2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)

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2011年高考数学文科试卷(全国1卷)(内含答案)(新课标卷卷)

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试一、选择题(1)设集合U={}1,2,3,4,{}1,2,3,M ={}2,3,4,N =则U =（M N ）I ð （A ）{}12，（B ）{}23，（C ）{}2，4 （D ）{}1，4【答案】D【命题意图】本题主要考查集合交并补运算.【解析】{2,3},(){1,4}U M N M N =∴=ðQ I I(2)函数0)y x =≥的反函数为（A ）2()4x y x R =∈ （B ）2(0)4x y x =≥ （C ）24y x =()x R ∈ （D ）24(0)y x x =≥【答案】B【命题意图】本题主要考查反函数的求法. 【解析】由原函数反解得24y x =,又原函数的值域为0y ≥,所以函数0)y x =≥的反函数为2(0)4x y x =≥. (3)设向量,a b 满足||||1a b ==,12a b ⋅=-r r ,则2a b += （A（B（C（D【答案】B 【命题意图】本题主要考查平面向量的数量积与长度的计算方法.【解析】2221|2|||44||14()432a b a a b b +=+⋅+=+⨯-+=r r r r r u r ,所以2a b +=r r (4)若变量x ，y 满足约束条件63-21x y x y x +≤⎧⎪-≤⎨⎪≥⎩，则=23z x y +的最小值为（A ）17 （B ）14 （C ）5 （D ）3【答案】C【命题意图】本题主要考查简单的线性规划.【解析】作出不等式组表示的可行域，从图中不难观察当直线=23z x y +过直线x=1与x-3y=-2的交点（1，1）时取得最小值,所以最小值为5.(5)下面四个条件中，使a b >成立的充分而不必要的条件是（A ）1a b +＞（B ）1a b -＞（C ）22a b ＞（D ）33a b ＞【答案】A【命题意图】本题主要考查充要条件及不等式的性质.【解析】即寻找命题P ,使P a b ⇒>,且a b >推不出P ,逐项验证知可选A.(6)设n S 为等差数列{}n a 的前n 项和，若11a =，公差2d =，224k k S S +-=，则k =（A ）8 （B ）7 （C ）6 （D ）5【答案】D【命题意图】本题主要考查等差数列的基本公式的应用.【解析】解法一2(2)(1)(1)[(2)12][12]442422k k k k k k S S k k k +++--=+⨯+⨯-⨯+⨯=+=，解得5k =. 解法二: 221[1(1)2](12)4424k k k k S S a a k k k +++-=+=++⨯++⨯=+=，解得5k =.(7)设函数()cos (0)f x x ωω=>，将()y f x =的图像向右平移3π个单位长度后，所得的图像与原图像重合，则ω的最小值等于（A ）13（B ）3 （C ）6 （D ）9 【答案】C【命题意图】本题主要考查三角函数的周期性与三角函数图像变换的关系.【解析】由题意将()y f x =的图像向右平移3π个单位长度后，所得的图像与原图像重合，说明了3π是此函数周期的整数倍,得2()3k k Z ππω⨯=∈,解得6k ω=,又0ω>,令1k =,得min 6ω=.(8)已知直二面角l αβ--,点A α∈，AC l ⊥,C 为垂足,B β∈，BD l ⊥,D 为垂足,若2,1AB AC BD ===，则CD =（A ） 2 （B（C （D ）1 【答案】C【命题意图】本题主要考查二面角的平面角及解三角形.【解析】因为l αβ--是直二面角, AC l ⊥,∴AC ⊥平面β,AC BC ∴⊥BC ∴=又BD l ⊥,CD ∴=(9) 4位同学每人从甲、乙、丙3门课程中选修1门，则恰有2人选修课程甲的不同选法共有(A) 12种 (B) 24种 (C) 30种 (D)36种【答案】B【命题意图】本题主要考查两个原理与排列组合知识，考察考生分析问题的能力.【解析】第一步选出2人选修课程甲有246C =种方法，第二步安排剩余两人从乙、丙中各选1门课程有22⨯种选法，根据分步计数原理，有6424⨯=种选法.(10) 设()f x 是周期为2的奇函数，当01x ≤≤时，()f x =2(1)x x -,则5()2f -= (A) -12 (B)1 4- (C)14 (D)12【答案】A【命题意图】本题主要考查利用函数的周期性和奇偶性求函数值的方法. 关键是把通过周期性和奇偶性把自变量52-转化到区间[0,1]上进行求值. 【解析】由()f x 是周期为2的奇函数,利用周期性和奇偶性得:5511111()(2)()()2(1)2222222f f f f -=-+=-=-=-⨯⨯-=-(11)设两圆1C 、2C 都和两坐标轴相切，且都过点（4，1），则两圆心的距离12C C =(A)4 (B)【答案】C【命题意图】本题主要考查圆的方程与两点间的距离公式.【解析】由题意知圆心在直线y=x 上并且在第一象限,设圆心坐标为(,)(0)a a a >,则a =,即210170a a -+=,所以由两点间的距离公式可求出128C C ===.(12)已知平面α截一球面得圆M ，过圆心M 且与α成060二面角的平面β截该球面得圆N .若该球面的半径为4，圆M 的面积为4π，则圆N 的面积为(A)7π (B)9π (C)11π (D)13π【答案】D【命题意图】本题主要考查二面角的概念与球的性质.【解析】如图所示,由圆M 的面积为4π知球心O 到圆M 的距离OM =,在Rt OMN ∆中,30OMN ︒∠=, ∴12ON OM ==故圆N 的半径r ==,∴圆N 的面积为213S r ππ==.第Ⅱ卷注意事项：1答题前，考生先在答题卡上用直径0．5毫米黑色墨水签字笔将自己的姓名、准考证号填写清楚，然后贴好条形码。

(上海卷)2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）语文本试卷满分150分，考试时间150分钟。

注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、考试科目涂写在答题卡上。

2．每小题选出答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

不能答在试题卷上。

3．考试结束后，将试卷和答题卡一并交回。

一、阅读80分（一）阅读下文，完成第1—6题。

（16分）家园城市①如何建设人类美好家园，是城市建设中一个迫在眉睫的重要问题。

城市建设不仅是指建造物质环境，而且是指营造人们的精神家园，后者是城市文化建设的核心。

②相对于西方发达国家，我们城市化起步较晚，但从20世纪80年代改革开放开始，城市化进程加快，发展迅速。

伴随着我国城市化建设的飞速发展，相应的问题也产生了。

这些问题概括起来主要是两个：一是城市的雷同，二是文化的缺失。

两者又有着直接的关系，也就是说，城市的雷同是因为文化的缺失，而文化的缺失又表现为城市的雷同。

③近年来，人们对高品质城市的追求越来越迫切，出现了建设山水城市、生态城市、绿色城市、健康城市、家园城市等多种呼声。

其中家园城市最具代表性，这是□□家园城市涵容了其他几种城市类型的物质性特点，□□突出了对以文化为基础的、把城市打造成人们精神家园的理想追求。

④家园城市必须具有充足的公共活动空间。

城市的各种文化、教育、休闲、娱乐设施应满足各方面的需要，所以，设计者在注重学校、博物馆、图书馆、运动场等大型公共设施建设的同时，还应注意提供方便舒适、有亲切感的小尺度公共空间，如社区和街道的小公园、小广场、咖啡馆、茶馆等，以便于人与人之间的交流。

现代城市发达的通讯网络方便了人们远距离即时交流，但这种单一的联络方式，无法慰藉人们孤独的心灵，也不能满足人们面对面“全信息交往”的渴求。

所以必须创造人与人能够近距离直接交流的公共空间和娱乐休闲场所，以增加人们当面交流的机会，减少城市人的心灵疾病。

2011年上海高考数学试卷及答案

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）理科数学一、填空题（56分） 1．函数1()2f x x =-的反函数为1()f x -= 。

2．若全集U R =，集合{|1}{|0}A x x x x =≥≤ ，则U C A = 。

3．设m 为常数，若点(0,5)F 是双曲线2219y x m -=的一个焦点，则m = 。

4．不等式13x x+<的解为。

5．在极坐标系中，直线(2cos sin )2ρθθ+=与直线cos 1ρθ=的夹角大小为。

6．在相距2千米的A ．B 两点处测量目标C ，若0075,60CAB CBA ∠=∠=，则A ．C 两点之间的距离是千米。

7．若圆锥的侧面积为2π，底面积为π，则该圆锥的体积为。

8．函数sin()cos()26y x x ππ=+-的最大值为。

9．马老师从课本上抄录一个随机变量ε的概率分布律如下表请小牛同学计算ε的数学期望，尽管“！”处无法完全看清，且两个“？”处字迹模糊，但能肯定这两个“？”处的数值相同。

据此，小牛给出了正确答案E ε= 。

10．行列式a b c d（,,,{1,1,2}a b c d ∈-）的所有可能值中，最大的是。

11．在正三角形ABC 中，D 是BC 上的点，3,1AB BD ==，则AB AD ⋅=。

12．随机抽取9个同学中，至少有2个同学在同一月出生的概率是（默认每月天数相同，结果精确到0.001）。

13．设()g x 是定义在R 上．以1为周期的函数，若()()f x x g x =+在[3,4]上的值域为[2,5]-，则()f x 在区间[10,10]-上的值域为。

?!?321P(ε=x )x14．已知点(0,0)O ．0(0,1)Q 和0(3,1)R ，记00Q R 的中点为1P ，取01Q P 和10PR中的一条，记其端点为1Q ．1R ，使之满足11(||2)(||2)0OQ OR --<；记11Q R 的中点为2P ，取12Q P 和21P R 中的一条，记其端点为2Q ．2R ，使之满足22(||2)(||2)0OQ OR --<；依次下去，得到点12,,,,n P P P ，则0lim ||n n Q P →∞= 。

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试题(上海卷,解析版)

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试题（上海卷，解析版）第I卷 (105分)I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A;you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. At a train station. B. At an airport.C. At a travel agency.D. At a bus station.2. A. $5. B. $10.C. $15.D. $50.3. A. Receptionist and guest. B. Salesperson and customer.C. Doctor and patient.D. Waiter and diner.4. A. Excited. B. Dissatisfied.C. Bored.D. Exhausted.5. A. Her hair has changed. B. She isn’t satisfied with herhair style.C. She prefers to wear long hair.D. The man has changed his hair style.6. A. It is too early to watch the Talent Show. B. He will go to bed in fiveminutes.C. He would rather watch TV than go to bed.D. He is old enough to stay up.7. A. She has got everything ready. B. She never hesitates over what totake.C. She hates packing by herself.D. She needs more time for packing.8. A. They should wait for John for a while. B. They should stay here forthe night.C. They should start the meeting right away.D. They should call John at once.9. A. She is unwilling to move into a new flat. B. Her neighbors get along wellwith her.C. She can’t tell the man why she is moving.D. Her neighbors usually play their TV loud.10.A. Ask for directions. B. Try a different route.C. Go back for the map.D. Cancel their trip.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked to questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the blest answer to the question you haveheard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11.A. A political system. B. Religion.C. Working language.D. Race.12.A. Discuss current issues. B. Join in a writing competition.C. Attend an arts and crafts competition.D. Celebrate their friendship.13.A. The Commonwealth Games. B. An important holiday.C. The Commonwealth members.D. An international association. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14.A. Equipping students with knowledge. B. Qualifying students forcertain jobs.C. Developing students’ habits of mind.D. Helping students to go to graduate school.15.A. The ability to have critical analysis. B. Creative use of leisuretime.[来C. Logical use of information.D. Willingness to accept uncertainty.16.A. Goals to reach in a college education. B. Roles of knowledge instudents’ growth.C. Qualifications needed for a job.D. Importance of after-class activities.Section CDirections: In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.25.Graduation is a good time to thank those who have helped you ______ the tough years.A. throughB. upC. withD. from26.To stay awake, he finished a cup of coffee and ordered ______.A. the otherB. otherC. the othersD. another27.It’s no use ______ without taking action.A. complainB. complainingC. being complainedD. to be complained28.I ______ worry about my weekend—I always have my plans ready before it comes.A. can’tB. mustn’tC. daren’tD. needn’t29.When Mom looked back on the early days of their marriage, she wondered how theyhad managed with ______ money.A. so fewB. such fewC. so littleD. such little30.It doesn’t matter if they want to come to your par ty, ______?A. doesn’t itB. does itC. don’t theyD. do they31.After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team ______ four days later.A. rescuedB. was rescuedC. has rescuedD. had been rescued32.The rare fish, ______ from the cooking pot, has been returned to the sea.A. savedB. savingC. to be savedD. having saved33.At one point I made up my mind to talk to Uncle Sam. Then I changed my mind, ______that he could do nothing to help.A. to realizeB. realizedC. realizingD. being realized34.Did you predict that many students ______ up for the dance competition?A. would signB. signedC. have signedD. had signed35.There is clear evidence ______ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret isbodily pain.A. whatB. ifC. howD. that36.If a lot of people say a film is not good, I won’t bother to see it, or I’llwait ______ it comes out on DVD.A. whetherB. afterC. thoughD. until37.The police officers in our city work hard ______ the rest of us can live a safelife.A. in caseB. as ifC. in order thatD. only if38.The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of ______others actually understand.A. whyB. thatC. whichD. what39.You’ll find taxis wa iting at the bus station ______ you can hire to reach yourhost family.A. whichB. whereC. whenD. as40.Today we have chat rooms, text messaging, emailing… but we seem ______ the artof communicating face-to-face.A. losingB. to be losingC. to be lostD. having lostSection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each wordHow would you like to wear the same (内衣裤) for weeks? Owing to the work that has gone into developing intelligent materials, this may not be as 41 as it sounds. Self-cleaning clothes have now been created, and these new materials provide 42 resistance to dirt as well as water. As a result, they require much less cleaning than traditional materials.The creation of self-cleaning clothes provides an example of how nature helps scientists develop better products. This self-cleaning nature is known as the “lotus effect”. The name comes, of course, from the lotus leaves, which are famous for growing in muddy lakes and rivers while remaining almost 43clean. By observing nature, scientists are 44 the qualities of the lotus leaves to the materials they have engineered. Because of this, some remarkable new products have been 45 . Among them are special windows that are resistant to dirt and water.A special 46 on these windows not only prevents dirt from sticking to their surfaces, but also allows dust to be easily washed off by the rain. In fact, these new windows have already been 47 to some cars. Even when traveling at high speed through rain, these cars never have to use their windshield wipers (雨刮器).Although we have already seen some practical applications, even more dramatic 48 will be made in the future, and they will, perhaps, change our world completely.Undoubtedly, technology is an important development, and it will have an even bigger 49 on our lives.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining (留住) customers. It sounds simple and achievable. But, 50 , words of wisdom are soon forgotten. Once companies have attracted customers they often 51 the second half of the story. In the excitement of beating off the competition, negotiating prices, securing orders, and delivering the product, managers tend to become carried away. They forget what they regard as the boring side of business—52 that the customer remains a customer.53 to concentrate on retaining as well as attracting customers costs business huge amounts of money annually. It has been estimated that the average company loses between 10 and 30 per cent of its customers every years. In constantly changing 54 , this is not surprising. What is surprising is the fact that few companies have any idea how many customers they have lost.Only now are organizations beginning to wake up to those lost opportunities and calculate the 55implications. Cutting down the number of customers a company loses can make a big56 in its performance. Research in the US found that a five per cent decrease in the number of defecting(流失的) customers led to 57 increases of between 25 and 85 per cent.In the US, Domino’s Pizza estimates that a regular customer is worth more than $5,000 over ten years. A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and 58 never returns, is losing the company thousands of dollars in 59 profits (more if you consider how many people they are likely to tell about their bad experience).The logic behind cultivating customer 60 is impossible to deny. “In practice mo st companies’ marketing effort is focused on getting customers, with little attention paid to 61 them”, says Adrian Payne of Cornfield University’ School of Management. “Research suggests that there is a close relationship between retaining customers and making profits. 62 customers tend to buy more, are predictable and usually cost less to service than new customers. Furthermore, they tend to be less price 63 , and may provide free word-of-mouth advertising. Retaining customers also makes it 64 for competitors to enter a market or increase their share of a market.50.A. in particular B. in reality C. at least D.first of all51.A. emphasize B. doubt C. overlook D. believe52.A. denying B. ensuring C. arguing D. proving53.A. Moving B. Hoping C. Starting D. Failing54.A. markets B. tastes C. prices D.expenses55.A. culture B. social C. financial D.economical56.A. promise B. plan C. mistake D. difference57.A. cost B. opportunity C. profit D. budget58.A. as a result B. on the whole C. in conclusion D. on thecontrary59.A. huge B. potential C. extra D. reasonable60.A. beliefs B. loyalty C. habits D.interest61.A. altering B. understanding C. keeping D.attracting62.A. Assumed B. Respected C. Established D.Unexpected63.A. agreeable B. flexible C. friendly D. sensitive64.A. unfair B. difficult C. essential D.convenientSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.AThe teacher who did the most to encourage me was, as it happened, my aunt. She was Myrtle C. Manigault, the wife of my mother’s brother Bill. She taught in second grade at all-black Summer School in Camden, New Jersey.During my childhood and youth, Aunt Myrtle encouraged me to develop every aspect of my potential, without regard for what was considered practical or possible for black females. I liked to sing; she listened to my voice and pronounced it good. I couldn’t dance; she taught me the basic dancing steps. She took me to the theatre not just children’s theatre but adult comedies and dramas—and her faith that I could appreciate adult plays was not disappointed.My aunt also took down books from her extensive library and shared them with me.I had books at home, but they were all serious classics. Even as a child I had a strong liking for humor, and I’ll never forget the joy of discovering Don Marquis’s Archy & Mehitabel through her.Most important, perhaps, Aunt Myrtle provided my first opportunity to write for publication. A writer herself for one of the black newspapers, she suggested my name to the editor as a “youth columnist”. My column, begun when I was fourteen, was supposed to cover teenage social activities—and it did—but it also gave me the freedom to write on many other subjects as well as the habit of gathering material, the discipline of meeting deadlines, and, after graduation from college six years later, a solid collection of published material that carried my name and was my passport to a series of writing jobs.Today Aunt Myrtle is still an enthusiastic supporter of her “favourite niece”. Like a diamond, she has reflected a bright, multifaceted(多面的) image of possibilities to every pupil who has crossed her path.65.Which of the following did Aunt Myrtle do to the author during her childhood andyouth?A. She lent her some serious classics.B. She cultivated her taste for music.C. She discovered her talent for dancing.D. She introduced her to adult plays.66.What does Archy and Mehitabel in Paragraph 3 probably refer to?A. A book of great fun.B. A writer of high fame.C. A serious masterpiece.D. A heartbreaking play.67.Aunt Myrtle recommended the author to a newspaper editor mainly to ______.[来A. develop her capabilities for writingB. give her a chance to collect materialC. involve her in teenage social activitiesD. offer her a series of writing jobs68.We can conclude from the passage that Aunt Myrtle was a teacher who ______.A. trained pupils to be diligent and well-disciplinedB. gave pupils confidence in exploiting their potentialC. emphasized what was practical or possible for pupils.D. helped pupils overcome difficulties in learningBHumpback whalesA. cannot survive in waters near the shoreB. doesn’t live in the samewaters all the timeC. lives mainly on underwater plantsD. prefers to work alone when hunting food70.To make a breach, a humpback whale must ______.A. use its tail flukes to leap out of the waterB. twist its body sideways to jump high.C. blow two streams of waterD. communicate with a group of humpbacks.71.From the passage we can learn that a humpback whale ______.A. has its unique markings on it tail flukesB. has black and white fingerprintsC. gets its name from the way it huntsD. is a great performer due to its songsCHuman remains of ancient settlements will be reburied and lost to science under a law that threatens research into the history of humans in Britain, a group of leading archeologists (考古学家) says. In a letter addressed to the justice secretary, Ken Clarke, 40 archaeologists write of their “deep and widespread concern” about the issue. It centers on the law introduced by the Ministry of Justice in 2008 which requires all human remains unearthed in England and Wales to be reburied within two years, regardless of their age. The decision means scientists have too little time to study bones and other human remains of national and cultural significance.“Your current requirement that all archaeologically unearthed human remains should be reburied, whether after a standard period of two years or a further special extension, is contrary to basic principles of archaeological and scientific research and o f museum practice,” they write.The law applies to any pieces of bone uncovered at around 400 dig sites, including the remains of 60 or so bodies found at Stonehenge in 2008 that date back to 3,000 BC. Archaeologists have been granted a temporary extension to give them more time, but eventuallly the bones will have to be returned to the ground.The arrangements may result in the waste of future discoveries at sites such as Happisburgh in Norfolk, where digging is continuing after the discovery of stone tools made by early humans 950,000 years ago. If human remains were found at Happisburgh, they would be the oldest in northern Europe and the first indication of what this species was. Under the current practice of the law those remains would have to be reburied and effectively destroyed.Before 2008, guidelines allowed for the proper preservation and study of bones of sufficient age and historical interest, while the Burial Act 1857 applied to more recent remains. The Ministry of Justice assured archaeologists two years ago that the law was temporary, but has so far failed to revise it.Mike Parker Pearson, an archaeologist at Sheffield University, said: “Archaeologists have been extremely patient because we were led to believe the ministry was sort ing out this problem, but we feel that we cannot wait any longer.” The ministry has no guidelines on where or how remains should be reburied, or onwhat records should be kept.72.According to the passage, scientists are unhappy with the law mainly because______.A. it is only a temporary measure on the human remainsB. it is unreasonable and thus destructive to scientific researchC. it was introduced by the government without their knowledgeD. it is vague about where and how to rebury human remains73.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. Temporary extension of two years will guarantee scientists enough time.B. Human remains of the oldest species were dug out at Happisburgh.C. Human remains will have to be reburied despite the extension of time.D. Scientists have been warned that the law can hardly be changed.74.What can be inferred about the British law governing human remains?A. The Ministry of Justice did not intend it to protect human remains.B. The Burial Act 1857 only applied to remains uncovered before 1857.C. The law on human remains hasn’t changed in recent decades.D. The Ministry of Justice has not done enough about the law.75.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. New discoveries should be reburied, the government demands.B. Research time should be extended, scientists require.C. Law on human remains needs thorough discussion, authorities say.D. Law could bury ancient secrets for ever, archeologists warn.Section CDirections: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.With the arrival of the age of “information economy”, intellectual work is becoming a more important source of wealth than manufacturing. Organizations in all walks of life are doing more to spread their information. So people of the Public Relations are hired to speak for them. A lot of our news is actually collected from press releases and reports of events intentionally staged for journalists. In the information age, journalists spend their time, not investigating, but passing on the words of a spokesperson.77.______There is a joke in the novel Scoop about the newspaper’s owner, Lord Copper. The editors can never disagree with him. When he’s right about something they answer “definitely”, and when he’s wrong they say “to some extent, Lord Copper.” It seems reasonable to suppose that, in the real world, the opinions of such powerful people still influence the journalists and editors who work for them.78.______In countries where the news is not officially controlled, it may be provided by commercial organizations who depend on advertising. The news has to attract viewers and maintain its audience ratings. I suspect that some stories get air-time just because there happen to be exciting pictures to show. In Britain, we have the tabloid newspapers which millions of people read simply for entertainment. There is progressively less room for historical background, or statistics, which are harder to present as a sensational story.79.______There is an argument that with spreading access to the internet and cheap technology for recording sound and images we will all be able to find exactly the information we want. People around the world will be able to publish their own eye-witness accounts and compete with the widely-accepted news-gatherers on equal terms. But what it will mean also is that we’ll be subjected to a still greater a mount of nonsense and lies. Any web log may contain the latest information of the year, or equally, a made-up story that you will never be able to check.80.______Maybe the time has come to do something about it, and I don’t just mean changing your choice of TV channel or newspaper. In a world where everyone wants you to listen to their version, you only have two choices: switch off altogether or start looking for sources you can trust. The investigative journalist of the future is everyone who wants to know the truth.Section DDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.Sociologists have long recognised that organisations of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members. Once their size goes beyond this figure, the organizations are getting less flexible. So it seems necessary to prevent total disorder resulting from failures of communication.One solution to this problem would, of course, be to structure large organisationsinto smaller units of a size that can act as a group. By allowing these groups to build reliance on each other, larger organizations can be built up. However, merely having groups of, say, 150 will never of itself be a complete solution to the problems of the organization. Something else is needed: the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships. To allow free flow of information, they have to be able to communicate with each other in a casual way. Maintaining too formal a structure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works.The importance of this was drawn to my attention two years ago by the case of a TV station. Whether by chance or by design, it so happened that there were almost exactly 150 people in the station. The whole process worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they were moved into purpose-built accommodation. Then, for no apparent reason, the work seemed to be more difficult to do, not to say less satisfying.It was some time before they work out what the problem was. It turn out that, when the architects were designing the new building, they decided that the coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunch times was an unnecessary luxury and so did away with it. And with that, they accidentally destroyed the close social networks that strengthened the whole organization. What had apparently been happening was that, as people gathered informally over their sandwiches in the coffee room, useful information was casually being exchanged.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS.)81.What size of an organization may lead to communication failures?82.What are the two solutions to the communication problem within a largeorganization?83.After the TV station moved into new accommodation, itsoperation_____________________84.From the case of the TV station, we can conclude it is________________________________ that make(s) an organization more successful.第Ⅱ卷 (共45分)I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1.你为什么不在网上订票? (Why)2.我常把王海误认为他的双胞胎弟弟，因为他们长得太像了。

2011年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海生命科学试卷

Ｄ基因突变可以改变种群的基因频率．９科学家从我国腾冲热泉中分离得到一株硫化叶菌，．下列关于该菌的表述错误的是 …………・ ……………一（）Ａ青霉素不能抑制其细胞壁的合成．Ｂ为高温酶的潜在来源．ｃ对其研究有助于了解生命的起源和进化．Ｄ无拟核结构．
２．１就物质属性而言，白质、原和多糖三者之间的关蛋抗
系是… ………………………………………………… （）
Ａ要测量该细胞的长度，．需旋转目镜Ｂ物镜由１．０×换为４０×，图示测微尺每小格所代表的长度变小ｃ在不同放大倍数下，．图示测微尺每小格的实际长度不
２在蝌蚪发育成蛙的过程中，尾部消失起主要作用的．对
细胞器是 …………………………… ………………… （
Ａ溶酶体．
Ｂ中心体．
Ｃ线粒体．
Ｄ高尔基体．））Ａ ①所示的反应类型为氧化分解反应．Ｂ该细胞膜上有胰高血糖素受体，．但无肾上腺素受体Ｃ脂肪酸需转化为丙酮酸后，．才能进入三羧酸循环Ｄ该细胞合成的甘油三酯主要以ＶＤ．ＬＬ的形式输送至血液１．１甲状腺的滤泡细胞分泌甲状腺素，Ｃ细胞分泌３肽２的降钙素，下列表述正确的是 ……………………… （）Ａ滤泡细胞和ｃ细胞内含有不同的基因．Ｂ控制降钙素合成的基因长度至少为１２．９对碱基Ｃ在降钙素溶液中加入适量的双缩脲试剂，．溶液呈橘红
Ａ ① Ｂ ② ｃ ③ ．．．
Ｄ ④ ．
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述错误的是… ………………………………………… （

2011年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海数学试卷(理工农医类)

为— — ．
１．４已知点ｏ（，）ｏＯ１和Ｒ（，）记ｏ０、Ｑ（，）ｏ３１，
Ｑｏｏ中点为，Ｑ・１Ｐ０Ｒ的取ｃ和１中的一条，Ｐ
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—
． — ．
≤３的解为 —
记其端点为Ｑ１，、使之满足（ｌ［Ｉ）ＩＲ１ＯＱ１（）Ｉ一２（二２）＜０；记Ｑ１１Ｒ的中点为Ｐ，取Ｑ１２２Ｐ和
该圆锥的体积为—
—
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最大值为 — — ．９．马老师从课本上抄录一个随机变量 ∈ 的概率分布律如下表：
中，恒成立的是
［（）答］
二、选择题（本大题满分２分）０本大题共有
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选对得５分，否则一律得零分．
６在相距２．千米的、Ｂ两点处测量目标点Ｃ，若Ｂ＝７。ＣＢＡ＝６。则、两５，０，点之间的距离为— — 千米．７若圆锥的侧面积为２，．丌底面面积为丌则，
（）ｌ０，，２一，Ｂ０，３ … ０他ｌ… ０，４・・２，２０，・０扎，是等比数列．（）１０，・０ｎ１… 和ｎ，４・・２，Ｃｎ，３・・２一，，２０，・０扎，均是等比数列．
已知数列｛ｎ和｛ｎ．０）ｂ】的通项公式分别是ａ３ｎ＋６ｂ，ｎ＝２＋７ｎ∈Ｎ．ｎ（）将集合｛＝Ｉａ，ｎ∈Ｎ．ｘｘ＝ｂ，］ｕ｛ｌｎ∈Ｎ［的元素从）ｐ

2011年高考文综全国卷二含答案及解析

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试文科综合能力测试（全国卷二）第I卷读图1.完成1~2题。

1.组成该山体岩石的矿物直接来自A．地表 B.地壳上部C.地壳下部D.地幔2.在岩石圈物质循环过程中，该山体岩石在地球表层可转化为A．喷出岩 B.侵入岩C．沉积岩 D.变质岩【解析】本组题难度中等，1题对大纲版而言，有超纲的嫌疑，因为大纲版未涉及地球内部圈层结构。

对课标版而言，则属于容易题。

1题、据图可知演示的是火山喷发，火山喷发物包括岩浆、碎屑物质和气体，这些物质均来自上地幔中的软流层。

2题、抓住“表层”和“转化”，岩浆岩可转化为沉积岩（地表）和变质岩（地下），这道题学生容易忽略“地球表层”而错选变质岩或者直接看成火山喷发物应该形成喷出岩。

芝加哥是美国五大湖区最大的城市，其位置见图2。

1848年修通联系密西西比河水系和五大湖的运河，随后兴建铁路并形成以芝加哥为中心的放射状铁路网。

这段时期，芝加哥工业主要有农产品加工、农具、交通工具等生产部门。

1890年，芝加哥人口达到100万。

20世纪上半叶，芝加哥发展以钢铁为主导的重工业，并成为20世纪美国最大的钢铁工业基地。

据此完成3~5题。

3．1848年后，芝加哥成为美国中西部农产品集散中心的主导区位条件是A．濒临五大湖B．位于美国中西部的中心位置C．位于密西西比河航运的上游起点D．位于密西西比河与五大湖的转运地点4.20世纪之前，芝加哥的工业活动主要联系A．芝加哥周边农村地区B．五大湖沿岸各城市C．美国东北部工业区D．美国本土5．芝加哥发展钢铁工业最有利的条件是A．良好的工业基础B．便捷的交通运输C．充足的劳动力D．丰富的原料和燃料【解析】本组题材料来自鲁教版教材，难度中等，主要考察学生提取、解读图文材料所显示信息的能力，答案基本都隐含在图文材料中。

3题、从材料中“1848年修通联系密西西比河水系和五大湖的运河，”得出早期以水运为主，结合图中显示的芝加哥的位置可推知芝加哥位于位于密西西比河与五大湖的转运地点。

2011年高考试题——历史(上海卷)解析版

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）历史试题-解析版考生注意：1．考试时间120分钟。

试卷满分150分。

2．本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求；所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上；做在试卷上一律不得分。

3．答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名．并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上。

4．答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。

一、选择题（共70分）以下每小题2分，共58分，每题只有一个正确的选项。

1．一位古希腊人经过实地调查研究，在其著作中记述了希波战争的始末。

他是A．伯里克利 B．希罗多德 C．柏拉图 D．罗马答案：B解析：本题主要考查世界古代历史人物。

希罗多德(Herodotus，约公元前484——425)，古希腊历史学家，在古罗马时代,就被誉为“历史之父”。

所著《历史》一书，是西方史学上的第一座丰碑，为西方历史编纂学“开辟了一个新时代”。

《历史》详细记述了希波战争爆发的原因、经过和结果。

2．公元前509年，罗马进入共和国时期，这一时间也可表述为A．公元前5世纪初 B．公元前5世纪末C．公元前6世纪初 D．公元前6世纪末答案：D解析：本题主要考查历史时间的不同表述方式。

表示历史时间的常用词汇有很多，如公元、世纪、年代、时代、朝代、年号等。

其中公元纪年是世界上最通用的时间纪年法，比如本题时间“公元前509年”就是公元纪年法。

世纪纪年法：每100年称为一个“世纪”，公元前1年到公元前100年为公元前1世纪，公元1年到公元100年为公元1世纪，因此公元前509年应该表述为公元前6世纪末。

3．根据所学的知识，右侧表格①②处分别填上A．封建等级制：城市的复兴B．封建等级制；民族国家形成C．城市的复兴：君主专制D．民族国家形成：君主专制答案：A解析：本题主要考查西欧封建制度的形成和发展。

8世纪上半期，西欧进行采邑改革。

中央把土地作为采邑封给大封建主，大封建主再把它封给自己的臣下为采邑，层层分封，层层结成主从关系，形成像阶梯似的等级制。

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2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）本试卷分为满分150分，考试时间120分钟。

相对原子质量：H-l C-12N-14O-16F-19Na-23Mg-24Si-28S-32Cu-64 I-127。

第I卷（共66分）一、选择题（本题共10分，每小题2分，只有一个正确选项，答案涂写在答题卡上。

）1．下列离子在稳定人体血液的pH中起作用的是A．Na+B．HCO3－C．Fe2+D．Cl－2．从光合作用的反应原理6CO2+6H2O C6H12O6+6O2可知碳是农作物生长的必需元素之一。

关于用二氧化碳生产肥料的评价正确的是A．缓解地球温室效应，抑制农作物营养平衡B．加剧地球温室效应，促进农作物营养平衡C．缓解地球温室效应，促进农作物营养平衡D．加剧地球温室效应，抑制农作物营养平衡3．据报道，科学家开发出了利用太阳能分解水的新型催化剂。

下列有关水分解过程的能量变化示意图正确的是4．下列有关化学用语能确定为丙烯的是5．高铁酸钾(K2FeO4)是一种新型的自来水处理剂，它的性质和作用是A．有强氧化性，可消毒杀菌，还原产物能吸附水中杂质B．有强还原性，可消毒杀菌，氧化产物能吸附水中杂质C．有强氧化性，能吸附水中杂质，还原产物能消毒杀菌D．有强还原性，能吸附水中杂质，氧化产物能消毒杀菌二、选择题（本题共36分，每小题3分，只有一个正确选项，答案涂写在答题卡上。

）6．浓硫酸有许多重要的性质，在与含有永分的蔗糖作用过程中不能显示的性质是A．酸性B．脱水性C．强氧化性D．吸水性7．下列溶液中通入SO2一定不会产生沉淀的是A．Ba(OH)2B．Ba(NO3)2C．Na2S D．BaCl28．高炉炼铁过程中既被氧化又被还原的元素是A．铁B．氮C．氧D．碳9．氯元素在自然界有35Cl和37Cl两种同位素，在计算式34.969×75.77%+36.966×24.23% =35.453中A．75.77%表示35Cl的质量分数B．24.23%表示35Cl的丰度C．35.453表示氯元素的相对原子质量D．36.966表示37Cl的质量数10．草酸晶体(H2C2O4·2H2O)100℃开始失水，101.5℃熔化，150℃左右分解产生H2O、CO 和CO2。

用加热草酸晶体的方法获取某些气体，应该选择的气体发生装置是（图中加热装置已略去）11．根据碘与氢气反应的热化学方程式(i)I2(g)+H2(g)2HI(g)+9.48kJ(ii)I2(S)+H2(g)2HI(g)-26.48kJ下列判断正确的是A．254g I2(g)中通入2gH2(g)，反应放热9.48kJB．1mol固态碘与1mol气态碘所含的能量相差17.00kJC．反应(i)的产物比反应(ii)的产物稳定D．反应(ii)的反应物总能量比反应(i)的反应物总能量低12．甲醛与亚硫酸氢钠的反应方程式为HCHO+NaHSO3HO-CH2-SO3Na，反应产物俗称“吊白块”。

关于“吊白块”的叙述正确的是A．易溶于水，可用于食品加工B．易溶于水，工业上用作防腐剂C．难溶于水，不能用于食品加工D．难溶于水，可以用作防腐剂13．某溶液中可能含有Na+、NH4+、Ba2+、SO42－、I－、S2－。

分别取样：①用pH计测试，溶液显弱酸性；②加氯水和淀粉无明显现象。

为确定该溶液的组成，还需检验的离子是A．Na+B．SO42－C．Ba2+D．NH4+14．某物质的结构为，关于该物质的叙述正确的是A．一定条件下与氢气反应可以生成硬脂酸甘油酯B．一定条件下与氢气反应可以生成软脂酸甘油酯C．与氢氧化钠溶液混合加热能得到肥皂的主要成分D．与其互为同分异构且完全水解后产物相同的油脂有三种15．β—月桂烯的结构如右图所示，一分子该物质与两分子溴发生加成反应的产物（只考虑位置异构）理论上最多有A．2种B．3种C．4种D．6种16．用电解法提取氯化铜废液中的铜，方案正确的是A．用铜片连接电源的正极，另一电极用铂片B．用碳棒连接电源的正极，另一电极用铜片C．用氢氧化钠溶液吸收阴极产物D．用带火星的木条检验阳极产物17．120mL含有0.20mol碳酸钠的溶液和200mL盐酸，不管将前者滴加入后者，还是将后者滴加入前者，都有气体产生，但最终生成的气体体积不同，则盐酸的浓度合理的是A．2.0mol/L B．1.5mol/L C．0.18mol/L D．0.24mol/L三、选择题（本题共20分，每小题4分，每小题有一个或两个正确选项。

只有一个正确选项的，多选不给分；有两个正确选项，选对一个给2分，选错一个，该小题不给分，答案涂写在答题卡上。

）18．氧化还原反应中，水的作用可以是氧化剂、还原剂、既是氧化剂又是还原剂、既非氧化剂又非还原剂等。

下列反应与Br2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HBr相比较，水的作用不相同的是A．2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O2↑B．4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH)3C．2F2+2H2O=4HF+O2D．2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2↑19．常温下用pH为3的某酸溶液分别与pH都为11的氨水、氢氧化钠溶液等体积混合得到a、b两种溶液，关于这两种溶液酸碱性的描述正确的是A．b不可能显碱性B．a可能显酸性或碱性C．a不可能显酸性D．b可能显碱性或酸性20．过氧化钠可作为氧气的来源。

常温常压下二氧化碳和过氧化钠反应后，若固体质量增加了28g，反应中有关物质韵物理量正确的是(N A表示阿伏加德罗常数)二氧化碳碳酸钠转移的电子A1mol N AB22.4L1molC106g1molD106g2N A21．在复盐NH4Fe(SO4)2溶液中逐滴加入Ba(OH)2溶液，可能发生的反应的离子方程式是A．Fe2++SO42－+Ba2++2OH－=BaSO4↓+Fe(OH)2↓B．NH4++Fe3++2SO42－+2Ba2++4OH－=2BaSO4↓+Fe(OH)3↓+NH3·H2OC．2Fe3++3SO42－+3Ba2++6OH－=3BaSO4↓+2Fe(OH)3↓D．3NH4++Fe3++3SO42－+3Ba2++6OH－=3BaSO4↓+Fe(OH)3↓+3NH3·H2O22．物质的量为0.10mol的镁条在只含有CO2和O2混合气体的容器中燃烧（产物不含碳酸镁），反应后容器内固体物质的质量不可能为A．3.2g B．4.0g C．4.2g D．4.6g第II卷（共84分）四、（本题共24分）23.工业上制取冰晶石(Na3AlF6)的化学方程式如下：2Al(OH)3+12HF+3Na2CO3=2Na3AlF6+3CO2↑+9H2O根据题意完成下列填空：（1）在上述反应的反应物和生成物中，属于非极性分子的电子式，属于弱酸的电离方程式。

（2）反应物中有两种元素在元素周期表中位置相邻，下列能判断它们的金属性或非金属性强弱的是（选填编号）。

a．气态氢化物的稳定性b．最高价氧化物对应水化物的酸性c．单质与氢气反应的难易d．单质与同浓度酸发生反应的快慢（3）反应物中某些元素处于同一周期。

它们最高价氧化物对应的水化物之间发生反应的离子方程式为。

（4）Na2CO3俗称纯碱，属于晶体。

工业上制取纯碱的原料是。

24．雄黄(AS4S4)和雌黄(As2S3)是提取砷的主要矿物原料，二者在自然界中共生。

根据题意完成下列填空：（1）As2S3和SnCl2在盐酸中反应转化为As4S4和SnCl4并放出H2S气体。

若As2S3和SnCl2正好完全反应，As2S3和SnCl2的物质的量之比为。

（2）上述反应中的氧化剂是，反应产生的气体可用吸收。

（3）As2S3和HNO3有如下反应：As2S3+10H++10NO3—=2H3AsO4+3S+10NO2↑+2H2O若生成2mol H3AsO4，则反应中转移电子的物质的量为。

若将该反应设计成一原电池，则NO2应该在（填“正极”或“负极”）附近逸出。

（4）若反应产物NO2与11.2L O2（标准状况）混合后用水吸收全部转化成浓HNO3，然后与过量的碳反应，所产生的CO2的量（选填编号）。

a．小于0.5mol b．等于0.5mol c．大于0.5mol d．无法确定25．自然界的矿物、岩石的成因和变化受到许多条件的影响。

地壳内每加深1km，压强增大约25000~30000kPa。

在地壳内SiO2和HF存在以下平衡：SiO2(s)+4HF(g)SiF4(g)+ 2H2O(g)+148.9kJ根据题意完成下列填空：（1）在地壳深处容易有气体逸出，在地壳浅处容易有沉积。

（2）如果上述反应的平衡常数K值变大，该反应（选填编号）。

a．一定向正反应方向移动b．在平衡移动时正反应速率先增大后减小c．一定向逆反应方向移动d．在平衡移动时逆反应速率先减小后增大（3）如果上述反应在体积不变的密闭容器中发生，当反应达到平衡时，（选填编号）。

a．2v正(HF)=v逆(H2O)b．v(H2O)=2v(SiF4)c．SiO2的质量保持不变d．反应物不再转化为生成物（4）若反应的容器容积为2.0L，反应时间8.0min，容器内气体的密度增大了0.12g/L，在这段时间内HF的平均反应速率为。

26．实验室制取少量溴乙烷的装置如右图所示。

根据题意完成下列填空：（1）圆底烧瓶中加入的反应物是溴化钠、和1:1的硫酸。

配制体积比1：1的硫酸所用的定量仪器为（选填编号）。

a．天平b．量筒c．容量瓶d．滴定管（2）写出加热时烧瓶中发生的主要反应的化学方程式。

（3）将生成物导入盛有冰水混合物的试管A中，冰水混合物的作用是。

试管A中的物质分为三层（如图所示），产物在第层。

（4）试管A中除了产物和水之外，还可能存在、(写出化学式)。

（5）用浓的硫酸进行实验，若试管A中获得的有机物呈棕黄色，除去其中杂质的正确方法是（选填编号）。

a．蒸馏b．氢氧化钠溶液洗涤c．用四氯化碳萃取d．用亚硫酸钠溶液洗涤若试管B中的酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色，使之褪色的物质的名称是。

（6）实验员老师建议把上述装置中的仪器连接部分都改成标准玻璃接口，其原因是：。

27．CuSO4·5H2O是铜的重要化合物，有着广泛的应用。

以下是CuSO4·5H2O的实验室制备流程图。

根据题意完成下列填空：（1）向含铜粉的稀硫酸中滴加浓硝酸，在铜粉溶解时可以观察到的实验现象：、。

（2）如果铜粉、硫酸及硝酸都比较纯净，则制得的CuSO4·5H2O中可能存在的杂质是，除去这种杂质的实验操作称为。

（3）已知：CuSO4+2NaOH=Cu(OH)2↓+Na2SO4称取0.1000g提纯后的CuSO4·5H2O试样于锥形瓶中，加入0.1000mol/L氢氧化钠溶液28.00mL，反应完全后，过量的氢氧化钠用0.1000mol/L盐酸滴定至终点，耗用盐酸20.16 mL，则0.1000g该试样中含CuSO4·5H2O g。