微观经济学词汇完整版
微观经济学 名词解释 43个

名词解释1 需求量:指在某一价格下,消费者愿意并且能够购买的商品数量。
2 供给量:指在某一价格下,生产者愿意并且能够提供出售的商品的数量。
在特定的价格之下,一定有特定的供给量与之相对应。
3 均衡价格:一种商品的均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时的价格。
4 .需求的(价格)弹性:表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量变动对于该商品的价格变动的反应程度。
或者说,表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的该商品的需求量变化的百分比。
5 供给的(价格)弹性:表示在一定时期内一种商品的供给量的变动对于该商品的价格的变动的反应程度。
或者说,表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的该商品的供给量变化的百分比。
6 需求的收入弹性:需求的收入弹性表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品的需求量变动对于消费者收入量变动的反应程度。
或者说,表示在一定时期内当消费者的收入变化百分之一时所引起的商品需求量变化的百分比。
7 需求的交叉(价格)弹性:表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量的变动相对于它的相关商品的价格变动的反应程度。
或者说,表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的另一种商品的需求量变化百分比。
8 效用:效用是指商品满足人欲望的能力,或者说,效用是指消费者在消费商品时所感受到的满意程度。
9 边际效用:边际效用是指消费者在一定时间内增加一单位商品的消费所得到的效用量的增量。
10 边际效用递减规律:在一定时间内,在其他商品的消费数量保持不变的条件下,随着消费者对某种商品消费量的增加,消费者从该商品连续增加的每一消费单位中所得到的效用增量即边际效用是递减的。
11 消费者剩余:消费者剩余是消费者在购买一定数量的某种商品时愿意支付的最高总价格和实际支付的总价格之间的差额。
12 无差异曲线:无差异曲线是用来表示消费者偏好相同的两种商品的所有组合的。
或者说,他时表示能够给消费者带来相同效用水平或满足程度的两种商品的所有组合的。
(完整)微观经济学简称和公式汇总,推荐文档

西方经济学(微观部分)名词简称第二章需求·供给和均衡价格Qd-商品的需求量 Q-商品数量 P-商品价格Qs-商品的供给量 e-弹性系数第三章消费者选择TU-总效用 MU-边际效用 I-收入 CS-消费者剩余MRS-边际替代率第四章生产函数Q-产量 L-劳动力 K-资本 N-土地E-企业家才能 TP-总产量 AP-平均产量MP-边际产量 MRTS-边际技术替代率第五章成本C-厂商既定成本支出 w-劳动的价格即工资率r-资本的价格即利息率TC-总成本 STC-短期总成本 LTC-长期总成本VC-可变成本 TVC-总可变成本 AVC-平均可变成本FC-固定成本 TFC-总不变成本 AFC-平均不变成本AC-平均总成本 SAC-短期平均总成本LAC-长期平均总成本 MC-边际成本SMC-短期边际成本 LMC-长期边际成本第六章完全竞争市场TR-总收益 AR-平均收益 MR-边际收益π-利润 PS-生产者剩余微观经济学第二至七章主要公式第二章需求、供求和均衡价格1.需求函数:Q d=f(p)=α-β•P(α、β为常数,且α、β>0)*注意与反需求函数区分:P d= - Q2.供给函数:Q d=f(p)=-δ+γ•P(δ、γ为常数,且δ、γ>0)3.弹性的一般公式为:弹性系数=•需求的价格弹性系数= -①еd= - = -• (需求的价格弧弹性)*需求的价格弧弹性的中点公式:e d= -•② e d===(需求的价格点弹性)* 其中,是指Q对P求导•需求的交叉价格弹性系数=e xy = =• (商品X的需求的交叉价格弧弹性公式)e xy===(商品X的需求的交叉价格点弹性公式)•供给的价格弹性系数=①еs= =•(供给的价格弧弹性)②еs==(供给的价格点弹性)•其他弹性---需求的收入弹性系数=①еM= =• (商品需求的收入弧弹性)②еM=• =(商品需求的收入点弹性)第三章消费者选择1.总效用函数: TU=f(Q) (Q为消费者的消费数量)边际效用函数:MU= =当商品的增加量趋于无穷小时,即ΔQ→0时有:MU= =2.消费者均衡效用最大化的均衡条件的公式(基数效用论):{P1X1+P2X2+…+PnXn=I}3.效用函数(假定消费者只消费两种商品)U=f(X1,X2)=U0(其中,X1和X2分别为两种商品的数量;U为效用水平) 4.商品的边际替代率公式MRS12= -=当商品数量的变化趋于无穷小时,即ΔX1→0时,有MRS12==-*无差异曲线上某一点的边际替代率就是无差异曲线在该点的斜率的绝对值5.完全替代品的效用函数:U(X1,,X2)=ax1+bx2 →MRS12=(a、b>0)完全互补品的效用函数:U(X1,,X2)=min{ax1,ax2} (a、b>0)6.预算等式:P1X1+P2X2=I »» X2=-X1+由此可知,预算线的斜率为-,纵截距为7. 消费者均衡效用最大化的均衡条件的公式(序数效用论):MRS12=8.总效应=替代效应+收入效应第四章生产函数1.生产函数:Q=f(L,K) (其中,L表示劳动投入数量,K表示资本投入数量,Q为产量)2.短期生产函数:Q=f(L,) (K为固定值)劳动的总产量定义公式:TP L=f(L,)劳动的平均产量定义公式:AP L=劳动的边际产量定义公式:MP L=或MP L= =3.长期生产函数:Q=f(L,K)4.等产量线对应的生产函数:Q=f(L,K)=Q05.劳动对资本的边际技术替代率公式:MRTS LK = - 当ΔL→0,有:MRTS LK = = - (对L求导)或MRTS LK= -6.固定替代比例的生产函数:Q=aL+bK (常数a、b>0)7.固定投入比例的生产函数:Q=min{(常数u、ν>0,分别为固定的劳动和资本的生产技术系数)8.柯布-道格拉斯生产函数Q=ALαKβ(α、β分别表示劳动和资本在生产过程中的相对重要性,即劳动和资本各在总产量中所占的份额)*此公式还可写成Q=A(λL)α•(λK)β=λα+βALαKβ ,因此,若α+β>1,则边际报酬递增;若α+β<1,则为边际报酬递减;若α+β=1,则为边际报酬不变。
微观经济学术语单词

经济学单词Aaccounting 会计accounting cost 会计成本accounting profit 会计利润adverse selection 逆向选择allocation 配置allocation of resources 资源配置allocative efficiency 配置效率antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法arc elasticity 弧弹性Arrow's impossibility theorem 阿罗不可能定理Assumption 假设asymetric information 非对称性信息average 平均average cost 平均成本average cost pricing 平均成本定价法average fixed cost 平均固定成本average product of capital 资本平均产量average product of labour 劳动平均产量average revenue 平均收益average total cost 平均总成本average variable cost 平均可变成本Bbarriers to entry 进入壁垒base year 基年bilateral monopoly 双边垄断benefit 收益black market 黑市bliss point 极乐点boundary point 边界点break even point 收支相抵点budget 预算budget constraint 预算约束budget line 预算线budget set 预算集Ccapital 资本capital stock 资本存量capital output ratio 资本产出比率capitalism 资本主义cardinal utility theory 基数效用论cartel 卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption “其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve 其他因素不变的需求曲线Chamberlin model 张伯伦模型change in demand 需求变化change in quantity demanded 需求量变化change in quantity supplied 供给量变化change in supply 供给变化choice 选择closed set 闭集Coase theorem 科斯定理Cobb—Douglas production function 柯布--道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model 蛛网模型collective bargaining 集体协议工资collusion 合谋command economy 指令经济commodity 商品commodity combination 商品组合commodity market 商品市场commodity space 商品空间common property 公用财产comparative static analysis 比较静态分析compensated budget line 补偿预算线compensated demand function 补偿需求函数compensation principles 补偿原则compensating variation in income 收入补偿变量competition 竞争competitive market 竞争性市场complement goods 互补品complete information 完全信息completeness 完备性condition for efficiency in exchange 交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production 生产的最优条件concave 凹concave function 凹函数concave preference 凹偏好consistence 一致性constant cost industry 成本不变产业constant returns to scale 规模报酬不变constraints 约束consumer 消费者consumer behavior 消费者行为consumer choice 消费者选择consumer equilibrium 消费者均衡consumer optimization 消费者优化consumer preference 消费者偏好consumer surplus 消费者剩余consumer theory 消费者理论consumption 消费consumption bundle 消费束consumption combination 消费组合consumption possibility curve 消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier 消费可能性前沿consumption set 消费集consumption space 消费空间continuity 连续性continuous function 连续函数contract curve 契约曲线convex 凸convex function 凸函数convex preference 凸偏好convex set 凸集corporatlon 公司cost 成本cost benefit analysis 成本收益分cost function 成本函数cost minimization 成本极小化Cournot equilihrium 古诺均衡Cournot model 古诺模型Cross—price elasticity 交叉价格弹性Ddead—weights loss 重负损失decreasing cost industry 成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale 规模报酬递减deduction 演绎法demand 需求demand curve 需求曲线demand elasticity 需求弹性demand function 需求函数demand price 需求价格demand schedule 需求表depreciation 折旧derivative 导数derive demand 派生需求difference equation 差分方程differential equation 微分方程differentiated good 差异商品differentiated oligoply 差异寡头diminishing marginal substitution 边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return 收益递减diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减direct approach 直接法direct taxes 直接税discounting 贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale 规模不经济disequilibrium 非均衡distribution 分配division of labour 劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity 边际生产率分配论duoupoly 双头垄断、双寡duality 对偶durable goods 耐用品dynamic analysis 动态分析dynamic models 动态模型EEconomic agents 经济行为者economic cost 经济成本economic efficiency 经济效率economic goods 经济物品economic man 经济人economic mode 经济模型economic profit 经济利润economic region of production 生产的经济区域economic regulation 经济调节economic rent 经济租金exchange 交换economics 经济学exchange efficiency 交换效率economy 经济exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线economy of scale 规模经济Edgeworth box diagram 埃奇沃思图exclusion 排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve 埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworth model 埃奇沃思模型efficiency 效率,效益efficiency parameter 效率参数elasticity 弹性elasticity of substitution 替代弹性endogenous variable 内生变量endowment 禀赋endowment of resources 资源禀赋Engel curve 恩格尔曲线entrepreneur 企业家entrepreneurship 企业家才能entry barriers 进入壁垒entry/exit decision 进出决策envolope curve 包络线equilibrium 均衡equilibrium condition 均衡条件equilibrium price 均衡价格equilibrium quantity 均衡产量eqity 公平equivalent variation in income 收入等价变量excess—capacity theorem 过度生产能力定理excess supply 过度供给exchange 交换exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线exclusion 排斥性、排他性exclusion principle 排他性原则existence 存在性existence of general equilibrium 总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables 外生变量expansion paths 扩展径expectation 期望expected utility 期望效用expected value 期望值expenditure 支出explicit cost 显性成本external benefit 外部收益external cost 外部成本external economy 外部经济external diseconomy 外部不经济externalities 外部性FFactor 要素factor demand 要素需求factor market 要素市场factors of production 生产要素factor substitution 要素替代factor supply 要素供给fallacy of composition 合成谬误final goods 最终产品firm 企业firms’demand curve for labor 企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve 企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination 第一级价格歧视first—order condition 一阶条件fixed costs 固定成本fixed input 固定投入fixed proportions production function 固定比例的生产函数flow 流量fluctuation 波动for whom to produce 为谁生产free entry 自由进入free goods 自由品,免费品free mobility of resources 资源自由流动free rider 搭便车,免费搭车function 函数future value 未来值Ggame theory 对策论、博弈论general equilibrium 总体均衡general goods 一般商品Giffen goods 吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffen's Paradox 吉芬之谜Gini coefficient 吉尼系数goldenrule 黄金规则goods 货物government failure 政府失败government regulation 政府调控grand utility possibility curve 总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier 总效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product 异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion 希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity 齐次性homogeneous demand function 齐次需求函数homogeneous product 同质产品homogeneous production function 齐次生产函数horizontal summation 水平和household 家庭how to produce 如何生产human capital 人力资本hypothesis 假说Iidentity 恒等式imperfect competion 不完全竞争implicitcost 隐性成本income 收入income compensated demand curve income constraint 收入约束income consumption curve 收入消费曲线income distribution 收入分配income effect 收入效应income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性increasing cost industry 成本递增产业increasing returns to scale 规模报酬递增inefficiency 缺乏效率index number 指数indifference 无差异indifference curve 无差异曲线indifference map 无差异族indifference relation 无差异关系indifference set 无差异集indirect approach 间接法individual analysis 个量分析individual demand curve 个人需求曲线individual demand function 个人需求函数induced variable 引致变量induction 归纳法industry 产业industry equilibrium 产业均衡industry supply curve 产业供给曲线inelastic 缺乏弹性的inferior goods 劣品inflection point 拐点information 信息information cost 信息成本initial condition 初始条件initial endowment 初始禀赋innovation 创新input 投入input—output 投入—产出institution 制度institutional economics 制度经济学insurance 保险intercept 截距interest 利息interest rate 利息率intermediate goods 中间产品internatization of externalities 外部性内部化invention 发明inverse demand function 逆需求函数investment 投资invisible hand 看不见的手isocost line 等成本线,isoprofit curve 等利润曲线isoquant curve 等产量曲线isoquant map 等产量族Kkinded—demand curve 弯折的需求曲线Llabour 劳动labour demand 劳动需求labour supply 劳动供给labour theory of value 劳动价值论labour unions 工会laissez faire 自由放任Lagrangian function 拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier 拉格朗乘数,land 土地law 法则law of demand and supply 供需法law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率law of increasing cost 成本递增法则law of one price 单一价格法则leader—follower model 领导者--跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs 最低成本的投入组合leisure 闲暇Leontief production function 列昂节夫生产函数licenses 许可证linear demand function 线性需求函数linear homogeneity 线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function 线性齐次生产函数long run长期long run average cost 长期平均成本long run equilibrium 长期均衡long run industry supply curve 长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost 长期边际成本long run total cost 长期总成本Lorenz curve 洛伦兹曲线loss minimization 损失极小化1ump sum tax 一次性征税luxury 奢侈品Mmacroeconomics 宏观经济学marginal 边际的marginal benefit 边际收益marginal cost 边际成本marginal cost pricing 边际成本定价marginal cost of factor 边际要素成本marginal period 市场期marginal physical productivity 实际实物生产率marginal product 边际产量marginal product of capital 资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour 劳动的边际产量marginal productivity 边际生产率marginal rate of substitution 边替代率marginal rate of transformation 边际转换率marginal returns 边际回报marginal revenue 边际收益marginal revenue product 边际收益产品marginal revolution 边际革命marginal social benefit 社会边际收益marginal social cost 社会边际成本marginal utility 边际效用marginal value products 边际价值产品market 市场market clearance 市场结清,市场洗清market demand 市场需求market economy 市场经济market equilibrium 市场均衡market failure 市场失败market mechanism 市场机制market structure 市场结构market separation 市场分割market regulation 市场调节market share 市场份额markup pricing 加减定价法Marshallian demand function 马歇尔需求函数maximization 极大化microeconomics 微观经济学minimum wage 最低工资misallocation of resources 资源误置mixed economy 混合经济model 模型money 货币monopolistic competition 垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation 垄断剥削monopoly 垄断,卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium 垄断均衡monopoly pricing 垄断定价monopoly regulation 垄断调控monopoly rents 垄断租金monopsony 买方垄断NNash equilibrium 纳什均衡Natural monopoly 自然垄断Natural resources 自然资源Necessary condition 必要条件necessities 必需品net demand 净需求nonconvex preference 非凸性偏好nonconvexity 非凸性nonexclusion 非排斥性nonlinear pricing 非线性定价nonrivalry 非对抗性nonprice competition 非价格竞争nonsatiation 非饱和性non--zero—sum game 非零和对策normal goods 正常品normal profit 正常利润normative economics 规范经济学Oobjective function 目标函数oligopoly 寡头垄断oligopoly market 寡头市场oligopoly model 寡头模型opportunity cost 机会成本optimal choice 最佳选择optimal consumption bundle 消费束perfect elasticity 完全有弹性optimal resource allocation 最佳资源配置optimal scale 最佳规模optimal solution 最优解optimization 优化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社会)偏好排序ordinal utility 序数效用ordinary goods 一般品output 产量、产出output elasticity 产出弹性output maximization 产出极大化Pparameter 参数Pareto criterion 帕累托标准Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率Pareto improvement 帕累托改进Pareto optimality 帕累托优化Pareto set 帕累托集partial derivative 偏导数partial equilibrium 局部均衡patent 专利pay off matrix 收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve 感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition 完全竞争perfect complement 完全互补品perfect monopoly 完全垄断perfect price discrimination 完全价格歧视perfect substitution 完全替代品perfect inelasticity 完全无弹性perfectly elastic 完全有弹性perfectly inelastic 完全无弹性plant size 工厂规模point elasticity 点弹性positive economics 实证经济学post Hoc Fallacy 后此谬误prediction 预测preference 偏好preference relation 偏好关系present value 现值price 价格price adjustment model 价格调整模型price ceiling 最高限价price consumption curve 价格费曲线price control 价格管制price difference 价格差别price discrimination 价格歧视price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性price floor 最低限价price maker 价格制定者price rigidity 价格刚性price seeker 价格搜求者price taker 价格接受者price tax 从价税private benefit 私人收益principal—agent issues 委托--代理问题private cost 私人成本private goods 私人用品private property 私人财产producer equilibrium 生产者均衡producer theory 生产者理论product 产品product transformation curve 产品转换曲线product differentiation 产品差异product group 产品集团production 生产production contract curve 生产契约曲线production efficiency 生产效率production function 生产函数production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线productivity 生产率productivity of capital 资本生产率productivity of labor 劳动生产率profit 利润profit function 利润函数profit maximization 利润极大化property rights 产权property rights economics 产权经济学proposition 定理proportional demand curve 成比例的需求曲线public benefits 公共收益public choice 公共选择public goods 公共商品pure competition 纯粹竞争rivalry 对抗性、竞争pure exchange 纯交换pure monopoly 纯粹垄断Qquantity—adjustment model 数量调整模型quantity tax 从量税quasi—rent 准租金Rrate of product transformation 产品转换率rationality 理性reaction function 反应函数regulation 调节,调控relative price 相对价格rent 租金rent control 规模报酬rent seeking 寻租rent seeking economics 寻租经济学resource 资源resource allocation 资源配置returns 报酬、回报returns to scale 规模报酬revealed preference 显示性偏好revenue 收益revenue curve 收益曲线revenue function 收益函数revenue maximization 收益极大化ridge line 脊线risk 风险Ssatiation 饱和,满足saving 储蓄scarcity 稀缺性law of scarcity 稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination 二级价格歧视second derivative --阶导数second—order condition 二阶条件service 劳务set 集shadow prices 影子价格short—run 短期short—run cost curve 短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium 短期均衡short—run supply curve 短期供给曲线shut down decision 关闭决策shortage 短缺shut down point 关闭点single price monopoly 单一定价垄断slope 斜率social benefit 社会收益social cost 社会成本social indifference curve 社会无差异曲线social preference 社会偏好social security 社会保障social welfare function 社会福利函数socialism 社会主义solution 解space 空间stability 稳定性stable equilibrium 稳定的均衡Stackelberg model 斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis 静态分析stock 存量stock market 股票市场strategy 策略subsidy 津贴substitutes 替代品substitution effect 替代效应substitution parameter 替代参数sufficient condition 充分条件supply 供给supply curve 供给曲线supply function 供给函数supply schedule 供给表Sweezy model 斯威齐模型symmetry 对称性symmetry of information 信息对称Ttangency 相切taste 兴致technical efficiency 技术效率technological constraints 技术约束technological progress 技术进步technology 技术third—degree price discrimination 第三级价格歧视total cost 总成本total effect 总效应total expenditure 总支出total fixed cost 总固定成本total product 总产量total revenue 总收益total utility 总效用total variable cost 总可变成本traditional economy 传统经济transitivity 传递性transaction cost 交易费用Uuncertainty 不确定性uniqueness 唯一性unit elasticity 单位弹性unstable equilibrium 不稳定均衡utility 效用utility function 效用函数utility index 效用指数utility maximization 效用极大化utility possibility curve 效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier 效用可能性前沿Vvalue 价值value judge 价值判断value of marginal product 边际产量价值variable cost 可变成本variable input 可变投入variables 变量vector 向量visible hand 看得见的手vulgur economics 庸俗经济学Wwage 工资wage rate 工资率Walras general equilibrium 瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walras's law 瓦尔拉斯法则Wants 需要Welfare criterion 福利标准Welfare economics 福利经学Welfare loss triangle 福利损失三角形welfare maximization 福利极大化Zzero cost 零成本zero elasticity 零弹性zero homogeneity 零阶齐次性zero economic profit 零利润中级微观经济学单词Optimal choice 最优选择Indifference curve 无差异曲线Utility function 效用函数Derivative 导数Differential 微分Partial derivative 偏导数Implicit function 隐函数Utility (label) 效用(标记)Marginal Rate of Substitution 边际替代率(MRS)Exponent 指数Cobb-Douglas Preferences 柯布—道格拉斯偏好Monotonic Transformation 单调变换Numerator 分子Denominator 分母MRS is independent of the utility representation 边际替代率与表示的方法无关Coefficient 系数Unknown parameters 未知参数Absolute value 绝对值Slope 斜率Marginal utility itself has no behavioral content 边际效用本身并没有行为方面的内容Algebraic 代数的Natural log 自然对数Quasilinear utility 拟线性效用Quasilinear Preferences 拟线性偏好Constant 常数Perfect Substitutes 完全替代Perfect Complements 完全互补Intuitive 直观的Intersect 相交Construct a utility function 构造效用函数Rule out 排除Compelling 令人信服的An operational criterion 可操作的标准Cardinal utility 基数效用Geometrically 几何学地Composite function 复合函数First derivative 一阶导数second 二阶Infinite 无限多种Ordinal utility 序数效用Consumer preferences 消费者偏好The magnitude of the utility function is only important insofar as it ranks the different consumption bundles. 效用函数的数值,在对不同消费束进行排序时才有意义。
微观经济学术语单词

经济学单词Aaccounting 会计accounting cost 会计成本accounting profit 会计利润adverse selection 逆向选择allocation 配置allocation of resources 资源配置allocative efficiency 配置效率antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法arc elasticity 弧弹性Arrow's impossibility theorem 阿罗不可能定理Assumption 假设asymetric information 非对称性信息average 平均average cost 平均成本average cost pricing 平均成本定价法average fixed cost 平均固定成本average product of capital 资本平均产量average product of labour 劳动平均产量average revenue 平均收益average total cost 平均总成本average variable cost 平均可变成本Bbarriers to entry 进入壁垒base year 基年bilateral monopoly 双边垄断benefit 收益black market 黑市bliss point 极乐点boundary point 边界点break even point 收支相抵点budget 预算budget constraint 预算约束budget line 预算线budget set 预算集Ccapital 资本capital stock 资本存量capital output ratio 资本产出比率capitalism 资本主义cardinal utility theory 基数效用论cartel 卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption “其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve 其他因素不变的需求曲线Chamberlin model 张伯伦模型change in demand 需求变化change in quantity demanded 需求量变化change in quantity supplied 供给量变化change in supply 供给变化choice 选择closed set 闭集Coase theorem 科斯定理Cobb—Douglas production function 柯布--道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model 蛛网模型collective bargaining 集体协议工资collusion 合谋command economy 指令经济commodity 商品commodity combination 商品组合commodity market 商品市场commodity space 商品空间common property 公用财产comparative static analysis 比较静态分析compensated budget line 补偿预算线compensated demand function 补偿需求函数compensation principles 补偿原则compensating variation in income 收入补偿变量competition 竞争competitive market 竞争性市场complement goods 互补品complete information 完全信息completeness 完备性condition for efficiency in exchange 交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production 生产的最优条件concave 凹concave function 凹函数concave preference 凹偏好consistence 一致性constant cost industry 成本不变产业constant returns to scale 规模报酬不变constraints 约束consumer 消费者consumer behavior 消费者行为consumer choice 消费者选择consumer equilibrium 消费者均衡consumer optimization 消费者优化consumer preference 消费者偏好consumer surplus 消费者剩余consumer theory 消费者理论consumption 消费consumption bundle 消费束consumption combination 消费组合consumption possibility curve 消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier 消费可能性前沿consumption set 消费集consumption space 消费空间continuity 连续性continuous function 连续函数contract curve 契约曲线convex 凸convex function 凸函数convex preference 凸偏好convex set 凸集corporatlon 公司cost 成本cost benefit analysis 成本收益分cost function 成本函数cost minimization 成本极小化Cournot equilihrium 古诺均衡Cournot model 古诺模型Cross—price elasticity 交叉价格弹性Ddead—weights loss 重负损失decreasing cost industry 成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale 规模报酬递减deduction 演绎法demand 需求demand curve 需求曲线demand elasticity 需求弹性demand function 需求函数demand price 需求价格demand schedule 需求表depreciation 折旧derivative 导数derive demand 派生需求difference equation 差分方程differential equation 微分方程differentiated good 差异商品differentiated oligoply 差异寡头diminishing marginal substitution 边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return 收益递减diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减direct approach 直接法direct taxes 直接税discounting 贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale 规模不经济disequilibrium 非均衡distribution 分配division of labour 劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity 边际生产率分配论duoupoly 双头垄断、双寡duality 对偶durable goods 耐用品dynamic analysis 动态分析dynamic models 动态模型EEconomic agents 经济行为者economic cost 经济成本economic efficiency 经济效率economic goods 经济物品economic man 经济人economic mode 经济模型economic profit 经济利润economic region of production 生产的经济区域economic regulation 经济调节economic rent 经济租金exchange 交换economics 经济学exchange efficiency 交换效率economy 经济exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线economy of scale 规模经济Edgeworth box diagram 埃奇沃思图exclusion 排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve 埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworth model 埃奇沃思模型efficiency 效率,效益efficiency parameter 效率参数elasticity 弹性elasticity of substitution 替代弹性endogenous variable 内生变量endowment 禀赋endowment of resources 资源禀赋Engel curve 恩格尔曲线entrepreneur 企业家entrepreneurship 企业家才能entry barriers 进入壁垒entry/exit decision 进出决策envolope curve 包络线equilibrium 均衡equilibrium condition 均衡条件equilibrium price 均衡价格equilibrium quantity 均衡产量eqity 公平equivalent variation in income 收入等价变量excess—capacity theorem 过度生产能力定理excess supply 过度供给exchange 交换exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线exclusion 排斥性、排他性exclusion principle 排他性原则existence 存在性existence of general equilibrium 总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables 外生变量expansion paths 扩展径expected utility 期望效用expected value 期望值expenditure 支出explicit cost 显性成本external benefit 外部收益external cost 外部成本external economy 外部经济external diseconomy 外部不经济externalities 外部性FFactor 要素factor demand 要素需求factor market 要素市场factors of production 生产要素factor substitution 要素替代factor supply 要素供给fallacy of composition 合成谬误final goods 最终产品firm 企业firms’demand curve for labor 企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve 企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination 第一级价格歧视first—order condition 一阶条件fixed costs 固定成本fixed input 固定投入fixed proportions production function 固定比例的生产函数flow 流量for whom to produce 为谁生产free entry 自由进入free goods 自由品,免费品free mobility of resources 资源自由流动free rider 搭便车,免费搭车function 函数future value 未来值Ggame theory 对策论、博弈论general equilibrium 总体均衡general goods 一般商品Giffen goods 吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffen's Paradox 吉芬之谜Gini coefficient 吉尼系数goldenrule 黄金规则goods 货物government failure 政府失败government regulation 政府调控grand utility possibility curve 总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier 总效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product 异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion 希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity 齐次性homogeneous demand function 齐次需求函数homogeneous product 同质产品homogeneous production function 齐次生产函数horizontal summation 水平和household 家庭how to produce 如何生产human capital 人力资本hypothesis 假说Iidentity 恒等式imperfect competion 不完全竞争implicitcost 隐性成本income 收入income compensated demand curveincome constraint 收入约束income consumption curve 收入消费曲线income distribution 收入分配income effect 收入效应income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性increasing cost industry 成本递增产业increasing returns to scale 规模报酬递增inefficiency 缺乏效率index number 指数indifference 无差异indifference curve 无差异曲线indifference map 无差异族indifference relation 无差异关系indifference set 无差异集indirect approach 间接法individual analysis 个量分析individual demand curve 个人需求曲线individual demand function 个人需求函数induced variable 引致变量induction 归纳法industry 产业industry equilibrium 产业均衡industry supply curve 产业供给曲线inelastic 缺乏弹性的inferior goods 劣品inflection point 拐点information 信息information cost 信息成本initial condition 初始条件initial endowment 初始禀赋innovation 创新input 投入input—output 投入—产出institution 制度institutional economics 制度经济学insurance 保险intercept 截距interest 利息interest rate 利息率intermediate goods 中间产品internatization of externalities 外部性内部化invention 发明inverse demand function 逆需求函数investment 投资invisible hand 看不见的手isocost line 等成本线,isoprofit curve 等利润曲线isoquant curve 等产量曲线isoquant map 等产量族Kkinded—demand curve 弯折的需求曲线Llabour 劳动labour demand 劳动需求labour supply 劳动供给labour theory of value 劳动价值论labour unions 工会laissez faire 自由放任Lagrangian function 拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier 拉格朗乘数,land 土地law 法则law of demand and supply 供需法law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率law of increasing cost 成本递增法则law of one price 单一价格法则leader—follower model 领导者--跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs 最低成本的投入组合leisure 闲暇Leontief production function 列昂节夫生产函数licenses 许可证linear demand function 线性需求函数linear homogeneity 线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function 线性齐次生产函数long run长期long run average cost 长期平均成本long run equilibrium 长期均衡long run industry supply curve 长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost 长期边际成本long run total cost 长期总成本Lorenz curve 洛伦兹曲线loss minimization 损失极小化1ump sum tax 一次性征税luxury 奢侈品Mmacroeconomics 宏观经济学marginal 边际的marginal benefit 边际收益marginal cost 边际成本marginal cost pricing 边际成本定价marginal cost of factor 边际要素成本marginal period 市场期marginal physical productivity 实际实物生产率marginal product 边际产量marginal product of capital 资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour 劳动的边际产量marginal productivity 边际生产率marginal rate of substitution 边替代率marginal rate of transformation 边际转换率marginal returns 边际回报marginal revenue 边际收益marginal revenue product 边际收益产品marginal revolution 边际革命marginal social benefit 社会边际收益marginal social cost 社会边际成本marginal utility 边际效用marginal value products 边际价值产品market 市场market clearance 市场结清,市场洗清market demand 市场需求market economy 市场经济market equilibrium 市场均衡market failure 市场失败market mechanism 市场机制market structure 市场结构market separation 市场分割market regulation 市场调节market share 市场份额markup pricing 加减定价法Marshallian demand function 马歇尔需求函数maximization 极大化microeconomics 微观经济学minimum wage 最低工资misallocation of resources 资源误置mixed economy 混合经济model 模型money 货币monopolistic competition 垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation 垄断剥削monopoly 垄断,卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium 垄断均衡monopoly pricing 垄断定价monopoly regulation 垄断调控monopoly rents 垄断租金monopsony 买方垄断NNash equilibrium 纳什均衡Natural monopoly 自然垄断Natural resources 自然资源Necessary condition 必要条件necessities 必需品net demand 净需求nonconvex preference 非凸性偏好nonconvexity 非凸性nonexclusion 非排斥性nonlinear pricing 非线性定价nonrivalry 非对抗性nonprice competition 非价格竞争nonsatiation 非饱和性non--zero—sum game 非零和对策normal goods 正常品normal profit 正常利润normative economics 规范经济学Oobjective function 目标函数oligopoly 寡头垄断oligopoly market 寡头市场oligopoly model 寡头模型opportunity cost 机会成本optimal choice 最佳选择optimal consumption bundle 消费束perfect elasticity 完全有弹性optimal resource allocation 最佳资源配置optimal scale 最佳规模optimal solution 最优解optimization 优化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社会)偏好排序ordinal utility 序数效用ordinary goods 一般品output 产量、产出output elasticity 产出弹性output maximization 产出极大化Pparameter 参数Pareto criterion 帕累托标准Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率Pareto improvement 帕累托改进Pareto optimality 帕累托优化Pareto set 帕累托集partial derivative 偏导数partial equilibrium 局部均衡patent 专利pay off matrix 收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve 感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition 完全竞争perfect complement 完全互补品perfect monopoly 完全垄断perfect price discrimination 完全价格歧视perfect substitution 完全替代品perfect inelasticity 完全无弹性perfectly elastic 完全有弹性perfectly inelastic 完全无弹性plant size 工厂规模point elasticity 点弹性positive economics 实证经济学post Hoc Fallacy 后此谬误prediction 预测preference 偏好preference relation 偏好关系present value 现值price 价格price adjustment model 价格调整模型price ceiling 最高限价price consumption curve 价格费曲线price control 价格管制price difference 价格差别price discrimination 价格歧视price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性price floor 最低限价price maker 价格制定者price rigidity 价格刚性price seeker 价格搜求者price taker 价格接受者price tax 从价税private benefit 私人收益principal—agent issues 委托--代理问题private cost 私人成本private goods 私人用品private property 私人财产producer equilibrium 生产者均衡producer theory 生产者理论product 产品product transformation curve 产品转换曲线product differentiation 产品差异product group 产品集团production 生产production contract curve 生产契约曲线production efficiency 生产效率production function 生产函数production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线productivity 生产率productivity of capital 资本生产率productivity of labor 劳动生产率profit 利润profit function 利润函数profit maximization 利润极大化property rights 产权property rights economics 产权经济学proposition 定理proportional demand curve 成比例的需求曲线public benefits 公共收益public choice 公共选择public goods 公共商品pure competition 纯粹竞争rivalry 对抗性、竞争pure exchange 纯交换pure monopoly 纯粹垄断Qquantity—adjustment model 数量调整模型quantity tax 从量税quasi—rent 准租金Rrate of product transformation 产品转换率rationality 理性reaction function 反应函数regulation 调节,调控relative price 相对价格rent 租金rent control 规模报酬rent seeking 寻租rent seeking economics 寻租经济学resource 资源resource allocation 资源配置returns 报酬、回报returns to scale 规模报酬revealed preference 显示性偏好revenue 收益revenue curve 收益曲线revenue function 收益函数revenue maximization 收益极大化ridge line 脊线risk 风险Ssatiation 饱和,满足saving 储蓄scarcity 稀缺性law of scarcity 稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination 二级价格歧视second derivative --阶导数second—order condition 二阶条件service 劳务set 集shadow prices 影子价格short—run 短期short—run cost curve 短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium 短期均衡short—run supply curve 短期供给曲线shut down decision 关闭决策shortage 短缺shut down point 关闭点single price monopoly 单一定价垄断slope 斜率social benefit 社会收益social cost 社会成本social indifference curve 社会无差异曲线social preference 社会偏好social security 社会保障social welfare function 社会福利函数socialism 社会主义solution 解space 空间stability 稳定性stable equilibrium 稳定的均衡Stackelberg model 斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis 静态分析stock 存量stock market 股票市场strategy 策略subsidy 津贴substitutes 替代品substitution effect 替代效应substitution parameter 替代参数sufficient condition 充分条件supply 供给supply curve 供给曲线supply function 供给函数supply schedule 供给表Sweezy model 斯威齐模型symmetry 对称性symmetry of information 信息对称Ttangency 相切taste 兴致technical efficiency 技术效率technological constraints 技术约束technological progress 技术进步technology 技术third—degree price discrimination 第三级价格歧视total cost 总成本total effect 总效应total expenditure 总支出total fixed cost 总固定成本total product 总产量total revenue 总收益total utility 总效用total variable cost 总可变成本traditional economy 传统经济transitivity 传递性transaction cost 交易费用Uuncertainty 不确定性uniqueness 唯一性unit elasticity 单位弹性unstable equilibrium 不稳定均衡utility 效用utility function 效用函数utility index 效用指数utility maximization 效用极大化utility possibility curve 效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier 效用可能性前沿Vvalue 价值value judge 价值判断value of marginal product 边际产量价值variable cost 可变成本variable input 可变投入variables 变量vector 向量visible hand 看得见的手vulgur economics 庸俗经济学Wwage 工资wage rate 工资率Walras general equilibrium 瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walras's law 瓦尔拉斯法则Wants 需要Welfare criterion 福利标准Welfare economics 福利经学Welfare loss triangle 福利损失三角形welfare maximization 福利极大化Zzero cost 零成本zero elasticity 零弹性zero homogeneity 零阶齐次性zero economic profit 零利润中级微观经济学单词Optimal choice 最优选择Indifference curve 无差异曲线Utility function 效用函数Derivative 导数Differential 微分Partial derivative 偏导数Implicit function 隐函数Utility (label) 效用(标记)Marginal Rate of Substitution 边际替代率(MRS)Exponent 指数Cobb-Douglas Preferences 柯布—道格拉斯偏好Monotonic Transformation 单调变换Numerator 分子Denominator 分母MRS is independent of the utility representation 边际替代率与表示的方法无关Coefficient 系数Unknown parameters 未知参数Absolute value 绝对值Slope 斜率Marginal utility itself has no behavioral content 边际效用本身并没有行为方面的内容Algebraic 代数的Natural log 自然对数Quasilinear utility 拟线性效用 Quasilinear Preferences 拟线性偏好Constant 常数Perfect Substitutes 完全替代Perfect Complements 完全互补Intuitive 直观的Intersect 相交Construct a utility function 构造效用函数Rule out 排除Compelling 令人信服的An operational criterion 可操作的标准Cardinal utility 基数效用Geometrically 几何学地Composite function 复合函数First derivative 一阶导数 second 二阶Infinite 无限多种Ordinal utility 序数效用Consumer preferences 消费者偏好The magnitude of the utility function is only important insofar as it ranks the different consumption bundles. 效用函数的数值,在对不同消费束进行排序时才有意义。
微观经济学重点知识点

微观经济学重点知识点1.经济学基本概念
-经济学的定义和分类
-个体经济学和宏观经济学的区别
-理性选择理论和边际分析的概念及应用
2.市场供求
-供求关系及其影响因素
-市场均衡的概念与分析
-市场调节机制及其限制
3.弹性
-价格弹性和收入弹性的概念与计算方法
-弹性对价格变动和收入变动的影响
4.生产与成本
-长期和短期生产函数
-生产要素组合及其边际生产力
-成本曲线和平均成本、边际成本的关系
5.市场结构
-竞争市场和垄断市场的特点与分析
-垄断定价策略及效果
-市场失灵与政府干预
6.消费者行为
-效用理论和效用最大化
-偏好和预算约束的相互作用
-边际效用和边际效用曲线
7.生产者行为
-利润最大化和成本最小化的优化问题-生产要素选择和投入组合
8.广义均衡
-供给和需求的整体均衡
-市场失灵与政府干预的影响
9.非完全信息理论
-隐藏动机和逆向选择
-计划与契约
10.公共物品和外部性
-公共物品和私人物品的区别
-外部性和其对市场效率的影响
11.剩余理论
-消费者剩余和生产者剩余的计算和分析
-税收和补贴对剩余的影响
12.经济增长与发展
-经济增长的驱动力和影响因素
-经济发展的指标和影响因素
以上是微观经济学的主要知识点的汇总。
在学习微观经济学时,可以针对每个知识点进行深入研究和练习,使其更加熟悉和掌握。
微观经济学常用词汇(中英文对照)

微观经济学词汇AAbsolute Advantage,绝对优势如果某个国家在生产某种商品时,其消耗的资源比其他国家所需的少,那么这个国家就在生产这种产品上具有绝对优势。
Accelerator Effect,加速效应由产出的增加(减少)引起的投资的增加(减少)反过来刺激了产出的增加(减少)。
Actual Investment,实际投资实际发生的投资额。
其中包括诸如计划外的库存变化。
Adjustment Costs,调整费用企业在改变其产量水平时所发生的费用——比如因解雇员工或者对新雇员进行培训时所发生的管理费用。
Adverse Selection,逆向选择当一个购买者或者销售者参与到一项交易中,交易的另一方拥有更多的信息时,就会发生逆向选择。
Aggregate Behavior,总效应所有的家庭与厂商的行为的加总。
Aggregate Demand,总需求整个经济中对于产品和服务的总需求。
Aggregate Demand(AD) Curve,总需求(AD)曲线反应总产出(收入)与价格水平之间的负向关系的曲线。
AD曲线上的每一点都是商品市场与货币市场的均衡点。
Aggregate Income,总收入在某一给定时期内,参与生产的所有要素获得的总报酬。
Aggregate Output,总产出在某一给定时期内,整个经济中生产(供给)的产品与服务的总量。
Aggregate Production Function,总生产函数投入与国民产出(或者国内生产总值)之间的数学表达。
Aggregate Supply,总供给整个经济中的产品与服务的供给总量。
Aggregate Supply(AS) Curve,总供给(AS)曲线表现经济中的所有企业在全部价格水平下的总的产出的供给量的图。
Animal Spirits of Entrepreneurs,企业家的动物精神凯恩斯创造的用于描述投资者的感受的词。
Antitrust Division(of the Department of Justice),反托拉斯部门(司法部的)被授权对违反反托拉斯法的行为采取制裁的两个联邦机构之一。
微观经济学名词解释汇总完整版

微观经济学名词解释汇总完整版一、需求需求是指在一定时期内,在各种可能的价格水平下,消费者愿意并且能够购买的商品或服务的数量。
需求的形成需要两个关键因素:购买欲望和购买能力。
只有当消费者既有购买的愿望,又有足够的支付能力时,才能形成有效的需求。
需求不是一个固定不变的量,它会受到多种因素的影响,如消费者的收入水平、商品自身的价格、相关商品的价格、消费者的偏好、消费者对未来的预期等。
二、供给供给是指在一定时期内,在各种可能的价格水平下,生产者愿意并且能够提供的商品或服务的数量。
与需求类似,供给的产生也依赖于生产者的意愿和能力。
生产者的生产技术水平、投入品的价格、相关商品的价格、生产者对未来的预期等都会对供给产生影响。
三、均衡价格均衡价格是指一种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时的价格。
在均衡价格水平下,市场上的商品既没有过剩,也没有短缺,供需达到平衡状态。
当市场价格高于均衡价格时,会出现供大于求的情况,导致价格下降;当市场价格低于均衡价格时,则会出现供不应求的局面,促使价格上升。
四、需求价格弹性需求价格弹性表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量变动对于该商品价格变动的反应程度。
它等于需求量变动的百分比除以价格变动的百分比。
如果需求价格弹性大于 1,说明需求富有弹性,价格的小幅变动会引起需求量的大幅变动;如果需求价格弹性小于 1,说明需求缺乏弹性,价格的变动对需求量的影响较小;如果需求价格弹性等于 1,则称为单位弹性。
五、需求收入弹性需求收入弹性是指在一定时期内消费者对某种商品的需求量的变动对于消费者收入量变动的反应程度。
它被用来衡量商品是正常品还是劣等品。
如果需求收入弹性大于 0,说明该商品是正常品,其中弹性大于 1 的为奢侈品,小于 1 的为必需品;如果需求收入弹性小于 0,则该商品为劣等品。
六、需求交叉弹性需求交叉弹性是指一种商品的需求量的变动对于另一种商品价格变动的反应程度。
它可以用来判断两种商品之间的关系。
微观经济学名词解释汇总(完整版)

微观经济学名词解释汇总(完整版)微观经济学名词解释汇总一、供给(Supply)在经济学中,供给是指市场上出售的商品或服务的数量。
供给的决定因素主要包括生产成本、技术进步、生产要素的供给以及预期市场价格等。
供给曲线通常是一个向上倾斜的曲线,表示在价格上升的情况下,供给的数量也会增加。
二、需求(Demand)需求是指消费者在一定价格下愿意购买的商品或服务的数量。
需求的决定因素主要包括价格、消费者收入、相关商品价格和个人偏好等。
需求曲线通常是一个向下倾斜的曲线,表示在价格上升的情况下,需求的数量会减少。
三、均衡价格和均衡数量(Equilibrium Price and Quantity)均衡价格和均衡数量是指供给和需求达到平衡时的价格和数量。
在均衡价格下,市场上供给的数量和消费者需求的数量完全相等,市场处于供需平衡的状态。
这一均衡的价格和数量由市场自主调节形成。
四、边际效用(Marginal Utility)边际效用是指消费者从每多消费一单位商品或服务中获得的额外满足程度。
边际效用逐渐递减的原理认为,随着继续消费,每多消费一单位商品或服务的满足程度逐渐减少。
五、边际成本(Marginal Cost)边际成本是指企业在生产中每多生产一单位产品所承担的额外成本。
边际成本逐渐增加的原理认为,随着生产规模的扩大,每增加一单位产量的成本逐渐增加。
六、弹性(Elasticity)弹性是指需求或供给对价格或收入变化的反应程度。
根据弹性变化的幅度,需求和供给可以分为弹性、非常弹性和完全不弹性。
弹性需求表示价格变化对需求变化的反应很大,而非常弹性需求表示价格变化对需求变化的反应很小。
七、垄断(Monopoly)垄断是指市场上只有一个卖家或供应商的市场形式。
垄断者通常会通过限制和控制市场中的供给,来操纵产品或服务的价格。
这种市场结构下,垄断者通常能够获得较高的利润。
八、竞争(Competition)竞争是指市场上存在多个卖家或供应商的市场形式。
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微观经济学词汇完整版作者:汤井旗Ten Principles of Microeconomics#1: People Face Tradeoffs#2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It#3: Rational People Think at the Margin#4: People Respond to Incentives#5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off#6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity#7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes#8: A Country’s Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and Services#9: Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much Money#10: Society Faces a Short-Run Tradeoff between Inflation and Unemploymentscarcity稀缺性 the lim ited nature of society’s resourcesefficiency效率 the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resourcesequity公平 the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of societyopportunity cost机会成本 whatever must be given up to obtain some itemmarginal changes边际变动 small incremental adjustments to a plan of actionmarket economy市场经济 an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services market failure市场失灵 a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficientlyexternality外部性the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystandermarket power市场势力the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesproductivity生产力the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s timePhillips curve菲利普斯曲线 a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemploymentcircular-flow diagram循环流向图 a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firmsproduction possibilities frontier生产可能性边界 a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technologymicroeconomics微观经济学 the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in marketsmacroeconomics宏观经济学 the study of economy-wide phenomena,including inflation, unemployment, and economic growthpositive statements实证表述claims that attempt to describe the world as it isnormative statements规范表述 claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be reverse causality反向因果关系competitive market竞争性市场a market in which there are manybuyers and many sellers so that eachhas a negligible impact on the marketpriceprice takers价格接受者those who have no impact on price but can only accept the pricePerfectly competitive markets竞争充分市场One such market,called an oligopoly寡头市场,has a few sellers that do not always competeaggressivelylaw of demand:the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls whenthe price of the good riseslaw of supply:the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when theprice of the good risesnormal good正常商品:a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to anincrease in demandinferior good劣质商品:a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to adecrease in demandsubstitutes替代品:two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase inthe demand for the othercomplements互补品:two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease inthe demand for the otherdemand schedule需求表:a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good andthe quantity demandedsupply schedule:a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and thequantity suppliedceteris paribus其它条件不变:a Latin phrase, translated as “other things being equal,” used as a reminder that all variables other than the ones being studied are assumed to be constantA 10 percent increase in the price causes a 12 percent drop in teenage smoking(这句话让我说肯定是in smoking among teenagers)At an even lower price, you may choose to go out of business altogether (这个词的用法以前没怎么注意,此处可以翻译为“直接”)Equilibrium均衡a situation in which supply and demand have been brought into balanceequilibrium price均衡价格the price that balances supply and demandequilibrium quantity均衡数量the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded when the pricehas adjusted to balance supply and demandThe equilibrium price is sometimes called the market-clearing price市场出清价格because,atthis price, everyone in the market has been satisfied: Buyers have bought all they want to buy,and sellers have sold all they want to sellThere is no upward or downward pressure on the pricelaw of supply and demand供需法则the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring thesupply and demand for that good into balanceshortage短缺a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity suppliedsurplus过剩a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedElasticity弹性a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied toone of its determinantsprice elasticity of demand需求的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of agood responds to a change in the price of that good,computed as the percentage change inquantity demanded divided by the percentage change in priceincome elasticity of demand需求的收入弹性a measure of how much the quantity demandedof a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in incomecross-price elasticity of demand需求交叉价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good,computed as the percentage changein quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodprice elasticity of supply供给的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good,computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in priceDemand for a good is said to be elastic if the quantity demanded responds substantially to changes in the price.Demand is said to be inelastic if the quantity demanded responds only slightly to changes in the price.midpoint method中点法经济学中计算弹性的一种方法elastic demand弹性需求inelastic demand非弹性需求price ceiling最高限价a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold (impose a price ceiling/floor)price floor最低限价a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be soldWhen the government imposes a binding price ceiling on a competitive market, a shortage of the good arises,and sellers must ration the scarce goods among the large number of potential buyers.tax incidence税收归宿the study of who bears the burden of taxationpayroll tax:工资税A tax burden falls more heavily on the side of the market that is less elastic.welfare economics福利经济学the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-beingwillingness to pay支付意愿the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodconsumer surplus消费者剩余a buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually paysproducer surplus生产者剩余the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost marginal buyer边际买家the buyer who would leave the market first if the price were any higher marginal seller边际卖家the seller who would leave the market first if the price were any lower efficiency效率the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of societyequity公平the fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of societyIn some markets,a single buyer or seller(or a small group of them)may be able to control market prices. This ability to influence prices is called market power市场势力.market failure市场失灵—the inability of some unregulated markets to allocate resources efficientlydeadweight loss无谓损失/社会净损失the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a taxTaxes cause deadweight losses because they prevent buyers and sellers from realizing some of the gains from trade.The greater the elasticities of supply and demand, the greater the deadweight loss of a tax.marginal tax rate边际税率underground economy地下经济Laffer curve拉弗曲线supply-side economics供应经济学world price世界价格the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that goodimport quota进口配额a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and solddomesticallydeadweight loss无谓损失/社会净损失:是指由于市场未处于最优运行状态而引起的社会成本,也就是当偏离竞争均衡时,所损失的消费者剩余和生产者剩余。