Automatic Application-Specific Instruction-Set Extensions ：自动特定应用的指令集扩展
高考英语必备单词
abandon 放弃，遗弃ability 能力，才能abnormal 不正常的abolish 废除，废止abroad 在国外，到国外aboard 上（船，飞机等）absence 缺席absolute 完全的，绝对的absorb 吸收abstract 抽象的abundant 充裕的academic 学术的accelerate 加速accessible 可接近的accommodation 膳宿accompany 陪伴accomplish 完成accountant 会计accumulate 积累accustomed 习惯于acknowledge 承认acquire 获得acquisition 得到add 增加addicted 上瘾，沉溺于adequate 足够的adjustment 调整administration 行政管理admirable 令人钦佩的admit 允许（进入），承认advance 提前，前进advantage 优势adventure 冒险advertise 做广告advocate 拥护，提倡affect 影响affection喜爱afford 支付得起afterwards 后来agency 代理机构agent 代理人aggressive侵略性的agreement 同意，协议agriculture 农业alarm 警报警告alcoholic 含酒精的allergic 过敏的allocate分配allowance 津贴alongside 沿着，在。
旁边alternative 供选择的（事物）altitude 高度，海拔amateur 业余爱好者ambition 雄心野心ambulance 救护车amount 数量amuse 逗乐，使消遣amusement 娱乐analyze 分析analysis 分析，分解ancestor 祖先angle 角度anniversary 周年纪念日announce 宣布annoy 使生气Antarctic 南极洲anxiety 焦虑anxious 焦虑的apartment 房间，公寓apologize 道歉apparent 明显的，表面上的appeal 上诉，吸引appearance 出现，外观appetite 食欲，欲望applaud 鼓掌applicant 申请人application申请，应用appointment 约会，约定appreciate 欣赏，感激appropriate 合适的approval 赞成approximately 近似，大约architect建筑师Arctic 北极argument 争辩arrangement 安排arrest 逮捕artificial 人造的ashamed 惭愧的assessment 评价assist 帮助，协助assistant 助手associate 联想association 联盟assume 假设assumption假定astonish使吃惊astronaut 宇航员astronomer 天文学家astronomy 天文学athlete 运动员Atlantic 大西洋atmosphere 大气层，气氛attach 缚上，系上attack 攻击，抨击，侵袭attain 达到获得attempt 试图，尝试attend 出席，照顾attention 注意，注意力attitude 态度attract吸引，引起attractive 有吸引力的audience 听众观众author 作家，作者authority 权威，当局automatic 自动的，习惯的available 可利用的average 平均的，平均数awkward 尴尬的，使用不便的bachelor 学士学位，单身汉bacterium 细菌bargain 便宜货，讨价还价barrier 栅栏障碍物beach 海滩河岸behavior 行为表现behalf 代表，利益belief 信念信心bend 使弯曲，使屈服beneath 在。
自动控制原理 英语
自动控制原理英语Automatic control principleAutomatic control principle refers to the theory and techniques used in controlling mechanical, electrical, or other systems without human intervention. It involves monitoring the system's output and adjusting it based on predefined criteria or input signals.The basic principle of automatic control is to minimize the error between the desired output and the actual output. This is achieved by continuously measuring the output and comparing it to the desired value. If there is a deviation, a control system takes corrective action to bring the system back to the desired state.There are several key components and concepts in automatic control systems. The first is the sensor, which measures the system's output. This can be a physical device that measures variables such as temperature, pressure, or position, or it can be a software component that processes digital signals.The second component is the controller, which receives the measurement from the sensor and determines the appropriate action to take. The controller uses algorithms and mathematical models to calculate the desired output based on the current conditions.The third component is the actuator, which translates the control signal from the controller into physical action. This can be a motor, valve, or any device that manipulates the system to achieve the desired output.Feedback is another important concept in automatic control. It involves continuously monitoring the system's output and feeding it back to the controller. This allows the controller to make adjustments and fine-tune its output to minimize errors.There are different types of control systems, including open-loop and closed-loop systems. In open-loop systems, the controller doesn't receive feedback and operates solely based on the input signal. Closed-loop systems, on the other hand, use feedback to continuously adjust the output.Automatic control principles are used in a wide range of applications, including industrial processes, robotics, aerospace, and automotive systems. They improve efficiency, accuracy, and reliability by reducing human intervention and ensuring consistent performance.In conclusion, the automatic control principle is the theory and techniques used to control systems without human intervention. It involves measuring the system's output, comparing it to the desired value, and taking corrective action. Key components include sensors, controllers, actuators, and feedback. Automatic control systems are used in various industries to improve performance and reliability.。
automatic analysis enabled -回复
automatic analysis enabled -回复中括号内的主题是: "疫苗对世界疫情的影响"疫苗对世界疫情的影响引言:自从COVID-19新型冠状病毒爆发以来，全球范围内的大规模疫苗接种计划在帮助控制疫情方面发挥着关键作用。
这一全球合作的努力已经导致了许多重要突破，不仅使我们能够更好地了解病毒，还开发出多种有效的疫苗。
本文将一步一步回答疫苗对世界疫情的影响，并探讨未来的挑战和展望。
第一步：疫苗的研发和批准疫苗研发是控制疫情的重要一步。
从病毒基因组的测序到疫苗候选物的设计和测试，科学家们在全球范围内进行了广泛的协作。
通过使用不同的技术平台，如mRNA、腺病毒载体和蛋白疫苗等，多个疫苗候选物被开发出来。
在大规模的临床试验中，疫苗的安全性和有效性得到验证，最终被批准用于紧急使用或常规接种。
第二步：疫苗接种和群体免疫接种疫苗是最有效的方法之一，用于保护个体免受病毒感染和疾病的严重后果。
疫苗接种计划的实施需要协调各方的努力，包括政府、卫生部门、医疗机构和社区组织。
疫苗接种通过触发人体免疫系统产生免疫反应，使机体形成针对病毒的防御机制。
随着疫苗接种人数的增加，群体免疫的产生可以对疫情起到控制作用，减少感染者数量并阻断传播链。
第三步：疫苗对病毒变种的影响随着时间的推移，病毒可能会发生变异，形成不同的变种。
这些变异可能具有更强的传播能力或抗药性，给疫情控制带来新的挑战。
然而，多数疫苗对于已知的变种仍然有效，尤其在防止严重病例和死亡方面发挥关键作用。
科学家们也在不断监测病毒变异并进行相应的疫苗调整，以确保疫苗的长期效果。
第四步：疫苗的全球公平分配为了真正控制全球疫情，疫苗需要实现全球公平分配。
然而，由于生产和供应限制以及国家之间的竞争和政治因素，疫苗分发面临着巨大的挑战。
许多发展中国家仍然面临疫苗供应不足的问题，这使得在全球范围内实现公平分配和公共卫生安全变得更加困难。
国际社会需要加强合作，提供技术和经济支持，以确保所有人都能够获得疫苗保护。
微软软件许可及自动化辅助工具简介说明书
This brief applies to all Microsoft Licensing programs.ContentsSummary (1)Details (1)What is the difference between Robotic Process Automation and a bot? (1)What is the Microsoft 365 Unattended License? (2)Microsoft Licensing Scenarios (5)Example 1 - Call Center Automation (6)Example 2 - Finance Data Capture & Entry (6)Example 3 - HR Reporting (7)FAQ (7)SummaryAcross the software industry, numerous technology solutions help people do their job. But the widespread adoption of technology also means that businesses can end up with disconnected solutions that require them to patch together processes across siloed applications. In the past, joining disparate systems together was difficult or too costly because it required professional developers — especially when some of the data can still be on paper or locked in decades-old Windows or web applications.This brief explains how Robotic Process Automation impacts the licensing needs for Microsoft customers. Robotic Process Automation is a significant technological advancement over historical automation solutions, such as screen scraping, and it is important to understand the use and implications of licensing this service.DetailsWhat is the difference between Robotic Process Automation and a bot?It is important to note that a bot is a computer program that executes the steps in a Robotic Process Automation process. The Robotic Process Automation is the action and process performed by the bot, whereas the bot is the Licensing brief June 2022interface and “user” executing said actions. Bots are often utilized to assist a person to execute automation and repetitive tasks and cannot be utilized in order to reduce the number licenses that would typically be required for device or software use.“Robotic Process Automation”, otherwise known as “RPA”, refers to when an application, or any set of applications, are used to capture data and/or manipulate applications to perform tasks.Robotic Process Automation (RPA) is a form of business process automation technology based on metaphorical software robots (bots) or artificial intelligence (AI) workers. In traditional workflow automation tools, a software developer produces a list of actions to automate a task and interface to the back-end system using internal application programming interfaces (APIs) or dedicated scripting language. In contrast, RPA systems develop the action list by watching the user perform that task in the application's graphical user interface (GUI), and then perform the automation by repeating those tasks directly in the GUI.Bots can interface with any application through the UI the same way a user does. Such bots are “trained” by their users by being “shown” how to complete a task and typically follow logical rules such as “if/then” rules while reading & writing to databases. Bots also work with and drive existing applications by opening emails and attachments or inputting data to forms.You will find slight variations across the industry on bot definitions. Microsoft has its own definitions in order to provide clarity to customers for their specific needs and the potential software licensing implications when implementing RPA scenarios.What is the Microsoft 365 Unattended License?When we look at Microsoft’s view into licensing Robotic Process Automation solutions, we follow the same general outlines as the broader industry definitions. “Robotic Process Automation”, “RPA”, or “bots” means an application, or any set of applications used to capture data and manipulate applications to perform repetitive tasks. Specifically, when Windows client and/or Microsoft Office or Office 365 is involved, bots operate upon any UI element of Windows 10/11 within an OSE and/or operates upon any Office application in any OSE.The Office and Windows components here are key since Microsoft is providing license, bots use rights, and access to its software. Due to the ability for these RPA solutions and bots to perform tasks and access systems the same as a human user would, it is critical to understand this distinction.We also classify bots into two distinct categories –Attended and Unattended. Below are examples of Attended and Unattended bots. Examples that would require a Microsoft 365 - Unattended License are noted.“Attended bot”– An Attended bot assists a person to execute automation on the person’s local and/or remote workstations. It operates concurrently with the person on the same workstation/s to accomplish repetitive tasks and is triggered by explicit actions of that person. •i.e. cut & paste information from one screen to another•i.e. user triggering an action to auto-update customer contact information•i.e. user clicking a keyboard key in order to send a meeting invite for the next available time to a specified colleague“Unattended bot”–Any bot that doesn’t conform to the definition of “Attended bot” should be considered an “Unattended bot.”•i.e. running SQL queries and inputting data into forms•i.e. sending Excel reports at midnight through an automated process (requires RPA for M365 license) •i.e. having an application use Microsoft Word to automatically open submitted files and extract data to a CRM application (requires RPA for M365 license). Common Robotic Process Automation ScenariosThe following examples highlight the various methods to accomplish the same task with and without a Robotic Process Automation solution:Example 1:User receives a message from corporate and needs to send to multiple people in the organization.•With Attended RPA: If there is a macro that allows the user to click a button and send the message to all parties.•With Unattended RPA*: If there is a macro that runs autonomously by recognizing the mail and sends the message to all parties without the user performing any action.•Without RPA: If the user manually sends the message to all parties.Example 2: Web Site or Screen Scraping - When a site or screen contains information (stock, news, media, content, etc.) the page can be scraped by a bot for specific information pieces which can be consolidated and presented to the end user in order to make a decision at a later time.•With Attended RPA:If there is a macro that allows the user to click a button and specified content on the site or screen is captured and consolidated.•With Unattended RPA*: If there is a macro that runs autonomously by scanning for specified content on the site or screen and captures and consolidates.•Without RPA: If the user manually scans the site or screen to physically capture and consolidate the content.Example 3: Incoming Customer Email responses - Where an organization traditionally has a team that handles the first line of defense to respond to customer inquiries, an RPA solution can be implemented and tied to key words or phrases with canned answers or links to relevant information.•With Attended RPA:If there is a macro that allows the user to trigger a task to provide a pre-determined answer to the customer.•With Unattended RPA*: If there is a macro that automatically responds to customer emails with canned answers based on key words in the submission.•Without RPA: If the user manually reads and chooses the appropriate pre-determined answer to respond to the customer.Example 4: Onboarding new employees - An RPA solution can assist new employees to an organization that need pertinent information to get set up in their organizational system for a smooth onboarding process.•With Attended RPA: If there is a macro that managers can trigger in order to provide pertinent information to a new employee.•With Unattended RPA*: If there is a macro that recognizes when a new employee has started and automatically sends them pertinent information.•Without RPA: If the manager manually sends pertinent information to their new employee after they start.Example 5: Forms or data processing - An RPA triggers a macro to read information and write to systems instead of manual data entry.•With Attended RPA: If there is a macro that is triggered by the user to assist them in writing data into a system.•With Unattended RPA*: If there is a macro that runs overnight autonomously by reading a data source and writing to a new backup system.•Without RPA: If the user manually reads information and physically writes it another system.Example 6: Data transfer - Managing data transfer or backups with an RPA solution with source, destination, and credential information.•With Attended RPA: If there is a macro that is triggered by the user that reads data and transfers to another source destination.•With Unattended RPA*: If there is a macro that runs autonomously, logs in with credentials, and processesa data backup without user guidance.•Without RPA: If the user manually processes the data transfer and backups to another destination.*Each of the above Unattended RPA examples will require the Microsoft 365 – Unattended License if they are accessing an Office application or Windows client.The below examples include additional licenses not discussed in this brief. For an overview and further information, please go to for additional details.Example 1 - Call Center AutomationA call center has 50 customer service representatives. Each representative requires the ability to trigger UI automation as part of process for updating customer contact information. The automation will occur on each representative’s workstation.Licensing Solution: 50x Power Automate per user with attended RPA plan.Rationale: This scenario is setting up an RPA solution that is triggered by the customer service representative for an automated process, thus this is an Attended scenario. Since there are 50 users, 50 licenses are required.Example 2 - Finance Data Capture & EntryA finance department receives invoices attached to Outlook email messages. The department would like to automate the process of capturing data from the invoices and entering the information in a legacy procurement system. The automation will occur without an employee’s involvement across 5 VMs in order to accommodate the volume (anticipated 10,000 invoices/month).Licensing Solution: 1x Power Automate per flow plan, 5x Power Automate unattended RPA add-on, and 5x Microsoft 365 – Unattended License.Rationale: This scenario is setting up an RPA solution that is automated (unattended) and accessing an Office application (Outlook) and running on 5 machines. Due to the Office requirement, the Microsoft 365 – -Unattended License (x5) is required for each machine. In addition to this, each machine also requires the Power Automate unattended RPA add-on (x5). Finally, the Power Automate unattended RPA add-on also has a pre-req of the Power Automate per flow plan (x1).Example 3 - HR ReportingAn HR department has 10 users that send Excel reports daily. Each user will create a 3rd party bot that runs autonomously at midnight and distribute these reports. The automation will occur without employee involvement on each user's desktop.Licensing Solution: 10x Microsoft 365 – Unattended LicenseRationale: This scenario is setting up an RPA solution that is running autonomously (unattended) and accessing an Office app lication (Excel). Since this solution is not utilizing Microsoft’s Power Platform, the bot does not require any additional licenses.Q1: When do I need a Microsoft 365 – Unattended License for my RPA solution?A: The following scenarios require an RPA for Microsoft 365 license:•Utilizing an Unattended bot that interacts with and/or operates on Windows 10/11.•Utilizing an Unattended bot that interacts with and/or operates upon any Office application in any OSE. Q2: How does Robotic Process Automation impact multiplexing? Can I use bots to avoid licensing users, devices, and services?A: Multiplexing is when any type of automated process acts as an intermediary between different software or hardware to reduce direct connections with the software. Multiplexing does not reduce the number ofrequired licenses. Multiplexing rules still apply for RPA scenarios. Bots must be licensed in addition to the services and/or devices that they access must also have the proper licenses just as a normal user and/ordevice would.Q3: The Microsoft definition of bots varies from other industry definitions. Which one applies to me?A: Microsoft definitions and terms always apply if you are using relevant Microsoft products.Q4: I have created a bot that runs in unattended mode on more than one server at a time and interacts with Microsoft applications directly on the server. Is this allowed without licensing the bot?A:No, this is not allowed. Since the bot is unattended and accessing Microsoft applications on more than one OSE, it would require the Microsoft 365 – Unattended L icense. This license limits the bot’s interaction to only a single server at a time. If you need to access multiple servers at once, you will need to have multiple bots and multiple licenses.Q5: Is there licensing associated with development and testing of bots in production/nonproduction environments?A: A bot represents execution of a GUI-based process on a machine, so what matters is the dev/test/prod of the RPA which exists in current licensing today.Q6: What about the infrastructure needed to run an unattended bot in a virtual machine? Is that included in the unattended RPA add-on?A: No – running the unattended RPA bot in a VM requires the separate purchase of any necessary compute resources.Q7: What licenses do I need for an Unattended bot accessing a Windows environment but not using an Office application?A: A typical configuration would require 3 SKUs, the Microsoft 365 – Unattended License (Windows access), Power Automate unattended RPA add-on (unattended RPA license) which also has a pre-req of either the Power Automate per flow plan or Power Automate per user with attended RPA (depending if you want to license per user or per flow). Depending on how you have your OSE licensed, may impact the need for the Microsoft 365 – Unattended License.Q8: How can I reduce my current cost & license position for my employees by implementing an RPA solution?A:You cannot reduce licensing cost or position by implementing RPA. However, by implementing an RPA solution, you may see improved time savings, employee performance, or other efficiencies. These benefits may improve your corporation output and help you realize savings in other areas.Q9: Is there a scenario where I do not have to purchase a Microsoft license for my RPA solution?A: If the RPA solution interacts with Windows or Office, then you will need a license. There is no such thing as “unlicensed access” for RPA solutions. There are, however, various configurations possible depending on the RPA function and access requirements.For example, if there is no Windows client or Office then there is no requirement for the Microsoft 365 –Unattended L icense required. This does not mean there isn’t a bot runn ing, but rather a bot license is not required as it is not accessing or utilizing relevant Microsoft software or services.Q10: My company has developed a process that leverages components of Word (or Excel or any other desktop Office app) to complete a process on a server that is then sent to end users. In the past this was not allowed based on multiplexing and other limitations. Is this now allowed? If so, what must be licensed? All the end users? The hardware?A: The RPA solutions Microsoft has introduced do not break any preexisting rules. Each end user, hardware, server, and process must be appropriately licensed. You must first determine if the process is a bot that is attended or unattended, and this will determine the proper licensing required for your scenario. The new licenses introduced now enable you to properly license bots for scenarios that weren’t allowed before, but never reduce license requirements.Q11: How do I manage the application via Systems Center Products? Does it matter if the bot is attended or unattended?A:Bot implementation does not have any impact on application management. It may be possible toimplement an RPA solution to streamline this process, but that depends on how the RPA solution is built.Q12: We have been using SQL under the Server and CAL model to support an application where there is a Word document created, converted to PDF and then re-distributed manually by email. We are doing this to decrease the cost of the SQL instance and to eliminate the need for Frontline users to license for Word. Does this new licensing offer a less cumbersome process?A:No. This scenario is an attempt to reduce license position for my employees. Each employee must beproperly licensed, and bots cannot be utilized to reduce the need for CALs.Q13: I have a single bot that runs 3 different processes in which all have steps that require GUI automation in Office 365. To handle the high volume, I have 10 VMs set up to handle these processes. How many 365 – Unattended Licenses do I need to purchase?A: The Microsoft 365 – Unattended License allows access to a single virtual machine. Due to the bot running GUI automation in Office 365 on all 10 VMs, and each Microsoft 365 – Unattended License being allowed a single unique instance of Office 365, this translates to 10 Microsoft 365 – Unattended licenses. If the VMs are accessed at separate times, you are still limited by the activation limits for Windows Enterprise E3 and/or Office 365 E3.Q14: What is the difference between a Macro and a Bot?A: A Macro is a single instruction that expands automatically into a set of instructions to perform a specific task often triggered by an action. A bot can act automatically or be triggered by an action to use ororchestrate an application. Similarly, to the Attended and Unattended scenarios, a Macro would fall under the Attended definition and is largely covered by Microsoft product licensing. While a bot, if acting automatically, is an Unattended scenario and would require additional Microsoft licensing depending on the solution.Q15: If an unattended bot runs on a Virtual Machine (VM) that already has a Windows 10/11 License and DOES NOT use Office 365 as part of the scenario, is the M365 E3 unattended license still required?A: It depends on the solution implemented. Always be sure to read the Product Terms fully to understand your use rights.•Customers can license Win 10 per device and install it as one instance on a VM if they chose. These per device licensed OS’s can run unattended bots.•Alternatively, Customers could have a local on-prem server or other dedicated server that run Win 10 VM’s with unattended bots by assigning a Win 10 Enterprise per device w/ SA license.•Keep in mind that there are certain Windows SKUs which explicitly prohibit unattended use in the license terms (just as Office 365 does).Q16:If an unattended bot runs on a VM that already has a Windows 10/11 License and DOES use Office 365 as part of the scenario, is the M365 E3 unattended license still required?A: Yes - if O365 is used then you always need the M365 unattended license.Q17: Do these rules also apply to 3rd party providers implementing unattended scenarios?A: Yes, the exact same terms apply to any unattended scenario.© 2022 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. This document is for informational purposes only. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, IN THIS DOCUMENT. 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词性转换总结与归纳
动词变名词1.V+ment结尾69.press—pressure压力70.mix—mixture混合,混合物10.n+or/er/ee/ist/ian/ant表人71.employ--employer雇主,老板--employee雇员72.work—worker工人82.s it--seat座位83.f ly—flight飞行Theflightwilltakefourhours.Therewasnoliftandwehadtoclimbsixflightsofstairs.84.d efend—defence/defense防守,防卫85.w eigh—weight重量,体重86.a dvi s e—advi c e建议87.p racti s e—practi c e练习88.b reathe—breath呼吸1.eventual—eventually最后地,终于地2.final—finally最后地,终于地3.brief—briefly简单地,简要地4.serious—seriously严肃地,认真地5.chemical—chemically化学地6.fluent—fluently流利地7.smooth—smoothly顺利地,平坦地8.hopeful—hopefully满怀希望地9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.main------mainly主要地23.most多数-----mostly多半,大多24.normal---normally正常地25.quick—quickly迅速地26.quiet—quietly轻轻地,安静地27.real—really真正地28.recent----recently最近;近来29.sad—sadly悲伤地30.slow---slowly缓慢地31.special—specially专门,特殊地43.probable—probably很有可能地44.incredible—incredibly难以置信地45.true—truly真实地46.whole—wholly完全地47.full—fully完全地,全部地48.dull—dully迟钝地,呆滞地49.rare—rarely罕见地,稀有地50.mere--merely仅仅,只=only51.fortunate—fortunately幸运地52.53.54.55.56.57.58.59.60.61.62.63.4.辅音字母+y变ily64.easy—easily容易地65.heavy—heavily沉重地66.happy—happily开心地67.hungry—hungrily饥饿地68.healthy—healthily健康地69.lucky—luckily幸运地70.noisy—noisily嘈杂地5.辅音字母+y直接接ly(1)特殊:good—well好地well身体健康的,井(2)既是形容词又是副词:1有些以-ly结尾的词daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,fast,early,hard,late,far,alone,little,deep,high, straight,long△注意:1以下-ly结尾的词为adj.friendly、lovely、lively、elderly、brotherly、fatherly、motherly、lonely、deadly2high—deepwidehard—loud—closelate—late\lately3两个副词形式但意思不一样80.free--免费地freely--随便不拘束地81.hard--努力地、猛烈地hardly--几乎不82.just--恰好、仅仅、不久前justly--公正地te--迟lately--最新地、最近地84.most--最mostly--大部分地85.near--近nearly--几乎86.pretty--很(adv.)prettily--漂亮名词+y1.anger-----angry生气2.honest—honesty诚实的3.hunger---hungry饥饿的4.fog—foggy有雾的5.fur----furry毛皮的6.guilt---guilty内疚的7.health---healthy健康地8.luck---lucky幸运地9.cloud---cloudy多云地21.balance–balanced平衡的22.spot----spotted有斑点23.talent-----talented有天赋的名词+ful/less24.meaning—meaningful/meaningless有意义的/无意义的25.care—careful/careless小心的/粗心的26.help---helpful/helpless有帮助的/无助的27.home—homeless无家可归的28.colour---colourful多彩的38.courage—courageous勇敢的39.danger—dangerous危险的40.mystery----mysterious神秘的6.ce变t41.confidence----confident自信的42.difference---different不同的43.dependence—dependent依赖的44.independence--independent独立的7.n+al45.46.47.48.49.50.51.52.53.54.55.56.8.名词+ly57.friend—friendly58.live---lively活跃的,有生气的59.love—lovely可爱的60.month---monthly每月的9.+en结尾61.wood—wooden木制的62.wool—woolen羊毛的73.pride---proud骄傲的,自豪的74.scientist----scientific科学的形容词变名词75.efficient有效率的—efficiency效率76.patient—patience/impatience77.dependent—dependence依赖性78.independent—independence独立性79.true—truth80.high—height92.long—lengthen—length(n.)93.wide--widen94.less--lessen95.strong—strengthen—strength(n.)rge—enlarge名词变动词puter--computerize名词---形容词—副词98.beauty美,美人—beautiful—beautifully99.100.101.102.103.104.105.106.107.108.109.110.111.112.success—successful—successfully 113.truth—true—truly114.unluck—unlucky—unluckily115.wonder奇迹—wonderful—wonderfully方位的词名词—形容词116.east—eastern117.west—western118.south—southern119.north---northern。
词性转换总结归纳与归纳
词性转换总结与归纳动词变名词1.V+ment结尾1.announce—announcement通知2.equip装备---equipment装备,器材(不可数名词)equip---equi pp ed---equi pp ed---equi pping3.settle—settlement定居,安定4.achieve---achievement成就5.amuse--amusement娱乐6.manage---management经营管理7.advertise---advertisement广告8.agree—agreement同意9.disagree—disagreement不同意10.argue---argument争吵mit—commitment奉献commit---commi tted---commi tted---commi ttingcommitmurder/suicidebecommittedto(doing)sth保证做某事yourcommitmenttowork你的敬业精神（投入/忠诚/奉献）12.develop---development发展ern统治—government政府14.judge---judgement/judgment2.v+tion/sion结尾15.describe—descri ption描写,描绘16.erupt—eruption爆发17.affect—affection喜爱、喜欢effect影响unrequitedaffection单相思18.satisf y—satisf action满意,满足19.select—selection挑选,选择20.permi t—permi ssion允许21.admi t—admi ssion承认,允许22.invite—invitation邀请,请帖23.devote—devotion献身,专注24.apply—application申请,申请书25.produce—production生产,产品product产品（常指工业制品）produce（农产品）26.protect—protection保护cate-----education教育28.consider—consideration考虑29.attract—attraction吸引力,吸引30.instruct—instruction指导,介绍31.discuss—discussion讨论32.appreciate—appreciation感激,欣赏33.recognize—recognition认出34.conclu de—conclu sion结论inconclusiondrawaconclusion35.deci de----deci sion决定pete—competition比赛37.express表达----expression词语;表达方38.graduate毕业—graduation39.operate—operation操作,动手anize----organization组织41.imagine—imagination想象力42.introduce—introduction介绍43.illustrate--illustration阐明,举例说明44.inspire---inspiration灵感,鼓舞人心的45.pollute----pollution污染46.predict---prediction预言47.pro noun ce---pro nun ciation发音48.resolve-----resolution决心49.solve解决-----solution解决方法50.impress—impression印象51.suggest--suggestion建议,暗示52.expla in—explanation解释,说明3.v+ance/ence结尾53.enter—entrance进入,进口54.allow允许—allowance津贴，补助55.appear—appearance外貌,出现56.perform----performance演出57.exist—existence存在4.v+ing结尾58.bathe洗澡---bathing游泳bathing-suit泳衣takeabath/shower59.end----ending结尾,结局,结束60.train---training训练61.mean----meaning意义62.say-----saying谚语5.v+ry63.nurse--nursery婴儿室,幼儿园nurseryrhyme童谣6.v+al64.propose—proposal建议65.withdraw—withdrawal取钱;收回;撤退66.survive—survival幸存67.arrive—arrival到达68.remove—removal撤离,搬离,去除7.v+ior67.behave—behavior行为8.v+ency68.tend—tendency趋势,倾向9.v+ture/sure69.press—pressure压力70.mix—mixture混合,混合物10.n+or/er/ee/ist/ian/ant表人71.employ--employer雇主,老板--employee雇员72.work—worker工人73.visit—visitor访问者74.art—artist艺术家75.music—musician音乐家76.assist---assistant77.participate---participant78.apply---applicant79.account---accountant11.v+其他80.die—death死亡81.beg(乞讨)—be gg ar乞丐82.sit--seat座位83.fly—flight飞行Theflightwilltakefourhours.Therewasnoliftandwehadtoclimbsixflightsofstairs.84.defend—defence/defense防守,防卫85.weigh—weight重量,体重86.advi se—advi ce建议87.practi se—practi ce练习88.breathe—breath呼吸89.believe—belief信仰90.know---knowledge知识(u.n.)91.heat---heat热量92.hit撞击------hit轰动一时的人或物,碰撞93.receive—receiver接受者；听筒reception接待;接待处（n.）---receptionist接待员94.serve—service服务95.succeed—success成功96.pursue—pursuit追求,从事inpursuitof追求，追赶97.analyze/analyse—analysis分析analyses（pl.）98.choose—choice选择形容词变副词1.形容词+ly(直接加,不需要变形)1.eventual—eventually最后地,终于地2.final—finally最后地,终于地3.brief—briefly简单地,简要地4.serious—seriously严肃地,认真地5.chemical—chemically化学地6.fluent—fluently流利地7.smooth—smoothly顺利地,平坦地8.hopeful—hopefully满怀希望地9.frequent—frequently频繁地10.actual—actually事实上地11.similar—similarly相似地12.bad—badly糟糕地13.narrow—narrowly狭隘地,狭窄地14.bright—brightly明亮地15.casual—casually随意地16.clear—clearly清楚地17.correct---correctly正确地18.general—generally一般来讲19.loud—loudly大声地20.particular—particularly特殊地,独特地21.proper---properly合适地,恰当地22.main------mainly主要地23.most多数-----mostly多半,大多24.normal---normally正常地25.quick—quickly迅速地26.quiet—quietly轻轻地,安静地27.real—really真正地28.recent----recently最近;近来29.sad—sadly悲伤地30.slow---slowly缓慢地31.special—specially专门,特殊地32.public—publicly公共地33.strong—strongly坚决地,强烈地34.sudden—suddenly突然ual—usually通常地36.fair—fairly公平地,相当地,非常地2.以(l)e结尾的去e+yfortable---comfortably舒适地38.gentle—gently温柔地,绅士地39.possible---possibly可能地40.simple----simply仅仅;只;简单地41.terrible---terribly糟糕地42.reasonable—reasonably合理地43.probable—probably很有可能地44.incredible—incredibly难以置信地45.true—truly真实地46.whole—wholly完全地47.full—fully完全地,全部地48.dull—dully迟钝地,呆滞地3.以-e结尾,保留-e,直接+ly49.rare—rarely罕见地,稀有地50.mere--merely仅仅,只=only51.fortunate—fortunately幸运地52.entire—entirely完全地plete—completely完全地54.extreme-extremely极度地,极其55.absolute-absolutely绝对地56.polite—politely有礼貌地57.immediate—immediately立即地,马上地58.safe—safely安全地59.relative--relatively相对地,比较地60.approximate--approximately大约61.wise—wisely明智地62.nice—nicely很好地63.close—closely亲密地,靠近地(close也可作adv.)4.辅音字母+y变ily64.easy—easily容易地65.heavy—heavily沉重地66.happy—happily开心地67.hungry—hungrily饥饿地68.healthy—healthily健康地69.lucky—luckily幸运地70.noisy—noisily嘈杂地5.辅音字母+y直接接ly71.dry—dryly干燥地72.shy—shyly害羞地73.sly—slyly狡猾的6.以ic结尾的+ally74.energetic—energetically充满活力地75.automatic—automatically自动地76.scientific—scientifically科学地77.economic—economically经济地78.basic—basically基础地,基本地79.specific---specific ally特定地,明确地7.其它情况(1)特殊:good—well好地well身体健康的,井(2)既是形容词又是副词:1有些以-ly结尾的词daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,fast,early,hard,late,far,alone,little,deep,high, straight,long△注意:1以下-ly结尾的词为adj.friendly、lovely、lively、elderly、brotherly、fatherly、motherly、lonely、deadly、manly、womanly、silly2有两个副词形式的词high—high\highlydeep—deep\deeplywide—wide\widelyhard—hard\hardlyloud—loud\loudlyclose—close\closelylate—late\lately3两个副词形式但意思不一样80.free--免费地freely--随便不拘束地81.hard--努力地、猛烈地hardly--几乎不82.just--恰好、仅仅、不久前justly--公正地te--迟lately--最新地、最近地84.most--最mostly--大部分地85.near--近nearly--几乎86.pretty--很(adv.)prettily--漂亮87.short--突然地shortly--不久前88.clean径直地;完全地cleanly干干净净地89.clear完全地;径直地;隔离clearly清楚地90.close近地closely严密地;密切地91.direct直线地,不绕圈子地directly直接地;马上,立刻92.firm稳固地;稳定地firmly坚定地,坚决地93.high高高地highly高度地;94.straight直接地;正直地;马上;straightly(比较少用)95.slow怠工;慢慢走slowly缓慢地96.easy容易地easily容易地;轻松地97.sharp急剧地;准时地;音符准地sharply尖刻地;刻薄地名词变形容词名词+y1.anger-----angry生气2.honest—honesty诚实的3.hunger---hungry饥饿的4.fog—foggy有雾的5.fur----furry毛皮的6.guilt---guilty内疚的7.health---healthy健康地8.luck---lucky幸运地9.cloud---cloudy多云地10.wind—windy有风地11.rain---rainy下雨地12.snow---snowy下雪地13.sun—sunny晴朗地14.tourist------touristy游客多的15.business---busy忙碌地16.salt盐---salty咸的17.shine---shiny发亮的18.silk丝绸—silky丝绸般的19.sleep---sleepy昏昏欲睡的20.taste------tasty有味道的,美味的名词+ed21.balance–balanced平衡的22.spot----spotted有斑点23.talent-----talented有天赋的名词+ful/less24.meaning—meaningful/meaningless有意义的/无意义的25.care—careful/careless小心的/粗心的26.help---helpful/helpless有帮助的/无助的27.home—homeless无家可归的28.colour---colourful多彩的29.pain---painful痛苦的e---useful/useless有用的/无用的31.thank—thankful充满感激的32.peace---peaceful平静的,宁静的33.play--playful顽皮的,爱玩耍的4.名词+able34.adjust--adjustable可调整的fort---comfortable舒服的36.knowledge---knowledgeable有知识的37.suit一套-----suitable合适的5.名词+ous38.courage—courageous勇敢的39.danger—dangerous危险的40.mystery----mysterious神秘的6.ce变t41.confidence----confident自信的42.difference---different不同的43.dependence—dependent依赖的44.independence--independent独立的7.n+al45.addition—additional附加的,额外的46.class—classical经典的47.medicine药----medical医学的48.music---musical音乐的49.nature---natural自然的50.person---personal(私人的)51.nation—national国家的cation---educational有教育意义的53.tradition----traditional传统的54.origin起源---original新颖的;独创的55.grammar—grammatical语法的56.globe—global全球的8.名词+ly57.friend—friendly58.live---lively活跃的,有生气的59.love—lovely可爱的60.month---monthly每月的9.+en结尾61.wood—wooden木制的62.wool—woolen羊毛的10.其他63.energy---energetic有精力的64.strategy—strategic战略的65.fool—foolish愚蠢的66.freedom—free自由的,空的,免费的67.height—high高的68.illness---ill生病的69.love—lovely可爱的，美丽的70.death---dead死了的71.pleasure---pleased高兴的pleasing使人愉快的apleasingsoundpleasant令人愉快的，舒适72.popularity—popular流行的73.pride---proud骄傲的,自豪的74.scientist----scientific科学的形容词变名词75.efficient有效率的—efficiency效率76.patient—patience/impatience77.dependent—dependence依赖性78.independent—independence独立性79.true—truth80.high—height81.wide—width82.long—length83.possible—possibility84.responsible—responsibility85.urgent—urgency紧急86.prosperous—prosperity繁荣87.accurate—accuracy准确性形容词变动词88.modern—modernize89.social--socialize90.fast--fasten91.short/shorten92.long—lengthen—length(n.)93.wide--widen94.less--lessen95.strong—strengthen—strength(n.)rge—enlarge名词变动词puter--computerize名词---形容词—副词98.beauty美,美人—beautiful—beautifully99.care—careful—carefully100.care—careless—carelessly101.difference---different---differently102.fortune—fortunate/unfortunate—fortunately/unfortunately 103.happiness—happy—happily104.hunger—hungry--hungrily105.health—healthy—healthily106.luck—lucky—luckily107.noise—noisy—noisily108.pride—proud—proudly骄傲地109.sadness—sad—sadly110.safety安全;安全的地方—safe—safely 111.silence—silent---silently默默地112.success—successful—successfully 113.truth—true—truly114.unluck—unlucky—unluckily115.wonder奇迹—wonderful—wonderfully 方位的词名词—形容词116.east—eastern117.west—western118.south—southern119.north---northern120.inthewestofChina121.inthewesternpartofChina四大洲名词-----形容词122.Africa非洲-----African123.Europe欧洲-----European124.America美洲-----American亚洲–----Asian126.。
词形转换-名词
词形转换变名词1：-tion, -sion生产produce-production 介绍introduce-introduction 消费consume-consumption 减少reduce-reduction假设assume-assumption/ suppose-supposition 毁灭destroy-destruction 描写describe-description打断interrupt- interruption 采纳/收养adopt-adoption 防止prevent-prevention接受/接待处receive-reception解决solve-solution进化evolve-evolution 建议suggest-suggestion版本edit-edition 展览exhibit-exhibition打算/意图intend-intention认出recognize-recognition 解释/定义define-definition 保护protect-protection方向/指导direct-direction 指令instruct-instruction建设construct-construction 注射inject-injection驳斥reject-rejection 感染infect-infection反对object-objection/ oppose-opposition 连接connect-connection收集collect-collection 纠正correct-correction视察inspect-inspection 挑选select-selection选举elect-election 限制restrict-restriction抵触/矛盾contradict-contradiction 保留reserve-reservation保存preserve-preservation 保护conserve-conservation 观察observe-observation 挨饿starve-starvation组织organize-organization 文明civilize-civilization认识realize-realization 考试examine-examination 决定determine-determination 形成form-formation通知inform-information 想象imagine-imagination运输transport-transportation 邀请invite-invitation期待expect-expectation 诱惑tempt-temptation改编/适应adapt-adaption 移民immigrate-immigration 模仿imitate-imitation 准备prepare-preparation探索explore-exploration 考虑consider-consideration 宣布declare-declaration 装饰decorate-decoration-tion, -sion灵感inspire-inspiration 放松relax-relaxation交流communicate-communication 占用/职业occupy-occupation 满足satisfy-satisfaction 申请/应用apply-application暗示imply-implication 推荐recommend-recommendation 翻译/说明interpret-interpretation 结合combine-combination 操作/手术operate-operation 犹豫hesitate-hesitation教育educate-education 位于locate-location表明indicate-indication 参加participate-participation 计算calculate-calculation 欣赏/感激appreciate-appreciation 联想/协会associate-association 分离separate-separation冬眠hibernate-hibernation 赔偿compensate-compensation 调查investigate-investigation 庆祝celebrate-celebration祝贺congratulate-congratulation 翻译translate-translation积累accumulate-accumulation 加速accelerate-acceleration捐赠donate-donation 解放liberate-liberation动力motivate-motivation 革新innovate-innovation集中concentrate-concentration 游行/示威demonstrate-demonstration 贡献contribute-contribution 分发distribute-distribution促进promote-promotion 奉献devote-devotion沮丧frustrate-frustration/ depress-depression 印象impress-impression表达express-expression 拥有/财产possess-possession讨论discuss-discussion 扩大expand-expansion延伸extend-extension 承认admit-admission允许permit-permission 排放emit-emission爆炸explode-explosion 结论conclude-conclusion决定decide-decision 分开divide-division迷惑confuse-confusion-ence，-ance存在exist-existence 不同differ-difference 发生occur-occurrence 查阅/参考refer-reference 更喜欢/偏好prefer-preference 接受accept-acceptance 出现/外表appear-appearance执行/表演perform-performance 抵制resist-resistance指导guide-guidance 进入enter-entrance保险insure-insurance 帮助assist-assistance忍受endure-endurance/ tolerate-tolerance-ment广告advertise-advertisement 同意agree-agreement惊奇amaze-amazement 吃惊astonish-astonishment通告announce-announcement 安排arrange-arrangement评估assess-assessment 发展develope-development失望disappoint-disappointment 雇用/就业employ-employment鼓舞encourage-encouragement 款待/娱乐entertain-entertainment装备equip-equipment 统治/政府govern-government改进improve-improvement 投资invest-investment卷入involve-involvement 管理manage-management惩罚punish-punishment 要求require-requirement退休retire-retirement 定居/定居处settle-settlement陈述state-statement 对待/治疗require-requirement 以…为基础/地下室base-basement 人行道pave-pavement完成/成就achieve-achievement/ accomplish-accomplishment-ness (adj.→n.)意识aware-awareness/ conscious-consciousness 苦bitter-bitterness聪明clever-cleverness 疯狂crazy-craziness渴望eager-eagerness 公平fair-fairness愚蠢foolish-foolishness 适合fit-fitness幸福/愉快happy-happiness 疾病ill-illness友好kind-kindness 懒惰lazy-laziness孤独lonely-loneliness 宁静quiet-quietness悲伤sad-sadness 严重性serious-seriousness甜美sweet-sweetness 稳重steady-steadiness厚度thick-thickness 累tired-tiredness惶恐不安nervous-nervousness 思乡homesick-homesickness 无助helpless-helplessness/hopeless-hopelessness 自私selfish-selfishness-age婚姻marry-marriage 短缺short-shortage储存store-storage 包裹pack-package车厢carry-carriage 通道pass-passage-th温暖warm-warmth 真理true-truth死亡dead-death 成长grow-growth-ure快乐please-pleasure 离开depart-departure暴露expose-exposure 压力press-pressure失败fail-failure 混合mix-mixture签名sign-signature-ce (adj.→n.)缺席absent-absence 出席present-presence信心confident-confidence 方便convenient-convenience 不同different-difference 勤奋diligent-diligence远的/距离distant-distance 明显的/证据evident-evidence 优秀excellent-excellence 重要important-importance独立independent-independence 天真/无辜innocent-innocence 智力intelligent-intelligence 公正just-justice耐心patient-patience 浪漫romantic-romance沉默silent-silence 暴力violent-violence（V.→n.）冒犯offend-offence 防御defend-defence/defense 建议advise-advice 设施devise-device课本单词掌握、理解、吸收absorb 英亩acre 相加addition 事件affair管理、行政administration 前进advance 高级的advanced 议政agenda 有进取心的aggressive 在前面ahead 外星人alien 脚踝ankle救护车ambulance 娱乐amusement 分析analyse、analysis宣布announce、announcement 使烦恼annoy 总之anyhow 道歉apology 吸引、呼吁appeal 食欲appetite 鼓掌applause 方法、接近approach 大约地approximately 围裙apron 争论、理由argument 发生、出现arise 扶手椅armchair 到达arrival 只要as long as 烟灰缸ashtray方面aspect 天文学家astronomer 目前at present 喜欢、固定attach羞耻的ashamed 尝试attempt 态度attitude 自动的automatic-dom自由free-freedom 王国king-kingdom 智慧wise-wisdom-hood孩童时代childhood 男孩时代boyhood 邻里neighborhood-ship所有权ownership 锦标赛championship 友谊friendship手艺craftsmanship 奖学金scholarship 领导才能leadership艰难hardship 关系relationship-ing农业farming 加温warming（warmth温暖）学校教育schooling图画painting 意思meaning 绘画drawing婚礼wedding 训练training 天花板ceiling衣物clothing 感觉feeling 十字路口crossing工资earning 问候greeting 储蓄saving所发生的事happening 发现finding 财物belonging痛苦suffering 贡品offering 环境surrounding保龄球运动bowling-ibility；-bility (adj.→n.)能力able-ability 可能性possible-possibility/ probable-probability负责responsible-responsibility 灵活性flexible-flexibility 稳定性stable-stability 移动性mobile-mobility 高贵noble-nobility 能力capable-capability-s意味着v. mean 手段n. means 认为v. regard 问候n. regards留下/保持v. remain 剩余物n. remains 习俗custom 海关customs手臂arm 武器arms 方式manner 礼仪manners大脑brain 有智慧的人brains 短的short 短裤shorts好的good 货物goods课本单词熏猪肉bacon 平衡balance 乐队band 讨价还价bargain吼bark 浴缸bath 携带/容忍bear 啤酒beer 祈求beg 表现behave 信仰belief 属于belong 十亿billion 出生地birthplace 责怪blame 毛毯（床、身上）blanket 地毯carpet 毛毯（旅行）rug 女衬衫blouse 炸弹bomb 预约book 迅速增长boom 长筒靴boot 鞠躬bow 商标brand 勇敢bravery 简短的brief 广阔的broad 预算budget 窃贼burglar 灌木bush 商人businessman 食堂canteen现金cash 谨慎的cautious 洞穴cave 频道channel 闲聊chat主厨chef 支票cheque 香烟cigarette 马戏场circus 市民citizen 经典的classic 清洁工人cleaner 可可粉cocoa 梳子bomb 评论comment 委员会committee 概念concept 相关concern 做结论conclude 指挥conduct 考虑的事consideration 由…组成consist of 包含contain 贡献contribution 当代的contemporary 相反的contrary 饼干cookie公司corporation 舒适的cosy 庭院courtyard 信用卡credit card-y（adj.→n.）诚实honest-honesty 困难difficult-difficulty 勇敢brave-bravery 流行popular-popularity 现实real-reality 大多数major-majority电electrical-electricity 必要性necessary-necessity 安全secure-security 安全safe-safety 肯定性certain-certainty 残酷性cruel-cruelty 忠实loyal-loyalty 焦急anxious-anxiety 社会social-society各种，不同various-variety 美beautiful-beauty 光荣glorious-glory精确accurate-accuracy 频率frequent-frequency 效率efficient- efficiency 好奇curious-curiosity 慷慨generous-generosity隐私private-privacyv.→n.道歉apologize-apology 发现discover-discovery 同情sympathize-sympathy 伤害/伤处injure-injury 投递deliver-deliveryn.→n.奴隶/奴隶制slave-slavery 国家/国籍nation-nationality 陶盆/陶器pot-pottery 机器/机械装置machine-machinery 珠宝jewel-jewelry 风景scene-scenery面包师/面包房baker-bakery 杂货商/杂货铺grocer-grocery护士/幼儿园nurse-nursery 抢劫犯/抢劫robber 诗/诗人/诗歌poem-poet-poetry 鱼/渔民/渔场fish-fisherman-fishery-al到达arrive-arrival 提议/求婚propose-proposal 赞成approve-approval拒绝refuse-refusal 生存survive-survival课本单词欠债debt 击败defeat 保卫defend 高兴的delighted 要求demand 甜点dessert 侦探detective 恐龙dinosaur 分歧disagreement磁盘disk 区别distinction 宿舍dormitory 退学drop out 醉的drunk黄昏dusk 垃圾桶dustbin不规则动词变化表AAA型：cost cost cost花费cut cut cut 切burst burst burst爆发hit hit hit碰撞,击hurt hurt hurt 伤害; let let let 让put put put 放read read read 读rid rid rid 放set set set设置shut shut shut 关spread spread spread传播upset upset upset使心烦意乱常用谚语1、人际关系类患难见真情A friend in need is a friend indeed.对来说是佳肴，对他来说是毒药One man’s meat is another’s poison.己所不欲勿施于人Do as you would be done by.狐朋狗友不如无友Better be alone than in bad company.宁做鸡头不做凤尾Better be the head of dog than the tail of a lion.。
英语四级高频单词(百词斩)
.involve 涉及，卷入，牵涉，包含.crack n.裂缝，破裂声，挖苦话v.敲破，敲裂.original 最初的，新颖的.reluctant 不情愿的.press v.挤压n.报刊，新闻界，出版者.worldwide adj.全世界的adv.在全世界地.behalf n.代表，利益.exhaust v.使筋疲力尽，耗尽n.排气装置，废气.perceive v.意识到，察觉，发现，认为.resolve v.解决，决心n.决心.confront 勇敢面对，遭遇，使当面对证.means 方法，手段，工具.minimum n.最低限度，最小量adj 最小的.adequate 充足的，尚可的，可以胜任的.launch v.创办，发起，起飞，开始从事n.游艇，发射.assist n.帮助，助攻v.帮助，促进.connection n.连接，连接物，联系.flexible 柔软的，灵活的，易曲的.insult v.侮辱n.侮辱的言行.overall adj.全面的，全部的n.罩衫，工装裤.optional 可选择的，随意的.chill v.(使）感冒，变冷n.寒冷adj.扫兴的.insure 保险，保证，给......上保险.company n.公司，交往，陪伴.squeeze v.硬塞，用力挤压，榨取n.压榨.guard n.警卫，哨兵vt.保卫，看守.drift n.漂流，漂流物，趋势Vi.漂流，游荡.crisis 危机，存亡之际.strategy 谋略，策略.neglect v.忽视，忽略n.忽视.candidate 候选人，投考人.casual n.临时工，便服adj.偶然的，临时的，随便的.response 回答，反应.shield v.保护n.盾，防护物.dim v.变暗淡adj.暗淡的，弱的.rank n.等级，官阶v.排名，分级，列队.enable 使能够，使可能.remote n.遥控器adj.遥远的，偏僻的.issue n.问题，议题，发行物vi.发行.estate 土地，住宅，财产，地产，遗产.drain n.排水沟，排水v.排水，耗尽.principle 原则，主意，真理公民的，国内的.conduct n.行为v.做，指挥，传导（电，热等）.adopt 过继，收养，吸收，采纳.deceive 欺骗，蒙蔽，背叛.register 登记，注册.parallel adj平行的，相似的n平行线，相似物v.与...平行.assignment n.分配，委派，作业.intend 想要，打算，企图.faithful 忠诚的，如实的.regardless adj.不顾的，不注意的adv不顾一切地，无论如何.tough 坚韧的，健壮的，强硬棘手的.transmit 传送，传播，发射.insert n.插入物，插页V.插入，嵌入.isolate 使隔离，使绝缘.file n.文件，档案，文件夹V.把文件归档.install 安装，设置，正式任命.boast 夸耀，吹嘘，自负.focus n.焦点，注意力v.使聚焦.conscious 自觉的，意识到的，神志清醒的.emit 散发，发射，发表.stroke 一击，突然发作，中风.current adj.当前的，流行的n.（电，水）流，思潮.lower adj.较低的，位于南方的v.降落，降低.incident 事件，事变.enroll v.参加，注册，登记，入学.expansion 扩大，扩张，膨胀.resort n.求助，凭借，诉诸v.求助，采取.whereas 然而，但是，尽管.alter 改变，改动.illustrate 举例说明，阐明，图解.derive 起源，取得.liar 说谎的人.negotiation 谈判.indicate 指示，表明，表示，显示n.证据，证明v.校验.region 地区，区域，范围.transform 将.....变形，变化.assume 猜想，假设，呈现.reputation 名声，名誉.dissolve 使溶解，解散，废除.attach 系，贴，缚。
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FA cout,1 cout,0
FA Sum outputs
6:2 Compressor
12/16
Proposed Logic Cell: 2 Designs
13/16
Experimental Methodology
Platform: VPR
Modeled island-style FPGA Altera-like ALMs and LABs
[Wallace 1966, Dadda 1967]
Parallel multipliers Many video/signal processing circuits
FIR Filters H.264/AVC video coding 3G wireless base station channel cards
Flowgraph transformations to expose compressor trees
[Verma and Ienne, ICCAD 2019]
Generally applicable to arithmetic circuits Merge disparate add, mul operations to form compressor trees
Software synthesis heuristic/ILP
[Parandeh-Afshar et al. ASPDAC 2019, DATE 2019]
Faster than ternary adder trees or DSP blocks
Stratix II/III and Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGAs
Arithmetic circuits exacerbate the disparities Focus on compressor trees
1/16
Compressor Trees
A circuit that sums k > 2 integer values
Carry-save representation
14/16
Experimental Results
RoSuptAienregedaDu(epNlao(Nyrmo(Nramolizramelidzaeltidozet3do-At3oD-AD3D-)ADD)D)
21.258 1.86 11..624 101101......82415821 00..616 0.4 0.25
16/16
FPGA vs. ASIC
Performance Area Utilization Power Consumption Flexibility Time-to-Market
ASIC
√ √ √
FPGA
√ √
Performance gap between FPGAs and ASICs
[Kuon and Rose, FPGA 2019 and TCAD 2019]
33--AADDDD GGPPCC 666:::222 666::22:2+++GGGPPPCCC
3-AD6D:2h+asGtNPhoCe usisnmitfaholelrembstetsaretreninadsainll aclal sceasses
GPCGdPoCeshnaostthueselacragrersytcahraeiansin; tahlel coatsheesrs do!
7/16
The 6:2 Compressor: an Alternative to the 6:3 Counter and 6-input GPC
6:3 Counter 6-input GPC 6:2 Compressor
All inputs have rank 0
6:3
210 Output rank
15/16
Conclusion
Compressor trees are an important class of arithmetic circuits
Previous work: GPC mapping outperforms 3-ADD
Cannot use carry-chain
Contribution: New carry chain
Configures the Altera Stratix II/III ALM as a 6:2 compressor 1 HA, 2 FA, 2 muxes, plus wires
Best results combine GPC mapping with 6:2 compressors
Average speedup : 1.41x over 3-ADD Average increase in ALM usage: 1.19x over 3-ADD
FPGA Synthesis
Stratix II/III carry chain LUTs (shared arithmetic mode) Ternary addition Map poorly onto LUTs Poor flexibility in mapping
HA
FA
FA
m
[Wallace 1966]
Input ranks may vary
All inputs have rank 0
6:3
210 Output rank
rank 2
rank 0
cout,1
6:2
cin,0
cout,0
cin,1
rank 1
rank 0
10 Output rank
8/16
Why are 6:2 compressors more effective than 6:3 counters?
HA
[Verma and Ienne, DATE 2019]
4/16
The Altera Stratix II/III ALM: Shared Arithmetic Mode
sumr
3-LUT
carryr
3-LUT
To ALM output rank = r
3-LUT sumr+1 3-LUT carryr+1
6:3 Counter
6:2 Compressor
Steady state: 3 bits per column
Steady state: 2 bits per column
11/16
6:2 Compressors Form a Carry Chain
6
6
6
6
6
6
6:2
6:2
6:2
6:2
6:2
6:2
4 ALMs per LAB to reduce complexity
4 Mapping Algorithms
3-ADD : Ternary adder trees GPC : GPC mapping
[Parandeh-Afshar et al. ASPDAC 2019]
6:2 : Mapping using 6:2 compressors only 6:2 + GPC : The best of both worlds
10/16
Similarities Between Shared Arithmetic Mode and the 6:2 Compressor
ALM inputs
FA
FA (LUTs)ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
rank-0 inputs cin,1 cin,0
FA
FA
HA
FA
FA
To ALM outputs
ALM (Shared Arithmetic Mode)
0
0 aadddd22II
aadddd22QQ
aadddd22YY
fifri3r3
ggg777222xxx mmm111222xxx111222 mm1166xx1166
fifri6r6 MMoottiioonnEEEsssttt RRRQQQGGGQQQBBBQQQ RRRYYYGGGYYYBBBYYY AAAvvevereraragaggeee
A Novel FPGA Logic Block for Improved Arithmetic Performance
Hadi Parandeh-Afshar Philip Brisk Paolo Ienne
16th ACM/SIDA International Symposium on FPGAs Monterey, California, USA, February 26, 2019
To ALM output
rank = r+1
5/16
Generalized Parallel Counters (GPCs)
Extension to m:n counters
Input bits can have different ranks
i.e., (kn-1, …, k1, k0; S)
2
2
2
2
2
2
Each 6:2 compressor is a logic cell
Carry chains between adjacent cells bypass local routing
This is not an over-glorified ripple-carry structure
9/16
6:2 Compressors: Microarchitecture
rank-0 inputs cin,1 cin,0
FA
FA
HA
FA cout,1 cout,0