新编英语语法教程 复习资料
新编英语语法教程第11讲
5.我多么希望你也在这里和我们在一起. A: How I wish you were here with us. 6.Jane 告诉我,你明年即将进大学. A: Jane told me you were going into the college. 7.罗马建成非一日之功. A: Rome was not built in a day.
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Exercise 11A 1. 滴水穿石。 A: Patience wears out stones. 2. 骄必败。 A：Pride goes before a fall. 3。事实胜于雄辩。 A： Facts speak louder than words. 4。一燕不成夏。 A： One swallow doesn’t make a summer. 5。长江流入东海。 A：Changjiang flows into the East China Sea.
class. • 11. 我们的公司并非总是高额赢利. • A: Our company does not always make high profits.
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12. 母亲通常不在早晨喝咖啡. A: My Mum usually doesn’t have coffee in the morning. 13. 她几乎从严不在午夜之前就寝. A: She hardly ever goes to bed before mid-night. 14. Arizona州首府凤凰城( Phoenix) 天气很干燥；几 乎不下雨。 A: Phoenix, the captital of Arizona, is dry and it hardly rains. 15. 星期日我父母很少去做礼拜. A: My parents seldom go to church on Sunday. 16. 地球围绕太阳转. A: The Earth moves around the Sun. 17. 印度位于中国迤南. A: India lies to the south o• •
新编英语语法教程Pronouns
Personal pronouns:
I/ me, we/ us, you, he/ him, she/ her, it,
they/ them
Possessive pronouns:
my/ mine, our/ ours, you/ yours, his/
his, her/ hers, its/ its, their/ theirs
subjective case -------subject position objective case ------ other positions
2. minor sentence 3. everybody/ nobody + but/ except +
pronouns
Informality
Reflexive pronouns:
Reciprocal pronouns:
each other(‘s), one another(‘s)
Demonstrative pronouns:
this, that, these, those, it, such, same
This book is yours, and that is mine.
other night.
Concord in number
NUMBER: Antecedent: everyone, anyone, everybody,
anybody, no one, nobody, someone, somebody Pronoun?
The cast is giving ___ (its, their) bester, either.
I have do much work this morning.
英语语法复习资料大全
语法复习精品指南（一）词类(parts of speech)英语的词通常分为十大类：1）名词(noun，缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称，如pen(钢笔)，English(英语)，life(生活)。
2)代词(pronoun，缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词，如we(我们)，his(他的)，all (全部)。
3)形容词(adjective，缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词，如great(伟大的)，honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的)。
4)数词(numeral，缩写为num.)是表示"多少"和"第几"的词，如four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。
5)动词(verb，缩写为v)表示动作和状态，如write(写)，walk(行走)，think(想)。
6)副词(adverb，缩写为。
adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词，如quickly(快)，of ten(经常)，very(很)。
7)冠词(article，缩写为art.)说明名词所指的人或物的词，如a，an(一个)，the(这，那)。
8)介词(preposition，缩写为prep.)表示名词(或代词)与句子里其它词的关系，如fr om(从)，in(在…内)，between(在…之间)。
9)连词(conjunction，缩写为conj.)是连接词、短语、从句和句子的词，如and(和)，because(因为)，if(假如)。
10)感叹词(interjection，缩写为int.)表示感情，如。
oh(噢)，aha(啊哈)，hush(嘘)。
[注一]属于前六类(名、代、形、数、动、副等词)的词都有实义，叫做实词(notional word)。
属于后四类（冠、介、连、感等词）的词没有实义，叫做虚词(form word)。
[注二]不少词可以属于几个词类，如work(工作；动词和名词)，fast(快；形容词和副词)，since(自从；连词和介词)等。
《新编英语语法教程》1-3
句 子 成 分 主 主 语
定
义
常用词类或表现形式
名词、代词、数词、名词化的其 他词类、不定式、动名词、分句 单个/并列实意动词或短语动词 情态动词+原形动词 系动词+主语的表语（名词、代 词、数词、形容词、副词、介词 短语、非谓语动词、从句） 不及物动词come, go, leave, arrive, return, rise, die, live 等 + 名词、形容词或分词 名词、代词、数词、名词化的其 他词类、不定式、动名词、分句
Questions and answers based on the introduction to English Grammar
Lecture 1
Sentence Structure
( p.p.13—21)
I. Clause elements
Subject (p.13) Predication (p.13) Predicate verb Object (direct object, indirect object, complex object) Complement (subject complement, object complement) Predicative Adverbial Attributive/ Attribute Appositive e.g. S1: Henry is the most studious in the class. S4: Jennie’s paintings were judged inferior to Wanda’s. The experts judged Jennie’s paintings inferior to Wanda’s.
要 成 分 谓 语
新编英语语法教程第16讲
? 4. 董事会决定任命约翰逊为总经理 . ? A:The board decided that Johnson be appointed
general manager.
? 5. 如果我是你,我会勇敢地正视这一问题 .
? A: If I were you, I would face up to the problem.
? 6. 假如我身体好一些 ,我早就离开这里了 . ? A:
If I were in better health, I would have long left this place.
? 7. 我非常不愿意眼看他犯错误 .
? A: Far be it from me to see him make a mistake.
?C) 用在一些形容词后的真实主语 从句中.如形容词:advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, fitting, imperative, important, impossible, necessary, obligatory, proper等.
?It is essential that all the facts be examined first.
you took a rest. ?It's high time we left this place.
?B) I would rather/ sooner that… ?I would rather she got home a little
earlier. ?I'd rather he told me the truth. ?I would rather he had been present. ?C) If only… ?If only I knew her address.
《新编英语教程》1-2册语法点
Book IUnit 1 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别；过去进行时；过去完成时1. The simple past and the present perfect contrasted2. The past progressive3. The past perfectUnit 2 if、wh、that引导的宾语从句The nominal clause used as the object, introduced by1. if2. wh-word3. thatUnit 3 被动语态The passive sentence1. in the simple present2. in the present perfect3. in the simple past4. in the futureUnit 4 情态动词1. Modal auxiliaries can /could and be able to used to express “ability”2. Modal auxiliary have to expressing “obligation”3. Modal auxiliaries can /may used to express “permission” or “request for permission”4. Modal auxiliaries had better expressing “advice” or “suggestion”Unit 5 一般现在时的间接引语Indirect speech introduced by a simple present verb1. reporting statements2. reporting yes-no questions3. reporting wh-questionsUnit 6 时间状语从句The adverbial clause of time introduced by1.when2.before3.since4. untilUnit 7 非谓语动词的使用1. The infinitive preceded by a wh- word used as the object2. The infinitive used as a postponed object in the pattern It takes ( so much time) to do sth3. The bare infinitive used as the object complement4. The –ing participle used as the object in pattern Would you mind…Unit 8 关系分句1. The relative clause introduced by that(as the subject)2. The relative clause introduced by that (as the object of a verb)3. The relative clause introduced by who,whomUnit 9 真实条件句与非真实条件句1. Sentences of real conditions2. Sentences of unreal conditions related to the present with be /have /action verbs in the conditional clauseUnit 10将来进行时，将来完成时与将来完成进行时1. The future progressive2. The future perfect3. The future perfect progressive.Unit 11 名词性从句Master the use of English nominal clauses and review indirect speechUnit 12 被动语态Master the use of passive voiceUnit 13 情态动词Modal auxiliaries: may/might, should/ought to, would rather, must/can‟tUnit 14 间接引语Indirect speech introduced by1. a simple present verb reporting past events2. a simple past verb reporting questions and answers3. a simple past verb reporting a conversationUnit 15 状语从句（地点，条件，原因，让步）The adverbial clause1. of place introduced by where2. of condition introduced by unless3. of cause introduced by because/ since4. of concession introduced by thoughUnit 16 现在分词1. –ing participle used as the object2. –ing participle preceded by go3. –ing participle used as the subject4. –ing participle used as the object of a preposition5. –ing participle used as a noun modifier6. –ing participle used as the object complement7. The infinitive preceded by in order expressing …purposeUnit 17 whose，whom引导的关系分句1. The relative clause introduced by whose.2. The relative clause introduced by w hom (as the object of a preposition)3. The cleft sentence with attention focused on various sentence elements.4. The relative clause preceded by a noun which is modified by a superlative. Unit 18 非真实条件句1. Sentences of unreal conditions making a supposition about the future2. Sentences of unreal conditions with past non-facts and present imaginary consequences3. Sentences of unreal conditions with past non-facts and past imaginary consequencesBook IIUnit 1 现在完成进行时，过去进行时与过去完成进行时Unit 2 名词性从句Unit 3 被动语态Unit 4 情态动词Unit 5 间接引语Unit 6 状语从句（目的，结果，让步）Unit 7 非谓语动词Unit 8 关系分句（关系副词）Unit 9 虚拟语气Unit 10 将来时间表示法Unit 11 it 引导的名词性从句Unit 12 被动语态Unit 13 情态动词Unit 14 间接引语Unit 15 状语从句Unit 16 非谓语动词Unit 17 关系分句（介词+关系代词）Unit 18 非真实条件句。
《新编英语语法教程》1-3讲
要 成 分 谓 语
动词性 复合 复合谓语 谓语 名词性 复合谓语
双重谓语
由不及物动词+主语的 不及物动词come, go, leave, 表语构成，表现主语的 arrive, return, rise, die, live 等 双重状况 + 名词、形容词或分词
次 要 成 分
宾语、补足语、定 语、同位语、状语
句子的主体，叙述的中心，表明 所说的是“谁”或“什么”
要
成 分
简单谓语 说明主语的行为、动作、特征或 复 动词性 复合谓语 所处的状态，即“是什么”、 合 谓 谓 名词性 “干什么”、 “怎么样” 语 复合谓语
语
双重谓语
由不及物动词+主语的表语构成， 表现主语的双重状况
直接宾语
宾 语 间接宾语 复合宾语 介词宾语 宾语补足语 主语补足语 定语 同位语
Note 1: Single subject/predicate S–V and Compound subject/predicate (p.14)
S1: The boys and the girls are planning a dance. S V S S4： Leah jumped on her bike and rode around the block. V S V S7： Her brother and her sister were very shy and were really hard persons to get know. S S V V
《新编简明英语语言学教程》1-6章期末复习
Chapter one Introduction1.1什么是语言学1.1.1定义语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（语音学）The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音位学）The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形态学）The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax（句法学）The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学）The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学）1.1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics 成对的概念辨析差异必考P3（1）Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is “correct” or not.规定性PrescriptiveIt aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say.描述性DescriptiveA linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.（2）Synchronic and diachronic 共时和历时The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study is more important.历时语言学Diachronic linguisticsThe study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time.共时语言学Synchronical linguisticsThe study of a given language at a given time.（3）Speech and writing 口头语与书面语Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form. Reasons are: 1. Speech precedes writing; 2. There are still many languages that have only the spoken form; 3. In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of communication than the written.（4）Langue and parole 语言和言语必考名解P4The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole early 20th century.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Saussure made the distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study. He believes what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.语言langue（抽象）The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.言语parole（具体）The realization of langue in actual use.（5）Competence and performance 语言能力和语言运用Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s.He defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules.语言能力Competence（抽象）Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.语言运用performance（具体）Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。
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1.主谓一致主谓一致Subject-Verb Concord即谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语保持一致，主谓一致包括语法一致、意义一致和就近一致。
指导原则语法一致语法一致即谓语动词在单复数形式上要和主语保持一致eg.A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language. (主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式）语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则.Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language. (主语是复数形式，谓语也采取复数形式）语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则.意义一致和就近原则意义一致就是谓语动词要和主语意义上的单复数保持一致。
补充解释和例句见书P22就近一致就是谓语动词要和靠近它的主语部分保持一致。
常出现在这类句子中的连词有：or, either…or…，neither…nor …，not only…but also …等.例句见书P23英语中，有时几个名词或代词有某些此连接起来一起作句子的主语，此时，谓语动词的形式就须有与之最接近的名词或代词的人称和数决定。
如：(1) There is a desk and five chairs in his room. 他房间里有一张办公桌和五把椅子。
There are five chairs and a desk in his room. 他房间里有五把椅子和一张办公桌。
(2) Either you or Li Lei is going to be sent there. 要么是你要么是李蕾将被派到那里去。
Are either you or Li Lei going to be sent there 是你将被派到那里去还是李蕾将被派到那里去结尾的名词作主语以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称以-ics结尾的学科名称以-s结尾的地理名称其他以-s结尾的名词以集合名词作主语通常作复数的集体名词见书P27【注】goods(货物), clothes(衣服)只有复数形式，且只表示复数意义：Such clothes are very cheap. 那样的衣服很便宜。
All the goods have been sent to them. 所有的货物都给他们送去了。
通常作不可数名词的集体名词clothing(衣服)，poetry(诗歌)，baggage / luggage(行李)， furniture(家具)，machinery(机械)，scenery(景色)，jewelry(珠宝)，equipment(设备)等集合名词通常只用作不可数名词，表示单数意义，用作主语时，其后谓语动词用单数形式。
既可做单数也可作复数的集体名词family(家庭)，team(队，队员)，class(班，班上的全体学生)，crowd(人群)，government(政府)，crew(乘务员)，committee(委员会)，audience(听众)，public(公众)等集合名词，当它们表示整体意义时，表单数意义，当它们强调个体意义时，表示复数意义。
【注】有时没有特定的语境，用单复数谓语均可以：The audience was (were) very excited by the show. 观众对演出甚感激动。
The public has (have) a right to know what’s in the report. 公众有权知道这篇报告的内容。
如将侧重点放在组成集体的成员上，动词用复数。
a committee of 等+复数名词见书P27以并列结构作主语由and和both...and连接的并列主语【注意】当由and连接的两个并列主语受each, every, no的修饰时，谓语用单数：Every boy and (every) girl likes the book. 每个男孩女孩都喜欢这本书。
No desk and (no) chair was seen in the room. 房间里不见桌椅。
当and连接两个数相加时，谓语动词可用单数或复数：Six and eight makes [make] fourteen. 六加八等于十四。
当and连接的两个的词语指同一个人或事物时，谓语通常要用单数：A cart and horse was seen in the distance. 远处看见一辆马车。
由or, nor, either...or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but等连接的并列主语就近原则处理The teacher as well as the students has read it 不仅学生读过它，老师也读过。
The teacher rather than the students is to blame. 应受责备的是老师而不是学生。
主语+as much as等书P30主语+as well as等书P30以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语表时间长度、钱数、速度等的词组作主语此时通常将其视为整体，谓语用单数。
eg. Twenty years is a long time. 20年是很长的时间。
Ten dollars is all I have left. 我只剩下10美元。
如果看作组成该数量的一个个的个体，谓语用复数。
eg. There are six silver dollars in each of the stockings.“分数(百分数)+of+名词”结构作主语谓语动词形式依of-词组中的名词类别而定。
例句见书P32【注意】在现代英语中，有时即使该结构中的名词为复数，其谓语也可用单数(即将其视为整体)：Over sixty per cent of families own [owns] a television. 百分之六十以上的家庭已拥有电视机。
两数相减或相除，动词用单数；两数相加或相乘，动词可以用单数，也可以用复数。
例句见书P32“one in /one out of +复数名词”作主语在正式语体中，动词用单数；在非正式语体中，动词也可按“就近原则”用复数。
例句见书P32以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语主语是all of…，some of…，none of…，half of…，most of…等表示非确定数量的名词词组，其后的动词形式依of- 词组的名次类别而定。
例句见书P32主语是由“lots of，heaps of, loads of, scads of, plenty of+名词”构成，表示“许许多多”等概念时，随后动词的单复数形式也依of- 词组的名次类别而定。
主语是由"a portion of，a series of，a pile of，a panel of+名词"构成，不管名词类别如何，动词通常用单数。
主语是由“限定词+a kind/ sort/ type of +名词”构成，随后的动词形式按以下规则：在a kind/ sort/ type of，this kind/ sort/ type of之后通常加单数或不可数名词，动词用单数。
如果要用复数名词：名词复数+of this kind/ sort/ typeRoses of this kind are very sweet出现在these kinds of，many/several kinds of 后的名词，既可以是单数或不可数名词。
也可以是复数名词，动词用复数。
在非正式语体中，常见“these/those kind of +复数名词”作主语，随后的动词用复数。
主语是由"many a+名词"或"more than one+名词"构成，其意义虽属多数，但随后的动词仍遵循"语法一致"原则，用单数。
如果主语由"an average of/a majority of+复数名词"构成，而且明确表示多数个体概念，随后的谓语动词用复数;如果这类主语不表示多数个体概念，随后的谓语动词用单数。
其他方面的主谓一致问题名词性分句作主语时的主谓一致名词性分句作主语时，随后的动词一般使用单数，但有时也会有主谓一致的问题：由what，who，why，how，whether等wh-词引导的名词性分句作主语，其后的动词通常用单数。
两个由and连接的并列名词性分句作主语，如果主语表示两件事，动词用复数。
在以what-分句作主语的SVC结构中，如果主语补语是复数名词，主语谓语动词可用复数。
如果what-分句本身明显表示富士意义，那么主句动词也可用复数。
以非限定分句作主语的主谓一致以非限定分句（主要是不定式分句和ing分词分句）作主语，随后动词通常用单数由and连接的并列非限定分句作主语，如果指两件事，动词用复数；如果指一件事，动词用复数。
关系分句中的主谓一致在"one of+复数名词+who/that/which"引导的定语从句中，从句谓语的单复数取决于one前是否有the only, the very。
如果有，从句的谓语动词用单数，如没有，就用复数形式。
分裂句中的主谓一致在强调句中，由that/who引导的从句的动词形式通常依先行词而定。
在"It is I+ who从句"+的动词现在时在人称和数的形式上应与I保持一致。
存在句中的主谓一致在存在句中，要使用就近原则，即谓语动词的单复数形式一般取决于离谓语最近的那个名词或词组的单复数形式。
2.名词属格名词属格的构成、意义和用法（1）名词属格的构成（加-’s）A）单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词一般在词尾加-’s如：Milltown's poems，my mother’s arrival，women’s clothes。
B) 以-s 结尾的复数名词在词尾只加-'，如：the girls’dormitory。
C）复合名词和作为一个整体的名词词组构成属格时，在最后一个词的结尾加's如：my mother-in-law’s death，an hour and a half’s talk，somebody else’s opinion* 以-s 结尾的普通名词后加’s，或者只加’。
D）并列名词表示各自的所有关系时，要在各个名词之后加-'s如Mary’s and Bob’s book。
如果仅在第二个名词之后加-‘s（Mary and Bob’s），则指两人共有的书。