2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试答题卡英语(一)(二)
2022年研究生考试英语一真题及答案解析
2022年研究生入学考试英语（一）试题及解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term “plant neurobiology” was __1__ around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be __2__ to intelligence in animals. __3__ plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that __4__consciousness, researchers previously reported.But such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. Plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it __5__ so greatly from that of animals that so-called __6__ of plants’ intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.Beginning in 2006, some scientists have __7__ that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters, __8__ “a plant nervous system, __9__ to that in animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz, “They __10__ claimed that plants have “brain-like command centers” at their root tips.”This __11__ makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, __12__ it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals. __13__, the signaling in a plant is only __14__ similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,” Taiz said.“For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold __15__ of complexity and capacity is required,” he __16__.”Since plants don’t have nervous systems, the __17__ that they have consciousness are effectively zero.”And what’s so great about consciousness, anyway? Plants can’t run away from __18__, so investing energy in a body system which __19__a threat and can feel pain would be a very__20__ evolutionary strategy, according to the article.1. [A]coined [B] discovered [C]collected [D]issued2. [A]attributed [B] directed [C]compared [D]confined3. [A]unless [B] when [C]once [D] though4. [A]coped with [B] consisted of [C]hinted at [D] extended5. [A]suffers [B] benefits [C]develops [D] differs6. [A]acceptance [B] evidence [C]cultivation [D] creation7. [A]doubted [B] denied [C]argued [D] requested8. [A]adapting [B] forming [C]repairing [D] testing9. [A]analogous [B] essential [C]suitable [D] sensitive10. [A]just [B] ever [C]still [D] even11. [A]restriction [B] experiment [C]perspective [D] demand12. [A]attaching [B] reducing [C]returning [D] exposing13. [A]However [B] Moreover [C]Therefore [D] Otherwise14. [A]temporarily [B] literally [C]superficially [D] imaginarily15. [A]list [B] level [C]label [D] local16. [A]recalled [B] agreed [C]questioned [D] added17. [A]chances [B] risks [C]excuses [D] assumptions18. [A]danger [B] failure [C]warning [D] control19. [A]represents [B] includes [C]reveals [D]recognizes20. [A]humble [B] poor [C]practical [D] easySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1People often complain that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because plastics are everywhere and don't break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle. They “weep” out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects. The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills from Disney films, and the first artificial heart.Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn't always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. “It’s like baking a cake: If you don't have exact amounts, it goes wrong,” she says. “The object you make is already a time bomb.”And sometimes, it's not the artist's fault. In the 1960s, the Italian artist Picro Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen “nature carpets” -large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons. He wanted viewers to walk around on the carpets -which meant they had to be durable.Unfortunately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable. It's especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardi’s pumpkins, roses, and other figures were splitting and crumbling. Museums locked some of them away in the dark.So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardi’s sculptures. They infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals. Van Oosten calls those chemicals “sunscreens” because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers. She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.Despite success stories like van Oosten’s, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics designed to disintegrate, are increasingly common.And more is at stake here than individual objects. Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history -Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on -after examining artifacts in museums. We now live in an age of plastic, she says, “and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve ... will have a strong impact on how in the future we’ll be seen.”21. According to Paragraph 1, museums are faced with difficulties in____.[A] maintaining their plastic items.[B] obtaining durable plastic artifacts.[C] handling outdated plastic exhibits.[D] classifying their plastic collections.22. Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are[A] immune to decay.[B] improperly shaped.[C] inherently flawed.[D] complex in structure.23. Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi’s artworks to____.[A] keep them from hurting visitors.[B] duplicate them for future display.[C] have their ingredients analyzed.[D] prevent them from further damage.24. The author thinks that preservation of plastics is____.[A] costly [B] unworthy[C] unpopular [D] challenging25. In Ferreira’s opinion, preservation of plastic artifacts____.[A] will inspire future scientific research.[B] has profound historical significance.[C] will help us separate the material ages.[D] has an impact on today's cultural life.Text 2As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey.Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. But that promise has been found wanting. As degrees became universal, they became devalued. Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility. Today, 28 per cent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries.This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but rather stress that a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available.Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset. Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates. Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles.For those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the first of many. In this age of generalists, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills. Postgraduates now earn 40 per cent more than graduates. When more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense to have two.It is unlikely that Generation Z will be done with education at 18 or 21; they will need to be constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay employable. It has been estimated that this generation, due to the pressures of technology, the wish for personal fulfillment and desire for diversity, will work for 17 different employers over the course of their working life and have five different careers. Education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will be a core part of Generation Z's career trajectory.Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense: I am a geographer' or 'I am a classist. 'Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing; it's as if they already know that their degree won't define them in the same way.26. the author suggests that Generation Z should____[A] be careful in choosing a college[B] be diligent at each educational stage[C] reassess the necessity of college education[D] postpone their undergraduate application27. The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles reflect[A] Millennial's opinions about work[B] the shrinking value of a degree[C] public discontentwith education[D] the desired route of social mobility28. The author considers it a good sign that____[A] Generation Z are seeking to earn a decent degree.[B] School leavers are willing to be skilled workers.[C] Employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees[D] Parents are changing their minds about education.29. It is advised in Paragraph 5 that those with one degree should[A] make an early decision on their career[B] attend on the job training programs[C] team up with high-paid postgraduates[D] further their studies in a specific field30. What can be concluded about Generation Z from the last two paragraphs?[A] Lifelong learning will define them.[B] They will make qualified educators.[C] Depress will no longer appeal them.[D] They will have a limited choice of jobs.Text 3Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun. These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers. Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said, they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.Such an encouraging results is not surprising. Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists to help them communicate their work to new audiences. ”Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning.” One respondent said.One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the scenes came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons. They reimagined the 300-year-old score by injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season-provided by Monash University’s Climate Change Communication Research Hub. The performance was a creative call to action ahead of November’s United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK.But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. Fewer artist than scientists responded to the Nature poll, however, several respondents noted that artists do not simplyassist scientists with their communication requirements. Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study. The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able to jointly design it and can critique each other’s work. Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result in powerful art.More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) to explore the role of technology in culture. The founders deliberately focused their projects around light-hence the “visual studies “in the name. Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration. As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.Nature’s poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever, but, to make a collaboration work, both sides need to invest time, and embrace surprise and challenge. The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication, and participants. Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention, and challenge and critique are core to both, too.31. According to paragraph 1, art-science collaborations have_____.[A] caught the attention of critics[B] received favorable responses[C] promoted academic publishing[D] sparked heated public disputes32. The reworked version of TheFour Seasons is mentioned to show that_____.[A] art can offer audiences easy access to science[B] science can help with the expression of emotions[C] public participation in science has a promising future[D] art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations33. Some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnership_____.[A] their role may be underestimated[B] their reputation may be impaired[C] their creativity may be inhibited[D] their work may be misguided34. What does the author say about CAVS?[A] It was headed alternately by artists and scientists[B] It exemplified valuable art-science alliances[C] Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies[D] Its founders sought to raise the status of artists35. In the last paragraph, the author holds that art-science collaborations_____.[A] are likely to go beyond public expectations[B] will intensify interdisciplinary competition[C] should do more than communicating science[D] are becoming more popular than beforeText 4The personal grievance provisions of New Zealand’s Employment Relations Act 2000 (ERA) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. Instead, dismissals must be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way.Personal grievance were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against arbitrary conduct by management. Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will attest, constraining firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance. The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success or failure. Between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal.Consequently –and paradoxically –laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may be placing those jobs at risk.If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. Indeed, in “An International Perspective on New Zealand’s Productivity Paradox” (2014), the Productivity Commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth record.Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.Society also suffers from excessive employment protections. Stringent job dismissal regulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall well-being.Across the Tasman Sea, Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” from the protectionof its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 private members’ Bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.36. The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to .[A] punish dubious corporate practices[B] improve traditional hiring procedures[C] exempt employers from certain duties[D] protect the rights of ordinary workers37. It can be learned from paragraph 3 that the provisions may.[A] hinder business development[B] undermine managers’ authority[C] affect the public image of the firms[D] worsen labor-management relations38. Which of the following measures would be the Productivity Commission support?[A] Imposing reasonable wage restraints.[B] Enforcing employment protection laws.[C] Limiting the powers of business owners.[D] Dismissing poorly performing managers.39. What might be an effect of ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures?[A] Highly paid managers lose their jobs.[B] Employees suffer from salary cuts.[C] Society sees a rise in overall well-being.[D] Employers need to hire new staff.40. It can be inferred that the “high-income threshold” in Australia.[A]has secured managers’ earnings[B]has produced undesired results[C]is beneficial to business owners[D]is difficult to put into practicePart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)(41) Teri ByrdI was a zoo and wildlife park employee for years. Both the wildlife park and zoo claimedto be operating for the benefit of the animals and for conservation purposes. This claim was false. Neither one of them actually participated in any contributions whose bottom line is much more important than the condition of the animals.Animals despise being captives in zoos. No matter how you “enhance” enclosures, they do not allow for freedom, a natural diet or adequate time for transparency with these institutions, and it’s past time to eliminate zoos from our culture.(42) Karen R. SimeAs a zoology professor, I agree with Emma Marris that zoo displays can be sad and cruel. But she underestimates the educational value of zoos.The zoology program at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences. These are mostly students who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas, wildlife refuges or national parks. Although good TV shows can help stir children’s interest in conservation, they cannot replace the excitement of a zoo visit as an intense, immersive and interactive experience. Surely there must be some middle ground that balances zoos’ treatment of animals with their educational potential.(43) Greg NewberryEmma Marris’s article is an insult and a disservice to the thousands of passionate who work tirelessly to improve the lives of animals and protect our planet. She uses outdated research and decades-old examples to undermine the noble mission of organization committed to connecting children to a world beyond their own.Zoos are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how they care for animals and protect each species in its natural habitat. Are there tragedies? Of course. But they are the exception not the norm that Ms. Marris implies. A distressed animal in a zoo will get as good or better treatment than most of us atour local hospital.(44) Dean GalleaAs a fellow environmentalist animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian. I could properly be in the same camp as Emma Marris on the issue of zoos. But I believe that well-run zoos and the heroic animals that suffer their captivity so serve a higher purpose. Were it not for opportunities to observe these beautiful wild creatures close to home many more people would be driven by their fascination to travel to wild areas to seek out disturb and even hunt them down.Zoos are in that sense similar to natural history and archeology museums serving to satisfy our need for contact with these living creatures while leaving the vast majority undisturbed in their natural environments.(45) John FraserEmma Marris selectively describes and misrepresents the findings of our research. Ourstudies focused on the impact of zoo experiences on how people think about themselves and nature and the data points extracted from our studies.Zoos are tools for thinking. Our research provides strong support for the value of zoos in connecting people with animals and with nature. Zoos provide a critical voice for conservation and environmental protection. They afford an opportunity for people from all backgrounds to encounter a range of animals from drone bees to springbok or salmon to better understand the natural world we live in.A. Zoos which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfair criticism.B. To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for the precious creatures in their care.C. While animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoos play a significant role in starting young people down the path of related sciences.D. Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.E. For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats, zoos offer the best alternative.F. Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals’ wellbeing.G. Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The Man Who Broke Napoleon's Codes -Mark UrbanBetween 1807 and 1814 the Iberian Peninsula (comprising Spain and Portugal) was the scene of a titanic and merciless struggle. It took place on many different planes: between Napoleon’s French army and the angry inhabitants; between the British, ever keen to exacerbate the emperor’s difficulties, and the marshals sent from Paris to try to keep them in check; between new forces of science and meritocracy and old ones of conservatism and birth.(46) It was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them.I first discovered the Napoleonic cryptographic battle a few years ago when I was reading Sir Charles Oman’s epic History of the Peninsular War. In volume V he had attached an appendix, The Scovell Ciphers. (47) It listed many documents in code that had been captured from the French army of Spain, and whose secrets had been revealed by the work of one George Scovell, an officer in British headquarters. Oman rated Scovell’s significance highly, but at the same time, the general nature of his History meant that (48) he could notanalyze carefully what this obscure officer may or may not have contributed to that great struggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much about the man himself. I was keen to read more, but was surprised to find that Oman’s appendix, published in 1914, was the only considered thing that had been written about this secret war.I became convinced that this story was every bit as exciting and significant as that of Enigma and the breaking of German codes in the Second World War. The question was, could it be told?Studying Scovell’s papers at the Public Record Office, London, I found that he had left an extensive journal and copious notes about his work in the Peninsula. What was more, many original French dispatches had been preserved in this collection, which I realized was priceless. (49)There may have been many spies and intelligence officers during the Napoleonic Wars, but it is usually extremely difficult to find the material they actually provided or worked on.As I researched Scovell’s story I found far more of piterest besides of his intelligence work. His status in Lord Wellington’s headquarters and the recognition given to him for his work were all bound up with the class politics of the army at the time. His tale of self-improvement and hard work would make a fascinating biography in its own right, but represents something more than that. (50)Just as the code breaking has its wider relevance in the struggle for Spain, so his attempts to make his way up the promotion ladder speak volumes about British society.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions：Write an e-mail to a professor at a British university, inviting him/her to organize a team for the international innovation contest to be held at your university.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the email. Use "Li Ming" instead. (10points)Part B52. Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) explain its intended meaning and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.（20 points）2022年英语（一）真题答案Section I Use of English1.A2.C3.D4.C5.D6.B7.C8.B9.A 10.D11.C 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.B 16.D 17.A 18.A 19.D 20.B Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1 21.A 22.C 23.D 24.D 25.BText 2 26.C 27.B 28.C 29.D 30. AText 3 31.B 32.A 33.A 34.B 35.CText 4 36.D 37.A 38.D 39.B 40.DPart B 41.F 42.C 43.A 44.D 45.GPartC46. 这也是一场代码制定者和破译者之间的战争。
全国研究生考试英语(一)和(二)考试大纲2022版
全国研究生考试英语(一)和(二)考试大纲2022版全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)考试大纲(非英语专业)(2022年版)I.考试性质英语(一)考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。
II.考查目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：(一)语言知识1.语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。
本大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求，其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习，以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。
2.词汇考生应能掌握5500左右的词汇以及相关附表中的内容(详见附录1、2)。
除掌握词汇的基本含义外，考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等;掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等;掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。
英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到科技发展和社会进步的影响。
这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。
此外，全国硕士研究生入学英语统一考试是为非英语专业考生设置的。
考虑到交际的需要，考生还应自行掌握与本人工作或专业相关的词汇，以及涉及个人好恶、生活习惯和宗教信仰等方面的词汇。
(二)语言技能1.阅读考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%)，还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。
对所选材料，考生应能：1)理解主旨要义;2)理解文中的具体信息;3)理解文中的概念性含义;4)进行有关的判断、推理和引申;5)根据上下文推测生词的词义;6)理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系;7)理解作者的意图、观点或态度;8)理解文章的论证方法，比较不同观点。
2022全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试卷
2022全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试卷英语（一）模拟3试卷条形码考生注意事项1.答题前，考生应按照准考证上的有关内容填写答题卡上的“考生姓名”、“报考单位”、“考生编号”等信息，粘贴“考生信息条形码”。
2.将试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴到答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。
考生不按照规定粘贴条形码影响考试的结果，考生责任自负。
3.客观题答案填涂按照答题卡上的要求用2B铅笔完成。
如需改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。
英译汉和写作部分必须用（蓝）黑色字迹钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔在答题卡2上做答。
字迹要清楚。
考生编号考生姓名Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following passage.For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l.(10 points)Interpersonal communication is your_____1_____interaction with others.Talking to a friend on campus,chatting to a friend on campus,chatting on the phone with a classmate about an_____2_____test, arguing the____3______of a movie with friends,discussing strategies for accomplishing tasks at work, ___4____for a job,and planning the future_____5_____a loved one are all forms of interpersonal communication.Effective interpersonal communication____6____our sensitivity to others and to the situation.One goal of effective interpersonal communication is to maintain relationships,and forming__7___messages that accurately convey our ideas and feelings___8___not offending the other person is key__9___our success.Effective interpersonal communication____10____us.People who can clearly express their ideas,beliefs, and opinions become influential and___11___control over what happens to them and to others that they ___12___.When we accurately and precisely___13____our thoughts,others gain a better____14____for our position.Their understanding and appreciation make it more likely that they will respond in___15____that are consistent with our needs.Effective interpersonal communication helps us manage the___16___we create.Presenting ourselves in such a way that others will___17___and trust us is important in both public and private____18____—whether we’re communicating in a professional setting,___19___our interpersonal skills are vital to getting a job, holding a position,or rising in an organization,or in a private setting where we’re trying to___20____and maintain relationships.1.[A]familiar[B]informal[C]intimate[D]close2.[A]upcoming[B]final[C]mid-term[D]intermediate3.[A]advances[B]strength[C]population[D]fondness4.[A]interview[B]interfere[C]interact[D]interpret5.[A]for[B]with[C]over[D]to6.[A]describes[B]conveys[C]portrays[D]betrays7.[A]sound[B]directory[C]diction[D]verbal8.[A]if[B]when[C]while[D]as9.[A]to[B]of[C]for[D]in10.[A]empowers[B]reinforces[C]supports[D]sustains11.[A]exhaust[B]exert[C]affect[D]enact12.[A]care about[B]care for[C]care with[D]take to13.[A]interpret[B]decipher[C]encode[D]decode14.[A]assessment[B]evaluation[C]appreciation[D]appraisal15.[A]approaches[B]methods[C]ways[D]ends16.[A]impressions[B]practices[C]things[D]experiences17.[A]respect[B]despise[C]mock[D]sneer at18.[A]settings[B]locations[C]situations[D]circumstances19.[A]when[B]where[C]how[D]if20.[A]work[B]build[C]keep[D]retainSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following passages.Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A B C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text OneThe importance and focus of the interview in the work of the print and broadcast journalist is reflected in several books that have been written on the topic.Most of these books,as well as several chapters,mainly in, but not limited to,journalism and broadcasting handbooks and reporting texts,stress the“how to”aspects of journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview,its context,and implications.Much of the“how to”material is based on personal experiences and general impressions.As we know,in journalism as in other fields,much can be learned from the systematic study of professional practice.Such study brings together evidence from which broad generalized principles can be developed.There is,as has been suggested,a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting,but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself.On the other hand,many general texts as well as numerous research articles on interviewing in fields other than journalism have been written.Many of these books and articles present the theoretical and empirical aspects of the interview as well as the training of the interviewers.Unhappily,this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to the journalistic interview.The fact that the general literature on interviewing does not deal with the journalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons.First,it seems likely that most people in modern Western societies are more familiar,at least in a positive manner,with journalistic interviewing than with any other form of interviewing.Most of us are probably somewhat familiar with the clinical interview,such as that conducted by physicians and psychologists.In these situations the professional person or interviewer is interested in getting information necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of the person seeking help.Another familiar situation is the job interview.However,very few of us have actually been interviewed personally by the mass media,particularly by television.And yet,we have a vivid acquaintance with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as readers,listeners,and viewers.Even so,true understanding of the journalistic interview, especially television interviews,requires thoughtful analyses and even study,as this book indicates.21.The main idea of the first paragraph is that________.[A]generalized principles for journalistic interviews are the chief concern for writers on journalism[B]importance should be attached to the systematic study of journalistic interviewing[C]concepts and contextual implications are of secondary importance to journalistic interviewing[D]personal experience and general impression should be excluded from journalistic interviews22.Much research has been done on interviews in general________.[A]so the training of journalistic interviewers has likewise been strengthened[B]though the study of the interviewing techniques hasn’t received much attention[C]but journalistic interviewing as a specific field has unfortunately been neglected[D]and there has also been a dramatic growth in the study of journalistic interviewing23.Westerners are familiar with the journalistic interview,________.[A]but most of them wish to stay away from it[B]and many of them hope to be interviewed some day[C]and many of them would like to acquire a true understanding of it[D]but most of them may not have been interviewed in person24.The word“empirical”(Para.2)most probably means[A]hypothetical[B]practical[C]reciprocal[D]hysterical25.The text is most likely a part of a________.[A]news article[B]journalistic interview[C]research report[D]prefaceText2The future of space exploration depends on many things.It depends on how technology evolves,how political forces shape competition and partnerships between nations,and how important the public feels space exploration is.The near future will see the continuation of human space flight in Earth's orbit and unpiloted space flight within the solar system.Piloted space flight to other planets,or even back to the moon,still seems far away.Any flight to other solar systems is even more distant,but a huge advance in space technology could drive space exploration into realms currently explored only by science fiction.The1968film2001:A Space Odyssey depicted commercial shuttles flying to and from a giant wheel-shaped space station in orbit around Earth,bases on the moon,and a piloted mission to Jupiter.The real space activities of2001will not match this cinematic vision,but the21st century will see a continuation of efforts to transform humanity into a space faring species.Perhaps the most difficult problem space planners face is how to finance a vigorous program of piloted space exploration in Earth’s orbit and beyond.In1998no single government or international enterprise had plans to send people back to the moon,much less to Mars.Such missions are unlikely to happen until the perceived value exceeds their cost.One belief shared by a number of space exploration experts is that future lunar and Martian expeditions should be aimed at creating permanent settlements.The residents of such outposts would have to"live off the land,"obtaining such necessities as oxygen and water from the harsh environment.On the moon,pioneers could obtain oxygen by heating lunar soil.In1998the Lunar Prospector discovered evidence of significant deposits of ice,a valuable resource for settlers,mixed with soil at the lunar poles.On Mars,oxygen could be extracted from the atmosphere and water could come from buried deposits of ice.The future of piloted lunar and planetary exploration remains largely unknown.Most space exploration scientists believe that people will be on the moon and Mars by the middle of the21st century,but how they getthere,and the nature of their visits,is a subject of continuing debate.Clearly,key advances will need to be made in lowering the cost of getting people off Earth,the first step in any human voyage to other worlds.Space exploration experts have long hoped that as international tensions have eased,an increasing number of space activities could be undertaken on an international,cooperative basis.In addition to the economic savings that could result from nations pooling their resources to explore space,the new perspective gained by space voyages could be an important benefit to international relations.The Apollo astronauts have said the greatest discovery from our voyages to the Moon was the view of their own world as a precious island of life in the void.Ultimately that awareness could help to improve our lives on Earth.26.A flight to other solar systems will be made more possible by_________[A]technological breakthroughs.[B]international cooperation.[C]market competition.[D]public pressure.27.It can be inferred from Paragraph2that human society will become increasingly_________[A]worried about life on other planets.[B]dependent on space tourism.[C]accustomed to long-distance flights.[D]associated with space exploration.28.It is difficult to send people to other planets because of_________[A]lack of capacity of space exploration vehicles.[B]the financial expenditure involved in space travel.[C]controversial nature of space travel.[D]the uncertain future of space exploration.29.According to this text,piloted space missions will need to be_________[A]more exciting than earlier film versions.[B]supported by international organizations.[C]more cost-effective than they appear to be at present.[D]financed by individual governments.30.It is predicted that people who will live on other planets would have to_________[A]appreciate the harsh conditions they encounter there.[B]depend on the natural resources available there.[C]take most daily necessities along with them.[D]engage in scientific research.Text3Big Western oil firms were reporting their results for the third quarter as the oil price climbed towards$100 a barrel during the past few weeks.Record oil prices,it turns out,do not translate into record profits.Oil is now close to exceeding the record set in1979of between$100and$110,depending on how you adjust for inflation and what criterion you use.Yet almost without exception,big oil firms'profits are falling from the peaks reached last year.Exxon Mobil,for example,reported a10%drop in profits in the third quarter,and BP's fell even more sharply.Profits also fell at Chevron,ConocoPhillips and Eni.They rose at Total and Royal Dutch Shell—but only thanks to exchange-rate fluctuations and one-off asset sales.Analysts at Citigroup calculate that,measured in dollars,the biggest oil firms'earnings fell by15%on average.To be fair,the oil price has surged most dramatically since the end of September,although it was also buoyant in the third quarter.The majors'poor showing also reflects lower profits from refining,as the difference in price between petrol and crude oil has fallen from the exceptionally high levels of recent months.But the fact remains that oil giants are struggling to pump more oil and gas.In part,this is due to a quirk of the rules that oblige Western oil firms to share the crude they produce with state-owned oil firms in many countries.The contracts in question often rule that as the price goes up,the volume of oil the foreigners receive decreases.Worse,several countries are changing contracts or tax rules in ways that will further erode the Western oil firms'profits—and in some cases are throwing them out altogether.Rising costs are also a problem.Exxon,which is known for its strict financial discipline,saw costs rise almost twice as fast as revenue in the third quarter.The shortage of labor and equipment that is feeding this inflation is also causing delays to new projects.And there are not enough new projects in the pipeline.The International Energy Agency reckons that the expansion plans of the big Western and state-owned oil firms will leave the world12.5m barrels per day short of requirements in2015.Despite this looming deficit and the glaring price signal,all the big companies except Total produced less oil and gas in the third quarter than they did in the same period last year.According to Citigroup,the average decline in overall output was3.3%.If the relatively steady supply of natural gas is stripped out,the numbers look even worse:oil production fell by9%on average.No matter how high the price goes,the oil majors cannot make a profit from oil they do not produce.31.We can learn from the first paragraph that_______[A]the oil price is not really close to the degree of exceeding the historical record.[B]whether the oil price will break the record rests on the measurement used.[C]the oil price is rising and will continue rising to the historical record.[D]the profit of the oil production industry reached the historical record last year.32.Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the situation of the third quarter?[A]Most oil companies were suffering a serious loss in the third quarter.[B]Some companies also enjoyed rising profits in the third quarter.[C]The oil refining industry was also suffering a surplus reduction in the third quarter.[D]The oil price was on the rise in the third quarter.33.“This inflation”(Paragraph5)refers to_____[A]the rise of oil price.[B]the rise of Consumer Price Index(CPI).[C]the rise of oil production costs.[D]the rise of oil production revenue.34.The example of Citigroup is mentioned to______[A]show the big oil firms can benefit from the oil production[B]illustrate the Citigroup was the largest corporation with oil output[C]explain the causes for the average decline in the overall oil output[D]prove the prevalent trend of reduction in oil production35.Record oil prices do not translate into record profits because of the following reasons except_____[A]the declining margin from oil refining.[B]the disadvantageous change in contracts.[C]the shortage of supply of labour and equipment.[D]the decreasing quantity of oil production.Text4Dreams are said to be the window to the mind.Through the study of dreams,we can catch glimpses into what our subconscious minds are thinking,or what is troubling us at our deepest levels.No all dreams are the same,however,either in content or in meaning.In this respect,the study of bad dreams,nightmares,can yield interesting observations in regard to the mind and status of the dreamer.Indeed,nightmares appear to have been the subject of far more studies than more pleasant dreams,if for no other reason than while pleasant dreams are easily forgotten upon awakening,nightmares tend to linger in our minds is sufficient to demand attention.The sources of our dreams are most commonly attributed to factors in our waking lives.Whether it be emotional challenges,stress in the workplace,relationship problems or a myriad of other possible factors,the thoughts and feelings created in our waking environments are believed to directly influence the content of our dreams.A particular dramatic or traumatic experience during the day would no doubt be encountered again in some form or another during the night.Just as important as actual events in the determination of the content of our dreams are the pre-existing beliefs that we hold.If we encounter some kind of phenomena in our dreams,it is very likely that we already believed in the possibility of the phenomena before the dream.For example,if someone dreams of being abducted by aliens,it’s very likely that,before the dream,he already believed in the existence of aliens.To the extent that dreams are direct reflections of our minds,they will reflect accurately what we believe and hold to be true.The way that we act in dreams bears consideration as well.Often times,our behavior in our dreams reflects hidden desires for that type of behavior in our waking lives.Someone who dreams of revenge may actually desire revenge in real life,and likewise someone who dreams of adventure night after night may be experiencing his mind playing out a desire for more excitement in his everyday life.While the items encountered in our dreams are of great importance in the analysis of dreams,it must be recognized and understood that the same item in two different dreams can easily have entirely different meanings for the two dreamers.For example,a horse in the dreams of an avid equestrian can signify comfort and relaxation,whereas the same horse in the dreams of a hunter can represent excitement and challenge.36.Nightmares are mentioned in paragraph one in order to______[A]give an introduction of our subconscious mind.[B]give an example of one particularly vivid type of dream.[C]provide a justification for the study of influence of dreams.[D]compare the pleasant dreams and nightmares.37.Based on the information provided in paragraph three,if a man dreamed of being hit by a train,it is likely that he_______[A]has been hit by a train before.[B]beliefs in the existence of trains.[C]believes that it is possible to be hit by a train.[D]is afraid of being hit by a train.38.The last sentence of the text gives an example of horses encountered in dreams of two different people in order to______[A]illustrate how the same item can mean different things in different dreams.[B]exemplify the concept that people would,no doubt,react differently to the same images in dreams.[C]illustrate the idea that the emotions can influence the contents of dreams.[D]Support the assertion that the meaning behind dream images is entirely subjective.39.The main point of the text is that_______[A]the study of dreams is based on logic from the waking life of the dreamer.[B]in order to understand the meaning of dreams,we must analyze the beliefs of the dreamers.[C]dreams can reveal much about the personality of the dreamer.[D]the study of nightmares,while multifaceted,is a worthwhile endeavor.40.Which of the following would the author most likely agree with?[A]Nightmares can be good for us,if we use it properly.[B]Those who study dreams must first study the emotion of the dreamer.[C]The study of dreams makes sense if we know what to look for.[D]Dreamers should pay attention to their dreams to discern what those dreams reveal about themselves.Part BDirections:You are going to read a text about the tasks of leaders and the skills required for leadership.Choose the most suitable heading from the list A－G for each numbered paragraphs(41－45).The first and the last paragraph of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1(10points).[A]Handling rights based disputes[B]The role of dependence in disputes[C]Methods of settling conflicting interests[D]The use of negotiation for different dispute types[E]Advantages of negotiation over mediation[F]The role of power in settling disagreements[G]Disagreement of interestsThe Nature of DisputesTo resolve a dispute means to turn opposing positions into a single outcome.The two parties may choose to focus their attention on one or more of three basic factors.They may seek to(1)reconcile their interests,(2) determine who is right,and/or(3)determine who is more powerful.41Interests are needs,desires,concerns,fears一the things one cares about or wants.They provide the foundation for a person's or an organization's position in a dispute.In a dispute,not only do the interests of one party not coincide with those of the other party,but they are in conflict.For example,the director of sales for an electronics company gets into a dispute with the director of manufacturing over the number of TV models to produce.The director of sales wants to produce more models because her interest is in selling TV sets;more models mean more choice for consumers and hence increased sales.The director of manufacturing,however,wants to produce fewer models.His interest is in decreasing manufacturing costs and more models mean higher costs.42Reconciling such interests is not easy.It involves probing for deeply rooted concerns,devising creative solutions, and making tradeoffs and compromises where interests are opposed.The most common procedure for doing this is negotiation,the act of communication intended to reach agreement.Another interests based procedure is mediation,in which a third party assists the disputants,the two sides in the dispute,in reaching agreement.43By no means do all negotiations(or mediations)focus on reconciling interests.Some negotiations focus on determining who is right,such as when two lawyers argue about whose case has the greater merit.Other negotiations focus on determining who is more powerful,such as when quarrelling neighbors or nations exchange threats and counter threats.Often negotiations involve a mix of all threesome attempts to satisfy interests,some discussion of rights,and some references to relative power.44It is often complicated to attempt to determine who is right in a dispute.Although it is usually straightforward where rights are formalized in law,other rights take the form of unwritten but socially accepted standards of behavior,such as reciprocity,precedent,equality,and seniority.There are often different―and sometimes contradictory standards that apply to rights.Reaching agreement on rights,where the outcome will determine who gets what,can often be so difficult that the parties frequently turn to a third party to determine who is right. The most typical rights procedure,in which disputants present evidence and arguments to a neutral third party who has the power to make a decision that must be followed by both disputants.(In mediation,by contrast,the third party does not have the power to decide the dispute.)Public adjudication is provided by courts and administrative agencies.Private adjudication is provided by arbitrators.45A third way to resolve a dispute is on the basis of power.We define power,somewhat narrowly,as the ability to pressure someone to do something he would not otherwise do.Exercising power typically means imposing costs on the other side or threatening to do so.The exercise of power takes two common forms:acts of aggression, such as physical attack,and withholding the benefits that derive from a relationship,as when employees stop working in a strike.Section III TranslationDirections:Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)I came away from my years of teaching on the college and university level with a conviction that enactment,performance,dramatization are the most successful forms of teaching.Students must be incorporated, made,so far as possible,an integral part of the learning process.(46)The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the greater part of the academic establishment merely silly,but that is nonetheless the case.(47)Of Ezekiel Cheever,the most famous schoolmaster of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, his onetime student Cotton Mather wrote that he so planned his lessons that his pupils"came to work as though they came to play,"and Alfred North Whitehead,almost three hundred years later,noted that a teacher should make his/her students"glad they were there."(48)Since,we are told,80to90percent of all instruction in the typical university is by the lecture method, we should give close attention to this form of education.There is,I think,much truth in Patricial Nelson Limerick's observation that"lecturing is an unnatural act,an act for which God did not design humans.It is perfectly all right,now and then,for a human to be possessed by the urge to speak,and to speak while others remain silent.But to do this regularly,one hour and15minutes at a time for one person to drag on while others sit in silence?I do not believe that this is what the Creator designed humans to do."(49)The strange,almost incomprehensible fact is that many professors,just as they feel obliged to write dully,believe that they should lecture dully.To show enthusiasm is to risk appearing unscientific,unobjective;it is to appeal to the students'emotions rather than their intellect.Thus the ideal lecture is one filled with facts and read in an unchanged monotone.The cult of lecturing dully,like the cult of writing dully,goes back,of course,some years.Edward Shils, professor of sociology,recalls the professors he encountered at the University of Pennsylvania in his youth. They seemed"a priesthood,rather uneven in their merits but uniform in their bearing;they never referred to anything personal.Some read from old lecture notes and then haltingly explained the thumb-worn last lines. Others lectured from cards that had served for years,to judge by the worn edges...(50)The teachers began on time,ended on time,and left the room without saying a word more to their students,very seldom being detained by questioners...The classes were not large,yet there was no discussion.No questions were raised in class,and there were no office hours."Section IV WritingPart ADirections:A chemical plant should be responsible for the water pollution in a nearby river.Write a letter to the City Environment Protection Agency to1)state the present situation,2)suggest ways to deal with the problem and3)express your sincere hope.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following picture.In your essay,you should1）describe the picture briefly,2）explain its intended meaning,and then3）give your comments.。
2022年考研《英语一》试题及答案(卷二)
2022年考研《英语一》试题及答案（卷二）The purpose of an interview is to find out if your goals and the goals of an organization are compatible.Other goals of the interview are：to answer questions successfully，obtain any additional information needed to make a decision，accent your special strengths，establish a positive relationship，show confidence，and to sell yourself.Based on these goals，place yourself in the role of the interviewer and develop anticipated questions and answers to three categories：company data，personal data，and specific job data.You also develop questions which you will ask to determine how well your career goals match the needs of the organization.These questions include both those you would ask before a job offer and those you would ask after a job offer.Prior to the interview，acquaint yourself with the laws pertaining to job discrimination.This knowledge will enhance your chances of being considered on an equal standing with other applicants.To develop confidence，adequately prepare for the interview.Focus on how you can best serve the organization to which you are applying.Then rehearse until the rough edges are smoothed and you sound convincing to those with whom you have practiced.Since the interview will center on you，proper self-management process is divided into four stages：the before stage，the greeting stage，the consultation stage，and the departure stage.The before stageincludes writing a confirmation letter，concentrating on appearance and nonverbal communication，developing your portfolio，anticipating questions with positive responses，and arriving early.The greeting stage includes greeting everyone courteously，using waiting-room smarts，using your time wisely，and applying proper protocol when meeting the interviewer.The consultation stage includes responsiveness and enthusiasm，knowing when to interject key points，showing sincerity，highlighting your strengths，and listening intently.The departure stage includes leaving on a positive note，expressing appreciation，expressing interest，leaving promptly，and making notes immediately after departure.To save time and money and offer convenience to prospective employees and employers，video taping and satellite videophones may become a common method of interviewing.Being at ease in front of a camera would be important for these types of interviews.Following the interview，write thank-you letters to each person who interviewed you and to those who helped you get the interview.When invited for a second interview，go prepared by using your notes and feedback from the interview to zero in on what the company wants.If the company doesn‘t respond in two weeks，call back or write a follow-up letter.You may get turned down.If so，try to find out why as a means of self-improvement.Following a job offer，take a few days to consider all elements and then call or write a letter either accepting or declining the offer-—whichever is appropriate.If you accept and you are presently employed，write an effective letter of resignation，departing on a positive note.1.The word“compatible”in the first sentence probably means____.[A] in agreement [B] in conflict[C] complementary [D] practicable2.The writer advises you to familiarize yourself with the laws concerning job discrimination so that ____.[A] you can show your prospective employer you have a wide range of knowledge[B] you stand on equal chance of being hired with other applicants to the job[C] you will refuse to give answers to any questions against the current laws[D] you know how to behave within the limit of laws at the interview3.At which stage should you emphasize your qualifications for the job?[A] The before stage.[B] The greeting stage.[C] The consultation stage.[D] The departure stage.4.If you are given a second interview，it is most important for you to____.[A] write a thank-you letter to each person who interviewed you last time[B] find out exactly what the company wants of you[C] learn from the last interview and improve yourself[D] consider all the elements that are important for the job5.The passage is mainly concerned with____.[A] how to manage an interview[B] how to apply for a job vacancy[C] how an applicant should behave during an interview[D] how to make your private goal compatible with those of an organization参考答案：ABCBADriving through snowstorm on icy roads for long distances is a most nerve-racking experience. It is a paradox that the snow，coming __1__ gently，blowing gleefully in a high wind，all the while __2__ down a treacherous carpet，freezes the windows，__3__ the view. The might of automated man is__4__ . The horses，the powerful electrical systems，the deep-tread tires，all go __5__ nothing. One minute the road feels __6__，and the next the driver is sliding over it，light as a__7__，in apanic，wondering what the heavy trailer trucks coming up__8__the rear are going to do. The trucks are like __9__ when you have to pass them，not at sixty or seventy __10__ you do when the road is dry，but at twenty-five and thirty. __11__ their engines sound unnaturally loud. Snow，slush and__12__ of ice spray from beneath the wheels，obscure the windshield，and rattle __13__your car. Beneath the wheels there is plenty of __14__ for you to slide and get mashed to a pulp. Inch __15__ inch you move up，past the rear wheels，the center wheels，the cab，the front wheels，all__16__too slowly by. Straight ahead you continue，__17__ to cut over sharply would send you into a slip，__18__in front of the vehicle. At last，there is__19__enough，and you creep back over，in front of the truck now，but__20__the sound of its engine still thundering in your ears.1. [A] up [B] off [C] down [D] on2. [A] lies [B] lays [C] settles [D] sends3. [A] blocks [B] strikes [C] puffs [D] cancels4. [A] muted [B] discovered [C] doubled [D] undervalued5. [A] for [B] with [C] into [D] from6. [A] comfortable [B] weak [C] risky [D] firm7. [A] loaf [B] feather [C] leaf [D] fog8. [A] beneath [B] from [C] under [D] beyond9. [A] dwarfs [B] giants [C] patients [D] princesses10. [A] what [B] since [C] as [D] that11. [A] So [B] But [C] Or [D] Then12. [A] flakes [B] flocks [C] chips [D] cakes13. [A] onto [B] against [C] off [D] along14. [A] snow [B] earth [C] room [D] ice15. [A] by [B] after [C] for [D] with16. [A] climbing [B] crawling [C] winding [D] sliding17. [A] meanwhile [B] unless [C] whereas [D] for18. [A] sheer [B] mostly [C] rarely [D] right19. [A] might [B] distance [C] air [D] power20. [A] with [B] like [C] inside [D] upon答案1.C2.B3.A4.A5.A6.D7.B8.C9.B 10.C11.D 12.C 13.C 14.C 15.A 16.D 17.D 18.D 19.B 20.AIt’s plain common sense—the more happiness you feel, the less unhappiness you experience. It’s plain common sense, but it’s not true. Recent research reveals that happiness and unhappiness are not really two sides of the same emotion. They are two distinct feelings that, coexisting, rise and fall independently.People might think that the higher a person’s level of unhappiness, the lower their level of happiness and vice versa. But when researchers measure people’s average levels of happiness and unhappiness, theyoften find little relationship between the two.The recognition that feelings of happiness and unhappiness can co-exist much like love and hate in a close relationship may offer valuable clues on how to lead a happier life. It suggests, for example, that changing or avoiding things that make you miserable may well make you less miserable, but probably won’t make you any happier. That advice is backed up by an extraordinary series of studies which indicate that a genetic predisposition for unhappiness may run in certain families. On the other hand, researchers have found happiness doesn’t appear to be anyone’s heritage. The capacity for joy is a talent you develop largely for yourself.Psychologists have settled on a working definition of the feeling—happiness is a sense of subjective well-being. They have also begun to find out who’s happy, who isn’t and why. To date, the research hasn’t found a simple formula for a happy life, but it has discovered some of the actions and attitudes that seem to bring people closer to that most desired of feelings.Why is unhappiness less influenced by environment? When we are happy, we are more responsive to people and keep up connections better than when we are feeling sad. This doesn’t mean, however, that some people are born to be sad and that’s that. Genes may predispose one to unhappiness, but disposition can be influenced by personalchoice. You can increase your happiness through your own actions.1. According to the text, it is true that[A] unhappiness is more inherited than affected by environment.[B] happiness and unhappiness are mutually conditional.[C] unhappiness is subject to external more than internal factors.[D] happiness is an uncontrollable subjective feeling.2. The author argues that one can achieve happiness by[A] maintaining it at an average level.[B] escaping miserable occurrences in life.[C] pursuing it with one’s painstaking effort.[D] realizing its coexistence with unhappiness.3. The phrase “To date”(Para. 4) can be best replaced by[A] As a result.[B] In addition.[C] At present.[D] Until now.4. What do you think the author believes about happiness and unhappiness?[A] One feels unhappy owing to his miserable origin.[B] They are independent but existing concurrently[C] One feels happy by participating in more activities.[D] They are actions and attitudes taken by human beings.5. The sentence “That’s that”(Para. 5) probably means: Some people are born to be sad[A] and the situation cannot be altered.[B] and happiness remains inaccessible.[C] but they don’t think much about it.[D] but they remain unconscious of it.参考答案：A C D B AWhen you think of the tremendous technological progress we have made, it’s amazing how little we have developed in other respects. We may speak contemptuously of the poor old Romans because they relished the orgies of slaughter that went on in their arenas. We may despise them because they mistook these goings on for entertainment. We may forgive them condescendingly because they lived 2000 years ago and obviously knew no better. But are our feelings of superiority really justified? Are we any less blood-thirsty? Why do boxing matches, for instance, attract such universal interest? Don’t the spectators who attend them hope they will see some violence? Human beings remains as bloodthirsty as ever they were. The only difference between ourselves and the Romans is that while they were honest enough to admit that they enjoyed watching hungey lions tearing people apart and eating them alive, we find all sorts of sophisticated arguments to defend sports which should have been banned long age; sports which are quite asbarbarous as, say, public hangings or bearbaiting.It really is incredible that in this day and age we should still allow hunting or bull-fighting, that we should be prepared to sit back and watch two men batter each other to pulp in a boxing ring, that we should be relatively unmoved by the sight of one or a number of racing cars crashing and bursting into flames. Let us not deceive ourselves. Any talk of ‘the sporting spirit’is sheer hypocrisy. People take part in violent sports because of the high rewards they bring. Spectators are willing to pay vast sums of money to see violence. A world heavyweight championship match, for instance, is front page news. Millions of people are disappointed if a big fight is over in two rounds instead of fifteen. They feel disappointment because they have been deprived of the exquisite pleasure of witnessing prolonged torture and violence.Why should we ban violent sports if people enjoy them so much? You may well ask. The answer is simple: they are uncivilized. For centuries man has been trying to improve himself spiritually and emotionally - admittedly with little success. But at least we no longer tolerate the sight madmen cooped up in cages, or public floggings of any of the countless other barbaric practices which were common in the past. Prisons are no longer the grim forbidding places they used to be. Social welfare systems are in operation in many parts of the world. Big efforts are being made to distribute wealth fairly. These changes have comeabout not because human beings have suddenly and unaccountably improved, but because positive steps were taken to change the law. The law is the biggest instrument of social change that we have and it may exert great civilizing influence. If we banned dangerous and violent sports, we would be moving one step further to improving mankind. We would recognize that violence is degrading and unworthy of human beings.1. It can be inferred from the passage that the author’s opinion of nowadays’human beings isA. not very high.B. high.C. contemptuous.D. critical.2. The main idea of this passage isA. vicious and dangerous sports should be banned by law.B. people are willing to pay vast sums money to see violence.C. to compare two different attitudes towards dangerous sports.D. people are bloodthirsty in sports.3. That the author mentions the old Romans isA. To compare the old Romans with today’s people.B. to give an example.C. to show human beings in the past know nothing better.D. to indicate human beings are used to bloodthirsty.4. How many dangerous sports does the author mention in thispassage?A. Three.B. Five.C. Six.D. Seven.5. The purpose of the author in writing this passage isA. that, by banning the violent sports, we human beings can improve our selves.B. that, by banning the dangerous sports, we can improve the law.C. that we must take positive steps to improve social welfare system.D. to show law is the main instrument of social change.参考答案：A A D B AScientists have known since 1952 that DNA is the basic stuff of heredity. They've known its chemical structure since 1953. They know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program some 3 billion bits long that spells out the instructions for making proteins，the basic building blocks of life.But everything the genetic engineers have accomplished during the past half-century is just a preamble to the work that Collins and Anderson and legions of colleagues are doing now. Collins leads the Human Genome Project，a 15-year effort to draw the first detailed mapof every nook and cranny and gene in human DNA. Anderson，who pioneered the first successful human gene-therapy operations，is leading the campaign to put information about DNA to use as quickly as possible in the treatment and prevention of human diseases.What they and other researchers are plotting is nothing less than a biomedical revolution. Like Silicon Valley pirates reverse-engineering a computer chip to steal a competitor's secrets，genetic engineers are decoding life's molecular secrets and trying to use that knowledge to reverse the natural course of disease. DNA in their hands has become both a blueprint and a drug， a pharmacological substance of extraordinary potency that can treat not just symptoms or the diseases that cause them but also the imperfections in DNA that make people susceptible to a disease.And that's just the beginning. For all the fevered work being done，however，science is still far away from the Brave New World vision of engineering a perfect human—or even a perfect tomato. Much more research is needed before gene therapy becomes commonplace，and many diseases will take decades to conquer，if they can be conquered at all.In the short run，the most practical way to use the new technology will be in genetic screening. Doctors will be able to detect all sorts of flaws in DNA long before they can be fixed. In some cases the knowledgemay leadto treatments that delay the onset of the disease or soften its effects. Someone with a genetic predisposition to heart disease，for example，could follow a low-fat diet. And if scientists determine that a vital protein is missing because the gene that was supposed to make it is defective，they might be able to give the patient an artificial version of the protein. But in other instances，almost nothing can be done to stop the ravages brought on by genetic mutations.1. It can be inferred from the text that Collins and Anderson and legions of colleagues _____.[A] know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program[B] have found the basic building blocks of life[C] have accomplished some genetic discovery during the past half-century[D] are making a breakthrough in DNA2. Collins and Anderson are cited in the text to indicate all the following EXCEPT that ______.[A] time-consuming effort is needed to accomplish the detailed map of in human DNA[B] human gene-therapy operations may be applied to the patients[C] gene-therapy now is already generally used to the treatment and prevention of human diseases[D] information about DNA may be used in the treatment and prevention of human diseases3. The word “pirate”(line 2，paragraph 3) means______.[A] one who robs at sea or plunders the land from the sea[B] one who makes use of or reproduces the work of another without authorization[C] to take (something) by piracy[D] to make use of or reproduce (another's work) without authorization4. We can draw a conclusion from the text that_____.[A] engineering a perfect human is not feasible for the time being[B] it‘s impossible for scientists to engineer a perfect tomato[C] many diseases will never be conquered by human beings[D] doctors will be able to cure all sorts of flaws in DNA in thelong run5. The best title for the text may be ______.[A] DNA and Heredity[B] The Genetic Revolution[C] A Biomedical Revolution[D] How to Apply Genetic Technology参考答案：D C B A BAt 18，Ashanthi DeSilva of suburban Cleveland is a living symbol ofone of the great intellectual achievements of the 20th century. Born with an extremely rare and usually fatal disorder that left her without a functioning immune system (the “bubble-boy disease，”named after an earlier victim who was kept alive for years in a sterile plastic tent)，she was treated beginning in 1990 with a revolutionary new therapy that sought to correct the defect at its very source，in the genes of her white blood cells. It worked. Although her last gene-therapy treatment was in 1992，she is completely healthy with normal immune function，according to one of the doctors who treated her，W. French Anderson of the University of Southern California. Researchers have long dreamed of treating diseases from hemophilia to cancer by replacing mutant genes with normal ones. And the dreaming may continue for decades more. “There will be a gene-based treatment for essentially every disease，”Anderson says，“within 50 years.”It's not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Anderson's early success. The National Institutes of Health budget office estimates it will spend $432 million on gene-therapy research in 2005，and there is no shortage of promising leads. The therapeutic genes are usually delivered through viruses that don't cause human disease. “The virus is sort of like a Trojan horse，”says Ronald Crystal of New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical College. “The cargo is the gene.”At the University of Pennsylvania's Abramson Cancer Center，immunologist Carl June recently treated HIV patients with a gene intended to help their cells resist the infection. At Cornell University，researchers are pursuing gene-based therapies for Parkinson's disease and a rare hereditary disorder that destroys children's brain cells. At Stanford University and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia，researchers are trying to figure out how to help patients with hemophilia who today must inject themselves with expensive clotting drugs for life. Animal experiments have shown great promise.But somehow，things get lost in the translation from laboratory to patient. In human trials of the hemophilia treatment，patients show a response at first，but it fades over time. And the field has still not recovered from the setback it suffered in 1999，when Jesse Gelsinger，an 18-year-old with a rare metabolic disorder，died after receiving an experimental gene therapy at the University of Pennsylvania. Some experts worry that the field will be tarnished further if the next people to benefit are not patients but athletes seeking an edge. This summer，researchers at the Salk Institute in San Diego said they had created a “marathon mouse”by implanting a gene that enhances running ability; already，officials at the World Anti-Doping Agency are preparing to test athletes for signs of “gene doping.”But the principle is the same，whether you're trying to help a healthy runner run faster or allow a muscular-dystrophy patient to walk. “Everybody recognizes that genetherapy is a very good idea，”says Crystal. “And eventually it's going to work.”1. The case of Ashanthi Desilva is mentioned in the text to ____________.[A] show the promise of gene-therapy[B] give an example of modern treatment for fatal diseases[C] introduce the achievement of Anderson and his team[D] explain how gene-based treatment works2. Anderson‘s early success has ________________.[A] greatly speeded the development of medicine[B] brought no immediate progress in the research of gene-therapy[C] promised a cure to every disease[D] made him a national hero3. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Ashanthi needs to receive gene-therapy treatment constantly.[B] Despite the huge funding，gene researches have shown few promises.[C] Therapeutic genes are carried by harmless viruses.[D] Gene-doping is encouraged by world agencies to help athletes get better scores.4. The word “tarnish”(line 5，paragraph 4) most probably means ____________.[A] affect[B] warn[C] trouble[D] stain5. From the text we can see that the author seems ___________.[A] optimistic[B] pessimistic[C] troubled[D] uncertain答案：A B C D AAging poses a serious challenge to OECD(Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development)countries，in particular，how to pay for future public pension liabilities. And early retirement places an__1__burden on pension financing. There is no easy solution，but__2__retirement could help.Early retirement may seem like a worthy individual goal，but it is a socially__3__one，and makes the present public pension system difficult to sustain for long. The__4__reason is that more people are retiring early and living longer. That means more retirees depending on the__5__of those in work for their income. The__6__is worrying. In the next 50 years，low fertility rates and__7__life expectancy in OECD countries will cause this old-age dependency rate to roughly double__8__size. Publicpension payments，which afford 30-80% of total retirement incomes in OECD countries，are__9__to rise，on average，by over three percentage points in GDP and by as much as eight percentage points in some countries.__10__is the pressure on pension funds that there is a danger of today‘s workers not getting the pensions they expected or felt they__11__for.Action is needed，__12__simply aiming to reduce the__13__(and cost)of public pensions，or trying to__14__the role of privately funded pensions within the system，though necessary steps，may be__15__to deal with the dependency challenge. After years of__16__early retirement schemes to avoid__17__and higher unemployment，many governments are now looking__18__persuading people to stay in work until they are older. Surely，the thinking goes，if we are healthier now and jobs are physically less__19__and unemployment is down，then perhaps the__20__rate should rise anew.1.[A] unsolvable [B] additional [C] unsustainable [D] undue2.[A] delaying [B] retaining [C] detaining [D] hindering3.[A] ultimate [B] unattainable [C] specific [D] expensive4.[A] substantial [B] essential [C] potential [D] controversial5.[A] donating [B] sponsoring [C] subsidizing [D] funding6.[A] outlook [B] outcome [C] outbreak [D] outset7.[A] prolonging [B] expanding [C] soaring [D] rising8.[A] in [B] on [C] by [D] for9.[A] conceived [B] reckoned [C] expected [D] meant10.[A] As [B] Such [C] So [D] It11.[A] should pay [B] paying [C] be paid [D] would pay12.[A] but [B] for [C] and [D] thus13.[A] multitude [B] implementation [C] application [D] generosity14.[A] exaggerate [B] augment [C] magnify [D] multiply15.[A] insufficient [B] influential [C] inefficient [D] intrinsic16.[A] advancing [B] previous [C] ahead [D] preceding17.[A] suspensions [B] abundances [C] redundancies [D] discrepancies18.[A] for [B] to [C] about [D] at19.[A] turbulent [B] strenuous [C] compact [D] intricate20.[A] dependency [B] fertility [C] present [D] mortality答案1.C2.A3.D4.B5.D6.A7.D8.A9.C 10.B11.C 12.A 13.D 14.B 15.A 16.A 17.C 18.D 19.B 20.CThe Treasury could pocket 20 million a year in extra fines once the country‘s speed camera network is expanded. Motoring organizations warned that the __1__could become a poll tax on wheels’，__2__huge number of drivers. There could be many more incidents of vandalism __3__cameras.The warnings came__4__a Daily Mail survey found almostall the 23 police forces in England and Wales were either__5__to expansion plans or considering __6__.Nationwide，the number of speeding tickets is expected to treble，__7__ 90 million a year.__8__the scheme，police keep some of the cash from fines to __9__the costs of fitting and maintaining extra cameras and__10__that existing ones always have film in them. The rest will go to the Treasury. Both Ministers and police insist the scheme is aimed__11__at making roads safer. They point to trials in eight areas which cut collisions by a quarter and deaths and serious injuries by __12__a half.But motoring organizations fear cameras will be sited on relatively safe__13__fast stretches to catch as many drivers as possible. Some forces are also expected to__14__the“threshold”speeds at which cameras are__15__to the absolute legal minimum-15 mph in a 10 mph limit，and 26 mph in a 20 mph zone. This could encourage drivers to stare at their speedometers instead of concentrating on the road，and __16__to more accidents. Sue Nicholson，head of campaigns at the RAC，said，“We don‘t have a problem with speed cameras __17__. But we do have concerns about__18__they are sited. Police risk losing credibility __19__motorists if cameras are seen as revenue-raising __20__safety devices.”1. [A] promotions [B] punishments [C] penalties [D] payments2. [A] isolating [B] separating [C] alienating [D] detaching3. [A] towards [B] against [C] before [D] over4. [A] so [B] once [C] as [D] where5. [A] subjected [B] engaged [C] intended [D] committed6. [A] taking part [B] keeping silence [C] making exception [D] paying respect7. [A] financing [B] profiting [C] funding [D] netting8. [A] From [B] Under [C] On [D] With9. [A] hide [B] cover [C] conceal [D] veil10. [A] pledging [B] assuring [C] confirming [D] ensuring11. [A] essentially [B] strongly [C] wholeheartedly [D] purely12. [A] in all [B] fewer than [C] at most [D] up to13. [A] but [B] whereas [C] though [D] while14. [A] fit [B] put [C] set [D] fix15. [A] levered [B] geared [C] handled [D] triggered16. [A] lead [B] add [C] contribute [D] resort17. [A] any less [B] by itself [C] after all [D] as such18. [A] who [B] when [C] where [D] which19. [A] in [B] with [C] against [D] for20. [A] in spite of [B] far from [C] rather than [D] by means of答案1. C2. C3. B4. C5. D6. A7. D8. B9.B 10. D。
2022年全国硕士研究生考试英语一真题答案
2022年全国硕士研究生考试英语一真题答案1．A 2．B 3．C 4．B 5．C 6． B 7．D 8．A 9．C 10．D11．C 12．A 13．A 14．D 15．B 16．A 17．D 18．C 19．B 20．DSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21.B 22.A 23.C 24. A 25. B 26.C 27.D 28.C 29. B 30. D31.B 32.D 33.A 34. C 35.C 36.A 37.A 38.C 39.C 40. DPart B41. B 42. F 43. D 44. G 45. APart C Translation46.科学家们抓紧拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据前来救驾，大致说的是假如鸟儿不能掌握害虫的话，害虫就会把我们吃掉。
47.但是我们至少已经几乎成认了这样一种观点：那就是鸟儿的生存是它们的固有权利，不管它对我们是否有经济利益。
48.曾几何时，生物学家总是重述以下的这条证据：这些生物是为了维持食物链的正常运行去捕食弱小的生物或“没有价值的物种”。
49.在生态林业较为先进的欧洲，没有成为商业化对象的树种被视为原始森林群落的成员适当地加以爱护。
50.他简单无视并最终毁灭许多缺乏商业价值的物种，然而这些物种对于整个生物群落的安康运行是至关重要的。
Section III Writing51．小作文以讨论生会的名义写一封通知，通知的内容是为全球一体化的国际会议招募志愿者，这个通知必需包括申请者的根本职位要求及你认为相关的其他信息。
写100个字左右，不要在通知末尾写你自己的名字，用“Postgraduates’Association”代替。
参考范文一：NoticeVolunteers for the International Conference of Global Integration are wanted. Anyone who is in good command of English and experienced in cross-cultural communication are expected to take part in this activity. The major task for this position are as follows: to begin with, to propaganda the theme of globalization to people all over the world; in addition, to provide E-C interpretation service to those representatives of the international conference, aiming atfacilitating the process of the meeting; at last, you should be strictly available according to the time schedule of the conference. Those who are interested in this post are cordially welcome! Postgraduates’ Association参考范文二：NoticeTwenty volunteers for the International Conference of Global Integration are wanted among the students in our school. The positions recruited include receptionist, conference guider, transportation guider and English interpreter. The volunteers are requested to speak fluent English and are expected to be active, open-minded and conscientious. The Conference falls on September 23 at China Institute of International Studies, and all the volunteers will be trained for 5 days before the conference and provided with free transportation and meal. For those who are interested in taking part in the activity, please send your resume totheemailaddress:************************************. Postgraduates’ Association参考范文三：AnnouncementPostgraduates’ Association is recently looking for Volunteers for the International Conference of Global Integration. Applicants should be currently studying at the university, and should preferably have the experience of being a part-time volunteer in several international events.The successful applicant will be expected to propaganda the theme of globalization in the city and on campus. The position will commence at the end of May and will last through to the end of August. Fair pay for the position is available and will be based on your experience.If you are interested, please send your resume to the following email:**************************************. Postgraduates’ Association52．大作文依据下列图写一篇160~200个单词的文章1. 解释它要表达的意思2. 简洁描述这幅图3. 给出你的评论注：火锅里的文字有：佛、功夫、解构、礼、毕昇、儒、后现代、老舍、莎士比亚、爱因斯坦、道、仁、天鹅湖、启蒙、京剧等参考范文：The enlightening picture portrays that a hot pot, with numerous ingredients in it, includes such domestic and alien cultures as literature, moral values and performing arts. It seems that the hot pot tastes very delicious because of the rich nutrition of the multi-cultures.Obviously, the picture characterizes the status quo of Chinese society in which Chinese and Western culture conflict with each other but also merge into a unique form to a certain degree. Since China has opened its door widely to the outside world, many people from different countries have been deeply fascinated by Chinese culture. They will accept and love the Chinese culture as a whole. In addition, Chinese culture should be well shared with foreign people, who have shown their enthusiasm towards China. Meanwhile, the Chinese people are also exposed to foreign cultures when more foreign people come to this oriental country. In this way people from various nations in the world will be able to acquire better understanding of each other and live peacefully in this world. In my opinion, the culture of any nation is a kind of precious heritage, and belongs to the whole mankind. With economicglobalization, the blending of different cultures has become inevitable trend of the time. No country is an isolated island, be it China or the western world. The clearer we grasp the current situation, the more it would be beneficial to the global villagers.。
2022考研《英语一》真题及答案解析
2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一真题本试题来源于考生回忆，仅供学习参考，请勿用作其他用途！一、Section I Use of English1.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese.Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early2000s;the term M plant neurobiology M was_[Al].around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be__[A2]_to intelligence in animals._[A3]plants lack brains,the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that___[A4] consciousness,researchers previously reported.But such an idea is untrue,according to a new opinion article.Plant biology is complex and fascinating,but it_(A5]so greatly from that of animals that so-called _[A6] ____of plants*intelligence is inconclusive,the authors wrote.Beginning in2006,some scientists have____[A7]_that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters,[A8]____"a plant nervous system,[A9]to that in animals,said lead study author Lincoln Taiz,"They[A10]claimed that plants have'brainTike command centers *at their root tips."This[A12]_makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain,_[A12] _it to an array of electrical pulses;cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals.__[A13]_______,the signaling in a plant is only_【A14】—similar to the firing in a complex animal brain,which is more than"a mass of cells that communicate by electricity," Taiz said."For consciousness to evolve,a brain with a threshold[.A15]of complexity and capacity is required,"he _[A16]"Since plants don't have nervous systems,the_[Al7] _that they have consciousness are effectively zero."And what's so great about consciousness,anyway?Plants can't run away from_[A18]____, so investing energy in a body system which[A19]a threat and can feel pain would be a very[A20]evolutionary strategy,according to the article.（1）.（Al]A.coined JB.discoveredC.collectedD.issued解析：逻辑关系题。
2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英一答案
12022 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题答案Section IUse of English1.【答案】A. coined2.【答案】C. compared3.【答案】D. Though4.【答案】C. hinted to5.【答案】D. differs6.【答案】B. evidence7.【答案】C. argued8.【答案】B. forming9.【答案】A. analogous10.【答案】D.even11.【答案】C.perspective12.【答案】D.exposing13.【答案】A. However14.【答案】C.Superficial215.【答案】B.level16.【答案】D.added17.【答案】A.chances18.【答案】A.danger19.【答案】D.recognizes20.【答案】B.poorSection IIReading ComprehensionPart AText 121.【答案】[A] maintaining their plastic items22.【答案】[B] improperly shaped23.【答案】[D] prevent them from further damage24.【答案】[D] challenging25.【答案】[B] has profound historical significanceText 226、【答案】C reassess the necessity of college education27、【答案】B the shrinking value of a degree28、【答案】C employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees29、【答案】D further their studies in a specific field30、【答案】A lifelong learning will define themText 331.【答案】B received favorable responses32.【答案】A art can offer audiences easy access to science33.【答案】A their role may be underestimated34.【答案】B It exemplified valuable art-science alliances35.【答案】C should do more than communicating scienceText 436.【答案】D protect the rights of ordinary workers37.【答案】A hinder business development38.【答案】D Dismissing poorly performing managers39.【答案】B Employees suffer from salary cuts40.【答案】C is beneficial to business ownersPart B41【. 答案】Teri Byrd [F] Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals’well-being.42.【答案】Karen R. Sime [C] While animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoo play significant role instarting young people sown the path of related sciences.43.【答案】Gerg Newberry [A] Zoos, which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfair criticism.44.【答案】Dean Galles [D] Zoos have people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.45. 【答案】John Fraser [G] Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature.Part C(46) It was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them.【参考译文】这也是一场在制定和破坏密码的人之间展开的战争，这甚至对那些熟知这一时期的人来说都是未知的。
2022年研究生入学考试英语一真题及解析
2022 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term “plant neurobiology” was 1 around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be 2 to intelligence in animals. 3 plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that 4 consciousness, researchers previously reported.But such an idea is untrue, according to the authors of the new article. Plant biology is plex and fascinating, but it 5 so greatly from that of animals that so-called 6 of plants’ intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.Beginning in 2006, some scientists have 7 that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters, 8 “a plant nervous system, 9 to that in animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz, “They 10 claimed that plants have ‘brain- like mand centers’ at their root tips.”This 11 makes sense if you simplify the workings of a plex brain, 12 it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also municate through electrical signals. 13 , the signaling in a plant is only 14 similar to the firing in a plex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that municate by electricity,” Taiz said.“For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold 15 of plexity and capacity is required,” he 16 . “Since plants don’t have nervous systems, the 17 that they have consciousness are effectively zero.”And what’s so great about consciousness, anyway? Plants can’t run away from18 , so investing energy in a body system which 19 a threat and can feel pain would be a very 20 evolutionary strategy, according to the article.1.[A] coined2.[A] attributed [B] discovered[B] directed[C] collected[C] pared[D] issued[D] confined3. [A] unless [B] when [C] once [D] though4. [A] coped with [B] consisted of [C] hinted at [D] extended5. [A] suffers [B] benefits [C] develops [D] differs6. [A] acceptance [B] evidence [C] cultivation [D] creation7. [A] doubted [B] denied [C] argued [D] requested8.[A] adapting9.[A] analogous [B] forming[B] essential[C] repairing[C] suitable[D] testing[D] sensitive10. [A] just [B] ever [C] still [D] even11. [A] restriction [B] experiment [C] perspective [D] demand12. [A] attaching [B] reducing [C] returning [D] exposing13. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise14. [A] temporarily [B] literally [C] superficially [D] imaginarily15. [A] list [B] level [C] label [D] local16. [A] recalled [B] agreed [C] questioned [D] added17. [A] chances [B] risks [C] excused [D] assumptions18. [A] danger [B] failure [C] warning [D] control19. [A] represents [B] includes [C] reveals [D] recognizes20. [A] humble [B] poor [C] practical [D] easySection II Reading prehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1People often plain that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because plastics are everywhere and don’t break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle. They “weep” out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects. The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills from Disney films, David Bowie costumes, the first artificial heart.Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn’t always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. “It’s like baking a cake: If you don’t have exact amounts, it goes wrong,” she says. “The object y ou make is already a time bomb.”And sometimes, it’s not the artist’s fault. In the 1960s, the Italian artist Piao Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen “nature carpets”—large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins,cabbages, and watermelons. He warned viewers to walk around on the carpets—which meant they had to be durable.Unfortunately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherentl y unstable It’s especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardi’s pumpkins, roses, and other figures were splitting and crumbling. Museums locked some of them away in the dark.So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilaid i’s sculptures. They infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals. Van Oosten calls those chemicals “sunscreens” because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers. She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.Despite success stories like van Oosten’s, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics designed to disintegrate, are increasingly mon.And more is at stake here than individual objects. Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history—Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on—after examining artifacts in museums. We now live in an age of plastic, she says, “and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve... will have a strong impact on how in the future we’ll be seen.”21.According to Paragraph 1, museums are faced with difficulties in .[A]maintaining their plastic items[B]obtaining durable plastic artifacts[C]handling outdated plastic exhibits[D]classifying their plastic collections22.Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are .[A]immune to decay[B]improperly shaped[C]inherently flawed[D]plex in structure23.Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi’s artworks to .[A]keep them from hurting visitors.[B]duplicate them for future display.[C]have their ingredients analyzed.[D]prevent them from further damage.24.The author thinks that preservation of plastics is .[A]costly[B]unworthy[C]unpopular[D]challenging25.In Ferreira’s opinion, preservation of plastic artifacts .[A]will inspire future scientific research[B]has profound historical significance[C]will help us separate the material ages[D]has an impact on today’s cultural lifeText 2As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey.Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. But that promise has been found wanting. As degrees became universal, they became devalued. Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility. Today, 28 per cent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles; a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries.This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but, rather stress that a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available.Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset. Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more mitted and loyal employees than graduates. Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles.For those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the first of many. In this age of generalists, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills. Postgraduates now earn 40 per cent more than graduates. When more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense to have two.It is unlikely that Generation Z will be done with education at 18 or 21; they will need to be constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay employable. It has been estimated that this generation, due to the pressures of technology, the wish for personal fulfilment and desire for diversity, will work for 17 different employers over the course of their working life and have five different careers. Education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will be a core part of Generation Z’s career trajectory.Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense: “I am a geographer” or “I am a classist.” Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing; it’s as if they already know that their degree won’t def ine them in the same way.26.The author suggests that Generation Z should .[A]be careful in choosing a college[B]be diligent at each educational stage[C]reassess the necessity of college education[D]postpone their undergraduate application27.The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles reflect .[A]Millennial’s opinions about work[B]the shrinking value of a degree[C]public discontent with education[D]the desired route of social mobility28.The author considers it a good sign that .[A]Generation Z are seeking to earn a decent degree[B]School leavers are willing to be skilled workers[C]Employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees[D]Parents are changing their minds about education29.It is advised in Paragraph 5 that those with one degree should .[A]make an early decision on their career[B]attend on the job training programs[C]team up with high-paid postgraduates[D]further their studies in a specific field30.What can be concluded about Generation Z from the last two paragraphs?[A]Lifelong learning will define them.[B]They will make qualified educators.[C]Degrees will no longer appeal them.[D]They will have a limited choice of jobs.Text 3Exhilarating, challenging, enlightening, stimulating, inspiring, fun. These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experiences of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers. Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an acpanying poll said they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.Such an encouraging result is not surprising. Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists and designers to help them to municate their work to new audiences. “Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning,” one respondent said.One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the senses came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra in Australia performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons. They reimagined the 300-year-old score by injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season—provided by Monash University’s Climate Change munication Research Hub in Melbourne. The performance was a c reative call to action ahead of November’s United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK.But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. Fewer artists than scientists responded to the Nature poll; however, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their munication requirements. Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study. The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able to jointly design it and can critique each other’s work. Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result in powerful art.More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) in Cambridge to explore the role of technology in culture. Its founders deliberately focused their projects around light—hence the ‘visual studies’ in the name. Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.Nature’s poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever, but, to make a collaboration work, both sides need to be prepared to be surprised and challenged, to invest time in getting to know one another and to trust their different expertise. The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research munication, and participants must not fall into the trap of stereotyping each other. Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention, and challenge and critique are core to both, too.31.According to Paragraph 1, art-science collaborations have .[A]caught the attention of critics[B]received favorable responses[C]promoted academic publishing[D]sparked heated public disputes32.The reworked version of the Four Seasons is mentioned to show that .[A]art can offer audiences easy access to science[B]science can help with the expression of emotions[C]public participation in science has a promising future[D]art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations33.Some artists seem to worry that in the art-science partnership .[A]their role may be underestimated[B]their reputation may be impaired[C]their creativity may be inhibited[D]their work may be misguided34.What does the author say about CAVS?[A]It was headed alternately by artists and scientists.[B]It exemplified valuable art-science alliances.[C]Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies.[D]Its founders sought to raise the status of artists.35.In the last paragraph, the author holds that art-science collaborations .[A]are likely to go beyond public expectations[B]will intensify interdisciplinary petition[C]should do more than municating science[D]are being more popular than beforeText 4The personal grievance provisions of the Employment Relations Act 2000 (ERA) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. Instead, dismissals must be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way.Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. The premise was that the mon law of contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against capricious or arbitrary conduct by management. Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will attest, constraining firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance. The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be thedifference between business success or failure. Between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal.Consequently—and paradoxically—laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may be placing those jobs at risk.If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing underperforming managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. Indeed, in “An International Perspective on New Zealand’s Productivity Paradox” (2014), the Productivity mission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth record.Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.Society also suffers from excessive employment protections. Stringent job dismissal regulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall wellbeing.Across the Tasman, Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-ine threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 private members’ Bill tried to permit firms and high-ine employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.36.The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to .[A]punish dubious corporate practices[B]improve traditional hiring procedures[C]exempt employers from certain duties[D]protect the rights of ordinary workers37.It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that provisions may .[A]hinder business development[B]undermine managers’ authority[C]affect the public image of the firms[D]worsen labor-management relations38.Which of the following measures would the Productivity mission support?[A]Imposing reasonable wage restraints.[B]Enforcing employment protection laws.[C]Limiting the powers of business owners.[D]Dismissing poorly performing managers.39.What might be an effect of the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures?[A]Highly paid managers lose their jobs.[B]Employees suffer from salary cuts.[C]Society sees a rise in overall wellbeing.[D]Employers need to hire new staff.40.It can be inferred that the “high-ine threshold” in Australia .[A]has secured managers’ earnings[B]has produced undesired results[C]is beneficial to business owners[D]is difficult to put into practicePart BDirections:Read the following text and choose the correct summarizing statement for each person's opinion. There are two extra choices. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)(41)Teri ByrdI am a zoo and wildlife park employee for years. Both the wildlife park and zoo claimed to be operating for the benefit of the animals and for conservation purposes. This claim was false. Neither one of them actually participated in any contributions whose bottom line is much more important than the condition of the animals.Animals despise being captives in zoos. No matter how you “enhance” enclosures, they do not allow for freedom, a natural diet or adequate time for transparency with these institutions, and it’s past time to eliminate zoos from our culture.(42)Karen R. SimeAs a zoology professor, I agree with Emma Marris that zoo displays can be sad and cruel. But she underestimates the educational value of zoos.The zoology program at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences. These are mostly students who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas, wildlife refuges or national parks. Although good TV shows can help stir children’s interest in conservation, they cannot replace the excitement of a zoo visit as an intense, immersive and interactive experience. Surely there must be some middle ground that balances zoos treatment of animals with their educational potential.(43)Greg NewberryEmma Marris’s article is an insult and a disservice to the thousands of passionate who work tirelessly to improve the lives of animals and protect our planet. She uses outdated research and decades-old examples to undermine the noble mission of organizations mitted to connecting children to a world beyond their own.Zoos are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how they care for animals and protect each species in its natural habitat. Are there tragedies? Of course. But they are the exception, not the norm that Ms. Marris implies. A distressed animal in a zoo will get as good or better treatment than most of us at our local hospital.(44)Dean GalleaAs a fellow environmentalist, animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian, I could properly be in the same camp as Emma Marris on the issue of zoos. But I believe that well-run zoos, and the heroic animals that suffer their captivity, do serve a higher purpose. Were it not for opportunities to observe these beautiful, wild creatures close to home, many more people would be driven by their fascination to travel to wild areas to seek out, disturb and even hunt them down.Zoos are, in that sense, akin to natural history and archaeology museums, serving to satisfy our need for contact with these living creatures while leaving the vast majority undisturbed in their natural environments.(45)John FraserEmma Marris selectively describes and misrepresents the findings of our research. Our studies focused on the impact of zoo experiences on how people think about themselves and nature, and the data points extracted from our studies do not, in any way, discount what is learned in a zoo visit.Zoos are tools for thinking. Our research provides strong support for the value of zoos in connecting people with animals and with nature. Zoos provide a critical voice for conservation and environmental protection. They afford an opportunity for people from all backgrounds to encounter a range of animals, from drone bees to springbok or salmon, to better understand the natural world we live in.A.Zoos which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfair criticism.B.To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outes for the precious creatures in their care.C.While animals in captivity deserve sympathy. Zoos play a significant role in starting young people down the path of related sciences.D.Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.E.For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats, zoos offer the best alternative.F.Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals’ well- being.G.Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Between 1807 and 1814 the Iberian Peninsula (prising Spain and Portugal) was the scene of a titanic and merciless struggle. It took p lace on many different planes: between Napoleon’s French army and the angry inhabitants; between the British, ever keen to exacerbate the emperor’s difficulties, and the marshals sent from Paris to try to keep them in check; between new forces of science and meritocracy and old ones of conservatism and birth. (46) It was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them.I first discovered the Napoleonic cryptographic battle a few years ago when l was reading Sir Charles Oman’s epic History of the Peninsular War. In volume V he had attached an appendix, “The Scovell Ciphers.” (47) It listed many documents in code that had been captured from the French army of Spain, and whose secrets had been revealed by the work of one George Scovell, an officer in British headquarters. Oman rated Scovell’s significance highly, but at the same time, the general nature of his History meant that (48) he could not analyze carefully what this obscure officer may or may not have contributed to that great struggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much about the man himself. l was keen to read more, but was surprised to find that Oman’s appendix, published in 1914, was the only considered thing that had been written about this secret war.I became convinced that this story was every bit as exciting and significant as that of Enigma and the breaking of German codes in the Second World War. The question was, could it be told?Studying Scove ll’s papers at the Public Record Office (in Kew, west London) I found that he had left an extensive journal and copious notes about his work in the peninsula. What was more, many original French dispatches had been preserved in this collection. I realized at once that this was priceless. (49) There may have been many spies and intelligence officers during the Napoleonic Wars, but it is usually extremely difficult to find the material they actually provided or worked on.Furthermore, Scovell’s story involved much more than just intelligence work. His status in Lord Wellington’s headquarters and the recognition given to him for his work were all bound up with the class politics of the army at the time. His tale of self-improvement and hard work would make a fascinating biography in its own right, but represents something more than that. (50) Just as the code breaking has its wider relevance in the struggle for Spain, so his attempts to make his way up the promotion ladder speak volumes about British society.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Write an email to a professor at a British university, inviting him/her to organize a team for the international innovation contest to be held at your university. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the e-mail; use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below. In your essay, you should1)describe the pictures briefly,2)interpret the implied meaning, and3)give your ments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2022年答案速查表Section ⅠU se of English (10 points)1. A2. C3. D4. C5. D6. B7. C8. B9. A 10. D11. C 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. B 16. D 17. A 18. A 19. D 20. BSection ⅡReading prehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)Text 1 21. A 22. C 23. D 24. D 25. BText 2 26. C 27. B 28. C 29. D 30. AText 3 31. B 32. A 33. A 34. B 35. CText 4 36. D 37. A 38. D 39. B 40. DPart B (10 points)41. F 42. C 43. A 44. D 45. GPart C (10 points)46.这也是一场在编制和破解密码的人之间展开的战争，这一点甚至对那些熟知这一时期的人来说都是未知的。