RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION
Culture - The Renaissance(文艺复兴)
The Renaissance
• There was a new curiosity, marked by discoveries in science, astronomy, and geography.
• Italian navigators Christopher Columbus and John Cabot explored the „New World‟ in the 1490s.
Early Renaissance Artists
Giotto: Painter best know for his frescoes and magnificent paintings of biblical stories. He also was the architect for a famous cathedral in Florence.
Humanism
Humanism
• At the heart of humanistic philosophy is the belief in the greatness of man. • Related to this belief is the promotion of wealth, pleasure and a frank admiration of the beauty of the human body. • Reflected in art and literature as an emphasis on the present and future progress of mankind.
The Renaissance
• The Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the development of paintings, sculpture, and architecture. • Because of its geographical position, trade developed early in Italy leading to an urban economy and wealth that promoted the arts and literature. • Venice and Florence became the culture capitals of Europe.
希腊雅典历史之启蒙运动在雅典的回声_中英对照版
希腊雅典历史之启蒙运动在雅典的回声The Echo of the Enlightenment in Athens, Greece'sHistoric CityThe ancient city of Athens stands as a symbol of wisdom and enlightenment throughout history. Its legacy has not only resonated throughout the ages but also found an echo in the Enlightenment era that swept across Europe in the eighteenth century. This remarkable convergence underscores how Athenian ideas continue to inspire humanity’s quest for knowledge and understanding.古老的雅典城是智慧与启蒙的象征，其遗产不仅经久不衰地回响着岁月的回音，而且还在十八世纪席卷欧洲的启蒙运动中找到了共鸣。
这一非凡的融合突显了雅典思想如何继续激发人类对知识和理解的探索。
Athens, the cradle of Western civilization, was a breeding ground for philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle who advocated rational thinking and questioned established beliefs. Their teachings emphasized critical thinking, free inquiry, and the pursuit of truth—principles that formed the bedrock of Western philosophy. These ideas were later carried forward by thinkers during the Renaissance and Reformation movements.作为西方文明的摇篮，雅典孕育出苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德等哲学家们，他们倡导理性思考并对既有信仰提出质疑。
The importance ofRenaissance
The Most Important Period—RenaissanceWhy do I think Renaissance is the most important period? The most important point is Renaissance is the precondition of Enlightenment and Reformation. In another words, Enlightenment and Reformation are based Renaissance.At first, we should know Renaissance is not the rebirth for Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, but for criticism the social culture and policy to build new social culture and policy.In religion, people gradually begin to believe themselves rather than the church. And they build Humanism. Humanism is the idea that man has a potential for culture which distinguishes him from lower orders of beings, and which he should strive constantly to fulfill. For example, rebellious spirit against the Medieval feudal value and blind faith humbleness, servitude, and after-life; belief in man’s divinity and capability of self perfection; emphasis of the importance of personal worth and enjoyment of the present life.And second in culture, during this period, there are some cultural achievements. And first art in the early periods, such as Giotto di Bondone’s The Mourning of Christ, Donatello’s David, and Ghiberti’s Florence Baptistery,then art in the later periods, such as Masaccio,Piero della Francesca, Pollaiuolo, and Verrochio, pressed forward with researchers into linear and aerial perspective and anatomy, developing a style of scientific naturalism. High Renaissance art emerged in the later period of the Renaissance, and revolved around three towering figures Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. The Virgin of the Rocks, Mona Lisa and The Last Supper are considered the most representative works of Da Vinci’s. Michelangelo’s representative works is Genesis and Final Judgment and the sculpture David. The School of Athens and The Virgin Mary are the representative works of Raphael. And in literature, in Italy Dante with his The Divine Comedy, Petrarch with his sonnets and Boccaccio with his Decameron; In France Rabelais with his Gargantua and Pantagruel, and Montagne with his prose; in Spain Cervantes with his Don Quixote; and in England Chaucer with his Canterbury Tales, Shakespeare with his plays and sonnets, Marlowe with his plays and poems and Francis Bacon with his essays. And in architecture, five types or styles of architecture predominated, called Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite. And in music, on the basis of the music in the middle ages, music developed and combined many different elements and also it reformed and innovated. An important feature of the Renaissance of music culture is the development of the professional music and the development of the secular music.In science, it has Newton, he is an English physicist and mathematician, and is regarded as one of the greatest scientists of the modern civilization.In philosophy, this period is the beginning of modern philosophy. It has Francis Bacon who is the founder of experimental science and materialism, Thomas Hobbes who is an influential British philosopher, a French philosopher, physicist and mathematician who was called Rene Descartes, and Spinoza from Holland.Because of these contributions and achievements, Renaissance promotes the development of Enlightenment and Reformation.。
(西方文化) Q
I. Multiple ChoicesDIVISION ONE: Greek Culture and Roman Culture1. Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.? _____A. Greek CultureB. Roman CultureC. Egyptian CultureD. Chinese Culture2. In _____ the Romans conquered Greece.A. 1200B.C. B. 700 B.C.C. 146 B.C.D. the 5th century3. Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy? _____A. Oedipus the kingB. IliadC. OdysseyD. Antigone4. Which of the following is NOT the play written by Aeschylus? _____A. AntigoneB. AgamemnonC. PersiansD. Prometheus Bound5. Which of the following is NOT the play written by Sophocles? _____A. ElectraB. AntigoneC. Trojan WomenD. Oedipus the king6. Which of the following is the play written by Euripides? _____A. AntigoneB. PersiansC. ElectraD. Medea7. Which of the following is NOT one of the greatest tragic dramatists of ancient Greece? _____A. AristophanesB. EuripidesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus8. Who ever said that “You can not step twice into the same river”? _____A. PythagorasB. HeracleitueC. DemocritusD. Aristotle9. Who was the founder of scientific mathematics? _____A. HeracleitueB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras10. Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “man is the measure of all things”? _____A. ProtagorasB. PythagorasC. PyrrhonD. Epicurus11. Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”? _____A. HoraceB. Julius CaesarC. Marcus Tullius CiceroD. Virgil12. The author of the philosophical poem On the Nature of Things is _____.A. VirgilB. Julius CaesarC. HoraceD. Lucretius13. Which of the following is not Roman architecture? _____A. The ColosseumB. The PantheonC. The ParthenonD. Pont du Gard14. Who wrote, “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”? ______A. SapphoB. PlatoC. VirgilD. HoraceDIVISION TWO: The Bible and Christianity15. Which of the following is by far the most influential religion in the West? _____A. BuddhismB. IslamismC. ChristianityD. Judaism16. The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which re the first five books, called _____.A. ExodusB. CommandmentsC. AmosD. Pentateuch17. Which of the following is NOT the content of the Ten Commandments? _____A. Honor your father and your motherB. Do no commit suicideC. Do not desire your neighbor’s wifeD. Do not take the name of God in vain18. When in Babylon the Hebrews formed synagogues to practice their religion? _____A. in 169B.C. B. in the 4th centuryC. in 76 B.C.D. in the 6th century19. After the _____ century Nestorianism reached China.A. sixthB. fifthC. secondD. third20. Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions? _____A. TheodosiusB. AugustusC. Constantine ID. Nero Caesar21. Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313? _____A. AugustusB. TheodosiusC. NeroD. Constantine I22. At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _____.A. St. PeterB. St. PaulC. John BaptistD. John Wycliff23. By 1693, the whole of the Bible had been translated in _____ languages.A. 228B. 974C. 1202D. 15424. The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as _____.A. the Latin VulgateB. the AristeasC. the “Authorized”D. the Septuagint25. When printing was invented in the 1500’s the _____ Bible was the first complete work printed.A. EnglishB. LatinC. AramaicD. Hebrew26. When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear?A. 1885B. 1611C. 1901D. 1979DIVISION THREE: The Middle Ages27. In the later part of the 4th century, which of the following tribes swept into Europe from central Asia, robbing and killing a large number of the half civilized Germanic tribes? _____A. the MongoliansB. the HunsC. the TurkishD. the Syrians28. The Middle Ages is also called the _____.A. “Age of Christianity”B. “Age of Literature”C. “Age of Holy Spirit”D. “Age of Faith”29. According to the code of chivalry, which of the following is not pledged to do for a knight? _____A. to be loyal to his lordB. to fight for the churchC. to obey without question the orders of the abbotD. to respect women of noble birth30. In 732, who gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service? _____A. Charles Martel, a Frankish rulerB. Charles I, a Turkish rulerC. Constantine I, a Frankish rulerD. St. Benedict, an Italian ruler31. When was the Church divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church? _____A. after 1066B. after 1296C. after 1054D. after 47632. Which of the following about the knight or noble in the Middle Ages in western Europe is NOT true? _____A. Almost all nobles were knights in the Medieval days.B. A noble began his education as a page at the age of seven.C. As a knight, he was pledged to fight for the church.D. At about fourteen, the page became a knight.33. When was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in western Europe? _____A. At the age of 14B. When he was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners and ran errands for the ladies.C. At a special ceremony known as dubbing.D. When he was pledged to fight for the church.34. Which of the following is NOT true about what the monks must do before entering the monastery according to the Benedictine Rule? _____A. They had to attend service six times during the day and once at midnight.B. They could promise to give up all their possession before entering the monastery.C. They were expected to work 5 hours a day in the fields surrounding the monastery.D. They had to obey without question the orders of the abbot.35. Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe? _____A. clergy, knights and serfsB. Pope, bishop and peasantsC. clergy, lords and peasantsD. knights, nobles and serfs36. By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold and won crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the crusaders had fought to control?A. 1279B. 1254C. 1096D. 129137. Which of the following was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800? _____A. St. Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. Kings James38. Who was the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex and contributed greatly to the medieval European culture?A. Charles IB. Constantine IC. Alfred the GreatD. Charles the Great39. Does Song of Roland belong to which country’s epic?A. EnglishB. GermanicC. HebrewD. French40. Who is the author of the Opus Maius?A. Roger BaconB. Dante AlighieriC. ChaucerD. St. Thomas AquinasDIVISION FOUR: Renaissance and Reformation41. Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture? _____A. in Greece and RomeB. in Florence and VeniceC. in Milan and FlorenceD. in Italy and Germany42. When did the Renaissance reach its height with its centre moving to Milan, then to Rome, and created High Renaissance? _____A. in the 11 centuryB. in the 15th centuryC. in the 16th centuryD. in the 17th century43. Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio? _____A. DecameronB. CanzoniersC. DavidD. Moses44. Which of the following works is NOT written by Petrarch? _____A. CanzoniersB. On SolitudeC. EcologuesD. Flight into Egypt45. Who is the author of the painting, Betrayal of Judas? _____A. GiottoB. BrunelleschiC. DonatelloD. Giorgione46. Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting? _____A. RaphaelB. TitianC. da VinciD. Michelangelo47. Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madonna (Virgin Mary)? _____A. TitianB. da VinciC. MichelangeloD. Raphael48. Which of the following paintings was based on the story in the Bible with Maria riding on a donkey ready to face the hardship ahead? _____A. Sacred and Profane LoveB. TempestaC. The Return of the HuntersD. Flight into Egypt49. Who took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time? _____A. Jan HusB. John WycliffeC. Martin LutherD. John Calvin50. Who is the author Institutes of the Christian Religion? _____A. John WycliffeB. Jan HusC. John CalvinD. Erasmus51. In whose reign did the formal break of the British with the papal authorities take place? _____A. Elizabeth IB. William IC. Edward IIID. Henry VIII52. After the formal break of the British with the papal authorities, who was the head of the church? _____A. KingB. PopeC. BishopD. Archbishop53. Which of the following works was written by Rabelais, in which he praises the greatness of man, expresses his love of life and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning? _____ A. Gargantua and Pantagruel B. Don QuixoteC. The Praise of FollyD. Utopia54. Whose motto put down in his essays, “What do I know” is world-famous? _____A. CervantesB. RabelaisC. MontaigneD. Shakespeare55. Which of the following works is worth reading for Montaigne’s humanist ideas and a style which is easy and familiar? _____A. SonnetsB. DecameronC. RabelaisD. Of Repentance56. Which of the following is NOT French writer poet? _____A. CervantesB. Pierre de RonsardC. RabelaisD. Montaigne57. In 1516, who published the first Greek edition of the new Testament? _____A. BruegelB. ErasmusC. El GrecoD. Rabelais58. “To be, or not to be, -- that is the question” from whose works? _____A. ChaucerB. DanteC. Roger BaconD. ShakespeareDIVISION FIVE: The Seventeenth Century59. Who ever said that “The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century”? _____A. CopernicusB. Francis BaconC. Bertrand RussellD. Leibniz60. The author of The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs is _____?A. KeplerB. CopernicusC. GalileoD. Newton61. Galileo is the greatest name in the physics of the 17th century. His telescope magnified objects _____.A. a thousand timesB. a hundred timesC. then-thousand timesD. five-hundred times62. Which of the following statements about Newton’s contribution to the science is NOT true? _____A. He discovered the law of the universal gravitation.B. He invented calculusC. He discovered that white light is composed of all the colors of spectrum.D. He discovered the law of relativity.63. Which of the following about Galileo is NOT true? _____A. He invented the telescope and was the first to apply the telescope to the study of the skies.B. He discovered the law of inertia.C. He discovered the importance of acceleration in dynamics.D. He was the first to establish the law of falling bodies.64. The first major advance of modern science occurred in _____.A. anatomyB. astronomyC. printingD. geographically discoveries65. _____ and Newton invented independently the differential and integral calculus.A. DescartesB. CopernicusC. LeibnizD. Kepler66. Engels said: “The revolutionary act by which natural science declared its independence… was the publication of the immortal work…”, what does the immortal work refer to? _____A. Sidereus NunciusB. New Essays Concerning Human UnderstandingC. New System of NatureD. The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs67. Who ever said that “Knowledge is power”? _____A. ShakespeareB. Francis BaconC. Thomas HobbesD. John Locke68. Which of the following works was not written by Francis Bacon? _____A. Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingB. The Novum Organum (New Method)C. The New AtlanticsD. The Advancement of Learning69. Which of the following philosophers believed that man is selfish by nature? _____A. John LockeB. DescartesC. Pierre GassendiD. Thomas Hobbes70. What kind of form of government is England after the Glorious Revolution and enactment of the Bill of Rights? _____A. constitutional monarchyB. republicC. anarchyD. absolute monarchy71. When did the Glorious Revolution in England bread out?A. 1660B. 1649C. 1688D. 168972. Which of the following woks is NOT written by John Milton? _____A. Paradise LostB. AreopagiticaC. Samson AgonistesD. Andromaque73. In 1644, John Milton wrote a protest against a parliamentary decree reimposing complete censorship of the press. This was his best known prose _____.A. AndromaqueB. ArepagiticaC. Paradise LostD. Paradise Regained74. Which of the following is NOT the content of the Bill of Rights which limited the Sovereign’s power in certain important directions? _____A. Parliament was responsible for all the law making.B. The power of suspending the laws by royal authority was declared to be illegal.C. The King should levy no money at any time.D. The King should not keep a standing army in time of peace without consent of Parliament.75. Which of the following philosophers ever said “I think, therefore I am”? _____A. Francis BaconB. Pierre GassendiC. DescartesD. John Locke76. Which of the following works displays the grand style of Corneille’s work? _____A. Le CidB. AndromaqueC. TartuffeD. Le Misanthrope77. Which of the following philosophers believed that knowledge of the universe and certain principles and laws of physics is innate? _____A. John LockeB. Pierre GassendiC. Francis BaconD. Descartes78. “I walk, therefore I am” is whose slogan? _____A. John LockeB. Pierre GassendiC. DescartesD. Francis Bacon79. Which of the following artists helped to bring the Roman Baroque style to its climax? _____A. RubensB. BorrominiC. CaravaggioD. Bernini80. Which of the following artists helped to spread the Baroque style to North Europe? _____A. RubensB. VelazquezC. BorrominiD. Bernini81. In painting of the 17th century, who won international fame and his style is basically classical, his figures are frozen and their action stiff? _____A. Christopher WrenB. RembrandtC. PoussinD. Rubbes82. In the middle of the 17th century, which country was the richest and most powerful in Europe? _____A. FlanderB. the NetherlandsC. EnglandD. FranceDIVISION SIX: The Age of Enlightenment83. Whose doctrines of the separation of powers became one of the most important principles of the U.S. constitution? _____A. John LockeB. RousseauC. MontesquieuD. V oltaire84. Which of the following works is the most famous of V oltaire’s novel? _____A. CandideB. The New HeloiseC. EmileD. Laocoon85. “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains” are whose most famous word? _____A. MontesquieuB. RousseauC. V oltaireD. Diderot86. In which of Rousseau’s works, Rousseau argues that Man’s greatest ill are not natural but made by man himself; the remedy lies also within man’s power? _____A. The Origin of Human InequalityB. The New HeloiseC. Emile or On EducationD. The Social Contract87. Who ever said that “Nature made men happy and good, but society makes him evil and miserable”? _____A. DiderotB. V oltaireC. MontesquieuD. Rousseau88. In which of Diderot’s works, the author developed his materialist philosophy and fore-shadowed the doctrine of evolutions as later proposed by Charles Darwin? _____A. Rameau’s NephewB. Philosophical ThoughtC. EncyclopedieD. Elements of Physiology89. Which of the Lessing’s works was his most brilliant dramatic work, a landmark in 18th century German drama—its first successful comedy and its first truly national drama? _____A. Nathan the WiseB. LaocoonC. Hamburgische DramaturgieD. Minna Von Barnhelm90. Which of the following works is a classic of modern aesthetics? _____A. LaocoonB. FaustC. The RobberD. Wallenstein91. Which of the following works represents Schiller’s most powerful tragedy? _____A. Wilhelm TellB. WallensteinC. Cabal and LoveD. The Robber92. Which of the following philosophers first proposed the well-known “Nebular hypothesis”? _____A. KantB. DescartesC. LockeD. Hobbes93. Which play by Schiller is widely known in China? _____A. The RobberB. WallensteinC. Wilhelm TellD. Cabal and LoveDIVISION SEVEN: Romanticism94. Which of the following writers whose prose revealed an acid wit and a keen awareness of the social problems of his time and was a friend of Karl Marx, who admired his writings? _____ A. Goethe B. SchillerC. HeineD. Pushkin95. Which of the following two poets were called the “Lakers”? _____A. Wordsworth and ColeridgeB. Goethe and SchillerC. Byron and KeatsD. Pushkin and Lermontov96. Who is the author of Prometheus Unbound? _____A. KeatsB. ShelleyC. ByronD. Aeschylus97. Which of the following writers or poets is usually called the father of European historical novel? _____A. GoetheB. Victor HugoC. PushkinD. Walter Scott98. Who is the author of Notre Dame de Paris and Les Miserables on which there have been many films based? _____A. George SandB. Victor HugoC. Daniel DefoeD. Henry Fielding99. Which of the following Romantic writers ever fought for women’s freedom in love and marriage? _____A. George SandB. ChateaubriandC. Victor HugoD. Taylor Coleridge100. “If winter comes, can spring be far behind?” is from the ending of which of the following works? _____A. Ode to a NightingaleB. Eugene OneginC. Ode to the West WindD. The French Revolution101. Which of the following writers is a female writer whose real name was Amandine Aurore Dupin? _____A. George SandB. WordsworthC. William BlakeD. John Keats102. Which of the following writers wrote Ode to a Nightingale and died very young? _____A. ByronB. KeatsC. ShellyD. Wordsworth103. Which of the following works was introduced to China at the end of the 19th century through Lin Shu’s translation, which bore the romantic title《撒克逊劫后英雄略》? _____A. The Heart of Mid-LothianB. Boris GodunovC. The BetrothedD. Ivanhoe104. Which of the following works was NOT written by Russian writer Pushkin? _____A. Ruslan and LiudmilaB. Boris GodunovC. A Hero of Our TimeD. Eugene Onegin105. In which of the following works did Pushkin create a character, Onegin, who was the first “Superfluous man” in Russian literature? _____A. Eugene OneginB. Boris GodunovC. Ruslan and LiudmilaD. A Hero of Our Time106. Which of the following writers is the greatest Polish writer during the Romanticism? _____ A. Lenmontov B. ChateaubriandC. LeopardiD. Mickiewicz107. Which of the following works was published as the beginning of Romanticism in Polish literature? _____A. Lyrical BalladsB. Ballads and RomancesC. Pan TadeuszD. Konrad Wallenrod108. Which of the following Mickiwicz’s works is his greatest epic poem, which the poet himself once compared with Scott’s historical novels? _____A. Sonnets from the CrimeaB. Konrad WallenrodC. Ballads and RomancesD. Pan Tadeusz109. Which of the following artists is NOT French? _____A. GoyaB. DavidC. DelacroixD. Gericault110. Which of the following artists was best known for his portraits of royalty and nobility? _____ A. David B. TurnerC. GoyaD. Constable111. Which of the following artists was an English landscape painter? _____A. DelacroixB. TurnerC. DavidD. Goya112. Whose symphony NO. 6 (Pastoral) marked the beginning of 19th-century program music? _____A. MozartB. SchumannC. BeethovenD. Schubert113. Which of the following musicians was NOT from Germany?A. MendelssohnB. BrahmsC. SchumannD. Chopin114. Who is the author of the famous Piano Music Waltzes? _____A. TchaikovskyB. BrahmsC. SchumannD. Schubert115. Which of the following musicians sought to revolutionize the opera by making it a combination of the arts: dramatic, musical, and scenic? _____A. BerliozB. ChopinC. WagnerD. Verdi116. Who introduced the symphonic poem and invented new piano techniques and became the greatest pianist of the middle of 19th century? _____A. LisztB. SchubertC. BeethovenD. BerliozMYTHOLOGY117. In Homer’s epic poem of the 9th century B. C., who is the god of earthquake? _____A. AresB. PoseidonC. DionysusD. Poseidon118. Who made the first beautiful woman that ever lived? And what was her name? _____A. Hephaestus; HelenB. Prometheus; HelenC. Hephaestus; PandoraD. Prometheus; Pandora119. Whose shield bears at its centre the head of the Gorgon? _____A. Zeus’s aegisB. Poseidon’s aegisC. Apollo’s aegisD. Hephaestus’s aegis120. In what book is faithful and wise Penelope a character, waiting for a score of years for herhusband’s return home? _____A. Aeschylus’s Prometheus BoundB. Aeschylus’s AgamemnonC. Homer’s IliadD. Homer’s The Odyssey121. Who was Achates? _____A. In Vergil’s Aeneid, the faithful companion and friend of AeneasB. In Vergil’s Aeneid, a Trojan princeC. In Vergil’s Aeneid, son of AphroditeD. In Vergil’s Aeneid, founder of Roman Empire122. In the Arthurian Romance, who were the parents of Sir Galahad, the purest knight of the Round Table who gained the Holy Grail? _____A. Arthur and GuinevereB. Arthur and ElaineC. Lancelot and ElaineD. Lancelot and Guinevere123. Whose head turned all beholders to stone? _____A. Stheno’sB. Medusa’sC. Euryale’sD. Ceto’s124. Who used a polished shield to behead the Gorgon Medusa? _____A. JupiterB. AcrisiusC. PolydectesD. Perseus125. For whom was Europe named? _____A. Europa, a Phoenician princessB. Eruopa, the Phoenician queen of TyreC. Europa, the daughter of ZeusD. Europa, an ancient Greek goddess126. What little girl was changed into gold by her father? _____A. MedusaB. CalthiaC. MarigoldD. Nereid127. What twins were abandoned as babies, suckled by a she-wolf and brought up by a shepherd? _____A. Castor and PolluxB. Amphion and ZethosC. Hypnos (Sleep) and ThanatosD. Romulus and Remus128. Who holds the Earth on his shoulders? _____A. MenoetiusB. AtlasC. EpimetheusD. Prometheus129. Who built the labyrinth for King Minos? _____A. DaedalusB. MinotaurC. ErichthoniusD.Icarus130. Who fell, consumed by flames, at Jason’s feet? _____A. MedeaB. CreonC. CreusaD. Glauce131. Who sleeps in perpetual dreamy slumber upon Mt. Latmos, visited by the moon-goddess every night? _____A. HypnosB. ZeusC. EndymionD. Selene132. Pygmalion and Galatea, his ivory statue which came to life, had a son. Who was he? _____ A. Paphos B. OvidC. PolluxD. Aphrodite133. What caused Orpheus to turn around, when he and his wife Euryidce were leaving Hell? _____A. Eurydice stumbled over a stone.B. Eurydice screamed because Cerberus (Kerberos) snarled.C. Orpheus felt Cerberus (Kerberos) after him.D. Orpheus heard Cerberus (Kerberos) snarling at them.134. What fleet goddess was so fascinated by three golden apples (of Aphrodite, dropped by Hippomenes, also called Melanion) in her path that she lost a race? _____A. ThemisB. AstraeaC. AtalantaD. Hippomenes135. Argus was a giant with 100 eyes. Where did his eyes go after his death? _____A. Turned into a stoneB. Turned into the peacock’s tailC. Transferred to Zeus’s aegisD. Transferred to the peacock’s tail136. For what had the left one of an Amazon’s breasts been cut off? _____A. For saving her lifeB. For the convenience of shooting arrowsC. For showing her loyalty to TroyD. For punishing her for her disloyalty137. Who was the most famous German siren? _____A. The LoreleiB. ArtemisC. ArethusaD. Alpheus138. What Roman woodland nymph was changed into a fountain? _____A. ArtemisB. CallistoC. ArethusaD. The Lorelei139. A hunter named Actaeon was changed by Diana into a _____ and was torn to pieces by his own hounds for having seen her bathing?A. rabbitB. stagC. lambD. antelope140. What daring kidnapping took place in Roman mythology? _____A. AthenaB. DemeterC. AstraeaD. Persephone141. What beautiful nymph was changed into a bear by the vengeful queen Hera? _____A. AlpheusB. ArethusaC. CallistoD. The Lorelei142. Who raped Alcmene disguised as her own husband? _____A. ZeusB. ElectryonC. PerseusD. Amphitryon143. Who was the Egyptian queen of the gods? _____A. JunoB. HeraC. IsisD. Aphrodite144. Who became Aeneas’ wife after his journeys? _____A. VenusB. AndromacheC. LaviniaD. Amata145. What lovely blooming nymph was saved by her river-god father by being changed into a tree? _____A. CallistoB. DaphneC. ArtemisD. Arethusa146. Who was the father of Odysseus? _____A. TelemachusB. SisyphusC. ArcesiusD. Laertes147. In classical mythology whose six sons and six daughters represent the twelve months? _____ A. Aeolus B. DionysusC. AresD. Achelous148. What was the wedding gift of Gaea to Hera?A. The gold ringB. The golden applesC. The crystal cupD. The ruby crown149. Who killed himself out of jealousy when Ulysses (Latin name for Odysseus) received the armor of Achilles? _____A. PhiloctetesB. ParisC. Great AjaxD. Lesser Ajax150. What kind of ears did King Midas have after he announced as judge in favor of Pan the god of woods who could make sweeter music than Apollo? _____A. rabbit’s earsB. stag’s earsC. dog’s earsD. ass’s ears151. What do Athena and Dionysus have in common? _____A. They share the same father, Zeus.B. Both of them were born from Zeu s’ forehead.C. They share the same mother, Metis.D. They share the same mortal mother, Semele.152. Who was the Greek god of war? _____A. PoseidonB. HephaestusC. AresD. Hades153. For what is the mythical creature Echidna well-known? _____A. Its tears were thought to heal wound.B. It was considered the protector of the divineC. It had the upper body of a bull and the lower body of a man.D. It gave birth to many monsters.154. What food had Persephone been tempted to taste during her stay in Hades? _____A. appleB. pomegranateC. pineappleD.guava155. Whose arrow pierced Achilles’ vulnerable heel and so slew him? _____A. Hector’sB. Helenus’sC. AeneasD. Paris’156. What was not shared by the three old sea goddesses called Graeae? ____A. one eyeB. one toothC. knowing the whereabouts of their sisters, the GorgonsD. red hair157. Leda and the Swan are well known in ancient mythology. Who was the Swan? _____A. ZeusB. Eros。
欧洲文化 简介
5. Drama(2)
Comedy Aristophanes(about 450---380B.C)
Athenian playwright considered to be the greatest ancient writer of satirical comedy. Among his surviving plays are The Clouds (423) and Lysistrata (411). 阿里斯托芬雅典剧作家，被认为是最伟大的古典讽刺 喜剧作家。现存的剧本有 云（公元前423年）和 吕西 斯特拉特（公元前411年）
Pindar(about 518---438B.C.)
Greek lyric poet remembered especially for his Odes.
5. Drama(1)
Aeschylus(525---456B.C)
Greek tragic dramatist whose plays were the first to include two actors in addition to the chorus. Only 7 of his 90 dramas survive, including the Oresteia trilogy(奥瑞斯忒亚三部曲)(458).
7. Philosophy and Science(2)
Plato
Greek philosopher. A follower of Socrates, he founded the Academy (386), where he taught and wrote for much of the rest of his life. Plato presented his ideas in the form of dramatic dialogues, as in The Republic. 柏拉图希腊哲学家，苏格拉底的信徒，他创办了学园（公元前386 年），在这里他教书写作度过他余生的大部分时间柏拉图以戏剧 对话的形式表述了他的思想，如在 理想国中
中国文化翻译
1.2.3 The Middle Ages In European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century is called the Middle Ages. It is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. (1) Manor and church: feudalism; the church (the Catholic church); the Crusades (8 chief Crusades). (2) Learning and science: (3) Literature: national epic (Beowulf); G. Chaucer and his The Canterbury Tales. (4) Art and Architecture: Romanesque art (predominantly religious); Gothic style.
1.1 Defining culture What is culture? Literature Arts Religion Education Festivals Sports Science and technology Economy?
Different definitions of culture: 1) Culture refers to “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”. (The New Oxford Dictionary of English, p.447) 2) Culture is “the integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behaviour.” Culture thus defined consists of language, ideas, belief, customs, taboos, codes, institutions, tools, techniques, works of art, rituals, ceremonies, and other related components; and the development of culture depends upon man’s capacity to learn and to transmit knowledge to succeeding generations.” According to Edward Burnett Tylor’s (1871) classic definition, “culture includes all capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” (The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Volume 3, p784)
从古至今英语高级表达
从古至今英语高级表达The Evolution of Sophisticated English Expression: A Linguistic Odyssey Through Time.The English language, a tapestry woven with threads of history, culture, and global interactions, has undergone a remarkable journey of linguistic evolution. From its Anglo-Saxon origins to its current status as a global lingua franca, English has absorbed influences from diverse sources, shaping its vocabulary, grammar, and expressive capabilities.The Anglo-Saxon Roots.The foundations of English can be traced back to the Anglo-Saxons, Germanic tribes who settled in Britain during the 5th and 6th centuries AD. Their language, Old English, possessed a robust vocabulary and a relatively simple grammatical structure. The influence of Old English is evident in the core vocabulary of modern English, includingwords like "house," "king," and "love."Norman Conquest and the Norman-French Influence.In 1066, William the Conqueror led the Norman invasion of England, bringing with him the Norman-French language. This event had a profound impact on the evolution of English. Norman-French became the language of the royal court and the ruling class, leading to the incorporation of numerous French words into English. These borrowed words, known as "French loanwords," greatly expanded the English lexicon and introduced new concepts and ideas.Examples of French loanwords include "justice," "government," and "cuisine." The influence of French is also evident in English grammar, such as the use ofarticles ("the," "a," "an") and the possessive form (-'s).The Rise of Middle English.During the 13th and 14th centuries, a gradualtransition occurred from Old English to Middle English.This transition was marked by a simplification of grammar, the loss of certain inflectional endings, and the adoptionof more French loanwords. The language also became more standardized, thanks to the rise of a common literary standard based on the dialect spoken in London.Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales," written in Middle English, played a pivotal role in shaping the English language. His vivid descriptions, witty dialogue, and use of vernacular speech captured the essence of everyday life and helped establish English as a literary language.The Early Modern Period: Renaissance and Reformation.The 15th and 16th centuries witnessed a surge of intellectual and artistic activity known as the Renaissance. This period saw a renewed interest in classical languages, such as Greek and Latin, and their influence on English was significant. Numerous classical roots and affixes were incorporated into English, enriching its vocabulary and expressive capabilities.The Reformation, a religious movement that challenged the authority of the Catholic Church, also played a role in the development of English. The translation of the Bible into English by William Tyndale and others made the language accessible to a wider audience and contributed to its standardization.The Elizabethan Era and the Birth of Modern English.The Elizabethan era, marked by the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, is often considered the golden age of English literature. During this period, the language flourished, reaching a level of sophistication and expressiveness that laid the foundation for modern English.William Shakespeare, the greatest writer of the Elizabethan era, played a transformative role in the evolution of English. His plays and poems introduced countless new words and phrases, expanded the language's vocabulary, and established new standards for literary expression.The Enlightenment and the Rise of Scientific Prose.The 17th and 18th centuries saw the emergence of the Enlightenment, a period characterized by scientific inquiry, rationalism, and a shift towards a more secular worldview. The language of science and philosophy became more precise and specialized, leading to the development of newtechnical terms and the adoption of Latin and Greek roots. Francis Bacon, John Locke, and Isaac Newton were among the influential thinkers who shaped the language of scientific discourse during this period.The Industrial Revolution and the Expansion of Vocabulary.The Industrial Revolution, which began in the 18th century, led to a rapid expansion of English vocabulary. New inventions, industries, and technologies required the creation of new words and phrases to describe them. Terms such as "steam engine," "factory," and "electricity"entered the language, reflecting the changing technological landscape.The 19th Century: Romanticism and the Exploration of Emotion.The 19th century was marked by the Romantic movement, a literary and artistic trend that emphasized emotion, imagination, and the natural world. Romantic writers, such as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and John Keats, explored the depths of human experience and sought to express their feelings through vivid and evocative language.The Romantic era also saw an increase in the use of literary devices, such as metaphors, similes, and personification, which added to the richness and expressiveness of English prose and poetry.The 20th Century and the Rise of Modernism.The 20th century brought about a series of radical changes in English language and literature, particularly with the advent of modernism. Modernist writers, such asJames Joyce, Virginia Woolf, and T.S. Eliot, experimented with language in innovative ways, breaking traditional rules and conventions.Modernist literature often employs stream-of-consciousness techniques, interior monologues, and non-linear narratives, challenging the reader to engage with the text on a more complex and introspective level. These experimental approaches expanded the boundaries of English expression and opened new possibilities for literary communication.The 21st Century and Beyond.In the 21st century, the English language continues to evolve rapidly, influenced by globalization, technology, and the ever-changing nature of contemporary society. The internet and social media have facilitated the emergence of new forms of communication and the rapid spread of new words and phrases.The proliferation of English as a global lingua francahas also led to the adoption of words and phrases fromother languages, resulting in an ever-more diverse and dynamic English lexicon. The language shows no signs of slowing down, adapting and evolving to meet the changing needs and demands of a globalized world.Conclusion.The evolution of English has been a remarkable journeyof linguistic transformation, influenced by countlessfactors throughout history. From its humble beginnings as Old English to its current status as a global language, English has absorbed influences from diverse sources, expanding its vocabulary, grammar, and expressive capabilities.Through the Anglo-Saxon roots, Norman-French influence, the rise of Middle English, the Renaissance and Reformation, the Elizabethan era, the Enlightenment, the Industrial Revolution, the Romantic movement, modernism, and the 21st century, English has undergone a continuous process of linguistic evolution. It is a language that has witnessedthe rise and fall of civilizations, the birth and death of ideas, and the changing nature of human experience. Its richness, diversity, and adaptability ensure that English will continue to evolve and thrive, serving as a powerful tool for communication, expression, and the dissemination of knowledge for generations to come.。
文史哲基地专业人才培养方案(修改后)
文史哲基地专业人才培养方案（校内专业代码：0101019；0501019；0601019）一、专业简介内蒙古大学人文学院1996年开始承建文史哲综合实验基地班专业，2008年由历史与旅游文化学院开始主持建设，文学与新闻传播学院、哲学学院深入、广泛参与。
以培养哲学、历史学、汉语言文学三大基础学科复合型、通用型人才为目标，强调三个学科的交叉培养，并以社会需求为导向，坚持精细化教育和创新教育理念，突出并强化实践和社会服务能力，培养拔尖创新人才、卓越应用型人才和高素质复合型人才。
经过不懈的努力建设，具备了较为优良的人才培养条件。
在师资队伍建设方面，坚持优中选优的原则，从历史与旅游文化学院、文学与新闻传播学院与哲学学院汇集了一大批科研能力突出、教学经验丰富和态度认真的老师，绝大部分具有高级职称或博士学历。
在教学资源的分配上，相关三个学院也普遍把教学资源向文史哲基地班专业倾斜。
在课程设置方面，兼顾文史哲基地班的综合性和专业性，经过反复考虑和论证，从文学、历史和哲学选取了一批具有基础性和专业特点的课程。
在各种奖、助学金的设置方面，文史哲基地班也享有较高的份额，这也极大地调动了学生学习的积极性。
文史哲综合实验基地班专业还通过单独招生组建，制定专门教学计划，选用优秀班主任管理等一系列有效措施，确保进入基地班专业的学生能够接受到一流的教育和精心的培养。
依托世界文化遗产“元上都”等平台，文史哲专业学生也在专业实习和科研实践能力方面得到了全面、系统的锻炼，具有较强的实践和社会服务能力。
建立以来，文史哲基地专业培养了一大批优秀毕业生，在政府、高校、科研机构等相关单位都发挥了骨干基础作用。
二、培养目标文史哲基地专业在分别培养学生汉语言文学、历史学、马克思主义哲学基本理论、专门知识和基本技能的基础上，使学生具备初步的语言文学、历史学、哲学的判断能力和初步的研究能力，培养具有潜质的专门人才。
同时强调汉语言文学、历史学和哲学的交叉，培养哲学、历史学、汉语言文学等三大基础学科复合型、通用型人才。
renaissance and reformation
vs.
Renaissance
New literature a. Giovanni Boccaccio薄伽丘: Decameron《十日谈》：a prose fiction
Renaissance
b.
Francesco Petrarch彼德拉克(One of the poets who invented Sonnet十四行诗,商籁体)
the Republics of Florence and Venice; the Papal states教皇国；the kingdom of Naples那布勒斯王国)
c. Florence (prosperous seaport in the late 15th cent.) →flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture→ rise of humanist ideas d. Venice : Venetian art 威尼斯画派
It was the morning那天早晨
It was the morning of that blessed day, 那一天，太阳也为哀悼上帝变得阴晦 Whereon the Sun in pity veiled his glare 我不曾抵抗就做了俘虏， For the Lord's agony, that, unaware, 因为，夫人，您那美丽的眼睛射出的无形视线 I fell a captive, Lady, to the sway 将我捆缚起来，如同囚犯一般。 Of your swift eyes; that seemed no time to stay 当时我没有意识到预防爱神的纠缠， The strokes of love: I stepped into the snare 依然若无其事、自信地迈步向前…… Secure, with no suspicion: then and there 殊不知就在此刻，我的感情之苦 I found my cue in man's most tragic play. 已经伴随着人间之痛一起涌起波涟。 Love caught me naked in his shaft, his sheaf, 在爱神面前我毫无防范， The entrance for his ambush and surprise 从眼睛到心灵全都门扉大开， Against the heart wide open through the eyes, 双眼变成热泪流淌的通道和源泉。 The constant gate and fountain of my grief 但我以为，此情此景之下 How craven so to strike me so, 用箭射中我并不是什么荣耀， Yet from you fully armed conceal his bow!因为对您，一个有防范的人，它从不会放箭。
文艺复兴与改革 英文
• Catastrophic events, enormous loss of life may have led to changes of the 1300s
• Decrease in population led to:
– Increase in food production
– Decline in food prices – More money to spend – Specialization in products
Renaissance and Reformation
Section 1
Venice
• With access to sea, Venice built economy, reputation on trade • Had long history of trading with other ports on Mediterranean Sea
Reading Focus
• What changes in society and in cities stimulated the beginning of the Renaissance? • What ideas formed the foundation of the Italian Renaissance? • What contributions did artists make to the Renaissance?
Renaissance and Reformation
Section 1
The Beginning of the Renaissance
Michelangelo’s painting was different from the art of the Middle Ages, and
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
medieval tradition
P132-P143
How did Italian renaissance art break away from medieval tradition?
1.art broke away from the domination of the church. artists who used to be craftsmen commissioned by the church to paint the design become a separate stratum like writers and poets doing noble and creative work.
B. Francesco Petrarch 彼特拉克
Petrarch showed himself to be a great humanist writer, keenly aware of mortal beauty and earthly values.
Petrarch ignored medieval courtly conventions and defined true emotions.
iv. Titian 提香
DECLINE of the Italian Renaissance REASON 1.In world trade Italy had lost its supremacy. 2.The protestant reformation forced the roman catholic church to tighten its control over thought, speech, and publication. 3.Italian wars.
A.Early renaissance artists i. Giotto
PAINTINGS: Flight into Egypt 逃往埃及
Betrayal of Judas犹大之吻
ii. Filippo Brunelleschi
布鲁内莱斯基
In his designing of the churches he showed a systematic use of perspective.
艺术脱离教会的统治
2.Themes of paintings changed from purely celestial realm focusing on the stories of the bible ,of god, Jesus and Mary to an appreciation of all aspects of nature and man.
iii. Donatello
WORKS
多那泰罗
David: a sculpture of the conventional theme, of the young hero of Hebrew tradition. It is a nude in perfect proportions.
iv. Giorgione
4.Artists introducedanatomy and perspective.
艺术家的作品中引进有关解剖学和视角论的科学理论
New literature a. Giovanni Boccaccio 薄伽丘
of true love and wisdom and also satire on the hypocrisy of the priest and the aristocrat.
绘画主题由专注于圣经、上帝等神学方面转变 为歌颂自然和人类
3.The artists studied the ruins of Roman and Greek temples and put many of the principles of ancient civilization into their works.
睡着的维纳斯女神
b. High renaissance artists
i. Leonardo da Vinci 达芬奇
MAJOR WORKS Last Supper 最后的晚餐 Mona Lisa 蒙娜丽莎
ii. Michelangelo buonarroti 米开朗基罗
iii. Raphael 拉斐尔
In 1420, he began to build the dome for the cathedral in Florence and it become the most original construction in the building of domes in the world history of architecture.
Decameron : the tales are witty licentious full of praises
with the Decameron the courtly themes of medieval literature began to give away to the voice and mores of early modern society. it is the greatest achievement of prose fiction in the Middle Ages.
乔尔乔内
Major Works
TEMPESTA, it may be a scene from some classical writer or an imitator of the classics. The landscape is beautiful and the atmosphere is clam and pastoral. Sleeping Venus, a picture of ideal female beauty.