）283–7in Child English（儿童英语中的空限定词）358null infinitive particle（空不定式小品词）275null operator questions in Child English（儿童英语中的空疑问算子）352null subject language （空主语语言）320, 351 null subject parameter（空主语参数）319–20, 349, 352, 353, 361null subjects（空主语）in Child English（儿童英语中的空主语）352in Child Italian（儿童意大利语中的空主语）353identification of（空主语的识别）320, 352 in Japanese（日语中的空主语）392in non-finite clauses（非定式小句中的空主语）353–61in wh-questions（wh-疑问句中的空主语）353–4number（数）134errors in agrammatism（语法缺失中的数范畴错误）380errors in SLI（SLI中的数范畴错误）219 object（宾语）137objective case (see also accusative case)（宾格）248object language（对象语言）336–7, 339 obstruents（阻塞音）34, 79Old English（古英语）230, 231, 232, 233, 236Old French （古法语）229, 231old (v. new) information（旧信息）390Old Norse（古斯堪的那维亚语）230 omissions in speech errors（言语失误中的省减现象）115onsets of syllables（音节的首音）79–82in child language（儿童语言中的节首音）104in poetic systems（艺术表达手段系统中的节首音）118in speech errors（言语失误中的节首音）115operator expressions（算子表达）297, 340 in German（德语中的算子表达）323 operator movement（算子移位）297–302, 304, 306Optimality Theory（优选论）90–1 Optional Infinitive (OI) stage（不定式选择性使用阶段）357–8orthographic representation（规范书写法，正字法表示法）84orthography ( see also writing systems) （正字法（参见书写系统））27output representations in child phonology （儿童音系中的输出表达式）103–6 overextension in children’s word use（儿童词语运用中的泛化现象）192–3, 232 overregularisation（过渡规则化）lack of in SLI（SLI中过渡规则化的缺乏）220in morphological development（形态发展中的过渡规则化）190palatals（腭音，舌面中音）31palato-alveolars（舌面-齿龈音）31 paragrammatism（语法倒错型言语障碍）377, 382–3, 385parallel-interactive processing models （平行-交互式处理模式）199–204parameters（参数0 314–24in language acquisition（语言习得中的参数）349–54parameter setting（参数设定）350–4 parametric variation（参数变异）314–24 paraphasia（语言错乱）214–15, 217–19 parser（语法分析器）9, 372–5locality and（局部性和语法分析器）373–5 parsing（句法分析）366partitive interpretation of determiners（限定词的部分释义）284, 303part–whole relationship (see meronymy)（部分-整体关系（参见整体-部分关系））passive articulator（被动发音体）31 passive construction（被动结构）304–5 passive participle（被动分词）137, 146, 148 in German（德语中的被动分词）162 passive voice（被动语态）137, 146, 305 passivisation（被动化）306past participle（过去分词）136past tense morpheme in acquisition（习得过程中的过去时语素）189–90Patient (see Affected Object)（受事（参见受。
完整版)自然拼读练习(不看后悔版)
完整版)自然拼读练习(不看后悔版)XXXshirt skirt dirt stirturn hurt surf purse自然拼读是一种教授孩子阅读的方法，它不仅仅是教孩子如何拼写单词，更重要的是让孩子理解语言的发音规则。
这个练表包含了不同的元音字母和元音字母组合，以及一些常见的辅音字母。
在每天的练中，孩子们将会研究如何正确的发音和拼写这些单词。
第一天的练主要包括了单个的元音字母和元音字母与“e”组合的单词。
这些单词通常都是孩子们最早接触到的单词，因此是一个很好的开始。
第二天的练包括了不同的元音字母组合，如“ai”、“ee”和“oa”。
这些组合通常有不同的发音，孩子们需要学会区分它们，并正确的拼写单词。
第三天的练主要是一些常见的辅音字母组合，如“ar”、“er”、“ir”、“ur”和“or”。
这些组合通常有不同的发音，孩子们需要学会区分它们，并正确的拼写单词。
通过这个练表，孩子们可以逐渐掌握自然拼读的方法，提高他们的阅读和拼写能力。
同时，这也是一个很好的亲子活动，家长可以和孩子一起完成这些练，加深亲子关系。
On a cold winter morning。
my sister and I were sitting on the porch waiting for our mother to come home。
Suddenly。
XXX。
It was as if he was shouting to us that he had found something interesting。
We went to investigate。
and XXX his new marker。
drawing circles and lines on the dirt.It was my birthday。
and my parents took me to the circus。
We saw dirty birds performing tricks。