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书信类英语作文

书信类英语作文

书信类英语作文篇一:英语作文书信类模板1:投诉信Dear_______,I am ______ .I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint about_____.The reason for my dissatisfaction is _______. In the first place,_______. In addition,___________. Under these circumstances (case, situation), I find it ________ _______.I appreciate it very much if you could _______, preferably ______,and I would like to have this matter settled by ____.Thank you for your consideration and I will be looking forward to your reply.Yours sincerely/truly/faithfullyLi Ming2:询问信require askDear ______,I am ____________ . I am writing to see if it is possible for you to provide me with information regarding/about_______.First of all, what are ____________________? Secondly, when will___________________? Thirdly, is __________?I would also like to inquire ________. Could you be so kind as to send me some relevant/relative/related booklets on the above-mentioned aspects?Thank you for your kindness, and your prompt attention to this letter will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerelyLi Ming3:请求信Dear___________,I am writing to formally request to/ask for___________. The reason for_____ is that______.I_____, so I_____I would also like to request______.I am sorry for any inconvenience I have caused.Thank you for your attention to these requests. If you have any questions, do not hesitate to contact me. I look forward to your sincerelyLi Ming4:道歉信Dear ___________,I am truly sorry that_________________________.The reason is that_ Once again, I am sorry for any inconvenience caused. Hope you can accept my apologies and understand my sincerelyLi Ming5:感谢信Dear______,I am writing to express my sincere gratitude for __your help_______ . If it had not been for your assistance in ___________ , I fear that I would havebeen_________ without your help. .Everyone agrees that it was you who______________.Again, I would like to express/show my warm thanks to you! Please accept my sincerelyLi Ming6:建议信Dear ___________,You have asked me for my advice about _______, and I will try to make some practical suggestions here.In my humble opinion, you would be wise to take the following actions: ____I hope you will find these proposals useful, and I would be ready to discuss this matter with you to further details.Good Luck with your__ work/study_____Yours sincerelyLi Ming7:求职信Dear Sir or Madam,I write this letter to apply for the position that you have advertised/provided in______ of______.Not only do I have the qualifications for this job, but I also have the right personality/character for a_____. In the one hand,______. On the other hand, _______.Should you grant me a personal interview, I would be most grateful. If you need to know more about me, please feel free to contact me at any time. Thank you for considering my application, and I am looking forward to meeting sincerely Li Ming8:邀请信Dear________,There will be a ____ at/in_____ on___ . We would be honored to invite you to come here with us/have you there with us. The occasion will start at ___________. This will be followed by a_______. At around______,_______________I really hope you can make it before ___________Please let me know whether you can come or not.Yours sincerelyLi Ming篇二:英语书信类作文写作模板备战期末英语书信类作文写作模板书信:高分套路但凡应试书信,逃不出三种段落:开头段:四大内容1、问候;2、自我介绍;3、写信背景;为什么会写这封信4、写信目的;写这封信想达到什么目的中间段:具体问题+具体分析;结尾段:客套话;口诀:开门见山说意图咨询建议123不同内容可分段感谢客气不可少期待回信成老套经典套话(一)开头段:灵活地去写四种内容:1、问候;How are you doing?How is everything going?How is life treating you?2、自我介绍;I am LiHua, a 17-year-old boy currently studying in XXX middle school.I am LiHua, who...李华同志的个人简历由于我们在考场上的身份几乎年年都是李华,因此我们在这里有必要了解一下李华同志的一些个人情况。

(完整版)高考英语作文中的万能句子

(完整版)高考英语作文中的万能句子

写作套路但凡应试书信,逃不出三种段落:(一)开头段:四大内容1、问候;2、自我介绍;3、写信背景;为什么会写这封信4、写信目的;写这封信想达到什么目的(紧扣题意)(二)中间段:具体问题+具体分析(罗列题目要点);(三)结尾段:客套话。

口诀:开门见山说意图咨询建议123不同内容可分段感谢客气不可少期待回信成老套【经典套话】(一)开头段:灵活地去写四种内容:1、问候;How are you doing?How is everything going?How is life treating you?How nice to hear from you again.很高兴再次收到你的回信Let me tell you something about the activity.让我告诉你一些关于这次活动的细节I’m glad to have received your letter of Apr. 9th.[/color]很高兴收到你在4月9号的来信I’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a visit.很高兴得知你将来拜访中国I’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America.我正写这封信感谢我在美国你对我的帮助2、自我介绍;I am LiHua, a 17-year-old boy currently studying in XXX middle school.I am LiHua, who...【李华同志的个人简历】由于我们在考场上的身份几乎年年都是李华,因此我们在这里有必要了解一下李华同志的一些个人情况。

当然,这位同志的个人情况是可以有我们自己人为设置的。

为了给阅卷老师留下一个好印象,我们将李华同志的个人简历概括为:一个人见人爱的好孩子。

hardworkingdiligenthelp my parents to do houseworktake part in CCTV national English speech competitionwon the second prize in CCTV national English speech competitionvice monitorvice chairman of the students’ unionworked as a volunteer for the Olympic Gamesworked as a volunteer for the 21st centuryhave many foreign friends and often chat with them happily in starbark.3、写信背景(写信的缘由)I heard that ...My teacher told me...I am informed that...I learned that...我得知...I read in your newspaper/ micro-blog /website that...You said in your last letter that...4、写信目的;Now, I am writing to do sth.Now, I am writing this letter to do sth.Now, I am writing these few lines to do sth.【七种最常见书信的“写信目的”部分的最佳写法】自荐信:Now, I am writing to apply for the job/position.感谢信:Now, I am writing to show/ express my heartfelt gratitude to you.邀请信:Now, I am writing to invite you to join/enjoy/suffer/experience the....(as our guest/ judge/ instructor).建议信:Now, I am writing to give you a hand.求助信:Now, I am writing to ask you to give me a hand/ do me a favor.道歉信:Now, I am writing to show/ express my heartfelt apology to you.告知信:Now, I am writing to tell you about the details.(二)中间段:具体问题(主题句)+具体分析(拓展句)【六种最常见书信的“中间段”最佳写法】自荐信:写自己的优势写法一:There are four main reasons why I am fit for the position/job. To begin with, ... Moreover,... What's more,... Finally,...写法二:I have three main advantages. First and foremost,...Additonally,st but not least,...写法三:I have the confidence that I can handle the job. Firstly,... Secondly, ...Thirdly,...感谢信:写对方为你所做的事Every time I (看照片、看录像、看那段时间的日记、回忆那段经历), I just can't help thinking of you/ what you have done for me. It was so kind of you to (对方做的第一件事). Besides, you (对方做的第二件事), which really surprised me. Actually, I shall always remember (对方做的第三件事), considering that,(第三件事情的意义). Nothing will be able to erase our wonderful memories, and I will cherish them forever.邀请信:描述具体的活动内容,如活动主题、意义、地点、时间、参加者和其它事项;Here are some details for the activities. To begin with, (活动主题或活动目的,如:the theme of the contest is "human and the nature", which is undoubtedly not only entertaining but also instructive. )Moreover, (活动的地点和时间,如it will be in room 501 from 2:00 to 5:00 on the afternoon of June 15th.) What's more,(活动人员,如:ten outstanding competitors will take part in the contest.)Finally, (其他信息,如:if you need any further information, please call me at 44876655. )建议信:写给对方的具体建议写法一:There are several simple suggestions for you. To begin with, ... Moreover,... What's more,... Finally,...写法二:Immediate and effective measures must be put into practice. First and foremost,... Additonally,st but not least,...写法三:The following suggestions carried out, things would probably become much better. Firstly,... Secondly,... Thirdly,...求助信:写具体需要帮助的事项Hopefully you would be so kind as to give me some suggestions/help on the following problems. To begin with,(困难一),which has annoyed me for quite a long time. Moreover,(困难二), for personally I lack the very basic experience on this matter. Finally,...常用句型:(做某事有困难)1、I have trouble in doing sth.2、I find it extremely hard for me to do sth.3、Doing sth is another terrible headache for me.常见困难:【生活方面】与人相处get along well with my classmates/ the new teacher / my parents.(和我的同学/新老师/父母相处)把握时间arrange and make good use of my everyday time for valuable things. (安排和利用每天的时间去做有意义的事情)明确目标know the purpose of my life and the destination of my future in order to passionately live a purpose-driven life everyday. (知道我生命的目的和未来的目标,以便每天充满激情地过着“目标驱动”的生活)以下大家整理出来了高考英语作文中的万能句子。

牛津初中英语7B单词表

牛津初中英语7B单词表

牛津初中英语7B单词表7B Unit 1Dream n. 梦;梦想Palace n. 宫殿;皇宫Capital n. 首都Balcony n. 阳台Beach n. 海滩Sea n. 海Town n. 镇,市镇Wooden a. 木制的,木头的Over prep. 在…上方;多于River n. 江;河Climb v. 爬,攀登,攀爬Ladder n. 梯子Into prep. 到…里Second n. 秒;第二(个);(月的)Child n. 孩子,儿女Quiet a. 安静的Rain n. 雨,雨水While conj. 当……的时候sitting room n. 起居室;客厅Its pron. 它的Fifth n. 第五(个);(月的)第五Garden n. 花园,菜园Flat n. 套房,公寓Street n. 街,街道Seventh n. 第七(个);(月的)第七Share vt. 分享,合用Neighbour n. 邻居Friendly a. 友好的dining room n. 餐厅Grow vt. 种植;种Most adj. 大多数的Cook n. 厨师more than 多于;超过Armchair n. 扶手椅Bedside n. 床头柜Coffee n. 咖啡coffee table n. (置于沙发前的)矮茶几Cupboard n. 碗橱Lamp n. 灯,台灯Bookcase n. 书架,书柜Shower n. 淋浴器;淋浴间;淋浴Sink n. 洗涤槽;洗碗池Bathroom n. 浴室,盥洗室Bath n. 沐浴;浴缸Toilet n. 便池;抽水马桶Between prep. 在…之间Opposite prep. 在…的对面Chalk n. 粉笔Printer n. 打印机Tidy a. 整洁的Zero num. 零Sixteen num. 十六Seventeen num. 十七Nineteen num. 十九Seventy num. 七十Ninety num. 九十Thousand num. 千Million num. 百万Third n. 第三(个);(月的)第三Fourth n. 第四(个);(月的)第四Ninth adj. 第九的Eleventh n. 第十一(个);(月的)第Twelfth n. 第十二(个);(月的)第Twentieth n. 第二十(个);(月的)第Arrive vi. 到达Journey n. 旅行,旅程Worry vi. 担心,发愁Video n. 录像at least 至少ground floor n. (英)一楼Other adj. 其他的;另外的Metre n. (m)米,公尺Above prep. 在…上面Below prep. 在. . . 下面7B Unit 2Tin n. 听,罐None pron. 没有一个(人或物)Order vt. 叫或点(饭菜、饮料等)Pizza n. 比萨饼Life n. 生命;生活;人生;生物Underground n. 地铁Less adj. 较少的;更少的Air n. 空气;大气Pollution n. 污染Than conj. 比Country n. 乡村Lake n. 湖Building n. 建筑物;楼房Close a. 近的Example n. 例子;榜样Far adv. & adj. 远(的Hey int. 嘿;嗨Shop vi. 买东西Until prep. 到…为止;直到…时Souvenir n. 纪念品;纪念物Try v. 试,试图,试用,试做Western a. 西方的,西部的Local a. 当地的;本地的Theatre n. 剧场,电影院Teach vt. 教Land n. 陆地;土地State n. 状态;情形Dirty a. 脏的Play n. 戏剧Away adv. 离开;向远处Waiter n. (男)侍者Shopper n. 购物者;顾客Cashier n. 收银员Sick a. 患病的;不舒服的Hospital n. 医院Learn vt. 学习Count vt. & n. 点数;数Ham n. 火腿Chip n. (常用复数chips)薯Fork n. 叉子Plate n. 盘子Will v. 将,会(表示将来)Shall v. (用于第一人称)将,将会Loaf n. 一条Postcard n. 明信片belong to 属于key ring 钥匙环Calendar n. 日历Hold vt. 举行;托住,拿着Exchange n. 交换留学生Prepare v. 准备Miss vt. 错过Golden adj. 金色的;金制的Throne n. 宝座,御座works of art (复数)艺术品Painting n. 绘画Tomorrow adv. 明天Leave vt. 离开;使处于某种状态Full a. 满的;完整的;吃饱了的youth centre 青少年活动中心Ride v. 骑(马、自行车)Bicycle n. 自行车Nearby adv. 在附近Around prep. 在…周围home town 家乡Warm a. 暖和的,温暖的Sunny a. 晴朗的;阳光充足的7B Unit 3Way n. 路,路线Follow v. 跟随Down prep. 沿…而下Afraid a. 害怕,担心;恐怕North n. 北;北方;北部north-west n. 西北,西北方south-west n. 西南,西南方East n. 东,东方South n. 南,南方north-east n. 东北,东北方south-east n. 东南,东南方Character n. 人物Twin adj. 双胞胎的Police n. (常和the连用)警察,Uniform n. 制服Ring n. (钟、铃等)响Robber n. 抢劫者,强盗,盗贼Drive v. 驾驶Quickly adv. 飞快地;迅速地at once 立刻,马上Push vt. 推Van n. 厢式货车Fail vt. 失败Again adv. 再,又Work vi. 起作用;奏效Station n. 局;所;站;台Route n. 路线,路径Along prep. 沿着Left a. 左边的Road n. 路,道路Right n. 右边Another a. 另一个;别的Stop vt. & vi. 停止Light n. 灯traffic lights n. 红绿灯,交通信号灯Jump vi. 跳,蹦Report n. 报告,报道Suddenly adv. 突然Surprised a. 吃惊的,惊讶的Note n. 便条;笔记;注释;短信Smile v. 微笑Mean vt. 意思是;意指Open a. 开着的,敞开的Laugh v. 笑Happily adv. 愉快地;幸福地Move v. 移动Forward adv. 向前Set n. 一套,一副,一组Crossroads n. 十字路口Straight adj. 直的,笔直的zebra crossing n. 斑马线Entrance n. 入口Correct a. 正确的Museum n. 博物馆Corner n. 拐角;角落Hotel n. 旅馆Cross vt. 穿过Across prep. 穿过Through prep. 穿过,通过Round prep. 环绕,围绕Pool n. 水塘,水池Tunnel n. 隧道Stair n. 楼梯railway station n. 火车站Step n. (一级)台阶Side n. 边,侧Bridge n. 桥Join v. 参加;加入Gate n. 大门Win n. 获胜,赢得,赢Cloudy a. 多云的Bring v. 带来;拿来Paper n. 纸;纸张Campfire n. 篝火Turning n. 转弯处Path n. 小径,小路Field n. 田;地Towards prep. 向,朝Ground n. 地面Market n. 市场Farewell n. 告别Barbecue n. 烧烤Picnic n. 野餐fast food n. 快餐Everybody pron. 每人,人人Yours faithfully (用于书信结尾)你忠实的Monitor n. 班长Exit n. 出口Bank n. 银行Right adv. 恰恰;正好Footbridge n. 人行天桥7B Unit 4amazing a. 令人吃惊的,惊人的UFO abbr. 不明飞行物,飞碟yesterday adv. 昨天bright a. 明亮的travel vi. 旅行earth n. 地球moon n. 月亮Spaceship n. 宇宙飞船,航天器sneeze v. 打喷嚏Elephant n. 大象Tiptoe n. 脚尖;趾尖plant vt. 种植Without prep. 没有;无lightning n. 闪电Strange a. 奇怪的Usual a. 通常的,平常的hear vt. & vi. 听见;听说whisper n. 耳语,低语bush n. 灌木丛unusual a. 不寻常的,异常的Frightened a. 感到恐惧的Anybody pron. 任何人Nobody pron. 没有人,无人Carefully adv. 认真地,仔细地,小心Noise n. 噪音;声音,响声Happen vi. 发生everything pron. 每件事;每样事物;search vi. & vt. 搜寻,搜查Himself pron. 他自己weak a. 虚弱的;弱的;无力的miaow vi. (猫)喵喵叫Later adv. 以后,后来take care of 照顾Following a. 接下来的Soft a. 轻柔的,柔软的last a. 最近刚过去的;最后的reporter n. 记者crazy a. 着迷的;狂热的;发疯的kick v. 踢stone n. 石头can n. 罐头;罐子be fond of 喜欢Dislike vt. 不喜欢;讨厌few a. 不多的;少数的practise v. 练习,操练Even adv. 甚至wake up v. 醒过来;叫醒early a. 早的bark vi. (狗)吠,叫hard-working adj. 勤勉的Guide n. 导游,指南Introduction n. 介绍pity n. 遗憾,可惜Dodo n. 渡渡鸟die vi. 死亡;死Frog n. 青蛙poisonous a. 有毒的fact sheet 资料单dinosaur n. 恐龙Ago adv. 以前appear vi. 出现scientist n. 科学家weigh vi. 重kilogram n. 千克,公斤Grass n. 草lay vt. 下(蛋);产(卵)baby n. 婴儿;幼崽ant n. 蚂蚁Camel n. 骆驼giraffe n. 长颈鹿tortoise n. 龟,乌龟bone n. 骨头neck n. 脖子Eyelid n. 眼睑;眼皮remember v. 记住;记得Word n. 单词;话goldfish n. 金鱼second n. 秒During prep. 在…期间weight n. 重量Decide v. 决定sandwich n. 三明治piece n. 一块(片,张,件)name vt. 命名Invent vt. 发明star n. 明星,星,恒星TV set n. 电视机history n. 历史;历史学;历史课once adv. 一次;一回;曾;曾经Dish . 盘,碟7B Unit 5Ability n. 能力Seat n. 座位Collect vt. 收集Elderly adj. 上了年纪的,较老的Brave a. 勇敢的Fire n. 火;火灾Alone a. 单独的;独自的Smoke n. 烟;烟雾Hurt vt. & vi. 伤害,使受Leg n. 腿Pour v. 倒;泼Rush v. 冲;奔Save v. 救,救助Blanket n. 毯子Burn vt. 烧伤;烧Arm n. 胳膊Mouth n. 月Glad adj. 高兴的Dangerous a. 危险的Safe a. 安全的Danger n. 危险Careless adj. 粗心的Oneself pron. 自己Host n. 节目主持人Yourself pron. 你自己Call vi. 喊,叫Terrible a. 可怕的;糟糕的Visitor n. 探望者;来客Match n. 火柴Stove n. 炉子rubbish bin n. 垃圾箱Kind a. 慈祥的;友好的Grateful a. 感激的Quick a. 快的Slow adj. 慢的Ungrateful adj. 不领情的Rude a. 粗鲁的;无礼的Unhelpful adj. 无帮助的;无用的Unkind adj. 不友好的Unhappy a. 不高兴的;伤心的Recommend vt. 推荐Award n. 奖,奖品,奖金Fall vi. 降落;倒下;跌下Row v. 划船Snow n. 雪Ski vi. 滑雪Racket n. 球拍Forget v. 忘记Term n. 学期Memory n. 记忆;记忆力Writing n. 写作Geography n. 地理课;地理学Piano n. 钢琴Personality n. 个性Cheerful adj. 快乐的;令人快乐的Grade n. 评分等级;绩Result n. 结果Problem n. 问题Chairperson n. 主席Madam n. 夫人,女士Thoughtful adj. 考虑周到的Lose vt. 迷失;丢失Act v. 表演Housework n. 家务活Likely a. 可能的Whole a. 整个的Drama n. 戏剧7B Unit 6Pet n. 宠物Parrot n. 鹦鹉Rabbit n. 兔子Lap n. (人坐时)膝部;(跑道的Feed vt. 喂(养)Chase v. 追赶Catch v. 抓住;接住;赶上;染上(Wide adv. 张大地;张得很开地Hunt v. 搜寻;寻找Hide vt. 隐藏Build vt. 建筑,建造Camp n. (临时居住的)小屋或帐篷Stick n. 木棒(棍);树枝;枝条Bite v. 咬;叮Fight n. 打仗(架)End n. 最后,最终Trouble n. 麻烦Bubble vi. 吐泡泡Hutch n. (关兔等小动物的)笼子Anywhere adv. 任何地方window ledge n. 窗台Middle n. 中间;当央Edge n. 边缘;边沿Drawer n. 抽屉Empty a. 空的Fit v. 适合;容纳Cardboard n. 硬纸板Frock n. (旧)女装;连衣裙Care v. 在乎;介意Rhyme vi. 押韵Doorbell n. 门铃Might modal verb 或许,可Feather n. 羽毛Fin n. 鳍Paw n. (动物的)爪Tail n. 尾巴Wing n. 翼,翅膀Knock v. 敲;撞;碰Repeat vt. & vi. 重复Black-and-white a. 黑白的Herself pron. 她自己Sun n. 太阳,阳光Cage n. 笼子;鸟笼Pull v. 拉Brush n. 刷子Frighten vt. 使惊恐,吓唬Tank n. (盛液体或气体的)缸、罐Fur n. (动物的)毛Necessary a. 必要的Clean vt. 使……干净,打扫Owner n. 拥有者;所有者fantail goldfish n. 扇状尾鱼Bottom n. 底部;底Pea n. 豌豆Speaker n. 讲话人Noisy a. 喧闹的,嘈杂的Shy a. 害羞的Basket n. 篮子String n. 线;细绳Lead n. (牵狗用的)皮带,链子Sign n. 指示牌Shell n. 甲,壳Slowly adv. 缓慢地。

高考英语作文格式范文书信类

高考英语作文格式范文书信类

全国卷高考英语作文模板——书信【高分套路】但凡应试书信,逃不出三种段落:开头段:四大内容1、问候;2、自我介绍;3、写信背景;为什么会写这封信4、写信目的;写这封信想达到什么目的中间段:具体问题+具体分析;结尾段:客套话;口诀:开门见山说意图咨询建议123不同内容可分段感谢客气不可少期待回信成老套【经典套话】(一)开头段:灵活地去写四种内容:1、问候;3、写信背景(写信的缘由)I heard that ...My teacher told me...I am informed that...I learned that...我得知...I read in your newspaper/ micro-blog /website that...You said in your last letter that...4、写信目的;Now, I am writing to do sth.Now, I am writing this letter to do sth.Now, I am writing these few lines to do sth.【七种最常见书信的“写信目的”部分的最佳写法】自荐信:Now, I am writing to apply for the job/position.感谢信:Now, I am writing to show/ express my heartfelt gratitude to you.邀请信:Now, I am writing to invite you to join/enjoy/suffer/experience the....(as our guest/ judge/ instructor).建议信:Now, I am writing to give you a hand.really surprised me. Actually, I shall always remember (对方做的第三件事), considering that,(第三件事情的意义). Nothing will be able to erase our wonderful memories, and I will cherish them forever.邀请信:描述具体的活动内容,如活动主题、意义、地点、时间、参加者和其它事项;建议信:写给对方的具体建议写法一:There are several simple suggestions for you. To begin with, ... Moreover,... What's more,... Finally,...写法二:Immediate and effective measures must be put into practice. First and foremost,... Additonally,st but not least,...写法三:The following suggestions carried out, things would probably become much better. Firstly,... Secondly,... Thirdly,...求助信:写具体需要帮助的事项Hopefully you would be so kind as to give me some suggestions/help on the following problems. To begin with,(困难一),which has annoyed me for quite a long time. Moreover,(困难二), for personally I lack the very basic experience on this matter. Finally,...常用句型:(做某事有困难)1、I have trouble in doing sth.I’m sure if you were me, you would make the same choice.3:衷心希望对方能够谅解;【示例1】因不能按期还书而道歉——因为被我表妹强行借走了Dear Kate,How is everything going? I am writing to beg your pardon for my long delaying in returning to you your “Gone with the Wind”which I read through with great interest .I had already finished reading the book and was about to return it when my cousin came to see me. Never having seen the book, She was so interested in it that I had no choice but to allow her finish the book. I hope that in view of the additional delight thus afforded by your book, you will overlook my negligence(疏忽)in not returning it sooner. (然而,看在你的那本书能够带来的双倍喜悦的面子上,希望你能够原谅我没有及早还书的错误)I sincerely hope you can accept my apologies and understand my situation. Thanking you again for the loan.Sincerely yours,Tom 【示例2】不能如期赴约而道歉——因为要参加英语比赛Dear Tom,How is everything going? I am writing to beg your pardon for my not being able to join you for the trip to Beijing next weekend which we planned before.感谢信:I, on behalf of my whole family/class/school, would like to thank you again (for what you have done) (for me/us). May you be blessed (in everything you do).我代表我的全家再次向你所做的一切向你表达感谢。

打乒乓球时看不惯的现象的英语作文

打乒乓球时看不惯的现象的英语作文

打乒乓球时看不惯的现象的英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Ping Pong Pet PeevesPing pong is one of the most enjoyable games to play, whether you're a casual player or a competitive athlete. The fast pace, the satisfying thwack of the ball hitting the paddle, and the mental focus required make it an exhilarating experience. However, there are certain behaviors and habits that really get under my skin when I'm on the ping pong table. Here are my biggest pet peeves when playing this great sport:The Over-CelebratorLook, I get it - you're excited that you managed to return that wicked spin serve or finally beat me after 10 straight losses. But do you really need to scream, fist pump, and do a little victory dance every single time you win a point? It's ping pong, not Wimbledon. Reign in those over-the-top celebrations a bit. A quiet nod or "nice shot" would suffice. The constant hooting and hollering is distracting and takes away from the sportsmanship of the game.The Inconsiderate Ball SlammerWe're playing in a recreation center, not an isolated soundproof room. That means when you violently smash every single shot, the tremendous crack of the ball against your paddle reverberates through the entire facility. I've nearly jumped out of my shoes on multiple occasions from the startling noise. Have some awareness of your surroundings and consideration for others. A firm put-away shot is unnecessary on every single point.The Trash TalkerI understand some good-natured teasing and banter duringa competitive game. But there's a line that shouldn't be crossed into insults and disrespect. Trying to get inside my head by relentlessly mocking my abilities is just poor sportsmanship. It throws me off my game and makes me not want to play you again. If you can't keep things light and fun, then keep your mouth shut and just play.The Illegal ServerThe service rules in ping pong are in place for a reason - to ensure a fair, consistent method of putting the ball into play for every point. So it's incredibly frustrating when opponents try tosneak in illegal serves by hiding their toss, using bizarre spins, or standing way off to the side. It's a clear violation of the rules and is essentially cheating. If you can't win by proper legal serves, then you don't deserve the point. Just take the time to learn and practice a fair, legal service toss.The Sweat MonsterI understand that ping pong can be an intense physical activity, especially during long rallies and matches. But for the love of all that is good and holy, please make an effort to towel off every once in a while. Nobody wants to be dodging flying sweat projectiles from your flailing body on every other shot. And those giant sweat stains and puddles you leave all over the table are just nasty. Have some self-awareness and basic hygiene, please! Bring an extra shirt to change into if needed.The Mic-DropperThis one really chaps my hide. You'll be locked in a close, competitive game when out of nowhere your opponent decides to suddenly quit or forfeit the match for no apparent reason. Maybe you took a lead, maybe they got frustrated over a shot, or maybe they simply lost interest. Regardless, they just up and leave without warning or explanation - essentially dropping the mic in the middle of the match. What an insanely disrespectfuland poor sport move. If you're going to start something, you better be committed to finishing it properly. Don't be that flake.The Endless ConsulterThere are some players who, after every single shot, have to launch into a lengthy discussion and recount of what happened on that point. They'll then analyze and debate over the best possible shot option for far too long while keeping the game held up. Ad nauseam. Yes, constructive feedback and strategy talks are fair game. But there's a point where it becomes overkill. The constant nitpicking and overanalysis disrupts the flow and momentum of the match. If you need a deep advisory board review after every single swing, you're taking it way too seriously and killing the fun.While ping pong is one of the most enjoyable activities around, certain obnoxious behaviors can quickly ruin the experience. A little self-awareness, respect for opponents, and healthy sportsmanship can go a long way. Follow the basic rules and etiquette, and we can all have a great time on the ping pong table. Now let's play!篇2The Irritating Habits of Ping Pong PlayersPing pong, or table tennis as it's formally known, is a game that can bring people together through friendly competition and physical activity. However, even this seemingly innocuous sport is not free from the capacity of players to exhibit infuriating behaviors on and around the table. As someone who has been playing recreationally for years, I have unfortunately encountered my fair share of annoying ping pong player habits that really grind my gears.One of the most irksome things is when someone displays terrible etiquette by constantly reaching across the table. We've all played that opponent who can't seem to stay on their own side, constantly lunging and stretching their paddle way over the centerline in a desperate attempt to return the ball. Not only is this against the rules, but it's also incredibly distracting and dangerous for the person on the receiving end who now has to worry about being smacked in the face by a wild arm or paddle. Have some spatial awareness and stay in your own court! Making contact with the table on the other side should result in an immediate fault.Another peeve of mine is excessive grunting or other loud noises players sometimes make with each shot. I get that ping pong can be an intense game requiring physical exertion, but theloud "Hnnnggghhhh!" sounds some people feel the need to belt out is too much. It's off-putting and can actually make it harder for your opponent to focus on the match. Unless we're playing at Wimbledon, there's no need for that level of dramatic vocalization with every swing. The only noises I want to hear are the crisp sounds of paddle meeting ball.Frequent illegal serves are also a bad habit that drives me up the wall. We've all been there - you're waiting to receive, the other player tosses the ball up...and then they blatantly sculpt or double-hit it over the net in a cheating motion hoping you won't notice. It happens all the time at a recreational level, but that doesn't make it any less frustrating. Part of the purpose of a sport's rules are to make things fair and challenging for both competitors. By trying to sneak in an illegal serve, you're completely undermining that dynamic of good sportsmanship. If you can't perform a legal serve consistently, spend some time practicing rather than taking underhanded shortcuts.Showboating and taunting after scoring are other behavioral quirks that can quickly turn me off from having an enjoyable game. Whether it's exaggerated fist pumps, loud screaming in the other person's face, or mocking gestures and dances after each point, that stuff just feels so unnecessarily arrogant anddisrespectful in a casual setting. We're not professional athletes playing for millions of dollars here. Celebrating is fine, but know where to draw the line between excitement and obnoxiousin-your-face showboating that makes the other person feel small. At the end of the day, it's just a friendly game - there's no need to rub it in like we're fighting for the world championship title.On the flip side, reactions of excessive frustration after making mistakes or losing points are also hard for me to watch. We're talking loud outbursts, throwing or slamming the paddle down, or even kicking or taking anger out on the table itself. Having a bad day and making errors is understandable, but publicly pitching a fit over it shows lack of emotional maturity. Not only is it unsportsmanlike towards your opponent who has to awkwardly witness the meltdown, but it's also a negative example to set for any kids or bystanders watching the match. Getting visibly angry to the point of having a tantrum over a simple ping pong game indicates broader issues with managing expectations and competitiveness that likely need to be addressed.Lastly, a general lack of playing etiquette and simple courtesies is something that really irks me about some opponents. Things like not saying "thanks for the game" after it'sover, ignoring obvious faults you committed against yourself, making the opponent chase after balls you blatantly missed, leaving sweat or moisture all over the table surface, and not clearing loose balls, drinks or other potential hazards away from the playing area. It's little stuff, but it adds up and brings down the overall experience. Ping pong may be just a game, but it should still be treated with a basic level of respect towards your surroundings, playing equipment, and opponent. A little bit of etiquette and consideration can go a long way in ensuring both players have an enjoyable experience.At the end of the day, poor behaviors from ping pong players - whether it's lack of etiquette, illegal tactics, showboating and taunting, tantrums over mistakes, or general self-indulgence - can quickly turn a fun recreational game into a negative experience. Nobody is expecting Olympic-level deportment at a casual club or basement table. But following some simple guidelines of sportsmanship and respecting your playing environment and opponent can ensure the match remains an enjoyable athletic activity for all involved. After all, ping pong is just a game - no reason to let annoying habits from others ruin the fun.篇3Pet Peeves When Playing Ping PongPing pong, or table tennis as it's formally known, is one of my favorite sports to play. It's fast-paced, requires skill and strategy, and is just an all-around great time. However, like any sport or activity, there are certain behaviors and habits that really grind my gears when I see them on the ping pong tables. Here are my biggest pet peeves when playing this awesome game:The ShowboatWe all know this guy. He's the one who has to make a big scene and show off after winning even the most routine of points. Maybe he pumps his fist in an overly dramatic way. Or he lets out a primal scream or grunt that's way over the top. Perhaps he spins his paddle in his fingers like he's recreating some slick movie scene. Whatever the specific showboating move is, it's annoying as hell. We get it dude, you're pleased with yourself for managing to get the ball over the net. No need to act like you just won Game 7 of the finals. It's ping pong, not the Olympics. Have some chill and act like you've been there before.The RagerClosely related to The Showboat is The Rager. This is the player who loses their mind in an intense fury any time they missa shot or the opponent scores on them. They might slam their paddle down, kick a nearby chair or table, or just let out a stream of profanities loud enough for everyone within a mile radius to hear. Dude, it's literal ping pong. There's no need to have a meltdown SO explosive just because you missed a shot or lost a point. Getting that angry over a missed ping pong shot is like going nuclear over failing to operate the TV remote properly. It's a massive overreaction that's just embarrassing for all of us to witness. We're all adults here...act like it.The Excessive CommentatorThis one is pretty self-explanatory - it's the player who insists on providing a constant stream of commentary over every single shot, no matter how routine or irrelevant. "Oh, I just put a crazy topspin on that one!" "Man, I'm really working the angles today!" "That's my patented reverse backhand banana shot!" We get it dude, you're trying your hardest to convince everyone how skilled and strategic you are at ping pong. But the truth is, none of us really care about the aimless play-by-play or descriptions of your "patented" shots. We're all just here to have some fun hitting a ball back and forth, not listen to you endlessly pat yourself on the back between every return. Just let us play in peace without the endless chatter.The HawkYou know this person. After every single point, no matter how definitively one player won the exchange, The Hawk has to go scrambling around the table, scrutinizing every tiny bounce and graze mark on the table like they're a dang crime scene investigator. Did the ball maybe potentially clip the edge on that one shot? Was that an illegal serve that grazed the side before going over? The Hawk sees controversy in literally every single rally, no matter how clear-cut it may have seemed to the rest of us. And they absolutely have to point out and overanalyze every single perceived irregularity, no matter how microscopic or meaningless to the final scoring. Nobody else cares dude! We're all just here playing ping pong, not adjudicating ball marks for the freaking US Open. If the point was really that egregious, we'd all know it without your pedantic analysis. Let's just play.Mr. RulesClosely related to The Hawk is Mr. Rules. This is the player who insists on lecturing and badgering everyone about even the most obscure or irrelevant table tennis regulations. You try to take a quick water break between games, only to have Mr. Rules jump down your throat about the strict rules around timeout periods and break lengths. You go to serve the ball and he has tojump in with a long-winded explanation about the properly prescribed toss techniques defined in Section 2.6 of the official rulebook. A simple warm-up rally before the game can't even get started before Mr. Rules feels the need to waste everyone's time by tediously explaining the defined etiquette and procedure for pre-game warmups outlined on Page 37. We're all just here for a super casual round of ping pong my man! We don't need a full dissertation on all 287 sub-clauses of the international rules of table tennis. Let's just play the damn game and have some fun rather than get bogged down in all these meaningless procedural footnotes.The Ultimate TryhardOf course, we've all encountered The Ultimate Tryhard when playing pickup ping pong games. This is the player who acts like we're competing for supremacy in the freaking World Cup rather than just knocking a ball around between friends. They'll spend 10 minutes carefully analyzing the spin and practicing elaborate stroke techniques before even starting games. They come equipped with a full tracksuit and athletic gear like they're about to run a marathon rather than play ping pong. During the game, they have to go sprinting around the table for even the most routine shots, slamming into walls and leaving a trail of sweateverywhere like a freaking Olympic athlete. And god forbid you try to make a silly joke or idle chit-chat while rallying with The Ultimate Tryhard - that's a cardinal sin that shakes their unbreakable concentration and poise. We're all just here for a lighthearted round of ping pong for fun my dude, not training for battling in the Hunger Games! Lose the intensity and crazy antics and just try to relax and enjoy the simple game in front of us.At the end of the day, ping pong is just a silly game meant for lighthearted fun and socializing. It's not that deep! So to all my fellow players out there, try to check those over-the-top behaviors and let the rest of us just enjoy knocking the ball back and forth without all the extra antics and headache-inducing theatrics. A little sportsmanship and chill can go a long way the next time we hit the tables.。

高考英语书信类写作模板 (2)

高考英语书信类写作模板 (2)

书信:【高分套路】但凡应试书信,逃不出三种段落:开头段:四大内容1、问候;2、自我介绍;3、写信背景;为什么会写这封信4、写信目的;写这封信想达到什么目的中间段:具体问题+具体分析;结尾段:客套话;口诀:开门见山说意图咨询建议123不同内容可分段感谢客气不可期待回信成老套【经典套话】(一)开头段:灵活地去写四种内容:1、问候;How are you doing?How is everything going How is life treating you?2、自我介绍;I am LiHua, who...I am LiHua, a 17-year-old boy currently studying in XXX middle school.【李华同志的个人简历】由于我们在考场上的身份几乎年年都是李华,因此我们在这里有必要了解一下李华同志的一些个人情况。

当然,这位同志的个人情况是可以有我们自己人为设置的。

为了给阅卷老师留下一个好印象,我们将李华同志的个人简历概括为:一个人见人爱的好孩子。

Hardworking diligent help my parents to do houseworktake part in CCTV national English speech competitionwon the second prize in CCTV national English speech competitionvice monitor vice chairman of the students’ unionworked as a volunteer for the Olympic Gamesworked as a volunteer for the 21st centuryhave many foreign friends and often chat with them happily in starbark.3、写信背景(写信的缘由)I heard that ...My teacher told me...I am informed that... I learned that...我得知...I read in your newspaper/ micro-blog /website that...You said in your last letter that...4、写信目的;Now, I am writing to do sth.Now, I am writing this letter to do sth.Now, I am writing these few lines to do sth.【七种最常见书信的“写信目的”部分的最佳写法】自荐信:Now, I am writing to apply for the job/position.感谢信:Now, I am writing to show/ express my heartfelt gratitude to you.邀请信:Now, I am writing to invite you to join/enjoy/suffer/experience the....(as our guest/ judge/ instructor).建议信:Now, I am writing to give you a hand.求助信:Now, I am writing to ask you to give me a hand/ do me a favor.道歉信:Now, I am writing to show/ express my heartfelt apology to you.告知信:Now, I am writing to tell you about the details.(二)中间段:具体问题(主题句)+具体分析(拓展句)【六种最常见书信的“中间段”最佳写法自荐信:写自己的优势写法一:There are four main reasons why I am fit for the position/job. To begin with, ... Moreover,... What's more,... Finally,...写法二:I have three main advantages. First and foremost,...Additonally,st but not least,...写法三:I have the confidence that I can handle the job. Firstly,...Secondly, ...Thirdly,..感谢信:写对方为你所做的事Every time I (看照片、看录像、看那段时间的日记、回忆那段经历), I just can't help thinking of you/ what you have done for me. It was so kind of you to (对方做的第一件事). Besides, you (对方做的第二件事), which really surprised me. Actually, I shall always remember (对方做的第三件事), considering that,(第三件事情的意义). Nothing will be able to erase our wonderful memories, and I will cherish them forever.邀请信:描述具体的活动内容,如活动主题、意义、地点、时间、参加者和其它事项;Here are some details for the activities. To begin with, (活动主题或活动目的,如:the theme of the contest is "human and the nature", which is undoubtedly not only entertaining but also instructive. )Moreover, (活动的地点和时间,如it will be in room 501 from 2:00 to 5:00 on the afternoon of June 15th.)What's more,(活动人员,如:ten outstanding competitors will take part in the contest.)Finally, (其他信息,如:if you need any further information, please call me at 44876655. )建议信:写给对方的具体建议写法一:There are several simple suggestions for you. To begin with, ... Moreover,... What's more,... Finally,...写法二:Immediate and effective measures must be put into practice. First and foremost,... Additonally,st but not least,...写法三:The following suggestions carried out, things would probably become much better. Firstly,... Secondly,... Thirdly,...求助信:写具体需要帮助的事Hopefully you would be so kind as to give me some suggestions/help on the following problems. To begin with,(困难一),which has annoyed me for quite a long time. Moreover,(困难二), for personally I lack the very basic experience on this matter. Finally,...常用句型:(做某事有困难)1、I have trouble in doing sth.2、I find it extremely hard for me to do sth.3、Doing sth is another terrible headache for me.常见困难:【生活方面】与人相处get along well with my classmates/ the new teacher / my parents.(和我的同学/新老师/父母相处)把握时间arrange and make good use of my everyday time for valuable things. (安排和利用每天的时间去做有意义的事情)明确目标know the purpose of my life and the destination of my future in order to passionately live a purpose-driven life everyday. (知道我生命的目的和未来的目标,以便每天充满激情地过着“目标驱动”的生活)【学习方面】不懂语法have trouble in mastering the advanced grammar rules and put them into use in my speaking and writing. 进步太慢find myself making progress not as fast as before, which has been annoying me for a long time. 精力有限can't be passionate and energetic all day long so as to make every moment meaningful and splendid.道歉信:描述不能或没能做到某事(如:赴约、还书、提供某种帮助)的原因一般要以记叙文的形式写出以下三个内容:1: 不能做某事的缘由;2:对方能够谅解你的理由I’m sure if you w ere me, you would make the same choice.3:衷心希望对方能够谅解;【示例1】因不能按期还书而道歉——因为被我表妹强行借走了Dear Kate,How is everything going? I am writing to beg your pardon for my long delaying in returning to you your “Gone with the Wind” which I read through with great interest .I had already finished reading the book and was about to return it when my cousin came to see me. Never having seen the book, She was so interested in it that I had no choice but to allow her finish the book. I hope that in view of the additional delight thus afforded by your book, you will overlook my negligence(疏忽)in not returning it sooner. (然而,看在你的那本书能够带来的双倍喜悦的面子上,希望你能够原谅我没有及早还书的错误)I sincerely hope you can accept my apologies and understand my situation. Thanking you again for the loan.Sincerely yours,Tom【示例2】不能如期赴约而道歉——因为要参加英语比赛Dear Tom,How is everything going? I am writing to beg your pardon for my not being able to join you for the trip to Beijing next weekend which we planned before.I have been looking forward to the trip for a long time and have done a lot of preparation. However, I am informed that the CCTV national English competition is going to be held on that day. You know that I've been waiting for the chance for months and thus by no means can I miss it. As a result, I cannot make it for the trip. I’m sure if you were me, you would make the same choice. I do hope you can accept my apologies and understand my situation.Please allow me to say sorry again.Sincerely yours,LiHua注:除了道歉信中间段落需要写成记叙形式,其余五种书信都应该写成议论形式。

海尔空调系列产品技术参数手册说明书

海尔空调系列产品技术参数手册说明书

2.2PerformanceRotational speed (50 Hz supply)0 to 2900 r.min-1Rotational speed (60 Hz supply)0 to 3500 r.min-1Total pressure (single-stage backing pump,with gas-ballast) 2 x 10-2mbar absolute (2 Pa)Ultimate pressure (single-stage backingpump without gas-ballast, permanent gases) 2 x 10-3mbar absolute (2 x 10-1Pa)Total pressure (two-stage backing pumpwith gas-ballast) 1 x 10-3mbar absolute (1 x 10-1Pa)Maximum outlet pressure (see Section 1.2.4)1000 mbar absolute (1 x 105Pa)Pressure differential across pump (determined by the hydrokinetic drive)Pump50 Hz60 HzEH2500 to 180 mbar0 to 1.8 x 104Pa0 to 150 mbar0 to 1.5 x 104PaEH500A0 to 110 mbar0 to 1.1 x 104Pa0 to 90 mbar0 to 0.9 x 104PaEH1200/1200C0 to 90 mbar0 to 0.9 x 104Pa0 to 75 mbar0 to 0.75 x 104PaEH2600/2600C0 to 80 mbar0 to 0.8 x 104Pa0 to 67 mbar0 to 0.67 x 104PaEH4200/4200C0 to 60 mbar0 to 0.6 x 104Pa0 to 50 mbar0 to 0.5 x 104Pa 2.3Recommended backing pumpsBecause of the flexibility of the hydrokinetic drive,there is a wide range of backing pumps whichare suitable for use with the EH Mechanical Booster pumps.Contact your supplier or BOCEdwards for advice on suitable backing pumps.2.4Connections2.4.1Vacuum connectionsInlet OutletEH250ISO63ISO40EH500A ISO100ISO63EH1200/1200C ISO160ISO100EH2600/2600C ISO160ISO100EH4200/4200C ISO250ISO1002.4.2Cooling-water connectionsInlet connection3/8inch BSP maleOutlet connection3/8inch BSP male2.4.3Coupling-cover purge connection (EH1200C/2600C/4200C only)Purge connection1/4inch compression fittingEH Mechanical Booster Pumps152.5Electrical dataNote:The motors of EH250and EH500A pumps are supplied configured for‘low voltage’operation (240V and lower),the motors of EH1200/1200C,EH2600/2600C and EH4200/4200C pumps aresupplied configured for ‘high voltage’ operation (380 V and higher): refer to Section 3.6.Number of phases3Supply voltage220-240 V/380-415 V at 50 Hz208-230 V/460 V at 60 HzVoltage tolerance±6%Full load current ratings See Table 2220 V 50 Hz 240 V50 Hz380 V50 Hz415 V50 Hz208 V60 Hz230 V60 Hz460 V60 HzEH250 & EH500A Full load (A) 6.3 5.8 3.7 3.4 6.1 5.5 2.8 Rating (kW) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5EH1200Full load (A)11.110.2 6.4 5.911.910.7 5.4 Rating (kW)3333333EH2600 & EH4200 (7.5 kW)Full load (A)19.818.211.510.520.918.99.5 Rating (kW)7.57.57.57.57.57.57.5EH2600 & EH4200 (11 kW)Full load (A)--21.520.7-34.817.4 Rating (kW)--1111-1111EH1200C Full load (A)--6 5.7-105 Rating (kW)--33-33EH2600C & EH4200C Full load (A)--2220-3618 Rating (kW)--1111-1111 Table 2 - Full load current ratings2.6Coupling-cover nitrogen purge supply (EH1200C/2600C/4200C only)Nitrogen supply pressure 1 to 9 bar gauge (2 to 10 bar absolute,2 x 105to 1 x 106Pa)Regulated pressure0.3to0.5bar absolute(3x104to5x104Pa) 16EH Mechanical Booster Pumps。

IEEE参考文献格式

IEEE参考文献格式

•Creating a reference list or bibliographyA numbered list of references must be provided at the end of thepaper. The list should be arranged in the order of citation in the text of the assignment or essay, not in alphabetical order. List only one reference per reference number. Footnotes or otherinformation that are not part of the referencing format should not be included in the reference list.The following examples demonstrate the format for a variety of types of references. Included are some examples of citing electronic documents. Such items come in many forms, so only some examples have been listed here.Print DocumentsBooksNote: Every (important) word in the title of a book or conference must be capitalised. Only the first word of a subtitle should be capitalised. Capitalise the "v" in Volume for a book title.Punctuation goes inside the quotation marks.Standard formatSingle author[1] W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth,1993, pp. 123-135.[2] S. M. Hemmington, Soft Science. Saskatoon: University ofSaskatchewan Press, 1997.Edited work[3] D. Sarunyagate, Ed., Lasers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.Later edition[4] K. Schwalbe, Information Technology Project Management, 3rd ed.Boston: Course Technology, 2004.[5] M. N. DeMers, Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems,3rd ed. New York : John Wiley, 2005.More than one author[6] T. Jordan and P. A. Taylor, Hacktivism and Cyberwars: Rebelswith a cause? London: Routledge, 2004.[7] U. J. Gelinas, Jr., S. G. Sutton, and J. Fedorowicz, Businessprocesses and information technology. Cincinnati:South-Western/Thomson Learning, 2004.Three or more authorsNote: The names of all authors should be given in the references unless the number of authors is greater than six. If there are more than six authors, you may use et al. after the name of the first author.[8] R. Hayes, G. Pisano, D. Upton, and S. Wheelwright, Operations,Strategy, and Technology: Pursuing the competitive edge.Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2005.Series[9] M. Bell, et al., Universities Online: A survey of onlineeducation and services in Australia, Occasional Paper Series 02-A. Canberra: Department of Education, Science andTraining, 2002.Corporate author (ie: a company or organisation)[10] World Bank, Information and Communication Technologies: AWorld Bank group strategy. Washington, DC : World Bank, 2002.Conference (complete conference proceedings)[11] T. J. van Weert and R. K. Munro, Eds., Informatics and theDigital Society: Social, ethical and cognitive issues: IFIP TC3/WG3.1&3.2 Open Conference on Social, Ethical andCognitive Issues of Informatics and ICT, July 22-26, 2002, Dortmund, Germany. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2003.Government publication[12] Australia. Attorney-Generals Department. Digital AgendaReview, 4 Vols. Canberra: Attorney- General's Department,2003.Manual[13] Bell Telephone Laboratories Technical Staff, TransmissionSystem for Communications, Bell Telephone Laboratories,1995.Catalogue[14] Catalog No. MWM-1, Microwave Components, M. W. Microwave Corp.,Brooklyn, NY.Application notes[15] Hewlett-Packard, Appl. Note 935, pp. 25-29.Note:Titles of unpublished works are not italicised or capitalised. Capitalise only the first word of a paper or thesis.Technical report[16] K. E. Elliott and C.M. Greene, "A local adaptive protocol,"Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, France, Tech. Rep.916-1010-BB, 1997.Patent / Standard[17] K. Kimura and A. Lipeles, "Fuzzy controller component, " U.S. Patent 14,860,040, December 14, 1996.Papers presented at conferences (unpublished)[18] H. A. Nimr, "Defuzzification of the outputs of fuzzycontrollers," presented at 5th International Conference onFuzzy Systems, Cairo, Egypt, 1996.Thesis or dissertation[19] H. Zhang, "Delay-insensitive networks," M.S. thesis,University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, 1997.[20] M. W. Dixon, "Application of neural networks to solve therouting problem in communication networks," Ph.D.dissertation, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia, 1999.Parts of a BookNote: These examples are for chapters or parts of edited works in which the chapters or parts have individual title and author/s, but are included in collections or textbooks edited by others. If the editors of a work are also the authors of all of the included chapters then it should be cited as a whole book using the examples given above (Books).Capitalise only the first word of a paper or book chapter.Single chapter from an edited work[1] A. Rezi and M. Allam, "Techniques in array processing by meansof transformations, " in Control and Dynamic Systems, Vol.69, Multidemsional Systems, C. T. Leondes, Ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 1995, pp. 133-180.[2] G. O. Young, "Synthetic structure of industrial plastics," inPlastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York:McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15-64.Conference or seminar paper (one paper from a published conference proceedings)[3] N. Osifchin and G. Vau, "Power considerations for themodernization of telecommunications in Central and Eastern European and former Soviet Union (CEE/FSU) countries," in Second International Telecommunications Energy SpecialConference, 1997, pp. 9-16.[4] S. Al Kuran, "The prospects for GaAs MESFET technology in dc-acvoltage conversion," in Proceedings of the Fourth AnnualPortable Design Conference, 1997, pp. 137-142.Article in an encyclopaedia, signed[5] O. B. R. Strimpel, "Computer graphics," in McGraw-HillEncyclopedia of Science and Technology, 8th ed., Vol. 4. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997, pp. 279-283.Study Guides and Unit ReadersNote: You should not cite from Unit Readers, Study Guides, or lecture notes, but where possible you should go to the original source of the information. If you do need to cite articles from the Unit Reader, treat the Reader articles as if they were book or journal articles. In the reference list or bibliography use the bibliographical details as quoted in the Reader and refer to the page numbers from the Reader, not the original page numbers (unless you have independently consulted the original).[6] L. Vertelney, M. Arent, and H. Lieberman, "Two disciplines insearch of an interface: Reflections on a design problem," in The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design, B. Laurel, Ed.Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990. Reprinted inHuman-Computer Interaction (ICT 235) Readings and Lecture Notes, Vol. 1. Murdoch: Murdoch University, 2005, pp. 32-37. Journal ArticlesNote: Capitalise only the first word of an article title, except for proper nouns or acronyms. Every (important) word in the title of a journal must be capitalised. Do not capitalise the "v" in volume for a journal article.You must either spell out the entire name of each journal that you reference or use accepted abbreviations. You must consistently do one or the other. Staff at the Reference Desk can suggest sources of accepted journal abbreviations.You may spell out words such as volume or December, but you must either spell out all such occurrences or abbreviate all. You do not need to abbreviate March, April, May, June or July.To indicate a page range use pp. 111-222. If you refer to only one page, use only p. 111.Standard formatJournal articles[1] E. P. Wigner, "Theory of traveling wave optical laser," Phys.Rev., vol. 134, pp. A635-A646, Dec. 1965.[2] J. U. Duncombe, "Infrared navigation - Part I: An assessmentof feasability," IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices, vol. ED-11, pp. 34-39, Jan. 1959.[3] G. Liu, K. Y. Lee, and H. F. Jordan, "TDM and TWDM de Bruijnnetworks and shufflenets for optical communications," IEEE Trans. Comp., vol. 46, pp. 695-701, June 1997.OR[4] J. R. Beveridge and E. M. Riseman, "How easy is matching 2D linemodels using local search?" IEEE Transactions on PatternAnalysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 19, pp. 564-579, June 1997.[5] I. S. Qamber, "Flow graph development method," MicroelectronicsReliability, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1387-1395, Dec. 1993.[6] E. H. Miller, "A note on reflector arrays," IEEE Transactionson Antennas and Propagation, to be published.Electronic documentsNote:When you cite an electronic source try to describe it in the same way you would describe a similar printed publication. If possible, give sufficient information for your readers to retrieve the source themselves.If only the first page number is given, a plus sign indicates following pages, eg. 26+. If page numbers are not given, use paragraph or other section numbers if you need to be specific. An electronic source may not always contain clear author or publisher details.The access information will usually be just the URL of the source. As well as a publication/revision date (if there is one), the date of access is included since an electronic source may change between the time you cite it and the time it is accessed by a reader.E-BooksStandard format[1] L. Bass, P. Clements, and R. Kazman. Software Architecture inPractice, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2003. [E-book] Available: Safari e-book.[2] T. Eckes, The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender. MahwahNJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000. [E-book] Available: netLibrary e-book.Article in online encyclopaedia[3] D. Ince, "Acoustic coupler," in A Dictionary of the Internet.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. [Online]. Available: Oxford Reference Online, .[Accessed: May 24, 2005].[4] W. D. Nance, "Management information system," in The BlackwellEncyclopedic Dictionary of Management Information Systems,G.B. Davis, Ed. Malden MA: Blackwell, 1999, pp. 138-144.[E-book]. Available: NetLibrary e-book.E-JournalsStandard formatJournal article abstract accessed from online database[1] M. T. Kimour and D. Meslati, "Deriving objects from use casesin real-time embedded systems," Information and SoftwareTechnology, vol. 47, no. 8, p. 533, June 2005. [Abstract].Available: ProQuest, /proquest/.[Accessed May 12, 2005].Note: Abstract citations are only included in a reference list if the abstract is substantial or if the full-text of the article could not be accessed.Journal article from online full-text databaseNote: When including the internet address of articles retrieved from searches in full-text databases, please use the Recommended URLs for Full-text Databases, which are the URLs for the main entrance to the service and are easier to reproduce.[2] H. K. Edwards and V. Sridhar, "Analysis of software requirementsengineering exercises in a global virtual team setup,"Journal of Global Information Management, vol. 13, no. 2, p.21+, April-June 2005. [Online]. Available: Academic OneFile, . [Accessed May 31, 2005].[3] A. Holub, "Is software engineering an oxymoron?" SoftwareDevelopment Times, p. 28+, March 2005. [Online]. Available: ProQuest, . [Accessed May 23, 2005].Journal article in a scholarly journal (published free of charge on the internet)[4] A. Altun, "Understanding hypertext in the context of readingon the web: Language learners' experience," Current Issues in Education, vol. 6, no. 12, July 2003. [Online]. Available: /volume6/number12/. [Accessed Dec. 2, 2004].Journal article in electronic journal subscription[5] P. H. C. Eilers and J. J. Goeman, "Enhancing scatterplots withsmoothed densities," Bioinformatics, vol. 20, no. 5, pp.623-628, March 2004. [Online]. Available:. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2004].Newspaper article from online database[6] J. Riley, "Call for new look at skilled migrants," TheAustralian, p. 35, May 31, 2005. Available: Factiva,. [Accessed May 31, 2005].Newspaper article from the Internet[7] C. Wilson-Clark, "Computers ranked as key literacy," The WestAustralian, para. 3, March 29, 2004. [Online]. Available:.au. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2004].Internet DocumentsStandard formatProfessional Internet site[1] European Telecommunications Standards Institute, 揇igitalVideo Broadcasting (DVB): Implementation guidelines for DVBterrestrial services; transmission aspects,?EuropeanTelecommunications Standards Institute, ETSI TR-101-190,1997. [Online]. Available: . [Accessed:Aug. 17, 1998].Personal Internet site[2] G. Sussman, "Home page - Dr. Gerald Sussman," July 2002.[Online]. Available:/faculty/Sussman/sussmanpage.htm[Accessed: Sept. 12, 2004].General Internet site[3] J. Geralds, "Sega Ends Production of Dreamcast," ,para. 2, Jan. 31, 2001. [Online]. Available:/news/1116995. [Accessed: Sept. 12,2004].Internet document, no author given[4] 揂憀ayman抯?explanation of Ultra Narrow Band technology,?Oct.3, 2003. [Online]. Available:/Layman.pdf. [Accessed: Dec. 3, 2003].Non-Book FormatsPodcasts[1] W. Brown and K. Brodie, Presenters, and P. George, Producer, 揊rom Lake Baikal to the Halfway Mark, Yekaterinburg? Peking to Paris: Episode 3, Jun. 4, 2007. [Podcast television programme]. Sydney: ABC Television. Available:.au/tv/pekingtoparis/podcast/pekingtoparis.xm l. [Accessed Feb. 4, 2008].[2] S. Gary, Presenter, 揃lack Hole Death Ray? StarStuff, Dec. 23, 2007. [Podcast radio programme]. Sydney: ABC News Radio. Available: .au/newsradio/podcast/STARSTUFF.xml. [Accessed Feb. 4, 2008].Other FormatsMicroform[3] W. D. Scott & Co, Information Technology in Australia:Capacities and opportunities: A report to the Department ofScience and Technology. [Microform]. W. D. Scott & CompanyPty. Ltd. in association with Arthur D. Little Inc. Canberra:Department of Science and Technology, 1984.Computer game[4] The Hobbit: The prelude to the Lord of the Rings. [CD-ROM].United Kingdom: Vivendi Universal Games, 2003.Software[5] Thomson ISI, EndNote 7. [CD-ROM]. Berkeley, Ca.: ISIResearchSoft, 2003.Video recording[6] C. Rogers, Writer and Director, Grrls in IT. [Videorecording].Bendigo, Vic. : Video Education Australasia, 1999.A reference list: what should it look like?The reference list should appear at the end of your paper. Begin the list on a new page. The title References should be either left justified or centered on the page. The entries should appear as one numerical sequence in the order that the material is cited in the text of your assignment.Note: The hanging indent for each reference makes the numerical sequence more obvious.[1] A. Rezi and M. Allam, "Techniques in array processing by meansof transformations, " in Control and Dynamic Systems, Vol.69, Multidemsional Systems, C. T. Leondes, Ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 1995, pp. 133-180.[2] G. O. Young, "Synthetic structure of industrial plastics," inPlastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York:McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15-64.[3] S. M. Hemmington, Soft Science. Saskatoon: University ofSaskatchewan Press, 1997.[4] N. Osifchin and G. Vau, "Power considerations for themodernization of telecommunications in Central and Eastern European and former Soviet Union (CEE/FSU) countries," in Second International Telecommunications Energy SpecialConference, 1997, pp. 9-16.[5] D. Sarunyagate, Ed., Lasers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.[8] O. B. R. Strimpel, "Computer graphics," in McGraw-HillEncyclopedia of Science and Technology, 8th ed., Vol. 4. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997, pp. 279-283.[9] K. Schwalbe, Information Technology Project Management, 3rd ed.Boston: Course Technology, 2004.[10] M. N. DeMers, Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems,3rd ed. New York: John Wiley, 2005.[11] L. Vertelney, M. Arent, and H. Lieberman, "Two disciplines insearch of an interface: Reflections on a design problem," in The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design, B. Laurel, Ed.Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990. Reprinted inHuman-Computer Interaction (ICT 235) Readings and Lecture Notes, Vol. 1. Murdoch: Murdoch University, 2005, pp. 32-37.[12] E. P. Wigner, "Theory of traveling wave optical laser,"Physical Review, vol.134, pp. A635-A646, Dec. 1965.[13] J. U. Duncombe, "Infrared navigation - Part I: An assessmentof feasibility," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol.ED-11, pp. 34-39, Jan. 1959.[14] M. Bell, et al., Universities Online: A survey of onlineeducation and services in Australia, Occasional Paper Series 02-A. Canberra: Department of Education, Science andTraining, 2002.[15] T. J. van Weert and R. K. Munro, Eds., Informatics and theDigital Society: Social, ethical and cognitive issues: IFIP TC3/WG3.1&3.2 Open Conference on Social, Ethical andCognitive Issues of Informatics and ICT, July 22-26, 2002, Dortmund, Germany. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2003.[16] I. S. Qamber, "Flow graph development method,"Microelectronics Reliability, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1387-1395, Dec. 1993.[17] Australia. Attorney-Generals Department. Digital AgendaReview, 4 Vols. Canberra: Attorney- General's Department, 2003.[18] C. Rogers, Writer and Director, Grrls in IT. [Videorecording].Bendigo, Vic.: Video Education Australasia, 1999.[19] L. Bass, P. Clements, and R. Kazman. Software Architecture inPractice, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2003. [E-book] Available: Safari e-book.[20] D. Ince, "Acoustic coupler," in A Dictionary of the Internet.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. [Online]. Available: Oxford Reference Online, .[Accessed: May 24, 2005].[21] H. K. Edwards and V. Sridhar, "Analysis of softwarerequirements engineering exercises in a global virtual team setup," Journal of Global Information Management, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 21+, April-June 2005. [Online]. Available: AcademicOneFile, . [Accessed May 31,2005].[22] A. Holub, "Is software engineering an oxymoron?" SoftwareDevelopment Times, p. 28+, March 2005. [Online]. Available: ProQuest, . [Accessed May 23, 2005].[23] H. Zhang, "Delay-insensitive networks," M.S. thesis,University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, 1997.[24] P. H. C. Eilers and J. J. Goeman, "Enhancing scatterplots withsmoothed densities," Bioinformatics, vol. 20, no. 5, pp.623-628, March 2004. [Online]. Available:. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2004].[25] J. Riley, "Call for new look at skilled migrants," TheAustralian, p. 35, May 31, 2005. Available: Factiva,. [Accessed May 31, 2005].[26] European Telecommunications Standards Institute, 揇igitalVideo Broadcasting (DVB): Implementation guidelines for DVB terrestrial services; transmission aspects,?EuropeanTelecommunications Standards Institute, ETSI TR-101-190,1997. [Online]. Available: . [Accessed: Aug. 17, 1998].[27] J. Geralds, "Sega Ends Production of Dreamcast," ,para. 2, Jan. 31, 2001. [Online]. Available:/news/1116995. [Accessed Sept. 12,2004].[28] W. D. Scott & Co, Information Technology in Australia:Capacities and opportunities: A report to the Department of Science and Technology. [Microform]. W. D. Scott & Company Pty. Ltd. in association with Arthur D. Little Inc. Canberra: Department of Science and Technology, 1984.AbbreviationsStandard abbreviations may be used in your citations. A list of appropriate abbreviations can be found below:。

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• 星巴克的“熟客俱乐部”,除了固定通过电子邮件发 新闻信,还可以通过手机传简讯,或是在网络上下载 游戏,一旦过关可以获得优惠券,很多消费者就将这 样的讯息,转寄给其他朋友,造成一传十、十传百的 效应。
六。设计
异同的VI及店内设计
• 星巴克在上海的每一家店面的设计都是由美国方面完成的。据了解,在星 巴克的美国总部,有一个专门的设计室,拥有一批专业的设计师和艺术家, 专门设计全世界所开出来的星巴克店铺。他们在设计每个门市的时候,都 会依据当地的那个商圈的特色,然后去思考如何把星巴克融入其中。所以, 星巴克的每一家店,在品牌统一的基础上,又尽量发挥了个性特色。这与 麦当劳等连锁品牌强调所有门店的VI高度统一截然不同。 • 在设计上,星巴克强调每栋建筑物都有自己的风格,而让星巴克融合到原 来的建筑物中去,而不去破坏建筑物原来的设计。每次增加一家新店,他 们就用数码相机把店址内景和周围环境拍下来,照片传到美国总部,请他 们帮助设计,再发回去找施工队。这样下来,星巴克才能做到原汁原味。 • 例如上海星巴克设定以年轻消费者为主,因此在拓展新店时,他们费尽心 思去找寻具有特色的店址,并结合当地景观进行设计。例如,位于城隍庙 商场的星巴克,外观就像座现代化的庙,;而濒临黄埔江的滨江分店,则 表现花园玻璃帷幕和宫殿般的华丽,夜晚时分,可以悠闲地坐在江边,边 欣赏外滩夜景,边品尝香浓的咖啡。
星巴克品牌文化
• “品牌本位论”认为:品牌不仅是产品的标识,而且有自 己的内容,是其基本内容的标识,品牌是代表特定文化 意义的符号。星巴克的“品牌人格谱”就是将星巴克文 化从多个角度进行特定注释的“符号元素”集合。 • 品牌定位:“星巴克”这个名字来自美国作家麦尔维尔 的小说《白鲸》中一位处事极其冷静,极具性格魅力的 大副。他的嗜好就是喝咖啡。麦尔维尔在美国和世界文 学史上有很高的地位,但麦尔维尔的读者群并不算多, 主要是受过良好教育、有较高文化品位的人士,没有一 定文化教养的人是不可能去读《白鲸》这部书,更不要 说去了解星巴克这个人物了。从星巴克这一品牌名称上, 就可以清晰地明确其目标市场的定位:不是普通的大众, 而是一群注重享受、休闲、崇尚知识尊重人本位的富有 小资情调的城市白领。
二。直营 多以直营经营为主
• 30多年来,星巴克对外宣称其整个政策都是:坚持走公 司直营店,在全世界都不要加盟店。
• 事实上,星巴克的直营路子更多地体现在另外一个层面: 星巴克合资或授权的公司在当地发展星巴克咖啡店的时 候,“顽固”地拒绝个人加盟,当地的所有星巴克咖啡 店一定是星巴克合资或授权的当地公司的直营店。 业内人士分析说,如果星巴克像国内多数盟主那样采用 “贩卖加盟权”的加盟方式来扩张,它的发展速度肯定 会比现在要快得多。当然,也不一定比现在好得多。
• 星巴克还极力强调美国式的消费文化,顾客可以随意 谈笑,甚至挪动桌椅,随意组合。这样的体验也是星 巴克营销风格的一部分。
五。推广教育消费者
• 在一个习惯喝茶的国度里推广和普及喝咖啡,首先遇 到的是消费者情绪上的抵触。星巴克为此首先着力推 广“教育消费”。通过自己的店面,以及到一些公司 去开“咖啡教室”,并通过自己的网络,星巴克成立 了一个咖啡俱乐部。 顾客在星巴克消费的时候, 收银员除了品名、价格以外,还要在收银机键入顾客 的性别和年龄段,否则收银机就打不开。所以公司可 以很快知道消费的时间、消费了什么、金额多少、顾 客的性别和年龄段等。除此之外,公司每年还会请专 业公司做市场调查。
只用了短短几年时间,星巴克在 中国就成了一个时尚的代名词。 它所标志的已经不只是一杯咖啡, 而是一个品牌和一种文化。 星巴克靠什么从一间小咖啡屋发 展成为国际最著名的咖啡连锁店 品牌?
一。模式 根据世界各地不同的市 场情况采取灵活的投资与合作模式
• 同麦当劳的全球扩张一样,星巴克很早就开始了跨国经 营,在全球普遍推行三种商业组织结构: 合资公司、许可协议、独资自营。星巴克的策略比较灵 活,它会根据各国各地的市场情况而采取相应的合作模 式。以美国星巴克总部在世界各地星巴克公司中所持股 份的比例为依据,星巴克与世界各地的合作模式主要有 四种情况:
四。风格 充分运用“体验”
• 星巴克认为他们的产品不单是咖啡,而且是咖啡店的体 验。研究表明:三分之二成功企业的首要目标就是满足 客户的需求和保持长久的客户关系。相比之下,那些业 绩较差的公司,这方面做得就很不够,他们更多的精力 是放在降低成本和剥离不良资产上。 • 星巴克一个主要的竞争战略就是在咖啡店中同客户进行 交流,特别重视同客户之间的沟通。每一个服务员都要 接受一系列培训,如基本销售技巧、咖啡基本知识、咖 啡的制作技巧等。要求每一位服务员都能够最好的广告”,星巴克的经营者们这样对记 者说。据了解,星巴克从未在大众媒体上花过一分钱的广告 费。但是,他们仍然非常善于营销。 • 徐光宇表示,星巴克除了利用一些策略联盟帮助宣传新品外, 几乎从来不做广告。因为根据在美国和中国台湾的经验,大 众媒体泛滥后,其广告也逐渐失去公信力,为了避免资源的 浪费,星巴克故意不打广告。这种启发也是来自欧洲那些名 店名品的推广策略,它们并不依靠在大众媒体上做广告,而 每一家好的门店就是最好的广告。
• 星巴克认为,在服务业,最重要的行销管道是分店本身,而不 是广告。如果店里的产品与服务不够好,做再多的广告吸引客 人来,也只是让他们看到负面的形象。徐光宇表示,星巴克不 愿花费庞大的资金做广告与促销,但坚持每一位员工都拥有最 专业的知识与服务热忱。“我们的员工犹如咖啡迷一般,可以 对顾客详细解说每一种咖啡产品的特性。只有透过一对一的方 式,赢得信任与口碑。这是既经济又实惠的做法,也是星巴克 的独到之处!” 另外,星巴克的创始人霍华· 舒尔茨意识到员工在品牌传播中的 重要性,他另辟蹊径开创了自己的品牌管理方法,将本来用于 广告的支出用于员工的福利和培训,使员工的流动性很小。这 对星巴克“口口相传”的品牌经营起到了重要作用。

星巴克为自己的直营路子给出的理由是:
• 品牌背后是人在经营,星巴克严格要求自己的经营者认同公 司的理念,认同品牌,强调动作、纪律、品质的一致性;而 加盟者都是投资客,他们只把加盟品牌看作赚钱的途径,可 以说,他们惟一的目的就是为了赚钱而非经营品牌。 • 直营与加盟店的不同之处还在于:直营店的所有权力均由母 公司所掌握;而加盟店的老板有部分的权利,母公司只是提 供技术或相关资源。星巴克之所以不开放加盟,是因为星巴 克要在品质上做最好的控制。
• 1.星巴克占100%股权,比如在英国、泰国和澳大利亚等 地; • 2.星巴克占50%股权,比如在日本、韩国等地; • 3.星巴克占股权较少,一般在5%左右,比如在中国的台 湾、香港,夏威夷和增资之前的上海等地; • 4.星巴克不占股份、只是纯粹授权经营,比如在菲律宾、 新加坡、马来西亚和北京等地; 星巴克在世界各地 的合作伙伴不同,但是经营的品牌都是一样的。上海统 一星巴克有限公司总经理徐光宇表示,这样做的好处是, “它可以借别人的力量来帮它做很多事情,而且是同一 个时间一起做。”
星巴克案例分析
星巴克的全球历史
1971年,星巴克在西雅图派克市场成立第一家 店,开始经营咖啡豆业务 1982年,霍华德· 舒尔茨先生加入星巴克,并担 任市场和零售总监 1987年,舒尔茨先生收购星巴克,并开出第一 家销售滴滤咖啡和浓缩咖啡饮料的门店 1992年,星巴克在纽约纳斯达克成功上市,从 此进入一个新的发展阶段 目前,星巴克在全世界39个国家,拥有超过 13000家门店,145000名伙伴(员工)
• 另外,星巴克更擅长咖啡之外的“体验”:如气氛管 理、个性化的店内设计、暖色灯光、柔和音乐等。就 像麦当劳一直倡导售卖欢乐一样,星巴克把美式文化 逐步分解成可以体验的东西。 “以顾客为本”: “认真对待每一位顾客,一次只烹调顾客那一杯咖 啡。”这句取材自意大利老咖啡馆工艺精神的企业理 念,贯穿了星巴克快速崛起的秘诀。注重 “oneatatime”(当下体验)的观念,强调在每天工作、 生活及休闲娱乐中,用心经营“当下”这一次的生活 体验。
•Thank you !!
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