2000年1月北京地区研究生英语学位课统考试题
2000年1月北京地区研究生英语学位课统考试题
2000年1月北京地区研究生英语学位课统考试题Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (15 minutes, 15 points)Section A ( 1 point each)1. A They are having a party.B They are playing the piano.C Someone else is having a party.D Someone else is funny2. A A radio program B A TV program.C A game played in the airD A face to face talk show.3. A Watching TV does harm to people’s health.B Everyone likes watching TV and likes to confess to it.C People claim openly that they like watching TV.D The man claims openly that he likes watching TV.4. A Cross it out .B Do not fill out the form until he gets registered.C Just blacken the space of the item.D Do not fill in this item at all.5. A The man may have some trouble in the community.B The man should go to the community library more often.C The man should not go to the State University.D The man can learn more about the specialties in the community library.6. A He arrived late at the bus stop. B He was watching at a wrong place.C He couldn’t find the bus shopD He was waiting at a wrong time.7. A Through a phone call B Through internet.C By writing a letter to them.D By going to the Project herself.8. A Their original pushing policy was bad.B They kept their original pushing policy.C They failed to earn a profit.D They didn’t think highly of the man’s help.9. A It is too late for the man to start the hobby.B A college student shouldn’t get into that kind of hobby.C The hobby is too costly.D The hobby is not very interesting.Section B (1 point each)10. A TV programs and movies B CommunicationsC Internet and videosD Music records11. A It provides more creative activities for children.B It may ruin children’s health.C It can cause people to suffer from indigestion.D It can enlarge children’s scope of knowledge.12. A They should not let children younger than two years old watch TV for more than two hours each day.B They should prevent their young children from playing with strangers.C They should not have a television or computer in their bedroom.D They should only watch good TV programs.13. A The threats to the survival of plants and animals caused by human activities.B The functions of the environmental system.C The importance of protecting the environment and wildlife.D The causes of the worldwide loss of the animal and plant species.14. A Twenty percent B Thirty percent C Forty percent D Fifty percent15. A Expanding lands for farming B Polluting the air and soil.C Killing a greater number of domestic animals.D Hunting the wild games.Part II. Vocabulary ( 10 minutes, 10 points)Section A ( 0.5 point each)16. Johnson’s exterior（外形，外貌）concealed（遮住）a miserly （吝啬的）and deceiving （欺骗）nature.A personalityB appearanceC disinterest（无兴趣，冷漠）D temper17. The authorities（当权者）have failed to react fast enough to popular discontent but told citizens that they will try their best to improve the living conditions.A disadvantageB disagreementC disbeliefD dissatisfaction18. They urged the authorities to make an account for（说明原因，解释）the manner in which their affairs are being conducted.A calculateB forgiveC explainD demonstrate19. The delegation（代表团）of negotiation had been told to make a concession（让步）to their counterpart（对手）.A apologyB compromiseC substitution（代替）D permission20. A two-year sting operation last week yielded charges of 58 American Airlines baggage handlers and food contract workers, as well as three law enforcement officials.A gave rise toB appealed toC gave upD fulfilled in21. After the crash, the rescue workers worked feverishly to clean up the debris（碎片，残骸）and tried very hard to find survivors .A ruinsB trash（垃圾，废物）C facilitiesD refuse22. They feared that slashing（削减）public spending and squeezing（挤压）pensions（退休金）would damage the “fundamental Social Democratic values” of social justice and equality.A blaming forcefullyB attacking fiercelyC reducing steeplyD encouraging blindly23. No one knew what to do when he had tried in vain to get himself across.A arrivedB successfulC finishedD understood.24. The government also expects that the new residential quarters will greatly facilitate（促进，帮助）the management of migrant workers.A offer a chance forB make easyC make possible forD strongly support to25. America and North Korea reached an agreement that halted North Korea’s production of the radioactive element---plutonium--- with a view eventually to smashing（摧毁）its capacity to make the stuff.A destroyingB demobilizing（遣散）C assemblingD diminishing（减少）Section B (0.5 point each)26. Federal sentencing guidelines, in place for only two years, were ____ because they were believed to have tied the hands of judges in federal drug cases.A tossed offB tossed asideC tossed upD tossed for27. There is a popular view that the great scientific breakthroughs occur by ____a little bit like someone looking down a test tube and saying “Aha”.A inspectionB perceptionC legislationD inspiration28. President Boris Yeltsin’s fitful rule is seen to be ever more designed to serve the interests of people ____A at a lossB at a strokeC at largeD at hand.29. At that time leukemia was almost inevitably ___, but today, more than half of the people with leukemia get a cure.A lethalB poisonousC awesomeD terrific30. More than half of all of the American prisoners are nonviolent offenders ----usually small-time drug dealers who need help with their own _______A addictionB drunkenness B persecution D convention31. The city is famous for its atmospheric ____ of lofty towers and landscape.A clapsB clatterC clusterD clamp32. Even the undone building had been decorated---- a lot of color bulbs and ribbons were put on the ___ beam.A transitionalB transverseC trifledD tumbled33. In the newspaper they denounced the government for its ___ spending of public funds.A recklessB reluctantC reciprocalD redundant34. He ____all control over the company to his elder son after he got seriously ill.A left overB snatched atC scrubbed outD lingered on35. Some dictionaries are ____ . They tell us how words ought to be used.A descriptiveB prescriptiveC intensiveD creativePart III. Close Test ( 10 minutes, 15 points, 1 point each)Twenty years ago, when only the lowly tadpole had been cloned, ethicists raised the possibility that scientists might some day 36 the technology to include human beings as well. They wanted the issue discussed. But scientists assailed (攻击）the moralists’ concern as 37 . Let the research go forward, the scientists argued, 38 cloning human beings would serve no 39 scientific purpose. Now the cloning of humans is 40 reach, and society as a whole is caught with its 41 pants down.Today the sheep----tomorrow the shepherd? 42 the cloning of human beings can be ethically 43 is now firmly, perhaps permanently, 44 the nation’s moral agenda. President Clinton has given an advisory 45 of experts just 90 days to come 46 with proposals for government action. The government could prohibit the cloning of human beings 47 issue regulations limiting what researchers can do. But the government can’t control the actions of individuals or private groups 48 to clone humans for whatever purpose. And science has a way of outdistancing (把。
2000考研真题英语一
2000考研真题英语一IntroductionThe 2000 postgraduate entrance examination (PGEE) is an important exam for individuals seeking admission to postgraduate programs in China. The English language section of the exam, also known as English I, is designed to test the candidates' proficiency in English comprehension, vocabulary, and grammar. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis and review of the 2000 PGEE English I exam, including a breakdown of the different sections, sample questions, and tips for effective preparation.Section 1: Reading ComprehensionThe reading comprehension section tests the candidates' ability to understand and analyze written passages in English. In the 2000 exam, there were a total of five passages, each followed by several multiple-choice questions. The passages covered a wide range of topics including science, technology, history, literature, and social issues. It is important for candidates to read the passages carefully, paying attention to key details and main ideas. They should also practice skimming and scanning techniques to manage their time effectively.Section 2: Cloze TestThe cloze test assesses the candidates' knowledge of English vocabulary and grammar. In the 2000 exam, there were two cloze test passages, each with ten gaps to be filled in with appropriate words. The gaps required candidates to choose the correct words based on context and grammaticalrules. To excel in this section, candidates should have a strong command of English vocabulary, collocations, and idiomatic expressions. Regular practice of completing cloze tests under timed conditions is essential to improve accuracy and speed.Section 3: Error CorrectionThe error correction section evaluates candidates' ability to identify and correct grammatical errors in English sentences. In the 2000 exam, there were fifteen sentences, each containing one or more errors. Candidates needed to identify the errors and choose the most appropriate correction from the four options provided. To excel in this section, candidates should have a solid understanding of English grammar rules and common mistakes. Regular practice of error correction exercises and reviewing grammar rules will help improve performance in this section.Section 4: TranslationThe translation section tests candidates' translation skills from Chinese to English. In the 2000 exam, there were two sentences or short paragraphs that needed to be translated accurately. To perform well in this section, candidates should possess a strong command of both Chinese and English languages. Familiarity with idiomatic expressions and sentence structures in both languages is crucial. Practicing translation exercises and reviewing vocabulary and grammar will aid in enhancing translation skills.Section 5: WritingThe writing section requires candidates to write an essay or composition on a given topic. In the 2000 exam, candidates were asked to write a 300-word essay on the advantages and disadvantages of the internet. To excel in this section, candidates should brainstorm ideas and organize them coherently. They should use appropriate vocabulary, sentence structures, and supporting examples to express their ideas effectively. Regular practice of writing essays on various topics will help improve writing skills and time management.ConclusionThe 2000 PGEE English I exam is an important assessment of candidates' English language proficiency. By understanding the different sections, practicing sample questions, and following effective preparation strategies, candidates can improve their chances of obtaining a high score. Regular practice, review of grammar rules, expansion of vocabulary, and exposure to various reading materials will aid in overall improvement. With thorough preparation and dedication, candidates can confidently approach the exam and achieve their desired results.。
2000年全国硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题及答案
2000年全国硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题及答案Part I Structure and Vocabula rySectio n ADirections:Beneath each of the follo wing se nte nces, there are fo ur choices marked［A］，［B］，［C］and ［D］,Choose the o ne tha t best comple tes the se ntence. Ma rk yo ur a nswer o n ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackets with a pencil.(5point)1.As I'll be a way for at least a year, I'd appreciate____from you no w a nd then telling me ho w eve ryone is getting along.［A］hearing［B］to hear［C］to be hearing［D］having heard2.Grea tly agita ted, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, ___ to find it locked. ［A］just ［B］only［C］hence ［D］thus3.Docto rs see a co nnection betwee n increase a mounts of leisure time spe nt___ a nd the increased number of cases o f skin cance r.［A］to sunba the ［B］to have sunbathed［C］having sunbathed［D］sunba thing4.U nless you sig n a contract with the insura nce co mpany fo r your goods, you a re no t entitled____ a repayme nt fo r the goods damaged in delive ry.［A］to［B］with［C］for ［D］on5.On a rainy day I was driving north throug h Ve rmo nt____ I notic ed a yo ung ma n holding up a sig n reading "Boston".［A］which ［B］where［C］whe n ［D］tha t6.Christie stared ang rily a t her boos a nd turned a way, as tho ugh____ o ut o f the o ffice.［A］we nt ［B］go ne［C］to go ［D］wo uld go7.The roles e xpected___ old people in such a se tting give too fe w psychological satisfactions for normal happiness.［A］of ［B］o n［C］to［D］with8.Talk to a nyone in the drug ind ustry,____ you'll soon discover that the scie nce o f genetics is the biggest thing to hit d rug research since penicillin was discovered.［A］or ［B］a nd［C］for ［D］so9.It wasn't so much tha t I disliked he r___ tha t I just wasn't interested in the whole business.［A］ra the r ［B］so［C］than ［D］as10.Co untless divo uced politicia ns wo uld have been elected o ut o f o ffice years ago had they eve n tho ught of a divouce, le t alo ne___ o ne.［A］getting ［B］to ge t［C］go tte n ［D］ge tSectio n BDirections:Each o f the follo wing sente nces has fo ur unde rlined parts ma rked［A］，［B］［C］，and ［D］.Identify the part o f the se ntence tha t is inco rrect and ma rk yo ur a nswe r o n ANSWER SHEET1 by blackening the corresponding lette r in the b rackets with a pencil.(5points)11 Having isolated on a re mote isla nd, with little work to occupy the m, the soldie rsA B Csuffered from boredom a nd lo w spirits.C12 If the le tter to be mailed was placed o n the writing table a n ho ur ago, it is ce rtainA B Cbeing there now.D13 The ruling party co uld eve n lose its majority in the lo wer ho use o f parlia ment, started aA B Cperiod of p rolonged struggling.D14 The mecha nisms a t wo rk are ma nifest in the te ndency for such physical activity to utilizeA B Cthe po tential harmful constituents o f the stress respo nse.D15 In the long run, ho weve r, this hurry to shed full time staff may be more harmful toA B Cind ustry as it is to the workfo rce.D16 See to it tha t you include in the e xamina tion paper wha tever questio ns they didn t kno wA B Cthe a nswer last time.D17 Most ne wspapers, while devo ting the major part o f its space to recent events, usuallyA Bmanage to find room on the inside pages for articles o n so me inte resting topics.C D18 One sig n by which you a re making p rogress in an a rt such as painting orphotog raphy isA Bthat yo u begin to realize ho w much the re is to learn.C D19 The ideal liste ner stays bo th inside a nd o utside the music a t the mome nt it is played andAenjoying it almost as much as the co mposer a t the mome nt he composes.B C D20 Continued e xposure to stress has been linked to wo rsened functio ning of the immuneA Bsystem, leaving a perso n more liable fo r infectio n.C DSectio n CDirections:Beneath each o f the follo wing se ntences, the re fo ur choices marked［A］，［B］，［C］and［D］.Choose the o ne that best comple tes the se ntenec. Ma rk yo ur answe r o n ANSWER SH EET 1 by blacke ning the corresponding le tter in the brackets with a pencil.(10 points)21.He spoke so___ that even his opponents were wo n ove r by his arg ume nts.［A］bluntly ［B］co nvincingly［C］e mpha tically ［D］de terminedly22.France's ____o f nuclear testing in the So uth Pacific last month trigg ered political debates and mass demo nstra tio ns.［A］assumptio n ［B］co nsump tio n［C］p resump tion ［D］resump tio n23.T he 215-page ma nuscrip t, circulated to p ublishers last October,____ a n outb urst o f interest.［A］fla red ［B］glittered［C］sparked［D］flashed24.His effo rts to bring abo ut a reco ncilia tio n betwee n the two Pa rties_____.［A］came o ff ［B］ca me o n［C］ca me round［D］ca me do wn25.T he syste m was redesigned to emb race the ne two rk a nd eventually____ it in a profitable directio n.［A］adapt ［B］control［C］install ［D］steer26.T he capital inte nded to b roaden the expo rt base a nd____efficiency gains from interna tio nal trade was cha nneled instead into unecono mic import substitution.［A］secure ［B］e xte nd［C］de fend［D］possess27.It is anno unced that a walle t has been fo und a nd ca n be____ at the ma nager's o ffice. ［A］declared ［B］obtained［C］reclaimed［D］recognized28.Whe n I___ my senses, I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room, with Grand ma bending over me.［A］woke up ［B］took to［C］picked up［D］ca me to29.T he America n socie ty is___ an exceedingly shaky founda tion of na tural reso urces, which is connected with the possibility of a wo rse ning e nvironment.［A］established o n ［B］a ffilia ted to［C］o riginated fro m ［D］incorpora ted with30.I am not_____ with my roomma te but I have to sha re the room with her, because I have no where else to live.［A］concerned［B］co mpatible［C］co nsidera te［D］complied31.At first, the____ o f colo r pictures over a long dista nce seemed impossible, b ut, with painstaking effo rts a nd a t grea t expe nse, it became a reality.［A］transactio n ［B］transmission［C］transfo rma tio n ［D］tra nsitio n32.Whe n the committee_____ to de tails, the proposed pla n see med impractical.［A］got down ［B］se t about［C］we nt o ff ［D］ca me up33.____to so me pa rts o f So uth America is still d ifficult, because parts of the contine nt are still covered with thick forests.［A］Orie ntatio n ［B］Access［C］Procession ［D］Voyage34.Mr Smith had an unusual_____: he was first a n office cle rk, the a sailor, a nd ended up as a school teacher.［A］professio n ［B］occupation［C］positio n [D］ca reer35.T he mayor is a woma n with g reat____ a nd there fo re deserves our political and financial support.［A］inte ntion ［B］instinct［C］integrity ［D］inte nsity36.T he English wea the r defies forecast a nd he nce is a so urce o f inte res t____ to eve ryone. ［A］specula tion ［B］attrib ution［C］utiliza tio n ［D］propositio n37.T he fact tha t the golden eagle usually builds its nest o n so me hig h cliffs___ it almost impossible to obtain the eggs or the yo ung birds.［A］re nders ［B］reckons［C］regards ［D］rela tes38.To imp ress a future e mployer, one should dress neatly be____, a nd display in the job.［A］swift ［B］instant［C］timely ［D］p unctual39.You don't have to install this radio in yo ur ne w car, it's a n_____ e xtra.［A］excessive［B］op tio nal［C］additional ［D］a rbitra ry40.We we re pleased to no te tha t the ea rly mo rning delive ry didn't______ to the traffic jam of the busy city.［A］aid ［B］a mo unt［C］add［D］attrib utePartⅡClo ze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in follo wing passage, the re a re fo ur choices ma rked［A］,［B］,［C］a nd［D］.Choose the best o ne a nd mark your answe r o n ANSW ER SHEET 1 by blackening the co rresponding le tte r in the b rackets with a pe ncil.(10 points)If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap be tween his consumptio n and his prod uction. He must store a la rge q uantity o f g rain 41 consuming all his grain immediately. He can co ntinue to suppo rt himself and his family 42 he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed fo r so wing, as a n insurance43 the unpredictable e ffects o f bad weather a nd as a co mmodity which he must sell in orde r to 44 old ag ricultural impleme nts a nd ob tain chemical fertilizers to 45 the soil. He may also need mo ney to co nstruct irrigation 46 a nd imp rove his fa rm in o the r ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer canno t be 47 . He must eithe r sell some o f his property o r 48 e xtra funds in the from o f loans. Naturally he will try to borro w money a t a lo w 49 o f interest, but loans o f this kind are not 50 ob tainable.41.［A］o the r tha n ［B］as well as ［C］instead of ［D］more than42.［A］only if ［B］much as ［C］long befo re［D］ever since43.［A］for ［B］against ［C］suppleme nt ［D］dispose44.［A］replace［B］p urchase［C］suppleme nt ［D］dispose45.［A］enha nce［B］mix ［C］feed ［D］raise46.［A］vessels ［B］routes ［C］pa ths ［D］cha nnels47.［A］self-co nfident ［B］self-sufficie nt［C］self-satisfied ［D］self-restrained48.［A］search ［B］save［C］o ffer ［D］seek49.［A］proportio n ［B］pe rcentage ［C］ra te［D］ra tio50.［A］genuinely ［B］obvio usly［C］presumably ［D］freq uentlyPart ⅢReading Comp rehe nsio nDirections:Each o f the passages below is follo wed by so me q uestio ns. For each questio n there are four answe rs marked［A］，［B］［C］and［D］.Read the passages carefully a nd choosethe best answe r to each of the questio ns. The n ma rk yo ur answe r on ANSW ER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding le tter in the bracke ts with a pencil.(40points)Passage 1A histo ry o f lo ng a nd e ffortless success can be a dread ful ha ndicap, b ut, if p roperly handled, it may become a driving force. W he n the U nited Sta tes e ntered just such a glowing period a fter the end o f the Second World Wa r, it had a ma rket eig ht ties la rger than any co mpetitor, giving its industries unparalleled econo mies o f scale. Its scie ntists we re the wo rld's best, its wo rke rs the most skilled. America and America ns were prosperous beyond the dreams o f the Europeans a nd Asia ns whose economies the wa r had destroyed.It was inevitable that this p rimacy sho uld have narro wed as o the r countries gre w richer. Just as inevitably, the re trea t from p redominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had fo und themselves at a loss ove r their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge Ame rican ind ustries, such as consumer electro nics, had shrunk or vanished in the face o f foreig n compe tition. By 1987 there was only one Ame rican televisio n maker left, Ze nith.(No w the re is no ne: Zenith was boug ht by So uth Ko rea's LG Electro nics in July.)Fo reign-made cars and te xtiles were sweeping into the do mestic marke t America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as tho ugh the making o f semicond uctors, which America had which sat a t the hea rt of the new co mpute r age, was going to be the ne xt casualty.All o f this caused a crisis o f confide nce. America ns stopped taking p rosperity for g ra nte d. They began to believe that their way o f doing b usiness was failing, a nd tha t their incomes wo uld there fore sho rtly begin to fall as well. T he mid-1980s bro ught o ne inq uiry a fter anothe r into the ca uses of America's industrial decline. Their some times se nsatio nal findings we re filled with warnings about the gro wing co mpetition fro m overseas.How things have cha nged! In 1995 the U nited Sta tes ca n look back on five years o f solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Fe w Ame rica ns a ttribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning o f the business cycle. Self-doub t has yielded to blind p ride." Ame rican ind ustry has cha nged its structure, has gone o n a die t, has learnt to be more q uick-witted," according to Richard Cava nagh, e xe cutive dean o f Harvard's Ke nnedy School o f Government," It makes me p roud to be a n America n just to see ho w o ur b usinesses a re imp roving their p roductivity, says Stephe n Moore o f the Ca to Institute, a think-ta nk in Washing ton, D C. And W illia m Sahlma n o f the Harva rd Business School believes tha t people will look back o n this period as" a golden age of business manageme nt in the U nited Sta tes."51.T he U.S.achieved its p redominance a fte r World Wa r Ⅱbecause_____ .［A］it had made painstaking effo rts to wa rds this goal［B］its domestic marke t was eig ht times large r than be fore［C］the wa r had destroyed the econo mies of most po tential compe titors［D］the unparalleled size o f its workforce had give n a n impetus to its econo my52.T he loss o f U.S. p redominance in the wo rld econo my in the 1980s is manifested in the fact tha t the America n_____ .［A］TV ind ustry had withdra wn to its domestic marke t［B］semico nducto r ind ustry had been taken over by fo reign e nterp rises［C］machine-tool ind ustry had collapsed a fter suicidal actions［D］auto ind ustry had lost part of its domestic ma rket53.Wha t can be infe rred fro m the passage?［A］It is huma n na ture to shift betwee n self-doub t and blind p ried.［B］Inte nse compe titio n may contrib ute to eco nomic p rogress.［C］The revival o f the econo my depends o n inte rna tio nal cooperatio n.［D］A lo ng histo ry of success may pave the way fo r furthe r development.54.T he author see ms to believe the revival o f the U.S. econo my in the 1990s can be attrib uted to the____ .［A］turning o f the business cycle［B］restruc turing o f ind ustry［C］improved business ma nagement［D］success in ed ucatio nPassage 2Being a man has always been da ngerous. T here a re abo ut 105 males born for eve ry 100 females, but this ra tio drops to near balance a t the age o f ma turity, a nd a mong 70-year-olds the re a re twice as ma ny wome n as me n. But the g reat universal o f male mortality is being changed. No w, by babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, fo r the first time, the re will be an e xcess o f boys in those crucial years whe n the are searching fo r a ma te. More important, ano ther cha nce fo r na tural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the cha nce o f a baby(particula rly a boy baby)surviving depended on its weig ht. A kilog ram too lig ht o r too heavy mea nt almost ce rtain death. Today it makes almost no differe nce. Since much of the va riation is due to genes one more agent o f evolutio n has gone.There is ano ther way to commit evolutiona ry suicide: stay alive, b ut have fe wer child ren. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Excep t in some religious communities, ve ry fe w wo men has 15 childre n. Nowadays the number o f births, like the age of dea th, has become average. Most o f us have ro ughly the same number o f offsp ring. Again, differe nces betwee n people and the opportunity for na tura l selectio n to take advantage o f it have diminished. India sho ws what is happening. The co untry o ffers wealth fo r a fe w in the g reat cities a nd poverty for the re maining tribal peoples. The g ra nd mediocrity o f today everyone being the same in survival a nd number of o ffspring mea ns tha t natural selectio n has lost 80% of its po wer in upper-middle-class India compa red to the tribes.For us, this mea ns that evolutio n is over; the biological U topia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little p hysical change No o ther species fills so ma ny places in nature. But in the pass 100,000 years even the pass 100year o ur lives have been transfo rmed but our bodies have no t. We did no t evolve, because machines a nd socie ty did it for us. Da rwin had a phrase to describe those igno rant o f evolutio n: they "look at a n o rganic being as average looks at a ship, as a t some thing wholly beyond his co mpre hension." No do ubt we will reme mber a 20th ce ntury way o f life beyond comp rehe nsio n fo r its ugliness. Butho wever a mazed o ur desce ndants may be at ho w fa r from U topia we we re, they will look just like us.55.Wha t used to be the danger in being a ma n acco rding to the first paragrap h?［A］A lack o f ma tes.［B］A fierce co mpetition.［C］A lo we r survival ra te.［D］A de fective gene.56.Wha t does the e xample o f India illustra te?［A］Wealthy people tend to have fe wer child ren than poor people.［B］Natural selectio n ha rdly wo rks amo ng the rich and the poor.［C］The middle class popula tio n is 80% smaller than that o f the tribes.［D］India is o ne o f the countries with a very hig h birth ra te.57.T he a uthor arg ues tha t o ur bodies have stopped evolving beca use____ .［A］life has bee n imp roved by technological advance［B］the number of fe male babies has bee n declining［C］o ur species has reached the hig hest stage o f evolutio n［D］the diffe rence betwee n wealth and poverty is disappearing58.Which o f the follo wing wo uld be the best title for the passage?［A］Sex Ra tio n Cha nges in H uman Evolutio n［B］Ways o f Co ntinuing Ma n's Evolutio n［C］The Evolutio nary Future o f Nature［D］Human Evolutio n Going No whe rePassage 3Whe n a ne w move ment in art a ttains a certain fashio n, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, fo r, howeve r farfe tched a nd unreasonable their p rinciples may seem today, it is possible tha t i n yea rs to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, ho wever, the case is ra ther difficult, for wha tever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theo ry o n which it is based may be right, it can hardly be classed as Litera ture.This, in brie f, is wha t the Futurist says; for a noise a nd violence and speed. Co nseque ntly, our feelings, thoug hts a nd e mo tions have undergone a co rrespo nding change. T his speeding up o f life, says the Futurist, requires a ne w form o f e xpressio n. We must speed up our lite rature too, if we want to interp ret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream o f essential wo rds, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, o f finite verbs. Instead of describing so unds we must make up wo rds tha t imita te the m; we must use many sizes of type and differe nt colored inks on the sa me page, and sho rten o r le ng the n wo rds a t will.Ce rtainly their descrip tio ns of ba ttles are co nfused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explana tory notes tha t a ce rtain line describes a fig ht be tween a Turkish and a Bulgaria n officer o n a b ridge o ff which they both fall into the river a nd the n to find that the line consists of the noise o f their falling and the weig hts o f the officers:` Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eig hty-five kilogra ms.'This, tho ug h it fulfills the la ws a nd req uireme nts o f Futurist poetry, ca n hardly be classed as Litera ture. All the sa me, no thinking ma n ca n refuse to accep t their first p roposition: that a g reat cha nge in our e motional life calls for a cha nge o f e xpressio n. The whole questio n is really this: have we esse ntially cha nged?59.T his passage is mainly____ .［A］a survey o f ne w approaches to art［B］a review o f Futurist poetry［C］about merits o f the Futurist movement［D］about la ws and req uireme nts o f litera ture60.Whe n a novel litera ry idea appers, people should try to_____ .［A］determine its p urposes［B］igno re its fla ws［C］follo w the ne w fashio ns［D］accept the p rinciples61.Futurists claim tha t we must____ .［A］increase the p roductio n of lite rature［B］use poetry to relieve modern stress［C］develop ne w modes o f exp ression［D］avoid using adjectives and verbs62.T he a uthor believes that Futurist poetry is_____ .［A］based on reasonable principles［B］ne w and acceptable to ordinary people［C］indica tive o f basic cha nge in huma n na ture［D］more of a tra nsie nt p heno meno n tha n litera turePassage 4Aimlessness has ha rdly been typical o f the postwar Japan whose productivity a nd social harmony a re the e nvy o f the U nited Sta tes a nd Europe. But increasingly the Japa nese a re seeing a decline o f the traditio nal wo rk-mo ral values. Ten years ago young people were hard wo rking a nd sa w their jobs as their prima ry reason fo r being, b ut no w Japan has largely fulfilled its eco nomic needs, a nd young people don't kno w whe re they shoul d go ne xt.The co ming o f age o f the postwa r baby boom a nd a n entry o f wome n into the male-domina ted job ma rket have limited the opportunities o f tee n-agers who a re already questio ning the heavy perso nal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools a nd jobs. In a recent survey, it was fo und that only 24.5 perce nt o f Japanese students were fully sa tisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 pe rcent o f students in the United Sta tes. In addition, fa r mo re Japanese wo rkers e xp ress ed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their co unte rparts in the10 othe r co untries surveyed.While o ften p raised by foreig ners fo r its emp hasis o n the basics, Japanese ed ucatio n tends to stress test taking a nd mecha nical learning over crea tivity a nd self-e xp ression." Those things that do no t sho w up in the test scores pe rsonality, ability, courage orhuma nity a re comple tely ig nored," says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman o f the ruling Liberal Democra tic Pa rty's educa tion committee." Frustra tion against this ki nd o f thing leads kids to drop out a nd run wild." Last year Japa n expe rienced2,125 incide nts o f school violence, including929 assaults o n teache rs. Amid the o utcry, ma ny conse rva tive leaders are seeking a re turn to the p rewa r emp hasis on moral educa tio n. Last year Mitsuo Se toyama, who was then educa tion ministe r, raised eyebrows when he a rgued that liberal re forms introduced by the Ame rican occupa tion a uthorities a fter World WarⅡhad weakened the "Japanese mo rality o f respect fo r pa rents."But tha t may have more to do with Japa nese life-stvles." In Japan," says educa tor Yoko Muro, "it's never a questio n of whe the r you e njoy your job a nd your life, b ut only ho w much yo u ca n end ure." W ith econo mic gro wth has come ce ntraliza tio n; fully 76 perce nt o f Japan's 119 million citize ns live in cities where co mmunity and the e xte nded fa mily have been abando ned in favor o f isolated, two ge nera tio n ho useholds. U rban Japanese have long e ndured leng thy co mmutes(travels to a nd from wo rk)a nd cro wded living conditions, but as the old gro up a nd family values weake n, the disco mfo rt is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divo rce ra te, while still we ll belo w tha t o f the U nited States, has increased by more tha n 50 perce nt, a nd suicides have increased by nearly one-q uarter.63.In the Westerne r's eyes, the postwa r Japan was_____ .［A］under aimless developme nt［B］a positive e xample［C］a rival to the West［D］on the decline64.According to the a utho r, wha t may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline o f Japanese society?［A］Wome n's participatio n in social activities is limited.［B］More wo rkers are dissatisfied with their jobs.［C］Excessive emp hasis his bee n placed o n the basics.［D］The life-style has been influe nced by Western values.65.Which o f the follo wing is true according to the a utho r?［A］Japanese educa tio n is p raised for helping the yo ung climb the social ladder［B］Japanese educa tio n is cha racte rized by mecha nical learning as well as creativity.［C］More stress should be placed o n the cultiva tion o f crea tivity.［D］Dropping out leads to frustratio n against test taking.66.T he c ha nge in Japanese Life-style is revealed in the fact tha t____ .［A］the young a re less tolera nt of discomfo rts in the fact tha t_____ .［B］the divorce ra te in Japan e xceeds that in the U.S.［C］the Japanese end ure more tha n ever befo re［D］the Japanese appreciate their p resent lifePassage 5If ambition is to be well regarded, the re wards o f ambition health, distinction, co ntrol over one's destiny must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made o n ambitio n's be half. If thetraditio n o f a mbition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; a nd it especially must be hig hly regarded by people who are the mselves admired, the ed uca ted no t least a mong them. In a n odd way, Ho wever, it is the educa ted who have claimed to have give up o n have give up on a mbition as a n ideal. Wha t is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited fro m a mbition-if no t always their o wn the that o f their pare nts a nd gra ndparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the ba rn door a fter the horses have escaped with the educa ted themselves riding on them.Ce rtainly people do no t seem less interested in success a nd its signs now tha n fo rme rly. Summe r ho mes, European travel, BMWs. The locations, place names and na me b rands may change, but such items do no t seem less in dema nd today tha n a decade or two years ago. W ha t has happened is tha t people ca nnot confess fully to their drea ms, as easily and ope nly as once they could, lest they be thoug ht p ushing, acquisitive a nd vulgar. Instead, we are trea ted to fine hypocritical spectacles, which no w mo re tha n ever seem in ample supply: the critic o f America n ma terialism with a So uthamp ton summer home; the publisher o f radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaura nts; the journalist advocating participato ry democracy in all p ha ses o f life, whose o wn child ren a re e nrolled in priva te schools. Fo r such people and many more perhaps no t so e xceptio nal, the proper fo rmula tio n is," Succeed a t all costs b ut avoid appearing ambitio us."The a ttacks o n a mbitio n a re ma ny a nd co me from va rio us a ngles; its p ublic defe nders are fe w a nd unimpressive, whe re the a re not e xtre mely una ttractive. As a result, the support for ambitio n as a healthy imp ulse, a quality to be admired a nd fixed in the mind o f the young, is p robably lo wer than it has eve r b een in the U nited Sta tes. This does not mean that a mbitio n is a t an e nd, tha t people no lo nger feel its stirrings a nd p romp tings, but o nly that, no lo nger ope nly hono red, it is less openly unde rgro und, o r made sly. Such, the n, is the way things sta nd: o n the le ft a ng ry critics, o n the right stupid supporters, a nd in the middle, as usual, the majority o f earnest people trying to get o n in life.67.It is gene rally believed tha t ambitio n may be well regarded if _____.［A］its re turns we ll co mpensa te fo r the sacrifices［B］it is re warded with money, fa me a nd powe r［C］its goals a re spiritual ra ther tha n ma te rial［D］it is shared by the rich a nd the famo us68.T he last se nte nce o f the first pa ragraph most p robably implies tha t it is____ .［A］custo mary of the ed ucated to discard ambition in words［B］too late to check ambitio n o nce it has been let o ut［C］dishonest to de ny a mbition a fter the fulfillme nt o f the goal［D］impractical for the ed ucated to e njoy be nefits from ambitio n69.Some people do not openly admit they have ambitio n beca use____ .［A］they think o f it as immo ral［B］their p ursuits a re no t fa me o r wealth［C］a mbition is not closely rela ted to ma te rial be ne fits［D］they do no t wa nt to appear greedy a nd contemp tible70.From the last paragrap h the co nclusion can be dra wn tha t a mbition sho uld be maintained_____ .。
考研英语一2000真题
考研英语一2000真题Over the years, the Graduate Entrance Examination (commonly known as the "gaokao") has been a topic of great importance and controversy in China. This national test, taken by millions of Chinese students each year, is a crucial determinant of their academic future. In recent years, however, there has been a growing debate over its effectiveness and fairness. This article aims to explore the pros and cons of the gaokao and provide an analysis of the 2000 English exam for the graduate entrance examination.Section 1: Introduction to the GaokaoThe gaokao is a standardized exam that assesses students' knowledge and skills in various academic subjects, including Chinese, math, English, and sciences. It plays a significant role in determining students' admission to universities and colleges in China. This rigorous exam is seen as a crucial step towards achieving a successful career and social mobility.Section 2: Pros of the GaokaoOne major advantage of the gaokao is that it provides a fair and equal opportunity for all students. Regardless of their background or location, every student is evaluated on the same set of criteria, ensuring that the admissions process is merit-based. Additionally, the gaokao helps identify talented students who may come from disadvantaged backgrounds, giving them a chance to pursue higher education and improve their socio-economic status.Another advantage of the gaokao is that it encourages students to work hard and strive for academic excellence. The competitive nature of the exammotivates students to study diligently and acquire a comprehensive knowledge base. This dedication and commitment to academic success can be valuable traits that contribute to their future careers.Section 3: Cons of the GaokaoDespite its merits, the gaokao also faces criticism for several reasons. Firstly, the heavy reliance on the exam places immense pressure on students, leading to high stress levels and psychological issues. The emphasis on rote memorization and regurgitation of information may hinder students' creativity and critical thinking skills, as they focus solely on exam-oriented learning rather than holistic education.Moreover, the gaokao's single assessment method fails to measure students' skills and talents in non-academic areas, such as sports, arts, and leadership. This narrow focus on academic performance may not accurately reflect students' overall capabilities, potentially leading to missed opportunities for those with exceptional talents outside of the academic realm.Section 4: Analysis of the 2000 English ExamThe 2000 English exam for the gaokao consisted of multiple-choice questions and a writing section. It aimed to assess students' English proficiency, including their listening, reading, writing, and translation skills. The exam covered various topics, such as environmental protection, cultural diversity, and social issues.The multiple-choice section tested students' comprehension abilities and their understanding of grammar and vocabulary. It required students to readpassages and answer questions based on the information provided. The writing section assessed students' ability to express their thoughts and opinions, as well as their English writing skills.Overall, the 2000 English exam was a comprehensive assessment of students' English abilities. It aimed to evaluate their language proficiency and their comprehension of different topics. By analyzing the exam, educators and policymakers could gain insights into areas that may require improvement in the English education system.Section 5: ConclusionThe gaokao is a complex and multifaceted examination that has both advantages and disadvantages. While it provides opportunities for students from all backgrounds to pursue higher education based on merit, it also places immense pressure on students and may limit their holistic development. The analysis of the 2000 English exam highlights the importance of continuous evaluation and improvement of the gaokao to ensure its relevance and effectiveness in the ever-changing educational landscape.。
2000年考研英语1真题
2000年考研英语1真题Section I Structure and V ocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times 1979.[A]from[B]after[C]for[D]sincethe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose [D].1.As I’ll be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate 1 from you now and then telling melow everyone is getting along.[A]hearing[B]to hear[C]to be hearing[D]having heard2.Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, 2 to find it locked.[A]just[B]only[C]hence[D]thus3.Doctors see a connection between increase amounts of leisure time spent 3 and theincreased number of cases of skin cancer.[A]to sunbathe[B]to have sunbathed[C]having sunbathed[D]sunbathing4.Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods, you are not entitled4 a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery.[A]to[B]with[C]for[D]on5.on a rainy day I was driving north through V ermont 5 I noticed a young man holdingup a sign reading “Boston”.[A]which[B]where[C]when[D]that6.Chrisite stared angrily at her boss and turned away, as though 6 out of the office.[A]went[B]gone[C]to go[D]would go7.The roles expected 7 old people in such a setting give too few psychologicalsatisfactions for normal happiness.[A]of[B]on[C]to[D]with8.Talk to anyone in the drug industry, 8 you’ll soon discover that the science ofgenetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.[A]or[B]and[C]for[D]so9.it wasn’t so much that I disliked her 9 that I just wasn’t interested in the wholebusiness.[A]rather[B]so[C]than[D]as10.Countless divorced politicians would have elected out of office years ago had they eventhough of a divorce, let alone 10 one.[A]getting[B]to get[C]gotten[D]getPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)”Example:A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition, which [C] they saw [D] many new products.Answer [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition, where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].11.Having isolated on a remote island, with little work to occupy them, the soldiers suffered fromboredom and low spirits.12.If the letter to be mailed was placed on the writing table an hour ago, it is certain being therenow.13.The ruling party could even love its majority in the lower house of parliament, started a periodof prolonged struggling.14.The mechanisms at work are manifest in the tendency for such physical activity to utilize thepotential harmful constituents of the stress response.15.In the long run, however, this hurry to shed full-time staff may be more harmful to industry asit is to the workforce.16.See to it that you include in the examination paper whatever questions they didn’t know theanswer last time.17.Most newspapers, while devoting the major part of its space to recent events, usually manageto find room on the inside pages for articles on some interesting topics.18.One sign by which you are making progress in an art such as painting or photography is thatyou begin to realize how much there is to learn.19.The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played andenjoying it almost as much as the computer at the moment he composes.20.Continued exposure to stress has been linked to worsened functioning of the immune system,leaving a person more liable for infection.Part CBeneath each of the following sentences, there four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found in the woods off the highway.[A]vanished[B]scattered[C]abandoned[D]rejectedthe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C].21.He spoke so 21 that even his opponents were won over by his arguments.[A]bluntly[B]convincingly[C]emphatically[D]determinedly22.France’s 22 of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered politicaldebates and mass demonstrations.[A]assumption[B]consumption[C]presumption[D]resumption23.The 216-page manuscript, circulated to publishers last October, 23 and outburst ofinterest.[A]flared[B]glittered[C]sparked[D]flashed24.His efforts to bring about a reconciliation between the two Parties 24 .[A]came off[B]came on[C]came round[D]came down25.The system was redesigned to embrace the network and eventually 25 it in a profitabledirection.[A]adapt[B]control[C]install[D]steer26.The capital intended to broaden the export base and 27 efficiency gains frominternational trade was channeled instead into uneconomic import substitution[A]secure[B]extend[C]defend[D]possess27.It is announced that a wallet has been found and can be 27 at the manager’s office.[A]declared[B]obtained[C]reclaimed[D]recognized28.When I 28 my senses, I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room, withGrandma bending over me.[A]woke up[B]took to[C]picked up[D]came to29.The American society is 29 an exceedingly shaky foundation of natural resources,which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment.[A]established[B]affiliated to[C]originated from[D]incorporated with30.I am not 30 with my roommate but I have to share the room with her, because I havenowhere else to live.[A]concerned[B]compatible[C]considerate[D]complied31.At first, the 31 of color pictures over a long distance seemed impossible, but, withpainstaking efforts and at great expense, it became a reality.[A]transaction[B]transmission[C]transformation[D]transition32.When the committee 32 to details, the proposed plan seemed impratcital.[A]got down[B]set about[C]went off[D]came up33.33 to some parts of South America is still difficult, because parts of the continent arestill covered with thick forests.[A]Orientation[B]Access[C]Procession[D]Voyage34.Mr. Smith had an unusual 34 : he was first an office clerk, then a sailor, and ended up asa school teacher.[A]profession[B]occupation[C]position[D]career35.The mayor is a woman with great 35 and therefore deserves our political and financialsupport.[A]intention[B]instinct[C]integrity[D]intensity36.The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest 36 to everyone.[A]speculation[B]attribution[C]utilization[D]proposition37.The fact that the golden eagle usually builds its nest on some high cliffs 37 it almostimpossible to obtain the eggs or the young birds.[A]renders[B]reckons[C]regards[D]relates38.To impress a future employer, one should dress neatly, be 38 , and display interest in thejob.[A]swift[B]instant[C]timely[D]punctual39.You don’t have to install this radio in your new car, it’s an 39 extra.[A]excessive[B]optional[C]additional[D]arbitrary40.We were pleased to note that the early morning delivery didn’t 40 to the traffic jam ofthe busy city.[A]aid[B]amount[C]add[D]attributeSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)If a farmer wishes to successes, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain 41 consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family 42 he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 43 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 44 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 45 the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation 46 and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 47 . He must either sell some of his property or 48 extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 49 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 50 obtainable.41.A. other than B. as well as C. instead of D. more than42.A. only if B. much as C. long before D. ever since43.A. for B. against C. of D. towards44.A. replace B. purchase C. supplement D. dispose45.A. enhance B. mix C. feed D. raise46.A. vessels B. routes C. paths D. channels47.A. self-confident B. self-sufficient C. self-satisfied D. self-restrained48.A. search B. save C. offer D. seek49.A. proportion B. percentage C. rate D. ratio50.A. genuinely B. obviously C. presumably D. frequentlySection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passage below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answer marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving itsindustries uparalleled economies of scale. Its scientist were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of improving their productivity,”says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United State.”51.The U. S. achieved its predominance after World War II because.[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal.[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before.[C] the war had destroyed the economies of post potential competitors.[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy52.The loss of U. S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the factthat the American.[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market.[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises.[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions.[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market.53.What can be inferred from the passage?[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.54.The author seems to believe the revival of the U. S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed tothe.[A] turning of the business cycle.[B] restructuring of industry.[C] improved business management.[D] success in education.Text 2Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changes. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another change chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India show what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today – everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring – means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over, the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the pass 100,000 years – even the pass 100 years – our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they ‘look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.” No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.55.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?[A] A lack of mates.[B] A fierce competition.[C] A lower survival rate.[D] A defective gene.56.What does the example of India illustrate?[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children that poor people.[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.57.The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because.[A] life has been improved by technological advance.[B] the number of female babies has been declining.[C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution.[D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing.58.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?[A] Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.[B] Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution.[C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature.[D] Human Evolution Going Nowhere.TEXT 3When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out that its advocates are aiming at, for , however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it I possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be – even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right – it can hardly be classed as Literature.This, in brief, is what the Futurist says; for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till no we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up works that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks to on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river – and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “ Pluff! Pluff! A hundreds and eight-five kilogram s.”This, thoug it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no think man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?59.This passage is mainly.[A] a survey of new approaches to art.[B] a review of Futurist poetry.[C] about merits of the Futurist movement.[D] about laws and requirements of literature.60.When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to.[A] determine its purposes.[B] ignore its flaws.[C] follow the new fashions.[D] accept the principles.61.Futurists claim that we must.[A] increase the production of literature.[B] use poetry to relieve modern stress.[C] develop new modes of expression.[D] avoid using adjectives and verbs.62.The author believes that Futurist poetry is.[A] based on reasonable principles.[B] new and acceptable to ordinary people.[C] indicative of basic change in human nature.[D] more of a transient phenomenon than literature.Text 4Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.63.In the Westerner’s eyes, the postwar Japan was.[A] under aimless development.[B] a positive example.[C] a rival to the world.[D] on the decline64.According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanesesociety?[A] Women’s participation in social activities is limited.[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.65.Which of the following is true according to the author?[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.66.The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that.[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life.[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before.[D] the Japanese appreciate their present life.Text 5If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition – wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny – must deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition –if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped – with the educated themselves riding on them.Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs – the locations, place names and name brands may has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to finehypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the supports for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it was ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.67.It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if.[A]Its returns well compensate for the sacrifices.[B]It is rewarded with money, fame and power.[C]Its goals are spiritual rather than material.[D]It is shared by the rich and the famous.68.The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is.[A]Customary of the educated to discard ambition in words.[B]Too late to check ambition once it has been let out.[C]Dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal.[D]Impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition.69.Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because.[A]They think of it as immoral.[B]Their pursuits are not fame or wealth.[C]Ambition is not closely related to material benefits.[D]They do not want to appear greedy and contemptible.70.From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained.[A]Secretly and vigorously.[B]Openly and enthusiastically.[C]Easily and momentarily.[D]Verbally and spiritually.Section IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economics and operational research experts. 72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with thee efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. Italso means that governments are increasingly compelled to interface in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interface in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while government are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization – with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed –was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements – themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.Section V Writing76. Directions:[A]Study the following two pictures carefully and write an easy of at least 150 words.[B]Your essay must be written neatly ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)[C]Your essay should meet the requirements below:1.Describe the pictures.2.Deduce the purpose of the drawer in the pictures.3.Suggest counter-measure.。
2000年考研真题(英一)
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不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
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超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
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5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名Section I Use of EnglishDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain 1 consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family 2 he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance_3_the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 4 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to_5_the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation-----2 _and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 7 . He must either sell some of his property or 8 extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low_9 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable.1.[A J other than[BJ as well as [CJ instead of [DJ more than2.[A J only if[BJ much as [CJ long before [DJ ever smce3.[AJ for[BJ against [CJ of [DJ towards4.[A J replace[BJ purchase [CJ supplement [DJ dispose5.[AJ enhance[BJ mlX [CJ feed [DJ raise6.[A J vessels[BJ routes [CJ paths [DJ channels7.[AJ self-confident[BJ self-sufficient [CJ self-satisfied [DJ self-restrained8.[A J search[BJ save [CJ offer [DJ seek9.[A J proportion[BJ percentage [CJ rate [DJ ratio10.[A J genuinely[BJ obviously [CJ presumably [DJ frequentlySection II Reading ComprehensionPartADirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. ( 40 points)Text 1A histo ry of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best; its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of forei gn competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.) Forei gn-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine-tool indust ry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. T he mid-1980s brought one inqui ry after another into the causes of America' s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard' s Kennedy School of Government. "It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,"says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States."11.The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because ____ _[A]it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal.[ B]its domestic market was eight times larger than before.[ C]the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors.[ D]the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy.12.The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American -----[A]TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market.[ B]semiconductor industry had been taken over by forei gn enterprises.[ C]machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions.[ D]auto industry had lost part of its domestic market.13.What can be inferred from the passage?[A]It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.[B]Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.[ C]The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.[ D]A long history of success may pave the way for further development.14.The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the ___ _[A]turning of the business cycle[ B]restructuring of industry[ C]improved business management[ D]success in educationText2Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today-everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring-means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived.Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the past 100, 000 years-even the past 100 years-our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they " l ook at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension. "No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.15.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?[A]A lack of mates.[ B]A fierce competition.[ C]A lower survival rate.[D]A defective gene.16.What does the example of India illustrate?[A]Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.[ B]Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.[ C]The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.[ D]India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.17.The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because ____ _[A]life has been improved by technological advance[ B]the number of female babies has been declining[ C]our species has reached the highest stage of evolution[ D]the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing18.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?[A]Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.[BJ Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution.[ C]The Evolutionary Future of N ature.[ D]Human Evolution Going N owhere.Text3When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be -even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right-it can hardly be classed as Literature.This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed.Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modem stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river -and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: "Pluff1 Pluff1 A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?19.This passage is mainly ____ _[A]a survey of new approaches to art[ B]a review of Futurist poetry[ C]about merits of the Futurist movement[ D]about laws and requirements of literature20.When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to ____ _[A]determine its purposes[ B]ignore its flaws[ C]follow the new fashions[ D]accept the principles21.Futurists claim that we must ____ _[A]increase the production of literature[ B]use poetry to relieve modern stress[ C]develop new modes of expression[D]avoid using adjectives and verbs22.The author believes that Futurist poetry is ____ _[A]based on reasonable principles[ B]new and acceptable to ordinary people[ C]indicative of a basic change in human nature[D]more of a transient phenomenon than literatureText 4Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't know where they should go next.The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67 .2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.While often praised by forei gn ers for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. "Those things that do not show up in the test scores-personality, ability, courage or humanity-are completely i gn ored," says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party ' s education committee. " F rustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild. " Last year Japan experienced 2, 125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. "In Japan," says educator Yoko Muro, "it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure." With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.23.In the Westerners' eyes, the postwar Japan was ____ _[A]under aimless development[BJ a positive example[ C]a rival to the West[ D]on the decline24.According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?[A]Women's participation in social activities is limited.[B]More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.[ C]Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.[D]The life-style has been influenced by Western values.25.Which of the following is true according to the author _____ ?[A]Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.[B]Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.[ C]More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.[ D]Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.26.The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that ____ _[A]the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life[B]the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.[ C]the Japanese endure more than ever before[ D]the Japanese appreciate their present lifeTextsIf ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition-wealth, distinction, control over one' s destiny-must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition -if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is a heavy note of h yp ocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped-with the educated themselves riding on them.Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs-the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine h yp ocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, "Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious."The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.27.It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if ____ _[A]its returns well compensate for the sacrifices[ B]it is rewarded with money, fame and power[ C]its goals are spiritual rather than material[ D]it is shared by the rich and the famous28.The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is ____ _[A]customary of the educated to discard ambition in words[BJ too late to check ambition once it has been let out[ C]dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal[D]impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition29.Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because ____ _[A]they think of it as immoral[ B]their pursuits are not fame or wealth[ C]ambition is not closely related to material benefits[ D]they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible30.From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained __ .[A]secretly and vigorously[ B]openly and enthusiastically[ C]easily and momentarily[ D]verbally and spirituallyPartBDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 31 ) Under modem conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 32 ) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its a gr iculture and industry, and that this in tum rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.33)Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 34 ) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 35) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass mi gr ation movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modem means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.Section III Writing36.Directions:A.Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay of at least 150 words.B.Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.C.Your essay should meet the requirements below:1 )Describe the pictures.2)Deduce the purpose of the painter of the pictures.3)Suggest counter-measures.A Brief Histor of World Commercial Fishing。
2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Part ⅠClose TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)①If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. ②He must store a large quantity of grain 1 consuming all his grain immediately.③He can continue to support himself and his family 2 he produces a surplus. ④He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 3 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 4 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 5 the soil. ⑤He may also need money to construct irrigation 6 and improve his farm in other ways. ⑥If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 7 . ⑦He must either sell some of his property or 8 extra funds in the form of loans. ⑧Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 9 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable. [139 words]1.[A] other than [B] as well as[C] instead of [D] more than2.[A] only if [B] much as[C] long before [D] ever since3.[A] for [B] against[C] of [D] towards4.[A] replace [B] purchase[C] supplement [D] dispose5.[A] enhance [B] mix[C] feed [D] raise6.[A] vessels [B] routes[C] paths [D] channels7.[A] self-confident [B] self-sufficient[C] self-satisfied [D]self-restrained8.[A] search [B] save[C] offer [D] seek9.[A] proportion [B] percentage[C] rate [D] ratio10.[A] genuinely [B] obviously[C] presumably [D] frequentlyPart ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. ②When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. ③Its scientists were the④(11)America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.①It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer.②Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. ③By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. ④Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. ⑤By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.⑥(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.)⑦(12)Foreign-machine-tool industry was on the ropes. ⑧For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.①All of this caused a crisis of confidence. ②Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. ③They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that theirincomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. ④The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. ⑤Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.①How things have changed! ②In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. ③(14)Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. ④Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. ⑤“American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. ⑥“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. ⑦And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”[429 words]11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because.[A]it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal[B]its domestic market was eight times larger than before[C]the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors[D]the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American.[A]TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market[B]semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises[C]machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions[D]auto industry had lost part of its domestic market13. What can be inferred from the passage?[A]It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.[B]Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperate[D]A long history of success may pave the way for further development.14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the.[A]turning of the business cycle[B] restructuring of industry[C] improved business management[D] success in educationPassage 2①(15)Being a man has always been dangerous. ②There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. ③But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. ④Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. ⑤This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate.⑥More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. ⑦Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving dependlight or too heavy meant almost certain death. ⑧Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.①There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children.②Few people are as fertile as in the past. ③Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. ④Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. ⑤Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. ⑥(16)Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. ⑦poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. ⑧The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. ②Strangely, it has involved little physical change. ③No other species fills so many places in nature. ④But in the past 100, 000 years—even the past 100 years—our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. ⑤(17)We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. ⑥Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”⑦No doubt we will remember a 20thdescendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.[406 words]15. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?[A] A lack of mates. [B] A fierce competition.[C] A lower survival rate. [D] A defective gene.16. What does the example of India illustrate?[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.17. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because.[A] life has been improved by technological advance[B] the number of female babies has been declining[C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution[D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing18. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?[A] Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.[B] Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution.[C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature.[D] Human Evolution Going Nowhere.Passage 3①(20)When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. ②With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature.①This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed.②Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change.③(21)This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. ④We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. ⑤We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs.⑥Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.①Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. ②But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river —and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”①(22)This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. ②All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. ③The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?[334 words]19. This passage is mainly.[A] a survey of new approaches to art[B] a review of Futurist poetry[C] about merits of the Futurist movement[D] about laws and requirements of literature20. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to.[A] determine its purposes [B] ignore its flaws[C] follow the new fashions [D] accept the principles21. Futurists claim that we must.[A] increase the production of literature[B] use poetry to relieve modern stress[C] develop new modes of expression[D] avoid using adjectives and verbs22. The author believes that Futurist poetry is.[A] based on reasonable principles[B] new and acceptable to ordinary people[C] indicative of a basic change in human nature[D] more of a transient phenomenon than literaturePassage 4①(23)Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. ②But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. ③Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.①The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into themale-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. ②In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States.③In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.①While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. ②(25)“Those things that do not show up in the test scores—personality, ability, courage or humanity—are comple tely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. ③“Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.” ④Last year Japan experienced 2，125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. ⑤Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. ⑥Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”①(26)But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. ②“In Japan,” says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whet her you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.” ③With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. ④Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. ⑤In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.[447 words]23. In the Westerners’ eyes, the postwar Japan was.[A] under aimless development [B] a positive example[C] a rival to the West [D] on the decline24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?[A] Women’s participation in social activities is limited.[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.25. Which of the following is true according to the author?[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that.[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before[D] the Japanese appreciate their present lifePassage 5①(27)If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf.②If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.③(28)In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. ④What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. ⑤There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped—with the educated themselves riding on them.①Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly.②Summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two yearsago.③(29)What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. ④Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. ⑤For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”①The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. ②As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. ③This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. ④Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. ⑤Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. [431 words]27. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if.[A] its returns well compensate for the sacrifices[B] it is rewarded with money, fame and power[C] its goals are spiritual rather than material[D] it is shared by the rich and the famous28. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is.[A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in words[B] too late to check ambition once it has been let out[C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal[D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition29. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because.[A] they think of it as immoral[B] their pursuits are not fame or wealth[C] ambition is not closely related to material benefits[D] they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible30. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained.[A] secretly and vigorously [B] openly and enthusiastically[C] easily and momentarily [D] verbally and spirituallyPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 31)Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 32)Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.33)Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 34)in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 35)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays bymodern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect. [390 words]Section ⅣWriting(15 points)36.Directions:A. Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay of at least 150 words.B. Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:1)Describe the pictures.2)Deduce the purpose of the painter of the pictures.3)Suggest counter-measures.2000年英语试题答案Part ⅠCloze Test1. C2. A3. B4. A5. C6. D7. B8.D9. C 10. DPart ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 111. C 12. D 13.B 14. APassage 215.C 16.B 17.A 18.DPassage 319.B 20.A 21.C 22.DPassage 423.B 24.D 25.C 26.APassage 527.A 28.C 29.D 30.BPart Ⅲ English-Chinese Translation31.在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的集中控制措施，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域的专家的协助。
2000年考研英语1真题
2000年考研英语1真题Section I Structure and V ocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times 1979.[A]from[B]after[C]for[D]sincethe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose [D].1.As I’ll be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate 1 from you now and thentelling me low everyone is getting along.[A]hearing[B]to hear[C]to be hearing[D]having heard2.Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, 2 to find itlocked.[A]just[B]only[C]hence[D]thus3.Doctors see a connection between increase amounts of leisure time spent 3and the increased number of cases of skin cancer.[A]to sunbathe[B]to have sunbathed[C]having sunbathed[D]sunbathing4.Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods, you are notentitled 4 a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery.[A]to[B]with[C]for[D]on5.on a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont 5 I noticed a young manholding up a sign reading “Boston”.[A]which[B]where[C]when[D]that6.Chrisite stared angrily at her boss and turned away, as though 6 out of theoffice.[A]went[B]gone[C]to go[D]would go7.The roles expected 7 old people in such a setting give too fewpsychological satisfactions for normal happiness.[A]of[B]on[C]to[D]with8.Talk to anyone in the drug industry, 8 you’ll soon discover that the scienceof genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.[A]or[B]and[C]for[D]so9.it wasn’t so much that I disliked her 9 that I just wasn’t interested in thewhole business.[A]rather[B]so[C]than[D]as10.Countless divorced politicians would have elected out of office years ago had theyeven though of a divorce, let alone 10 one.[A]getting[B]to get[C]gotten[D]getPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)”Example:A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition, which [C] they saw [D] many new products.Answer [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition, where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].11.Having isolated on a remote island, with little work to occupy them, the soldierssuffered from boredom and low spirits.12.If the letter to be mailed was placed on the writing table an hour ago, it is certainbeing there now.13.The ruling party could even love its majority in the lower house of parliament,started a period of prolonged struggling.14.The mechanisms at work are manifest in the tendency for such physical activity toutilize the potential harmful constituents of the stress response.15.In the long run, however, this hurry to shed full-time staff may be more harmful toindustry as it is to the workforce.16.See to it that you include in the examination paper whatever questions they didn’tknow the answer last time.17.Most newspapers, while devoting the major part of its space to recent events,usually manage to find room on the inside pages for articles on some interesting topics.18.One sign by which you are making progress in an art such as painting orphotography is that you begin to realize how much there is to learn.19.The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it isplayed and enjoying it almost as much as the computer at the moment he composes.20.Continued exposure to stress has been linked to worsened functioning of theimmune system, leaving a person more liable for infection.Part CBeneath each of the following sentences, there four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found in the woods off the highway.[A]vanished[B]scattered[C]abandoned[D]rejectedthe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C].21.He spoke so 21 that even his opponents were won over by his arguments.[A]bluntly[B]convincingly[C]emphatically[D]determinedly22.France’s 22 of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggeredpolitical debates and mass demonstrations.[A]assumption[B]consumption[C]presumption[D]resumption23.The 216-page manuscript, circulated to publishers last October, 23 andoutburst of interest.[B]glittered[C]sparked[D]flashed24.His efforts to bring about a reconciliation between the two Parties 24 .[A]came off[B]came on[C]came round[D]came down25.The system was redesigned to embrace the network and eventually 25 it in a profitable direction.[A]adapt[B]control[C]install[D]steer26.The capital intended to broaden the export base and 27 efficiency gains from international trade was channeled instead into uneconomic import substitution[A]secure[B]extend[C]defend[D]possess27.It is announced that a wallet has been found and can be 27 at the manager’s office.[A]declared[B]obtained[C]reclaimed[D]recognized28.When I 28 my senses, I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room, with Grandma bending over me.[A]woke up[B]took to[C]picked up[D]came to29.The American society is 29 an exceedingly shaky foundation of natural resources, which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment.[A]established[B]affiliated to[C]originated from[D]incorporated with30.I am not 30 with my roommate but I have to share the room with her, becauseI have nowhere else to live.[A]concerned[B]compatible[C]considerate31.At first, the 31 of color pictures over a long distance seemed impossible, but, with painstaking efforts and at great expense, it became a reality.[A]transaction[B]transmission[C]transformation[D]transition32.When the committee 32 to details, the proposed plan seemed impratcital.[A]got down[B]set about[C]went off[D]came up33.33 to some parts of South America is still difficult, because parts of the continent are still covered with thick forests.[A]Orientation[B]Access[C]Procession[D]Voyage34.Mr. Smith had an unusual 34 : he was first an office clerk, then a sailor, and ended up as a school teacher.[A]profession[B]occupation[C]position[D]career35.The mayor is a woman with great 35 and therefore deserves our political and financial support.[A]intention[B]instinct[C]integrity[D]intensity36.The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest 36 to everyone.[A]speculation[B]attribution[C]utilization[D]proposition37.The fact that the golden eagle usually builds its nest on some high cliffs 37 it almost impossible to obtain the eggs or the young birds.[A]renders[B]reckons[C]regards[D]relates38.To impress a future employer, one should dress neatly, be 38 , and display interest in the job.[A]swift[B]instant[C]timely[D]punctual39.You don’t have to install this radio in your new car, it’s an 39 extra.[A]excessive[B]optional[C]additional[D]arbitrary40.We were pleased to note that the early morning delivery didn’t 40 to thetraffic jam of the busy city.[A]aid[B]amount[C]add[D]attributeSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)If a farmer wishes to successes, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain 41 consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family 42 he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 43 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 44 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 45 the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation 46 and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 47 . He must either sell some of his property or 48 extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 49 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 50 obtainable.41. A. other than B. as well as C. instead of D. more than42. A. only if B. much as C. long before D. ever since43. A. for B. against C. of D. towards44. A. replace B. purchase C. supplement D. dispose45. A. enhance B. mix C. feed D. raise46. A. vessels B. routes C. paths D. channels47. A. self-confident B. self-sufficient C. self-satisfied D. self-restrained48. A. search B. save C. offer D. seek49. A. proportion B. percentage C. rate D. ratio50. A. genuinely B. obviously C. presumably D. frequentlySection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passage below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answer marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer toeach of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries uparalleled economies of scale. Its scientist were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,”according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of improving their productivity,”says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United State.”51.The U. S. achieved its predominance after World War II because.[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal.[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before.[C] the war had destroyed the economies of post potential competitors.[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy52.The loss of U. S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested inthe fact that the American.[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market.[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises.[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions.[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market.53.What can be inferred from the passage?[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.54.The author seems to believe the revival of the U. S. economy in the 1990s can beattributed to the.[A] turning of the business cycle.[B] restructuring of industry.[C] improved business management.[D] success in education.Text 2Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changes. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another change chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India show what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today – everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring – means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over, the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the pass 100,000 years – even the pass 100 years – our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they ‘look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.” No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.55.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?[A] A lack of mates.[B] A fierce competition.[C] A lower survival rate.[D] A defective gene.56.What does the example of India illustrate?[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children that poor people.[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.57.The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because.[A] life has been improved by technological advance.[B] the number of female babies has been declining.[C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution.[D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing.58.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?[A] Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.[B] Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution.[C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature.[D] Human Evolution Going Nowhere.TEXT 3When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out that its advocates are aiming at, for , however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it I possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be – even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right – it can hardly be classed as Literature.This, in brief, is what the Futurist says; for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till no we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up works that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks to on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river – and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “ Pluff! Pluff! A hundreds and eight-five kilograms.”This, thoug it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no think man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?59.This passage is mainly.[A] a survey of new approaches to art.[B] a review of Futurist poetry.[C] about merits of the Futurist movement.[D] about laws and requirements of literature.60.When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to.[A] determine its purposes.[B] ignore its flaws.[C] follow the new fashions.[D] accept the principles.61.Futurists claim that we must.[A] increase the production of literature.[B] use poetry to relieve modern stress.[C] develop new modes of expression.[D] avoid using adjectives and verbs.62.The author believes that Futurist poetry is.[A] based on reasonable principles.[B] new and acceptable to ordinary people.[C] indicative of basic change in human nature.[D] more of a transient phenomenon than literature.Text 4Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.63.In the Westerner’s eyes, the postwar Japan was.[A] under aimless development.[B] a positive example.[C] a rival to the world.[D] on the decline64.According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline ofJapanese society?[A] Women’s participation in social activities is limited.[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.65.Which of the following is true according to the author?[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.66.The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that.[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life.[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before.[D] the Japanese appreciate their present life.Text 5If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition – wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny – must deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition – if not always their own then thatof their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped – with the educated themselves riding on them.Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs – the locations, place names and name brands may has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the supports for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it was ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.67.It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if.[A]Its returns well compensate for the sacrifices.[B]It is rewarded with money, fame and power.[C]Its goals are spiritual rather than material.[D]It is shared by the rich and the famous.68.The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is.[A]Customary of the educated to discard ambition in words.[B]Too late to check ambition once it has been let out.[C]Dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal.[D]Impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition.69.Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because.[A]They think of it as immoral.[B]Their pursuits are not fame or wealth.[C]Ambition is not closely related to material benefits.[D]They do not want to appear greedy and contemptible.70.From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should bemaintained.[A]Secretly and vigorously.[B]Openly and enthusiastically.[C]Easily and momentarily.[D]Verbally and spiritually.Section IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences intoChinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economics and operational research experts. 72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with thee efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interface in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interface in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while government are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization – with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed –was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements – themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.Section V Writing76. Directions:[A]Study the following two pictures carefully and write an easy of at least 150words.[B]Your essay must be written neatly ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)[C]Your essay should meet the requirements below:1.Describe the pictures.2.Deduce the purpose of the drawer in the pictures.3.Suggest counter-measure.。
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2000年1月北京地区研究生英语学位课统考试题Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (15 minutes, 15 points)Section A ( 1 point each)1.A They are having a party.B They are playing the piano.C Someone else is having a party.D Someone else is funny2. A A radio program B A TV program.C A game played in the airD A face to face talk show.3. A Watching TV does harm to people’s health.B Everyone likes watching TV and likes to confess to it.C People claim openly that they like watching TV.D The man claims openly that he likes watching TV.4. A Cross it out .B Do not fill out the form until he gets registered.C Just blacken the space of the item.D Do not fill in this item at all.5. A The man may have some trouble in the community.B The man should go to the community library more often.C The man should not go to the State University.D The man can learn more about the specialties in the community library.6. A He arrived late at the bus stop. B He was watching at a wrong place.C He couldn’t find the bus shopD He was waiting at a wrong time.7. A Through a phone call B Through internet.C By writing a letter to them.D By going to the Project herself.8. A Their original pushing policy was bad.B They kept their original pushing policy.C They failed to earn a profit.D They didn’t think highly of the man’s help.9. A It is too late for the man to start the hobby.B A college student shouldn’t get into that kind of hobby.C The hobby is too costly.D The hobby is not very interesting.Section B (1 point each)10. A TV programs and movies B CommunicationsC Internet and videosD Music records11. A It provides more creative activities for children.B It may ruin children’s health.C It can cause people to suffer from indigestion.D It can enlarge children’s scope of knowledge.12. A They should not let children younger than two years old watch TV for more than two hours each day.B They should prevent their young children from playing with strangers.C They should not have a television or computer in their bedroom.D They should only watch good TV programs.13. A The threats to the survival of plants and animals caused by human activities.B The functions of the environmental system.C The importance of protecting the environment and wildlife.D The causes of the worldwide loss of the animal and plant species.14. A Twenty percent B Thirty percent C Forty percent D Fifty percent15. A Expanding lands for farming B Polluting the air and soil.C Killing a greater number of domestic animals.D Hunting the wild games.Part II. Vocabulary ( 10 minutes, 10 points)Section A ( 0.5 point each)16. Johnson’s exterior concealed a miserly and deceiving nature.A personalityB appearanceC disinterestD temper17. The authorities have failed to react fast enough to popular discontent but told citizens that they will try their best to improve the living conditions.A disadvantageB disagreementC disbeliefD dissatisfaction18. They urged the authorities to make an account for the manner in which their affairs are being conducted.A calculateB forgiveC explainD demonstrate19. The delegation of negotiation had been told to make a concession to their counterpart.A apologyB compromiseC substitutionD permission20. A two-year sting operation last week yielded charges of 58 American Airlines baggage handlers and food contract workers, as well as three law enforcement officials.A gave rise toB appealed toC gave upD fulfilled in21. After the crash, the rescue workers worked feverishly to clean up the debris and tried very hard to find survivors .A ruinsB trashC facilitiesD refuse22. They feared that slashing public spending and squeezing pensions would damage the “fundamental Social Democratic values” of social justice and equality.A blaming forcefullyB attacking fiercelyC reducing steeplyD encouraging blindly23. No one knew what to do when he had tried in vain to get himself across.A arrivedB successfulC finishedD understood.24. The government also expects that the new residential quarters will greatly facilitate the management of migrant workers.A offer a chance forB make easyC make possible forD strongly support to25. America and North Korea reached an agreement that halted North Korea’s production of the radioactive element---plutonium--- with a view eventually to smashing its capacity to make the stuff.A destroyingB demobilizingC assemblingD diminishingSection B (0.5 point each)26. Federal sentencing guidelines, in place for only two years, were ____ because they were believed to have tied the hands of judges in federal drug cases.A tossed offB tossed asideC tossed upD tossed for27. There is a popular view that the great scientific breakthroughs occur by ____a little bit like someone looking down a test tube and saying “Aha”.A inspectionB perceptionC legislationD inspiration28. President Boris Y eltsin’s fitful rule is seen to be ever more designed to serve the interests of people ____A at a lossB at a strokeC at largeD at hand.29. At that time leukemia was almost inevitably ___, but today, more than half of the people with leukemia get a cure.A lethalB poisonousC awesomeD terrific30. More than half of all of the American prisoners are nonviolent offenders ----usually small-time drug dealers who need help with their own _______A addictionB drunkenness B persecution D convention31. The city is famous for its atmospheric ____ of lofty towers and landscape.A clapsB clatterC clusterD clamp32. Even the undone building had been decorated---- a lot of color bulbs and ribbons were put on the ___ beam.A transitionalB transverseC trifledD tumbled33. In the newspaper they denounced the government for its ___ spending of public funds.A recklessB reluctantC reciprocalD redundant34. He ____all control over the company to his elder son after he got seriously ill.A left overB snatched atC scrubbed outD lingered on35. Some dictionaries are ____ . They tell us how words ought to be used.A descriptiveB prescriptiveC intensiveD creativePart III. Close T est ( 10 minutes, 15 points, 1 point each)Twenty years ago, when only the lowly tadpole had been cloned, ethicists raised the possibility that scientists might some day 36 the technology to include human beings as well. They wanted the issue discussed. But scientists assailed (攻击）the moralists’ concern as 37 . Let the research go forward, the scientists argued, 38 cloning human beings would serve no 39 scientific purpose. Now the cloning of humans is 40 reach, and society as a whole is caught with its 41 pants down.Today the sheep----tomorrow the shepherd? 42 the cloning of human beings can be ethically 43 is now firmly, perhaps permanently, 44 the nation’s moral agenda. President Clinton has given an advisory 45 of experts just 90 days to come 46 with proposals for government action. The government could prohibit the cloning of human beings 47 issue regulations limiting what researchers can do. But the government can’t control the actions of individuals or private groups 48 to clone humans for whatever purpose. And science has a way of outdistancing (把。