Superconducting Technology
超导技术在电力传输中的高频损耗问题解决
超导技术在电力传输中的高频损耗问题解决引言电力传输是现代社会的基础设施之一，但传统的电力传输方式存在着能量损耗大、线路容量有限等问题。
超导技术作为一种新兴的能源传输方式，具有低损耗、高效率的特点，被认为是解决电力传输问题的潜在解决方案。
然而，在实际应用中，超导技术在高频环境下也会面临着一些挑战，其中最主要的问题就是高频损耗。
本文将探讨超导技术在电力传输中的高频损耗问题，并介绍一些解决方案。
超导技术简介超导技术是指在超低温下，某些材料的电阻变为零的现象。
这种现象使得电流可以在超导体中无阻力地流动，从而实现了电流的高效传输。
相比传统的金属导体，超导体具有更低的电阻和更高的电流密度，因此在电力传输领域具有巨大的潜力。
高频环境下的超导技术挑战在电力传输中，为了提高传输效率，往往需要采用高频电流。
然而，高频环境下超导体会面临着高频损耗的问题。
高频电流会引起超导体中的涡流，从而导致能量的损耗。
此外，高频环境下还会出现磁场渗透和磁滞损耗等问题，进一步增加了能量损耗。
解决高频损耗的方法为了解决超导技术在高频环境下的能量损耗问题，研究人员提出了一系列的解决方案。
1. 材料优化超导体的材料选择是解决高频损耗问题的关键。
目前，研究人员正在努力寻找更适合高频环境的超导材料。
一种常见的方法是通过合金化来改变超导体的性质，以减少高频损耗。
此外，一些新型的超导材料，如铜基超导体和镁二硼超导体，也显示出在高频环境下具有较低的损耗。
2. 结构设计超导体的结构设计也可以对高频损耗进行优化。
例如，采用多层结构可以减少涡流的产生，从而降低能量损耗。
此外，通过引入纳米颗粒等措施，还可以改变超导体的磁滞特性，从而减少磁滞损耗。
3. 冷却技术超导体需要在超低温下才能发挥超导的特性。
因此，冷却技术对于解决高频损耗问题至关重要。
目前，常用的冷却方法包括液氮冷却和制冷机冷却等。
此外，一些新型的冷却技术，如超冷制冷和磁制冷，也被广泛研究和应用。
4. 磁场屏蔽技术磁场的渗透是导致高频损耗的主要原因之一。
超导技术在地质勘探中的应用方法
超导技术在地质勘探中的应用方法引言：地质勘探是指通过各种手段和技术对地球内部结构、岩石成分和矿产资源进行研究和探测的过程。
地质勘探的目的是为了更好地了解地球的内部构造和资源分布，以便进行资源开发和利用。
近年来，随着科学技术的不断发展，超导技术作为一种新兴的技术手段，逐渐应用于地质勘探领域。
本文将介绍超导技术在地质勘探中的应用方法，并探讨其在地质勘探中的意义和前景。
一、超导磁测法超导磁测法是一种利用超导材料的特殊性质进行地质勘探的方法。
超导材料具有零电阻和完全磁通排斥的特点，使得它们能够产生极强的磁场。
地质勘探中常用的超导磁测仪器包括超导量子干涉仪和超导量子磁强计等。
超导量子干涉仪是一种利用超导量子干涉效应进行地质勘探的仪器。
它利用超导材料的特殊性质，在超导态下形成一个稳定的电流环路，通过测量环路中的电流变化来获取地下物质的信息。
超导量子干涉仪具有高灵敏度和高分辨率的特点，能够对地下的微弱磁场进行精确测量，从而揭示地下结构和岩石成分的分布情况。
超导量子磁强计是一种利用超导材料的磁敏性进行地质勘探的仪器。
它利用超导材料在外加磁场下的磁化特性，通过测量超导材料中的磁场变化来获取地下物质的信息。
超导量子磁强计具有高灵敏度和高精度的特点，能够对地下的磁场进行精确测量，从而揭示地下结构和岩石成分的分布情况。
二、超导电阻法超导电阻法是一种利用超导材料的电阻特性进行地质勘探的方法。
超导材料在低温下具有零电阻的特点，当外界施加电流时，超导材料内部不会产生电阻，从而形成一个稳定的电流环路。
地质勘探中常用的超导电阻仪器包括超导磁测仪和超导电阻测量仪等。
超导磁测仪是一种利用超导材料的磁敏性进行地质勘探的仪器。
它利用超导材料在外加磁场下的磁化特性，通过测量超导材料中的磁场变化来获取地下物质的信息。
超导磁测仪具有高灵敏度和高精度的特点，能够对地下的磁场进行精确测量，从而揭示地下结构和岩石成分的分布情况。
超导电阻测量仪是一种利用超导材料的电阻特性进行地质勘探的仪器。
传感器技术论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
传感器技术论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献Development of New Sensor TechnologiesSensors are devices that can convert physical。
chemical。
logical quantities。
etc。
into electrical signals。
The output signals can take different forms。
such as voltage。
current。
frequency。
pulse。
etc。
and can meet the requirements of n n。
processing。
recording。
display。
and control。
They are indispensable components in automatic n systems and automatic control systems。
If computers are compared to brains。
then sensors are like the five senses。
Sensors can correctly sense the measured quantity and convert it into a corresponding output。
playing a decisive role in the quality of the system。
The higher the degree of n。
the higher the requirements for sensors。
In today's n age。
the n industry includes three parts: sensing technology。
n technology。
and computer technology。
南理工_new energy technology_Research and development of controlled nuclear fusion
1INTRODUCTIONEnergy and life are closely related. We have to admit that we are facing an unprecedented energy crisis. It is an urgent task that we develop and use new energy. At present, nuclear energy is an important leading role in the development of new energy. Nuclear energy comes from fission and fusion. Fission has been widely used in the field of power generation. The nuclear power station has more than 400. As the nuclear fusion reaction requires a very high temperature, so the realization of nuclear fusion is very complicated and very difficult. But there are two major advantages of nuclear fusion: One is that nuclear fusion does not produce long-term and high levels of nuclear radiation, the other one is the nuclear fusion materials more than nuclear fission materials on the earth. According to the current world energy consumption, it can let the human use for 10 billions years that the earth has the nuclear fusion energy.Now, we are faced with how to control the process of nuclear fusion and how to use the heat to generate electricity. Once these complex technical problems are solved, the entire world's energy problem will be solved thoroughly. The developed countries continue to invest a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources to study and develop it because of the long-term significance of nuclear fusion.2 DEVELOPMENT BACKGROUND OF CONTROLLED NUCLEAR FUSIONNuclear fusion released a great energy and people did not stop it from the beginning of the 50's in twentieth Century. The ultimate goal of nuclear fusion is not to make a hydrogen bomb. The long-term goal is the peaceful use of nuclear fusion. 2.1Nuclear fusion reactionThe nuclear fusion fuel is light atoms, such as hydrogen isotope deuterium and tritium. Under certain conditions (such as high temperature and high pressure), the nuclear of atoms interact with each other and form a new reaction of heavy nuclei. There is loss of mass. So there is a release ofenergy in the reaction. As shown in figure 1.Fig 1. nuclear fusion reaction. It describes the fusion reaction The equation reaction is as follows when deuterium and tritium has fusion reaction:MeVnHeTD6.17142++→+The mass of the reactants is more than the mass of the product from this reaction equation. And the reaction takes place with a mass loss, which is converted to 17.6MeV energy in the middle of the process. The content of deuterium is very rich on the earth. 1L of water contains 0.03 grams of deuterium. Our earth has 1.3 billion and 86 million cubic kilometers of water. It contains J311047.11⨯energy. These energies are enough for us to use ten billion years.2.2Controlled nuclear fusionThe explosion of a hydrogen bomb is primarily nuclear fusion. But it is the high temperature and high pressure environment produced by the atomic bomb explosive. Then the deuterium and tritium had a nuclear fusion reaction, and released a great energy. But the explosive energy of this moment is not controlled. If we can control the energyResearch and development of controlled nuclear fusionE-mail:Abstract: This paper tells the development of controlled nuclear fusion energy at the first. Then it analyzes the definition and the main research methods and the problems of controlled nuclear fusion. Magnetic confinement fusion and inertial confinement fusion are two main research approaches in the study of controlled nuclear fusion. This paper explains the principle of magnetic confinement fusion firstly. Then it analysis the working principle of tokamak. It also analyzes the development of magnetic confinement nuclear fusion in China. In the inertial confinement fusion, the paper firstly explains the basic principle of the method. Then this paper introduces the development of the NIF device in American and SG engineering in nuclear fusion research in China. People still insist on the study of nuclear fusion, people will be able to achieve controlled nuclear fusion in the future.Key Words: Controlled nuclear fusion; Magnetic confinement fusion; Inertial confinement fusionreleased by the fusion, and use it to social production and human life. Then we achieve controlled nuclear fusion. In “Spider Man 2”, the energy used by Dr. octopus, is controlled nuclear fusion.2.3 Research way of controlled nuclear fusionFrom the last century 50's to now, people poured a lot of energy to study nuclear fusion. We still believe that there is still a long way to go before we achieve controlled nuclear fusion. Scientists estimate that we have to wait for more than 30 years before building nuclear fusion power station. In this study, people put forward various ideas and the construction of the device is also various. But from the current point of view, the way to controlling nuclear fusion is divided into two major categories: magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) and inertial confinement fusion (ICF). This paper will introduce and analyze them in the third and fourth sections. However, both MCF and ICF, they are just the experimental device. It is quite a long distance away from the real economy. And there are also a variety of technical problems to solve.2.4 The problem of controlled nuclear fusionDeuterons and tritons are positively charged under normal conditions. And they are mutually exclusive. So if we want to put them aggregate. We need to use a lot of energy to enable them to overcome the repulsion. The deuteron and Triton have a large enough kinetic energy when the nuclear fusion material is heated to a high temperature (one hundred million degrees ). But it only provides the speed of the collision, we should also restrict the nuclear material, so that they reach a high enough density. This would make it possible for the fusion of deuterium and tritium. This is the realization method of deuteron and triton polymerization. From the above conditions for the occurrence of fusion, it can be found that controlled nuclear fusion is very difficult. This paper will discuss the problem of controlled nuclear fusion:1) Constraint problem of plasma. Fusion nuclear material format plasma after high temperature and high pressure treatment. Due to the plasma is a highly complex multibody system, which has the electromagnetic interaction, various wave particle interactions and nonlinear turbulent flow problems. Figure 2 shows the complexity of the internal structure of the plasma. If we want to master the laws of these plasmas, we must need a lot of manpower, materialresources and financial resources.Fig 2. Four states of matter2) Ignition problem and material problem. It requires 100 millions degrees of high temperature environment to start the fusion reaction. After the occurrence of nuclear fusion, its own energy can be maintained by the control. First ,it is a very difficult technical problem how to produce 100 millions degrees of high temperature. Another is the material problem, what material can withstand thetemperature of 100 millions degrees. A strong magnetic field is required in the confinement of the plasma. The strong magnetic field is produced by high current, which requires the conductor to be superconducting material, and it has not solved the problem of high temperature superconducting materials. Fig 3 lists the high temperature superconductor materials. The highest critical temperature of high temperature superconductor material is 165K. It isstill very low.FIG 3.Development of high temperature superconducting materials. It shows the critical temperature of high temperature superconductor material.3) Neutron radiation problem. A large number of neutrons will be produced when deuterium and tritium occur fusion. The radiation problem is produced when the material is irradiated by neutron. And these neutrons will damage the reactor material. This is a problem that must be considered. There are 3 major challenges controlled nuclear fusion, the technology problem of controlled nuclear fusion is still more than these.3 MCFMagnetic confinement fusion process is generally as follows:First, deuterium and tritium and their free electron format aplasma in the ultra-high temperature. Then, we use the magnetic field of the special shape to constrain and compress the plasma, so that they can achieve the ignition condition of controlled nuclear fusion. Ignition condition is: 1) Reactor temperature is higher than 100 millions degrees. 2) The density of the plasma is greater than 1020 per cubic metre.3) The time of the constraint should be more than 1s.So far, MCF is a nuclear fusion approach which people spend most research and money on it. Tokamak device is one of the important roles of magnetic confinement nuclear fusion. 3.1 TokamakTokamark was invented in the 50's of last century. It is a circular container for controlled nuclear fusion by magnetic confinement. Its name is made up of the first 2 letters of 4 words. They are toroidal ,kamera, magnet and kotushka. It is feasible that uses Tokamak to start nuclear fusion .But its related results are generated in the form of a broken pulse, which is still a big gap in the real life. Now, the superconducting technology has been used in the Tokar Mark coil. This is a major breakthrough of controllednuclear fusion. At present, the study of the Tokamak has become a hot international craze.3.2 Working principle of TokamakFig. 4 Schematic diagram of Tokamak device ，it shows the principle ofTokamak.Fig. 5 Physical structure of Tokamak ，it shows the vacuum chamber of the Tokamak.From Fig4 and fig 5, it can be seen that the main body of the Tokamak device is composed of 2 parts, namely, the magnetic field system and the vacuum system.Magnetic field system has 2 main functions. The main effect of the longitudinal field coil is used to produce a strong longitudinal magnetic field. And then the plasma is confined in a vacuum tube. So they maybe start to react. The first step is to make the material become the plasma state. Plasma state is the fourth state of matter. The material is a fully ionized in this state. Its whole is electrically neutral. And due to the high temperature, it has enough kinetic energy to get rid of the shackles of the atomic nucleus. At this time, the atomic nucleus is completely exposed, and prepare for the conditions for the collision of the nucleus. When the plasma is heated to tens or hundreds of millions of degrees, nuclei can get rid of repulsion, gather together and form a fusion reaction. If there is enough density and enough heat to restrain them, the reaction will be able to run steadily.Common heating systems are as follows:1) Ohmic heating. The change of the magnetic field generates an electric potential, which generates an electric current in the plasma. The plasma has a resistance, whichcan be heated by ohmic heating. It is such as resistance element.2) Microwave heating. We use electromagnetic waves to heat plasma. The principle is same as the electromagnetic microwave.3) Neutral beam heating. Neutral beam heating is actually an energy transfer process. The energy of the particles is passed to the plasma after injecting the energetic particles into the Tokamak. And the heating is realized. We need to speed up the particles with the accelerator, so the cost is relatively high.Vacuum system. The vacuum chamber is the ring. The wall of the vacuum chamber is made of stainless steel. We must consider the mechanical strength. The wall must have a certain gap, in order to ensure the penetration of magnetic field. Gas pumping system generally is a turbo molecular pump. This device can make the vacuum chamber pressure less than Pa 610 .3.3 Development of magnetic confinement nuclear fusion in ChinaFrom the last century 50's, China began the research of nuclear fusion, mainly concentrated in the Southwest Institute of physics and the Institute of plasma physics in Chinese Academy of sciences. HL-1 was on operation in 1984. China developed a HT-7 superconducting Tokamak, marking China become the world's fourth superconducting Tokamark in 1994. In 2005, China completed the first non circular cross section Tokamak device - EAST. Then, in 2006, China's first EAST achieved the first ignition, whichis an unprecedented achievement.Fig 6.EAST .The graph shows its shapeEAST has a first set of neutral beam injection (NBI) in 2012. This marks the EAST upgrade to EAST-NBI. 3.4 ITERThe International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor program called ITER. The proposal originated in 1985 .It was designed to work in 1988. The design of the project was completed in 2001, and it has cost $1.5 billion. Our government insists on participating in the ITER program for the sake of our country's energy. In 2003, our country decided to formally participate in ITER negotiations. Now ITER has 7 member countries - China, the EU, South Korea,Russia, Japan, India and the United States. Scientists assessthe construction of ITER will cost $5billions in 1998.Fig. 7 Schematic diagram of ITER.It is actually a nuclear fusion power stationAs shown in Figure 7, the reactor unit in the ITER project is a large Tokamak device. ITER device not only reflects the latest achievements in the field of fusion energy research, but also the world's top technology, such as high current accelerator technology, superconducting technology, complex control technology and so on.4 ICFInertial confinement fusion is proposed in the 60's of the last century. This fusion technique utilizes a laser. So as to achieve the conditions of ignition, we first use a laser to heat the deuterium and tritium fuel to reach the temperature of the reaction, and let it be compressed. Then we will get the energy gain.4.1 Principle of inertial confinement fusionFigure 8 Inertial confinement nuclear fusion. It describes the basic principles of ICFAs shown in Figure 8, the fuel ball is the main component of the inertia constraint. Spherical shell material can be metal or glass, etc. The ball is equipped with deuterium and tritium gas. The principle of inertia is as follows:1) With the laser irradiation, The surface of the shell will absorb energy and evaporation.2) According to Newton's third law, the inner layer of the sphere will be squeezed because of the effect of reaction force. At this time, the pressure increases in the gas, the temperature is also rising.3) With the continuous irradiation of the laser, the fuel isconstantly squeezed into the center. If the radius of the ball is R1 and the compression ratio is R2 .So the compression ratio is R1/R2.4) When R1/R2 can reach about 30. So the temperature can be reached very high. When the temperature reaches the ignition temperature, the mixture of the small ball will explode. The process is very short. There are more than three such explosions per second, and can continue to go on. The energy is equivalent to a million kilowatt class of power stations.4.2 Technical difficulties of inertial confinement nuclear fusionWhy don ’t we still use this technology to build power stations today? This paper will analyze the causes.1) No matter whether the laser beam or the particle beam, , their power has not yet reached the power to build power stations.2) Irradiation problems. Laser irradiation must be uniform. And fuel balls must also be clean. Once the technical problems occur, it will lead to the compression is not uniform, the explosion rate is not high.3) Improvement of explosive method. The method of center explosion is not necessarily the best solution. Whether there are better and more economical plan. Many countries are trying to study and explore the optimal method of ignition.4.3 NIF devices in the United StatesU.S. National Ignition Facility began to construct in 1997. Because of a lot of power and serious over budget, so that it was originally planned for 5 years to complete the project. Thus it was completed in February 2009. Figure 9 for the construction of NIF. From the picture, we can see a lot ofholes for the laser meter.Figure 9: NIFThe whole set of NIF device has 6000 different kinds ofhigh-tech equipment. And the construction of the plant is as long as a kilometer. In Fig 9, the device is designed to allow the 192 laser device to launch a laser at the same time in10-9 seconds and focus on the size of a pencil head. As shown in Figure 10, it is the fuel ball in the NIF device.Allowable error can not be greater than 30ps. In order to achieve such a high precision, manufacturing and installation of 6000 kinds of equipment is very important. All of the equipment is nearly perfect. According to theofficial announcement, NIF has cost $3.5billion.Fig 10.Installation of fuel ballsThe United States NIF successfully realized the ignition. Its output is greater than the input of energy in July 5, 2012. This is a landmark breakthrough in controlled nuclear fusion. But unfortunately, due to various external factors, the study of NIF turned to the study of nuclear weapons. 4.4 SG projectThe device belongs to the Nd: glass laser system. It ranks fourth in the world's laser device. We get the result of a lot of physical experiments in our country from it. SG II provides an irreplaceable means of experiment in inertial confinement fusion, X laser and other high-tech fields. It is an important experimental platform in this field. SG Ⅲ has successfully completed the construction. It can reach the level of "8 beams of light, pulse - 10000J". These achievements mark our country to become the third country to master high power laser driver technology. At the same time, it also makes China become the second country with independent research and construction of a new generation of high power laser driver.The ultimate goal of the SG series device is to realize ignition of controlled thermonuclear fusion by our country independently.Fig 11. SG experimental device It is the independent research and development of China. 5 SUMMARYWe consume fossil energy within 100 years. People are looking for new energy. One of them is nuclear power. Today, people has realized the commercialization of nuclear fission. But the fission of the raw material is very limited, the fuel of nuclear fusion is inexhaustible. In order to achieve the dream of fusion energy, people have paid great efforts.Although the realization of controlled nuclear fusion is so difficult, people has overcame considerable difficulties by REFERENCES[1]K. M. Feng. Liberal controlled nuclear fusion and theInternational Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) program [J]. Chinese nuclear power, 2009, 2 (3): 212-219.[2] B. L. Tan, C. H. Pan. Rethinking on the research approachesof controlled nuclear fusion [J]. Journal of nature, 2002, 24(6): 348-351.[3]G. C. Wang, Z. H. Yuan. ICF [J]. Chinese science, 1995, 6: 0[4]H. Liu. ICF[J]. modern physics knowledge, 2002, 14 (01):13-15.[5]J. M. Zhang. The force and structure analysis of the ring tothe field coil in a typical Tokamak device [D]. Electronic Technology University, 2009[6]Y. Qi. Controlled nuclear fusion: the ultimate energy [J].world science, 2010 (10): 20-22.[7]X. T. Xian. Inertial confinement fusion research progress andProspect [J]. nuclear science and engineering, 2000, 20 (3): 248-251.[8]S. Y. Zhu. important frontier of modern physics, [J]. modernphysics, 1991, 3 (03): 3-2.[9]H. Y. Jiang,D. L. Cu. fusion energy and controlled nuclearfusion research of [J]. modern physics, 2004, 16 (05): 17-18.[10]Q. Sun. SG-III laser device reliability research [D]. nationaldefense science and Technology University, 2005。
21世纪科技英语新词汇
干扰素（Interferon）干细胞（Stem Cells）干燥综合征(Sjogren Syndrome,SS)高技术（High Technology, 简称Hi-tech）高技术战争（high-tech warfare）高温超导电缆（High-TC Superconducting Cable）高温超导体（High-TC Superconductor）公共密钥基础结构(Public Key Infrastructure，PKI)供应链管理(Supply Chain Management)光纤通信（Optical Fiber Communication）国防高技术（defense high technology）国防关键技术（defense critical technology）国防信息基础结构（DII Defence Information Infrastructure）国际空间站（ISS(International Space Station)）(20040614)互联网时间（Internet Time）大规模杀伤性武器（Weapons of mass destruction）（陶子）中微子（T au neutrino ）大科学(Big Science)地球模拟器（Earth Simulator）地球资料卫星（earth resources satellite）地震矩规模（moment magnitude scale）电子现金(Electronic Cash)电子支票(Electronic Check)动漫（Comic and Animation）都市农业(Urban Agriculture或Agriculture in City Countryside) 二恶英”(Dioxin)非典型肺炎（Atypical Pneumonias）分布式计算（Distributed Computing）分布式能源（distributed energy sources）分子遗传学（Molecular genetics）疯牛病（Mad Cow Disease）白色农业（white agriculture）办公自动化（OA：Office Automation）半导体材料（semiconductor material）比较医学（Comparative Medicine）并行工程(Concurrent Engineering)博客（Blog/Blogger）超级网站（Super Website）城市垃圾管理的三C原则（Clean Cycle Control）创新决策权（Authority innovation-decisions）磁悬浮列车(Magnetically Levitated Train)3C 融合(3c fusion)3G（3rd Generation）3R技术(3R techniques)4A（Anyone Anytime Anywhere Anything）CG( Computer Graphics )DVD( Digital Versatile Disk，多功能数码光盘)EVD (Enhanced Versatile Disk，增强型多媒体盘片系统)Open AccessSOI材料(Silicon on Insulator Materials)Wi-Fi技术（Wireless Fidelity）阿尔法客车”(AlphaBus)爱普（APIEL：Advanced Placement International English Language）按需计算（On-Demand Computing）ACPR — adjacent-channel power ratio 邻频功率比ADC — analog-to-digital converter 模数转换AGC — automatic gain control 自动增益控制AMPS — advanced mobile phone system 高级移动电话系统ASIC — application-specific integrated circuit 专用集成电路ASK — amplifier shift keying 幅移键控ATM — asynchronous transfer mode 异步传输模式AWGN — additive white gaussian noise 加白高斯噪声BER — bit error rate 误码率BPSK — binary phase shift keying 二相位键控CCRR — co-channel rejection ratio 同频抑制比CDMA — code-division multiple access 码分多址CDPD — cellular digital packet data 蜂窝数字包数据/蜂窝状数字式分组数据交换系统，也指相应的技术或标准CMRR — common-mode rejection ratio 共模抑制比HAPS ----高空平台站HBS ----HARDWARE BENCHMARK SYSTEMHDTV ----高清晰度电视HDTV ----高清晰度电视HEC ----混合纠错HFC ----光纤电缆混合网HFC ----光纤铜轴混合网HGC ----HERCULES GRAPHICS CARD 大力神图形卡HHS ----美国卫生和公众服务部HIS ----医院信息系统HLM ----异类局域网管理HLR ----HOME LACATION REGISTEMHMI ----人机接口HOME PNA ----电话线联网联盟HOME RF ----研究策划家庭网络无线传送规格的业界机构HON ----互联网保健基金会HOPS ----Hast Pioxionity SecoiceHPA ----高功率放大器HPC ----手掌电脑HPCC ----HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATION PROGRAM 高性能计算机与通信规划HPCC ----HIGH PERFORMANCE CONYUTING AND COMMUNICATING 高性能计算与通讯HPCS ----高性能计算机系统HPFS ----高性能文件系统HPSN ----高性能可延展网络HRN ----HARDWARE REVISION NUMBERHSCDS ----高速电路交换数据HSCSD ----HIGH SPEED CINCUIT SWITCHED DATAHSCSD ----高速数据传输HSSG ----HIGH SPEED STUDY GROUNHTTP ----HYPER TEXT TRANSFER PROTOCALHUML ----HYPER TEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE科学技术教育与培训（S&T education and training）科学素养(Scientific Literacy)可视图文（Visual pictures and literature）空间站（space 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Sensing）遥医学（Telemedicine）液晶(Liquid Crystal)液晶（liquid crystal）液晶显示器（Liquid Crystal Display，LCD）一票否决权（veto power）医学遗传学（medical genetics）医院信息系统(Integrated Hospital Information System,IHIS)移动计算（Mobile Computing）移动上网（WAP）遗传筛查（Genetic Screening）应用研究（Application Research）营养免疫( Nutrition Immunology)有机（生化）纳米材料(Organic (Biochemical) Nanomaterial)预发式计算（Proactive Computing）远程呈现（telepresence）远程医学（T elemedicine）载人航天(Manned Space Flight)载人航天（manned spaceflight）摘菊使者（Daisy Cutter）知识管理（Knowledge Management, 简称KM）知识经济（The Knowledge Economy）知识引擎（Kengine）知识与资源管理（KRM：Konwlege & Resource Management）脂质体(Liposome)植物全息现象(Plant Holographic Images)中国强制认证（CCC“China Compulsory Certification”）重组DNA技术（Recombinant DNA Technology）转基因动物（Genetically Modified Animal）转基因食品（Genetically Modified Food）准晶（Quasicrystal）准一维纳米材料（Quasi-one-dimensional Nanometer Material）资源安全（Resource Security）自主计算（Autonomic Computing）综合性安全(Comprehensive Security，或非传统安全)总部经济（Headquarters Economy）组织培养技术（Tissue Culture Technology）西尼罗河病毒（West Nile virus）消费电子（consume electronics）信息材料（information materials）信息技术外包（IT Outsourcing）信息经纪人（Information Broker）信息战（information warfare— IW）休闲农业（Recreational Agriculture）虚拟口腔（DentAART）虚拟人（Visual Human）虚拟人（Visual human）虚拟天文台（Virtual Observatory）虚拟现实技术（Virtual Reality Technology）循环经济（Recycling Economy / Cyclic Economy）太空农业(Space Agriculture)太空行走（Walking in space）太阳风暴（Solar Storm）太阳能(Solar Energy)炭疽(Anthrax)炭疽（anthrax）唐氏综合症（Downs Syndrome）提高战略运算能力计划Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative，ASCI 体细胞遗传学（somatic genetics）通信卫星（communication satellite。
211171118_铜包铝镁合金拉拔工艺及力学性能研究
世界有色金属 2023年 1月下146前沿技术L eading-edge technology铜包铝镁合金拉拔工艺及力学性能研究张 超1，谢国锋2，张小立1，徐玉松3（１．江苏科技大学冶金工程学院，江苏 张家港 ２１５６００；２．江苏广川超导科技有限公司，江苏 张家港 ２１５６００；３．江苏科技大学材料科学与工程学院，江苏 镇江 ２１２１００）摘 要：本文采用道次延伸系数相同的拉拔配模方法计算了５１５４铜包铝镁合金杆由Φ７．４ｍｍ拉拔至Φ４．１ｍｍ的拉拔道次及平均延伸系数，并根据理论计算结果进行相关试验。
测试了不同直径原始态及回火态合金杆的室温拉伸性能，详细讨论拉拔工艺对材料应变硬化性能的影响规律，并分析材料的拉伸断裂特征。
结果表明：５１５４铜包铝镁合金杆从Φ７．４ｍｍ减径到Φ４．１ｍｍ的总延伸系数为３．２５８，拉拔道次为３次，道次平均延伸系数为１．４８。
随拉拔道次增加，原始态和回火态合金杆力学性能均呈现先增加后降低特征，但下降趋势不明显，两种状态试样的应变硬化指数随拉拔道次增加呈线性下降趋势。
室温拉伸断口中存在大量等轴状韧窝，断裂方式为穿晶韧性断裂。
关键词：５１５４铝镁合金；拉拔配模；回火处理；应变硬化中图分类号：ＴＧ３３５．８ 文献标识码：Ａ 文章编号：１００２－５０６５（２０２３）０２－０１４６－３Study on Drawing Process and Mechanical Properties of Copper Clad Aluminum Magnesium AlloyZHANG Chao 1, XIE Guo-feng 2, ZHANG Xiao-li 1, XU Yu-song 3（１．Ｓｃｈｏｏｌ ｏｆ Ｍｅｔａｌｌｕｒｇｉｃａｌ Ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ， Ｊｉａｎｇｓｕ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ｏｆ Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ ａｎｄ Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ，Ｚｈａｎｇｊｉａｇａｎｇ ２１５６００，Ｃｈｉｎａ；２．Ｊｉａｎｇｓｕ Ｇｕａｎｇｃｈｕａｎ Ｓｕｐｅｒｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｎｇ Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ Ｃｏ．， Ｌｔｄ，Ｚｈａｎｇｊｉａｇａｎｇ ２１５６００，Ｃｈｉｎａ；３．Ｓｃｈｏｏｌ ｏｆ Ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓ Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ ａｎｄ Ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ， Ｊｉａｎｇｓｕ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ｏｆ Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ ａｎｄ Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ，Ｚｈｅｎｊｉａｎｇ ２１２１００，Ｃｈｉｎａ）Abstract: Ｉｎ ｔｈｉｓ ｐａｐｅｒ， ｔｈｅ ｄｒａｗｉｎｇ ｄｉｅ ｍａｔｃｈｉｎｇ ｍｅｔｈｏｄ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｓａｍｅ ｐａｓｓ ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｉｏｎ ｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔ ｉｓ ｕｓｅｄ ｔｏ ｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｅ ｔｈｅ ｌｅｎｇｔｈ ｏｆ ５１５４ ｃｏｐｐｅｒ ｃｌａｄ ａｌｕｍｉｎｕｍ ｍａｇｎｅｓｉｕｍ ａｌｌｏｙ ｒｏｄ ｆｒｏｍ Φ ７．４ｍｍ ｄｒａｗｎ ｔｏ Φ ４．１ ｍｍ ｄｒａｗｉｎｇ ｐａｓｓｅｓ ａｎｄ ａｖｅｒａｇｅ ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｉｏｎ ｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔ， ａｎｄ ｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ ｔｅｓｔｓ ａｒｅ ｃａｒｒｉｅｄ ｏｕｔ ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｔｈｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌ ｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎ ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ． Ｔｈｅ ｒｏｏｍ ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ ｔｅｎｓｉｌｅ ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ａｌｌｏｙ ｒｏｄｓ ｗｉｔｈ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｄｉａｍｅｔｅｒｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｏｒｉｇｉｎａｌ ａｎｄ ｔｅｍｐｅｒｅｄ ｓｔａｔｅｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｔｅｓｔｅｄ， ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｄｒａｗｉｎｇ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｓｔｒａｉｎ ｈａｒｄｅｎｉｎｇ ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓ ｗａｓ ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄ ｉｎ ｄｅｔａｉｌ， ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｔｅｎｓｉｌｅ ｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅ ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓ ｗｅｒｅ ａｎａｌｙｚｅｄ． Ｔｈｅ ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ ｓｈｏｗ ｔｈａｔ ５１５４ ｃｏｐｐｅｒ ｃｌａｄ ａｌｕｍｉｎｕｍ ｍａｇｎｅｓｉｕｍ ａｌｌｏｙ ｒｏｄ Φ ７．４ ｍｍ ｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ｔｏ Φ Ｔｈｅ ｔｏｔａｌ ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｉｏｎ ｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔ ｏｆ ４．１ｍｍ ｉｓ ３．２５８， ｔｈｅ ｄｒａｗｉｎｇ ｐａｓｓ ｉｓ ３ ｔｉｍｅｓ， ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ａｖｅｒａｇｅ ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｉｏｎ ｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｐａｓｓ ｉｓ １．４８． Ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ ｏｆ ｄｒａｗｉｎｇ ｐａｓｓｅｓ， ｔｈｅ ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌ ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ａｌｌｏｙ ｒｏｄ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｏｒｉｇｉｎａｌ ｓｔａｔｅ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｔｅｍｐｅｒｅｄ ｓｔａｔｅ ｂｏｔｈ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ ａｔ ｆｉｒｓｔ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅｎ ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅ， ｂｕｔ ｔｈｅ ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅ ｔｒｅｎｄ ｉｓ ｎｏｔ ｏｂｖｉｏｕｓ． Ｔｈｅ ｓｔｒａｉｎ ｈａｒｄｅｎｉｎｇ ｉｎｄｅｘ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｓａｍｐｌｅｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｔｗｏ ｓｔａｔｅｓ ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｓ ｌｉｎｅａｒｌｙ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ ｏｆ ｄｒａｗｉｎｇ ｐａｓｓｅｓ． Ｔｈｅｒｅ ａｒｅ ａ ｌｏｔ ｏｆ ｅｑｕｉａｘｅｄ ｄｉｍｐｌｅｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｔｅｎｓｉｌｅ ｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅ ａｔ ｒｏｏｍ ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ， ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅ ｍｏｄｅ ｉｓ ｔｒａｎｓｇｒａｎｕｌａｒ ｄｕｃｔｉｌｅ ｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅ．Keywords: ５１５４ ａｌｕｍｉｎｕｍ ｍａｇｎｅｓｉｕｍ ａｌｌｏｙ； Ｄｒａｗｉｎｇ ｄｉｅ； ｔｅｍｐｅｒｉｎｇ； ｓｔｒａｉｎ ｈａｒｄｅｎｉｎｇ收稿日期：２０２２－１２作者简介：张超，男，生于１９８６年，汉族，江苏张家港人，硕士，实验师，研究方向：金属功能材料。
钛合金(TC4)深孔套料的钻削工艺研究
∗ 收稿日期:２０１７－１２－１０ 作者简介:昝 琼(１９８５－) ꎬ女ꎬ陕西宝鸡人ꎬ工程师ꎬ在职研究生ꎬ主要从事金属材料方面的科研工作ꎮ
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Ｓｔｕｄｙ ｏｎ Ｄｒｉｌｌｉｎｇ Ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ ｏｆ Ｄｅｅｐ Ｈｏｌｅ Ｔｒｅｐａｎｎｉｎｇ ｆｏｒ Ｔｉｔａｎｉｕｍ Ａｌｌｏｙ ＺＡＮ Ｑｉｏｎｇ１ꎬ２ꎬ ＺＨＥＮＧ Ｗｅｎ－ｃｕｉ１
(１.Ｘｉ'ａｎ Ｓｈｉｙｏｕ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙꎬ Ｘｉ'ａｎ Ｓｈａａｎｘｉ ７１００６５ꎬ Ｃｈｉｎａꎻ ２.Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ Ｓｕｐｅｒｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｎｇ Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓ Ｃｏ.ꎬ Ｌｔｄꎬ Ｘｉ'ａｎ Ｓｈａａｎｘｉ ７１００１８ꎬ Ｃｈｉｎａ) Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ: Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｃｕｔｔｉｎｇ ｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅ ｏｆ ｔｉｔａｎｉｕｍ ａｌｌｏｙꎬ ａｎｄ ｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇ ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓꎬ ａ ｓｅｔ ｏｆ ｓｕｉｔａｂｌｅ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇ ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ ｆｏｒ ｔｉｔａｎｉｕｍ ａｌｌｏｙ ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓ ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ ｃｈｉｐ ｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅ ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ ａｎｄ ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌ ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ ｉｓ ｐｕｔ ｆｏｒｗａｒｄ ｉｎ ｔｈｉｓ ｐａｐｅｒ. Ｔｈｅ ｔｅｓｔ ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ ｓｈｏｗ ｔｈａｔ ｗｈｅｎ ｔｈｅ ｓｐｅｅｄ ｎ ｉｓ １１０ ｒ / ｍｉｎꎬ ｔｈｅ ｆｅｅｄ ｒａｔｅ ｆ ｉｓ ０.２ ｍｍ / ｒꎬ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｃｕｔｔｉｎｇ ｆｌｕｉｄ ｆｌｏｗ Ｑ ｉｓ ２５０ Ｌ / ｍｉｎꎬ ｔｈｅ ｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｉｎｇ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｃｈｉｐ ｒｅｍｏｖａｌ ａｒｅ ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｌｙ ｓｍｏｏｔｈ ａｎｄ ｓｔｅａｄｙ. Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ: ｔｉｔａｎｉｕｍ ａｌｌｏｙꎻ ｔｒｅｐａｎｎｉｎｇꎻ ｄｅｅｐ ｈｏｌｅ ｄｒｉｌｌｉｎｇꎻ ｃｈｉｐ ｒｅｍｏｖａｌ ｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅ
《科技英语阅读》课后名词解释和翻译
Unit1 mathematics名词解释绝对补集absolute complement / 代数algebra /代数式algebraic expression / 代数方程algebraic equation / 代数不等式algebraic inequality / 任意常数arbitrary constant / 数组array / 底数；基数base number / 连续函数continuous function / 函数function / 复合函数function of function / 函数记号functional notation / 集合aggregate / 子集subset /迭代函数iterative function/优先权之争priority battle/分形特征fractal properties/有意义make sense/以越来越小的规模重复同一模式patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales/混沌理论chaos theory/季刊a quarterly journal/数学界the mathematics community/波纹线crisp lines/会议公报proceedings of a conference翻译3. Translate the sentences into Chinese.1)他主要是因为用分形这个概念来描述（海岸线、雪花、山脉和树木）等不规则形状等现象而闻名于世，这些不规则形状在越来越小的规模上不断重复同一模式。
2)如果再仔细观察，就可以发现集的边界并没有呈波纹线，而是像火焰一样闪光。
3)但是，克朗兹在这场辩论中引入了一个新东西，他说曼德布洛特集不是曼德布洛特集发明的，而是早在“曼德布洛特集”这个术语出现几年以前就已经明确地在数学文献中出现了。
4)曼德布洛特同时也暗示即使布鲁克斯和马特尔斯基的论文先于他发表，但因为他们没有领会到其价值，仍然不能将他们看作是曼德布洛特集的发现者。
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Zero resistivity effect
The phenomenon of the sudden disappearance of the DC resistivity at a certain temperature is called the zero resistance effect. The conductor has no resistance. So when the current flows through the superconductor, the heat loss cannot occur, and the current can flow through the wire without resistance, then producing a super magnetic field. That is called Zero resistivity effect.
○ transfer and manufacture large magnets. ○ High voltage power transmission
In 2008, American Superconductor officially commissioned the world’s first high-temperature superconductor power-transmission cable system to be
used in a commercial power grid.
Because of the difficulties of technology, the commercial application of superconductor transmission is developing slowly.
Meissner effect. Therefore, it is necessary to see whether a material
has zero resistance and Meissner effect at the same time. It is the key to measure whether a material is a superconductor.
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Meissner effect
When a magnet and a superconductor in the superconducting state approach each other, the magnetic field of the magnet will make the superconducting current appear on the surface of the superconductor. The magnetic field formed by the superconducting current and the magnetic field of the magnet are equal in size and opposite in direction inside the superconductor. These two magnetic fields cancel, so that the magnetic induction intensity inside the superconductor is zero, that is, the superconductor reject magnetic field inside.
○ superconducting trains and superconducting ships
Zero resistivity effect and Meissner effect are the two independent and interrelated basic properties of the superconducting state. The simple zero resistance does not guarantee the existence of Meissner effect, but the zero resistance effect is the necessary condition of the
Freya H15000607
Dutch physicists He discovered the superconductivity of objects. In 1911 and won the Nobel prize for physics in 1913 .
Superconductive is a nature that some material resistance is reduced to zero under certain temperature conditions generally under low temperature.
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