【机械专业英文文献】可编程控制器设计的电致动系统
外文文献及翻译_可编程逻辑控制器
2012届毕业设计说明书外文文献院、部：学生姓名：指导教师：专业：班级：完成时间：Programmable logic controllerA programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or lighting fixtures. PLCs are used in many industries and machines. Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed or non-volatile memory. A PLC is an example of a real time system since output results must be produced in response to input conditions within a bounded time, otherwise unintended operation will result.1 HistoryThe PLC was invented in response to the needs of the American automotive manufacturing industry. Programmable logic controllers were initially adopted by the automotive industry where software revision replaced the re-wiring of hard-wired control panels when production models changed.Before the PLC, control, sequencing, and safety interlock logic for manufacturing automobiles was accomplished using hundreds or thousands of relays, cam timers, and drum sequencers and dedicated closed-loop controllers. The process for updating such facilities for the yearly model change-over was very time consuming and expensive, as electricians needed to individually rewire each and every relay.In 1968 GM Hydramatic (the automatic transmission division of General Motors) issued a request for proposal for an electronic replacement for hard-wired relay systems. The winning proposal came from Bedford Associates of Bedford, Massachusetts. The first PLC, designated the 084 because it was Bedford Associates' eighty-fourth project, was the result. Bedford Associates started a new company dedicated to developing, manufacturing, selling, and servicing this new product: Modicon, which stood for MOdular DIgital CONtroller. One of the people who worked on that project was Dick Morley, who is considered to be the "father" of thePLC. The Modicon brand was sold in 1977 to Gould Electronics, and later acquired by German Company AEG and then by French Schneider Electric, the current owner.One of the very first 084 models built is now on display at Modicon's headquarters in North Andover, Massachusetts. It was presented to Modicon by GM, when the unit was retired after nearly twenty years of uninterrupted service. Modicon used the 84 moniker at the end of its product range until the 984 made its appearance.The automotive industry is still one of the largest users of PLCs.2 DevelopmentEarly PLCs were designed to replace relay logic systems. These PLCs were programmed in "ladder logic", which strongly resembles a schematic diagram of relay logic. This program notation was chosen to reduce training demands for the existing technicians. Other early PLCs used a form of instruction list programming, based on a stack-based logic solver.Modern PLCs can be programmed in a variety of ways, from ladder logic to more traditional programming languages such as BASIC and C. Another method is State Logic, a very high-level programming language designed to program PLCs based on state transition diagrams.Many early PLCs did not have accompanying programming terminals that were capable of graphical representation of the logic, and so the logic was instead represented as a series of logic expressions in some version of Boolean format, similar to Boolean algebra. As programming terminals evolved, it became more common for ladder logic to be used, for the aforementioned reasons. Newer formats such as State Logic and Function Block (which is similar to the way logic is depicted when using digital integrated logic circuits) exist, but they are still not as popular as ladder logic.A primary reason for this is that PLCs solve the logic in a predictable and repeating sequence, and ladder logic allows the programmer (the person writing the logic) to see any issues with the timing of the logic sequence more easily than would be possible in other formats.2.1ProgrammingEarly PLCs, up to the mid-1980s, were programmed using proprietary programming panels or special-purpose programming terminals, which often had dedicated function keys representing the various logical elements of PLC programs. Programs were stored on cassette tape cartridges. Facilities for printing anddocumentation were very minimal due to lack of memory capacity. The very oldest PLCs used non-volatile magnetic core memory.More recently, PLCs are programmed using application software on personal computers. The computer is connected to the PLC through Ethernet, RS-232, RS-485 or RS-422 cabling. The programming software allows entry and editing of the ladder-style logic. Generally the software provides functions for debugging and troubleshooting the PLC software, for example, by highlighting portions of the logic to show current status during operation or via simulation. The software will upload and download the PLC program, for backup and restoration purposes. In some models of programmable controller, the program is transferred from a personal computer to the PLC though a programming board which writes the program into a removable chip such as an EEPROM or EPROM.3 FunctionalityThe functionality of the PLC has evolved over the years to include sequential relay control, motion control, process control, distributed control systems and networking. The data handling, storage, processing power and communication capabilities of some modern PLCs are approximately equivalent to desktop computers. PLC-like programming combined with remote I/O hardware, allow a general-purpose desktop computer to overlap some PLCs in certain applications. Regarding the practicality of these desktop computer based logic controllers, it is important to note that they have not been generally accepted in heavy industry because the desktop computers run on less stable operating systems than do PLCs, and because the desktop computer hardware is typically not designed to the same levels of tolerance to temperature, humidity, vibration, and longevity as the processors used in PLCs. In addition to the hardware limitations of desktop based logic, operating systems such as Windows do not lend themselves to deterministic logic execution, with the result that the logic may not always respond to changes in logic state or input status with the extreme consistency in timing as is expected from PLCs. Still, such desktop logic applications find use in less critical situations, such as laboratory automation and use in small facilities where the application is less demanding and critical, because they are generally much less expensive than PLCs.In more recent years, small products called PLRs (programmable logic relays), and also by similar names, have become more common and accepted. These are verymuch like PLCs, and are used in light industry where only a few points of I/O (i.e. a few signals coming in from the real world and a few going out) are involved, and low cost is desired. These small devices are typically made in a common physical size and shape by several manufacturers, and branded by the makers of larger PLCs to fill out their low end product range. Popular names include PICO Controller, NANO PLC, and other names implying very small controllers. Most of these have between 8 and 12 digital inputs, 4 and 8 digital outputs, and up to 2 analog inputs. Size is usually about 4" wide, 3" high, and 3" deep. Most such devices include a tiny postage stamp sized LCD screen for viewing simplified ladder logic (only a very small portion of the program being visible at a given time) and status of I/O points, and typically these screens are accompanied by a 4-way rocker push-button plus four more separate push-buttons, similar to the key buttons on a VCR remote control, and used to navigate and edit the logic. Most have a small plug for connecting via RS-232 or RS-485 to a personal computer so that programmers can use simple Windows applications for programming instead of being forced to use the tiny LCD and push-button set for this purpose. Unlike regular PLCs that are usually modular and greatly expandable, the PLRs are usually not modular or expandable, but their price can be two orders of magnitude less than a PLC and they still offer robust design and deterministic execution of the logic.4 PLC Topics4.1 FeaturesThe main difference from other computers is that PLCs are armored for severe conditions (such as dust, moisture, heat, cold) and have the facility for extensive input/output (I/O) arrangements. These connect the PLC to sensors and actuators. PLCs read limit switches, analog process variables (such as temperature and pressure), and the positions of complex positioning systems. Some use machine vision. On the actuator side, PLCs operate electric motors, pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders, magnetic relays, solenoids, or analog outputs. The input/output arrangements may be built into a simple PLC, or the PLC may have external I/O modules attached to a computer network that plugs into the PLC.4.2 System scaleA small PLC will have a fixed number of connections built in for inputs andoutputs. Typically, expansions are available if the base model has insufficient I/O. Modular PLCs have a chassis (also called a rack) into which are placed modules with different functions. The processor and selection of I/O modules is customised for the particular application. Several racks can be administered by a single processor, and may have thousands of inputs and outputs. A special high speed serial I/O link is used so that racks can be distributed away from the processor, reducing the wiring costs for large plants.4.3 User interfacePLCs may need to interact with people for the purpose of configuration, alarm reporting or everyday control.A simple system may use buttons and lights to interact with the user. Text displays are available as well as graphical touch screens. More complex systems use a programming and monitoring software installed on a computer, with the PLC connected via a communication interface.4.4 CommunicationsPLCs have built in communications ports, usually 9-pin RS-232, but optionally EIA-485 or Ethernet. Modbus, BACnet or DF1 is usually included as one of the communications protocols. Other options include various fieldbuses such as DeviceNet or Profibus. Other communications protocols that may be used are listed in the List of automation protocols.Most modern PLCs can communicate over a network to some other system, such as a computer running a SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) system or web browser.PLCs used in larger I/O systems may have peer-to-peer (P2P) communication between processors. This allows separate parts of a complex process to have individual control while allowing the subsystems to co-ordinate over the communication link. These communication links are also often used for HMI devices such as keypads or PC-type workstations.4.5ProgrammingPLC programs are typically written in a special application on a personal computer, then downloaded by a direct-connection cable or over a network to the PLC.The program is stored in the PLC either in battery-backed-up RAM or some other non-volatile flash memory. Often, a single PLC can be programmed to replace thousands of relays.Under the IEC 61131-3 standard, PLCs can be programmed using standards-based programming languages. A graphical programming notation called Sequential Function Charts is available on certain programmable controllers. Initially most PLCs utilized Ladder Logic Diagram Programming, a model which emulated electromechanical control panel devices (such as the contact and coils of relays) which PLCs replaced. This model remains common today.IEC 61131-3 currently defines five programming languages for programmable control systems: FBD (Function block diagram), LD (Ladder diagram), ST (Structured text, similar to the Pascal programming language), IL (Instruction list, similar to assembly language) and SFC (Sequential function chart). These techniques emphasize logical organization of operations.While the fundamental concepts of PLC programming are common to all manufacturers, differences in I/O addressing, memory organization and instruction sets mean that PLC programs are never perfectly interchangeable between different makers. Even within the same product line of a single manufacturer, different models may not be directly compatible.5 PLC compared with other control systemsPLCs are well-adapted to a range of automation tasks. These are typically industrial processes in manufacturing where the cost of developing and maintaining the automation system is high relative to the total cost of the automation, and where changes to the system would be expected during its operational life. PLCs contain input and output devices compatible with industrial pilot devices and controls; little electrical design is required, and the design problem centers on expressing the desired sequence of operations. PLC applications are typically highly customized systems so the cost of a packaged PLC is low compared to the cost of a specific custom-built controller design. On the other hand, in the case of mass-produced goods, customized control systems are economic due to the lower cost of the components, which can be optimally chosen instead of a "generic" solution, and where the non-recurring engineering charges are spread over thousands or millions of units.For high volume or very simple fixed automation tasks, different techniques areused. For example, a consumer dishwasher would be controlled by an electromechanical cam timer costing only a few dollars in production quantities.A microcontroller-based design would be appropriate where hundreds or thousands of units will be produced and so the development cost (design of power supplies, input/output hardware and necessary testing and certification) can be spread over many sales, and where the end-user would not need to alter the control. Automotive applications are an example; millions of units are built each year, and very few end-users alter the programming of these controllers. However, some specialty vehicles such as transit busses economically use PLCs instead of custom-designed controls, because the volumes are low and the development cost would be uneconomic.Very complex process control, such as used in the chemical industry, may require algorithms and performance beyond the capability of even high-performance PLCs. Very high-speed or precision controls may also require customized solutions; for example, aircraft flight controls.Programmable controllers are widely used in motion control, positioning control and torque control. Some manufacturers produce motion control units to be integrated with PLC so that G-code (involving a CNC machine) can be used to instruct machine movements.PLCs may include logic for single-variable feedback analog control loop, a "proportional, integral, derivative" or "PID controller". A PID loop could be used to control the temperature of a manufacturing process, for example. Historically PLCs were usually configured with only a few analog control loops; where processes required hundreds or thousands of loops, a distributed control system (DCS) would instead be used. As PLCs have become more powerful, the boundary between DCS and PLC applications has become less distinct.PLCs have similar functionality as Remote Terminal Units. An RTU, however, usually does not support control algorithms or control loops. As hardware rapidly becomes more powerful and cheaper, RTUs, PLCs and DCSs are increasingly beginning to overlap in responsibilities, and many vendors sell RTUs with PLC-like features and vice versa. The industry has standardized on the IEC 61131-3 functional block language for creating programs to run on RTUs and PLCs, although nearly all vendors also offer proprietary alternatives and associated development environments.6 Digital and analog signalsDigital or discrete signals behave as binary switches, yielding simply an On or Off signal (1 or 0, True or False, respectively). Push buttons, limit switches, and photoelectric sensors are examples of devices providing a discrete signal. Discrete signals are sent using either voltage or current, where a specific range is designated as On and another as Off. For example, a PLC might use 24 V DC I/O, with values above 22 V DC representing On, values below 2VDC representing Off, and intermediate values undefined. Initially, PLCs had only discrete I/O.Analog signals are like volume controls, with a range of values between zero and full-scale. These are typically interpreted as integer values (counts) by the PLC, with various ranges of accuracy depending on the device and the number of bits available to store the data. As PLCs typically use 16-bit signed binary processors, the integer values are limited between -32,768 and +32,767. Pressure, temperature, flow, and weight are often represented by analog signals. Analog signals can use voltage or current with a magnitude proportional to the value of the process signal. For example, an analog 0 - 10 V input or 4-20 mA would be converted into an integer value of 0 - 32767.可编程逻辑控制器可编程逻辑控制器（PLC）或可编程序控制器是用于机电过程自动化的数字计算机，例如控制机械厂生产线、游乐设施或照明装置。
机械外文翻译外文文献英文文献机械臂动力学与控制的研究
外文出处：Ellekilde, L. -., & Christensen, H. I. (2009). Control of mobile manipulator using the dynamical systems approach. Robotics and Automation, Icra 09, IEEE International Conference on (pp.1370 - 1376). IEEE.机械臂动力学与控制的研究拉斯彼得Ellekilde摘要操作器和移动平台的组合提供了一种可用于广泛应用程序高效灵活的操作系统,特别是在服务性机器人领域。
在机械臂众多挑战中其中之一是确保机器人在潜在的动态环境中安全工作控制系统的设计。
在本文中,我们将介绍移动机械臂用动力学系统方法被控制的使用方法。
该方法是一种二级方法, 是使用竞争动力学对于统筹协调优化移动平台以及较低层次的融合避障和目标捕获行为的方法。
I介绍在过去的几十年里大多数机器人的研究主要关注在移动平台或操作系统，并且在这两个领域取得了许多可喜的成绩。
今天的新挑战之一是将这两个领域组合在一起形成具有高效移动和有能力操作环境的系统。
特别是服务性机器人将会在这一方面系统需求的增加。
大多数西方国家的人口统计数量显示需要照顾的老人在不断增加,尽管将有很少的工作实际的支持他们。
这就需要增强服务业的自动化程度，因此机器人能够在室内动态环境中安全的工作是最基本的。
图、1 一台由赛格威RMP200和轻重量型库卡机器人组成的平台这项工作平台用于如图1所示,是由一个Segway与一家机器人制造商制造的RMP200轻机器人。
其有一个相对较小的轨迹和高机动性能的平台使它适应在室内环境移动。
库卡工业机器人具有较长的长臂和高有效载荷比自身的重量,从而使其适合移动操作。
当控制移动机械臂系统时,有一个选择是是否考虑一个或两个系统的实体。
在参考文献[1]和[2]中是根据雅可比理论将机械手末端和移动平台结合在一起形成一个单一的控制系统。
plc毕业设计参考文献(精选98个)
PLC控制系统（Programmable Logic Controller）也就是可编程逻辑控制器，是专为工业生产设计的一种数字运算操作的电子装置，它采用一类可编程的存储器，用于其内部存储程序，执行逻辑运算，顺序控制，定时，计数与算术操作等面向用户的指令，并通过数字或模拟式输入/输出控制各种类型的机械或生产过程。
本文整理了150个plc毕业设计参考文献，以供参考。
plc毕业设计参考文献一： [1]何长林。
选煤厂集控通信PLC远程I/O抗干扰故障处理的分析[J].机电信息，2019（03）：69+71. [2]李存有。
基于PLC和网络通讯技术的带式输送机监控系统[J].电子技术与软件工程，2019（01）：102. [3]靳瑞生，裴瑞婷。
基于PLC的植物灌溉控制系统设计[J].电子技术与软件工程，2019（01）：114. [4]沈治。
基于S7-1200的防水卷材柔性码垛控制系统的设计[J].电气传动，2019,49（01）：42-46. [5]李政。
PLC自动控制系统在污水处理中的运用分析[J].科技创新与应用，2019（01）：171-172. [6]马猛猛。
PLC在步进电机控制中的应用探究[J].科技创新与应用，2019（01）：161-162. [7]周信。
汇川PLC在机器人搬运工作站中的应用[J].中小企业管理与科技（上旬刊），2019（01）：141-142. [8]范婕。
PLC技术在选煤厂自动控制系统的应用探析[J].南方农机，2019,50（01）：168. [9]陈春旺。
西门子PLCS7-300在药芯焊丝轧拉一体机上的应用[J].科技风，2019（02）：165. [10]孙得成，秦向峰，徐学良，倪晓峰，张丹慧。
基于PLC控制的汽车自动清洗装置设计[J].科技风，2019（02）：10. [11]陈良银。
基于PLC与HMI程序设计的淋雨线节能改造[J].设备管理与维修，2019（01）：111-113. [12]王琳，肖军。
【机械类文献翻译】应用先进的PLCopen运动控制库61499独立伺服驱动IEC基础自动化和控制系统
应用先进的PLCopen运动控制库61499独立伺服驱动IEC基础自动化和控制系统C. Su ¨ nde r OVE, A. Zoitl, F. Mehofer, B. Favre-Bulle IEEE本文介绍了利用独立运动控制在分散式自动化系统中的应用。
目前基于IEC 61131意识缺乏一套无间隙集成结构系统功能单位。
新概念的基础PLCopen运动控制建立一个数据库,并将其应用到参考模型的新标准IEC 61499。
关键词:分配自动化系统;独立主件,运动控制;PLCopen IEC 61499运动控制数据库1。
介绍在过去的十年，在自动化和控制系统中运动控制的整合成可编程逻辑控制器(plc)是一个大的课题。
目前编程运动和控制逻辑于plc紧密结合起来。
一个主要目的是组织开发了一种规格(2005年),PLCopen轴线控制等功能模块按IEC(国际电工委员会)使用61131-3（约翰,Tiegelkamp,1995)。
规格包括界面的功能块的轴转动。
当用户面临相同的命令集和不同plc 编程风格的供应商时, PLCopen主张统一规格。
另一方面自动化系统是典型零部件组装出综合计算能力。
常用的方法是根据使用轮廓的组成部分使用现场总线接口与定义装置。
如伺服驱动著名的例子是DSP-402从或PROFIdrive 从。
这些组件需要一个优良的控制系统,在大多数情况下可编程序控制器(PLC)使用。
有些厂商已融入到他们的伺服驱动可编程序控制器(PLC),比如(Baumuller,2005)作为典型的例子。
按IEC61131-3,伺服驱动成为一种功能部件,其中还包括控制逻辑程序。
整个系统演化成一个分散式自动化系统具有几个协作独立单位。
其中以目前的情况，有关伺服驱动是不令人满意。
IEC定义了一个集中的自动化系统,因缺乏适当的概念变分散式系统。
每个组成部分是被分开考虑,所以厂商需解决问题是整个伺服驱动系统被合作使用专。
机电专业英文文献
机电专业英文文献机电专业（Mechanical and Electrical Engineering）是一个涉及机械、电子、自动化等多个领域的综合性专业。
以下是一些与机电专业相关的英文文献推荐："Design of Electromechanical Systems" by Douglas C. Gimzewski and James E. Trimmer: 这本书提供了对机电系统设计的基本理解，涵盖了从基本原理到实际应用的所有内容。
"Fundamentals of Electromechanical Systems" by Ali Emadi: 本书是电气工程和机械工程专业的理想教材，全面介绍了机电系统的基础理论和应用。
"Electromechanical Devices: Principles and Applications" by James D. Anderson: 本书对电磁设备进行了全面的介绍，包括电机、发电机、变压器、传感器和致动器等。
"Modern Electromechanical Devices" by John D. Kraus: 这本书涵盖了现代机电设备的最新技术和应用，包括智能电机、电力电子和控制系统等。
"Robotics: Modelling, Planning and Control" by Peter Corke: 虽然这本书更多地关注于机器人技术，但它也涵盖了许多与机电专业相关的内容，如机械臂、传感器和执行器等。
"Mechatronics: Electromechanical Systems" by David G. Alciatore: 本书对机电一体化系统进行了全面的介绍，包括传感器、执行器、控制器和系统集成等。
"Control Systems Engineering" by Norman S. Nise: 这本书是一本控制系统工程的经典教材，涵盖了控制系统的基本原理、分析和设计方法，对机电专业的学生非常有用。
(完整版)PLC英文文献+翻译
自动化专业本科毕业设计英文翻译学院(部)：专业班级：学生姓名：指导教师：年月日Programmable Logic ControllerONE：PLC overviewProgrammable controller is the first in the late 1960s in the United States, then called PLC programmable logic controller (Programmable Logic Controller) is used to replace relays. For the implementation of the logical judgment, timing, sequence number, and other control functions. The concept is presented PLC General Motors Corporation. PLC and the basic design is the computer functional improvements, flexible, generic and other advantages and relay control system simple and easy to operate, such as the advantages of cheap prices combined controller hardware is standard and overall. According to the practical application of target software in order to control the content of the user procedures memory controller, the controller and connecting the accused convenient target.In the mid-1970s, the PLC has been widely used as a central processing unit microprocessor, import export module and the external circuits are used, large-scale integrated circuits even when the Plc is no longer the only logical (IC) judgment functions also have data processing, PID conditioning and data communications functions. International Electro technical Commission (IEC) standards promulgated programmable controller for programmable controller draft made the following definition : programmable controller is a digital electronic computers operating system, specifically for applications in the industrial design environment. It used programmable memory, used to implement logic in their internal storage operations, sequence control, timing, counting and arithmetic operations, such as operating instructions, and through digital and analog input and output, the control of various types of machinery or production processes. Programmable controller and related peripherals, and industrial control systems easily linked to form a whole, to expand its functional design. Programmable controller for the user, is a non-contact equipment, the procedures can be changed to change production processes. The programmable controller has become a powerful tool for factory automation, widely popular replication.Programmable controller is user-oriented industries dedicated control computer, with many distinctive features.First, high reliability, anti-interference capability;Second，programming visual, simple;Third, adaptability good;Fourth functional improvements, strong functional interface. TWO：History of PLCProgrammable Logic Controllers (PLC), a computing device invented by Richard E. Morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facilities, and many others. At that time, the PLC replaced the hardwired logic with soft-wired logic or so-called relay ladder logic (RLL), a programming language visually resembling the hardwired logic, and reduced thereby the configuration time from 6 months down to 6 days [Moody and Morley, 1999].Although PC based control has started to come into place, PLC based control will remain the technique to which the majority of industrial applications will adhere due to its higher performance, lower price, and superior reliability in harsh environments. Moreover, according to a study on the PLC market of Frost and Sullivan [1995], an increase of the annual sales volume to 15 million PLC per year with the hardware value of more than 8 billion US dollars has been predicted, though the prices of computing hardware is steadily dropping. The inventor of the PLC, Richard E Morley, fairly considers the PLC market as a 5-billion industry at the present time.Though PLCs are widely used in industrial practice, the programming of PLC based control systems is still very much relying on trial-and-error. Alike software engineering, PLC software design is facing the software dilemma or crisis in a similar way. Morley himself emphasized this aspect most forcefully by indicatingIf houses were built like software projects, a single woodpecker could d estroy civilization.”Particularly, practical problems in PLC programming are to eliminate software bugs and to reduce the maintenance costs of old ladderlogic programs. Though the hardware costs of PLC are dropping continuously, reducing the scan time of the ladder logic is still an issue in industry so that low-cost PLC can be used.In general, the productivity in generating PLC is far behind compared to other domains, for instance, VLSI design, where efficient computer aided design tools are in practice. Existent software engineering methodologies are not necessarily applicable to the PLC based software design because PLC-programming requires a simultaneous consideration of hardware and software. The software design becomes, thereby, more and more the major cost driver. In many industrial design projects, more than of the manpower allocated for the control system design and installation is scheduled for testing and debugging PLC programs.In addition, current PLC based control systems are not properly designed to support the growing demand for flexibility and reconfigurability of manufacturing systems. A further problem, impelling the need for a systematic design methodology, is the increasing software complexity in large-scale projects.The objective of this thesis is to develop a systematic software design methodology for PLC operated automation systems. The design methodology involves high-level description based on state transition models that treat automation control systems as discrete event systems, a stepwise design process, and set of design rules providing guidance and measurements to achieve a successful design. The tangible outcome of this research is to find a way to reduce the uncertainty in managing the control software development process, that is, reducing programming and debugging time and their variation, increasing flexibility of the automation systems, and enabling software reusability through modularity. The goal is to overcome shortcomings of current programming strategies that are based on the experience of the individual software developer. Three：now of PLCFrom the structure is divided into fixed PLC and Module PLC, the two kinds of PLC including CPU board, I/O board, display panel, memory block, power, these elements into a do not remove overall. Module type PLC including CPU module, I/O modules, memory, thepower modules, bottom or a frame, these modules can be according to certain rules combination configuration.In the user view, a detailed analysis of the CPU's internal unnecessary, but working mechanism of every part of the circuit. The CPU control works, by it reads CPU instruction, interprets the instruction and executes instructions. But the pace of work by shock signal control.Unit work under the controller command used in a digital or logic operations.In computing and storage register of computation result, it is also among the controller command and work. CPU speed and memory capacity is the important parameters fot PLC . its determines the PLC speed of work, IO PLC number and software capacity, so limits to control size.Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller. CPU itself is usually one of the microcontrollers. Aforetime these were 8-bit microcontrollers such as 8051, and now these are 16-and 32-bit microcontrollers. Unspoken rule is that you’ll find mostly Hitachi and Fujicu microcontrollers in PLC controllers by Japanese makers, Siemens in European controllers, and Motorola microcontrollers in American ones. CPU also takes care of communication, interconnectedness among other parts of PLC controllers, program execution, memory operation, overseeing input and setting up of an output.System memory (today mostly implemented in FLASH technology) is used by a PLC for a process control system. Aside form. this operating system it also contains a user program translated foram ladder diagram to a binary form. FLASH memory contents can be changed only in case where user program is being changed. PLC controllers were used earlier instead of PLASH memory and have had EPROM memory instead of FLASH memory which had to be erased with UV lamp and programmed on programmers. With the use of FLASH technology this process was greatly shortened. Reprogramming a program memory is done through a serial cable in a program for application development.User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for storing input and output status. The real status of an input is stored either as “1”or as “0”in a specific memory bit/each input or output has one corresponding bit in memory. Other parts of memory are used to store variable contents for variables used in used program. For example, time value, or counter value would be stored in this part of the memory.PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer (usual way), but also through manual programmers (consoles). This practically means that each PLC controller can programmed through a computer if you have the software needed for programming. Today’s transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming a PLC controller in factory itself. This is of great importance to industry. Once the system is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is also good to check from time to time whether program in a PLC has not changed. This helps to avoid hazardous situations in factory rooms (some automakers have established communication networks which regularly check programs in PLC controllers to ensure execution only of good programs).Almost every program for programming a PLC controller possesses various useful options such as: forced switching on and off of the system input/outputs (I/O lines), program follow up in real time as well as documenting a diagram. This documenting is necessary to understand and define failures and malfunctions. Programmer can add remarks, names of input or output devices, and comments that can be useful when finding errors, or with system maintenance. Adding comments and remarks enables any technician (and not just a person who developed the system) to understand a ladder diagram right away. Comments and remarks can even quote precisely part numbers if replacements would be needed. This would speed up a repair of any problems that come up due to bad parts. The old way was such that a person who developed a system had protection on the program, so nobody aside from this person could understand how it was done. Correctly documented ladder diagram allows any technician to understand thoroughly how system functions.Electrical supply is used in bringing electrical energy to central processing unit. Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220V AC. On some PLC controllers you’ll find electrical supply as a separatemodule. Those are usually bigger PLC controllers, while small and medium series already contain the supply module. User has to determine how much current to take from I/O module to ensure that electrical supply provides appropriate amount of current. Different types of modules use different amounts of electrical current.This electrical supply is usually not used to start external input or output. User has to provide separate supplies in starting PLC controller inputs because then you can ensure so called “pure” supply for the PLC controller. With pure supply we mean supply where industrial environment can not affect it damagingly. Some of the smaller PLC controllers supply their inputs with voltage from a small supply source already incorporated into a PLC.Four：PLC design criteriaA systematic approach to designing PLC software can overcome deficiencies in the traditional way of programming manufacturing control systems, and can have wide ramifications in several industrial applications. Automation control systems are modeled by formal languages or, equivalently, by state machines. Formal representations provide a high-level description of the behavior of the system to be controlled. State machines can be analytically evaluated as to whether or not they meet the desired goals. Secondly, a state machine description provides a structured representation to convey the logical requirements and constraints such as detailed safety rules. Thirdly, well-defined control systems design outcomes are conducive to automatic code generation- An ability to produce control software executable on commercial distinct logic controllers can reduce programming lead-time and labor cost. In particular, the thesis is relevant with respect to the following aspects.In modern manufacturing, systems are characterized by product and process innovation, become customer-driven and thus have to respond quickly to changing system requirements. A major challenge is therefore to provide enabling technologies that can economically reconfigure automation control systems in response to changing needs and new opportunities. Design and operational knowledge can be reused inreal-time, therefore, giving a significant competitive edge in industrial practice.Studies have shown that programming methodologies in automation systems have not been able to match rapid increase in use of computing resources. For instance, the programming of PLC still relies on a conventional programming style with ladder logic diagrams. As a result, the delays and resources in programming are a major stumbling stone for the progress of manufacturing industry. Testing and debugging may consume over 50% of the manpower allocated for the PLC program design. Standards [IEC 60848, 1999; IEC-61131-3, 1993; IEC 61499, 1998; ISO 15745-1, 1999] have been formed to fix and disseminate state-of-the-art design methods, but they normally cannot participate in advancing the knowledge of efficient program and system design.A systematic approach will increase the level of design automation through reusing existing software components, and will provide methods to make large-scale system design manageable. Likewise, it will improve software quality and reliability and will be relevant to systems high security standards, especially those having hazardous impact on the environment such as airport control, and public railroads.The software industry is regarded as a performance destructor and complexity generator. Steadily shrinking hardware prices spoils the need for software performance in terms of code optimization and efficiency. The result is that massive and less efficient software code on one hand outpaces the gains in hardware performance on the other hand. Secondly, software proliferates into complexity of unmanageable dimensions; software redesign and maintenance-essential in modern automation systems-becomes nearly impossible. Particularly, PLC programs have evolved from a couple lines of code 25 years ago to thousands of lines of code with a similar number of 1/O points. Increased safety, for instance new policies on fire protection, and the flexibility of modern automation systems add complexity to the program design process. Consequently, the life-cycle cost of software is a permanently growing fraction of the total cost. 80-90% of these costs are going into software maintenance, debugging, adaptation and expansion to meet changing needs.Today, the primary focus of most design research is based on mechanical or electrical products. One of the by-products of this proposed research is to enhance our fundamental understanding of design theory and methodology by extending it to the field of engineering systems design. A system design theory for large-scale and complex system is not yet fully developed. Particularly, the question of how to simplify a complicated or complex design task has not been tackled in a scientific way. Furthermore, building a bridge between design theory and the latest epistemological outcomes of formal representations in computer sciences and operations research, such as discrete event system modeling, can advance future development in engineering design.From a logical perspective, PLC software design is similar to the hardware design of integrated circuits. Modern VLSI designs are extremely complex with several million parts and a product development time of 3 years [Whitney, 1996]. The design process is normally separated into a component design and a system design stage. At component design stage, single functions are designed and verified. At system design stage, components are aggregated and the whole system behavior and functionality is tested through simulation. In general, a complete verification is impossible. Hence, a systematic approach as exemplified for the PLC program design may impact the logical hardware design.可编程控制器一、PLC概述可编程控制器是60年代末在美国首先出现的，当时叫可编程逻辑控制器PLC（Programmable Logic Controller），目的是用来取代继电器。
英文版电机控制书籍(一)
英文版电机控制书籍(一)英文版电机控制书籍推荐作为一名资深的创作者，我在电机控制领域有丰富的经验和知识。
在这里，我将为大家推荐几本优秀的英文版电机控制书籍，这些书籍可以帮助读者全面了解电机控制的原理和应用。
以下是我的推荐与理由：1. “Electric Motors and Drives: Fundamentals, Types and Applications” by Austin Hughes•简介：这本书由Austin Hughes撰写，是电机控制领域的经典著作。
书中详细介绍了电机的基本原理、不同类型的电机及其应用以及相关的控制技术。
读者可以通过该书系统地学习电机控制的基础知识，并深入了解各种电机的特点和适用场景。
•理由：这本书是电机控制领域的权威之作，内容全面且深入浅出。
不仅适合初学者快速入门，也适合有一定基础的读者进一步提高。
无论是学习电机控制的理论知识，还是应用于实际项目中，该书都能给读者带来很大帮助。
2. “Electric Motors and Control Systems” by Frank D. Petruzella•简介：Frank D. Petruzella编写的这本书主要着重介绍了电机控制系统的设计和调试。
书中不仅包含了对电机控制的基础知识进行解释，还通过实例和案例分析，帮助读者了解如何设计、安装和维护电机控制系统。
•理由：这本书强调实用性，通过实例和案例的分析，读者可以更好地理解电机控制系统的工作原理及设计思路。
此外，书中还提供了丰富的练习题和实验，使读者能够巩固所学知识，并进行实际操作和实践。
3. “Control of Electric Machine Drive Systems” by Seung-Ki Sul•简介：这本书由Seung-Ki Sul撰写，主要介绍了电机驱动系统的控制理论和方法。
书中包含了对电机控制系统的数学模型建立、控制策略设计和性能评估等内容。
PLC毕设相关英文文献翻译
翻译对应文章Programmable Logic Controllers可编程序逻辑控制器1.1动力1968年，Richard E. Morley创造出了新一代工业控制装置可编程逻辑控制器(PLC),现在，PLC已经被广泛应用于工业领域，包括机械制造也、运输系统、化学过程设备、等许多其他领域。
初期可编程控制器只是用一种类似于语言的软件逻辑于代替继电器硬件逻辑，并且使开发时间由6个月缩短到6天。
虽然计算机控制技术已经产生，但是PLC控制因为它的高性能、成本低、并且对恶劣的环境有很强的适应能力而在工业控制的广泛应用中保持优势。
而且，尽管硬件的价格在逐渐下跌，据估计，根据Frost和Sullivan对PLC市场的调查研究表明，每年销售硬件的价格要比销售PLC的价格（一千五百万）至少多出八十亿美元。
PLC的创造者Richard E. Morley十分肯定的认为目前PLC市场是一个价值五十亿的工业虽然PLC广泛应用于工业控制中，PLC控制系统的程序依然和语法有关。
和软件过程一样，PLC的软件设计也以同样的方式会遇到软件错误或危机。
Morley在演讲中着重强调了这个方面。
如果房子建造的像软件过程一样，那么仅仅一只啄木鸟就可以摧毁文明。
特别的，PLC程序要解决的实际问题是消除软件错误和减少老式梯形逻辑语言的花费。
尽管PLC的硬件成本在继续下降，但是在工业控制上减少梯形逻辑的扫描时间仍然是一个问题，以至于可以用到低耗时的PLC。
一般来说，和其他领域相比生产PLC的周期要短很多。
例如，在实践中，VISI设计是一种有效的计算机辅助设计。
PLC不需要使用目前的以软件设计为基础软件工程方法论，因为PLC程序要求对软件和硬件搜都要考虑到。
因此，软件设计越来越成为花费动力。
在许多的工业设计工程中，超过的人力分配给了控制系统设计和安装，并且他们要对。
PLC程序测试和排除错误，再者，PLC控制系统不适合设计对适应性和重构有越来越多要求的生产系统。
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附件2：外文原文Programmable Controller Designed forElectro-pneumatic SystemsSummary this item is mainly the procedure which studies electricity system and in brief valid control current of air to launch machine to compatibly flow the appearance of system. It of the fulfillment foundation include according to the control procedure of particularly have of the current of air controller, automation design, current of air system and design according to the electronics of the tiny controller.1. Brief introductionThe automation which uses an electricity technique mainly constitutes to. from 3 part: Launch machine or motor, sensor or button, the form is zero partses such as the control of flower petal. Now, greatly part of system logic the controllers of the operation drive all procedure logic controller (PLC) replace. PLC sensor and switch's aring an importation to carry, but launch the direct control valve of machine is an exportation to carry and have an internal procedure to operate among them all circulate essential logic, imitate other devices like calculator, in fixed time machine etc., carry on a control to the whole movement appearance of system.Can according to need numerous time to establish and imitate thus of system, so all from PLC usage, this item contains vivid advantage. Therefore can save time, the danger of decrease error, in the meantime under the sistuation that use same material, it can be getting more precise.Many company that is on the market used the PLC of normal regulations and it can not only control with the current of air system, but also can use various electricity equipments. PLC wide range of application, can be apply in much industry to produce medium, even used for safety and automation of building in.Because of above various characteristic, the PLC provided a lot of resourceses in somely physically appliedly, even include not a resources of control the system and the electricity system was a kind of application like this.For the engineering of automation, the PLC usage is more expensive, particularlyis to those small scaled systems.Aim at this kind of circumstance's a kind of viable way establish a controller that can provide particular size and function. This kind of controller can create according to the tiny controller.This kind of applies scope according to the tiny controller smaller, the machine that can used for a type perhaps can use to do a be like the common PLC is similar and can be woven a distance of controller, so it can pass variable turn of logic procedure to carry on various homework. All of these characteristic basis concrete demand of dissimilarity but dissimilarity, concrete of design of empirical of dissimilarity but dissimilarity. But the main advantage of this kind of design lie in designing a personnel to understand an own controller very much, can freely control the big baby size of controller, change it of function. This means that this item contains more special, but in the meantime the control of system also from it of design control.2. Electricity systemPeople can find out to speak of in three preceding contexts from an automation of basic parts, the in addition is a logic circuit which controls system. The technique of only mature forerunner cans make a particular logic circuit and performance the parts that exactitude need when operate to get stripe. For a simple sport, the system auto procedure can complete, but for indirect or more complicated sport, the procedure of system will produce complicated circuit and false signal. This is need another method can save time, produce clear circuit, can keep accidental signal from hand over fold to stop with circuit.The line roadbed method of different standard of this kind of way call follow the sequence and advance gradually type or rule system, it to the current of air and the electricity system very valid, and is also a foundation of this item. It include according to launch the system of foundation that the machine appearance each dissimilarity variety establish.The square one is each circuit that the step designs those kinds of standards. The second step is a conjunction to receive to come from sensor and the switch sends the air or the fax to the supply line of each step in the meantime with previous sport signal. If show in the diagram, 1 with 2 standard circuits is a current of air of with the electricity system serve. We can know very much of see each one step suddenly with the contact of the of next step.3. The applied principle of controller inner partThe above-mentioned method can make each sport of launch the machine nicely defined with the step. This be also a new appearance which says that the every sport varieties of launch the machines are systems, but the change of of two different appearances be called a step.The standard circuit which speaks of in times before can the in aid of design personnel define different appearance different from what the variety of different step bring environment of system. The end stage in design will have a sequence and explicit input and output which never changes tocarry in the system. We carry a sequence is from the importation the importation be through conversion carried exportation by the exportation.All processes of these steps carry on in the tiny controller inner part, and with same of the way is circulate. The sequence of parts is program by 5 bytes in the controller; Each part contains a step structure of procedure. The importation carries two bytes, the exportation carries 1, and part of and additional function steps of other structure contain 2.After weave distance, the parts sequence is store by the remember of internal and tiny controller, therefore, they are readable and can circulate.Differ from traditional PLC, the work purpose of this kind of controller is to become particular realm to design of use controller more. The system of traditional PLC's circulating procedure is a circuit of circulation: Input a picture, circulate all internal procedures, then get stripe output's appearance. This controller work in different way, it read the structure of step, wait for an importation, then get stripe or output, then directly jump up next step, start another procedure movement.It has already limitted sex as well, for example this kind of controller sometimes doesn't carry out instruction, will appear a certain movement again and again an etc. under same procedure instruction, but this problem can resolve through an exterior logic movement. Moreover, this win the controller is have no sequence of the system top can't be apply enough. These limit sex is also this system of characteristic, each applications of this kind of system have to include homologous system analysis.4. The special features of the controllerThis kind of controller takes tiny tiny controller PIC16 F877 of the integrated circuit as foundation and it owns all the resources need by this subitem. It has an enough socket and the circuit continuous communication EEPROM memory gives relief to all structure of the system and the sequence of the step. It provided the movement of havings need by item, for example in fixed time machine with diverge etc..We did the resources catalogue of controller, want to make it change possibly of perfect. In the movement process of step, the procedure automatically chooses how to read an each one step suddenly of structure. This operation has two bytes to be located on an electronics importation. A byte is also located on exportation to carry, have 1 to be used to inner part in fixed time a machine, similar input or pause function. The EEPROM memory inner part is 256 bytes, can store all movements of steps, then with all movements of which stores 48 steps.In addition to an interactive menu, this kind of controller still has a control set and some instruction topress button and they control the movement of each step together with continuous and also control a little bit other devices.4.1 hand over with each other a functionAt actual circulate in operation, the controller needs some assistance equipmentses to help it and the user carry on interaction, can provide dependable of operation supervision, carry on a logic control to the current of air system in the meantime.Hand over to with each other work mode: In the main procedure, the user can send out signal to carry on the operation of concrete step according to the instructionThe LCD terrace can show the appearance of system work, measure an importation, output, timer and circulate of data etc..The voice of Di Di is use to hint important caution, stop, the take place of beginning and some urgent circumstances bright light means to connect power supply, with importation, output appearance.4.2 safetiesIf want to normally circulate procedure, have to promise each performance with all correct step. More important, should there is prevention circulating to break down and problem of resolve a method. The controller provided this kind of possibility and passed to use two internal and virtual circuits to circulate in the meantime. They can re- start procedure and recover the original appearance of procedure at any time. There are two importations carrying a common work can quickly circulate these functions.4.3 connectThe procedure movement sequence can use connect of controller to weave a distance. A set calculator connects and can also use to get stripe usage procedure. The user can make use of to connect to install a series of steps bytes which define a sequence. But can also design a procedure, the exploitation can treat resources as the information that user need when translate. But, if want combining a computer connects and controller, should have an instrument to the credibility of the assurance data at least. 4.4. FirmwareMain line wreath is pass to read EEPROM memory in of each information step carry on a work.In each step, the appearance of system is store and it also is show on the display in the meantime. According to the structure of user, it can make use of reposition of redundant personnel or pause to cope with an urgent circuit circumstance to promise a system safety.5. Electricity system exampleThis kind of system is much more than an orientation at the particular machine. It constitutes to°from four active machines. The active machine A, B and C are double and only the D be doubly a list. Square one, the active machine A starts circulate, and keep in a particular position until a be over of circulation, such as figure 5 show it can make sure some one object of under one sport. The second step, was A to complete it of work after, the active machine C is together with the B start together many creation electric current a turn possibly, and be subjected to the restriction of B movement speed, but the B speed be lived a petal management by a control of fluxion. B and C is work together of active machine of example, be the B slowly pushes an object of time, the C sometimes then repeats it of work.The third step, be the position time that the B arrives an end, the C is immediately stop it of the circulation exercise and return to the position of beginning. The active machine D that the electric current that the exploitation return work together with return of the C works together. The fourth step, the active machine D quickly goes back and forth a return to exercise once. The D can act as a tool, the superficial dozen that is on the object hole. When the D returns to the position time of beginning, AN and B also return in the meantime and this be the fifth step.Diagram 6 showed program design the first part. We know together as all movements of each step. (A+) mean that the active machine A pushes forward, but(A-) means to return to the position of beginning. Sport of the simultaneous with is together fold to add in the same step. This system totally has five steps.Diagram 5 circulate with 6 systems for express clear of described all sequences. Make use of them, we can design with the essential logic language whole of control circuit. But now return it not just an integrity of system, because it is still in need of some assistance facilities, .(diagram in show) Circulate to the end of procedure, these assistance facilitieses are very important, because they can make the circuit have more functions. They win the most important is a conjunction in eachly the one step suddenly of parallel circuit. That circuit can stop a sequence and change the appearance of active machine into a particular position at any time. It can heavy system or cope with an urgent circumstance. Diagram 7 with 8 what to shows be some results that will take place under the sistuation that have no usage controller. These photographs are the electricity charts which controls circuit, include sensor, control key and give or get an electric shock of live petal book.Moreover some assistance facilities also include in this system, the for example automatic machine/ hand moves to adjust to control a machine, they can make system continuous of circulating work; Two beginning control keys, they can let the operator hand move a beginning of control the system with stop, so reduced to take place an accident of danger.6. The user changes an example programmingCurrent of air coil fore the noodles has already elaborated on: It can let us understand to control the condition that a system need and that is in the actual movement in system and have to provide all function facilities. But, such as before speak of of so, use a PLC or particular controller, this kind of control becomes more easy of, and the nicety of the system will also raise.The usage traditional PLC of, such as figure 7, 8 show, notice while draw electricity chart of connect the logic of circuit. The usage is this kind of programmable controller and the user needs to know to circulate the idea of the method and the structure of the programming each step.That is to say, use traditional PLC, the user knows the relation of of each operation. Under the general circumstance,User can before connecting a people's top to circulate 1 to imitate procedure to look for a logical mistake together say of similar, new of plait the distance allow an each one step suddenly of the structure be partition. The sequence is alone define, but each one step suddenly be carry by the input and output to describe.7. ConclusionThis kind of controller's ising specialized is what this item design. Showed 1 takes tiny controller as the programmable controller of basal great use. It doesn't need for obtaining the resources in the tiny controller but installing exterior memory a machine or exterior in fixed time a machine. In addition to tiny controller outside, only have a little amount of zero parts performance some like output, importation, type ratio importation, show a circumstance of connect the and continuous movement etc. function.Use inner part memory alone, we can control a current of air system which has 48 steps, but if use a more simple system, will attain 60 steps. The controller becomes not to use PLC language, but use one more simple of with intuition of structure. Make use of electricity system, our items applied a same technique, but our designs be getting more direct in the meantime.A kind of very simple machine language can the one who let design use 4 or 5 byte definition a step all structure composing. This will see how experience that he use controller is .Although this kind of controller can't compare with the PLC of business, it is originally particular of of purpose but design of, so hard to say which good which bad. In fine, our this systems are in brief fast according to tiny controller but design.。