Urben disease
城市综合体英语翻译
城市综合体”的英文翻译Urban（City）Complex与HOPSCA(2010-11-4 )关于城市综合体，目前国内有两种翻译，即HOPSCA和Urban（City）Complex。
究竟哪一种翻译比较符合实际呢？在中国现时实践中所理解的“城市综合体”概念：将城市中的商业、办公、居住、酒店、展览、餐饮、会议、文娱和交通等城市生活空间的三项（有时两项也可以）以上进行组合，并在各部分间建立一种相互依存、相互助益的能动关系，从而形成一个多功能、高效率的综合体。
一、“城市综合体”应该翻译为HOPSCA？以下是第一种翻译，即认为城市综合体就是HOPSCA，的相关报道和引文：1、万达商业地产开发的第三代产品，称为“城市综合体”，英文名为HOPSCA——Hotel(酒店)、Office(写字楼)、Parking(停车场)、Shopping mall(购物中心)、Convention(会议中心)、Apartment(公寓)。
本次招商的区域为成都万达广场大型室内商业步行街，采用国际时尚的中空走廊步行街设计，全长355米… …(/)2、HOPSCA：音译豪布斯卡，简称城市综合体，一般位于配套成熟、交通便利之地… …3、关于HOPSCA(城市综合体)项目定位…4、所谓城市综合体（HOPSCA），是将城市中的酒店（Hotel）、办公（Office）… …(郭向东.浅易城市综合体物业管理[J].中国物业管理，2007)HOPSCA起源于上个世纪70年代。
许多国家针对城市中心区建设改造进行了深度思考，当时开发功能区完整、建筑统一的原则逐渐流行起来。
最早的HOPSCA是法国巴黎西北部的拉德方斯。
目前已建成写字楼247万平方米、其中商务区215万平方米、公园区32万平方米、法国最大的企业一半在这里;建成住宅区1.56万套，可容纳3.93万人;并建成了面积达10.5万平方米的欧洲最大的商业中心;内有欧洲最大的商业中心，亦是欧洲最大的公交换乘中心。
乡村与城市的对比英语作文六年级
乡村与城市的对比英语作文六年级全文共5篇示例，供读者参考篇1A Tale of Two Lifestyles: Rural vs UrbanHi there! My name is Sam and I'm a 6th grader. Today, I want to share with you the differences between living in the country (aka rural areas) versus living in the city (aka urban areas). Both have their pros and cons as you'll see!Let's start with the rural life. Growing up on a farm has been quite an experience! Every morning, I wake up to the sound of roosters crowing and cows mooing. The air smells so fresh and clean, unlike the polluted city skies. We have wide open spaces with fields, forests, and ponds all around. Playing outdoors is the best - I can run around for hours without seeing a single building or road! My friends and I make forts, go fishing, and have plenty of room for fun activities like riding bikes or having campfires. It's super peaceful and quiet too, aside from the occasional tractor rumbling by.On the farm, we grow our own fruits and veggies which my mom cooks into delicious meals. We raise chickens for eggs andcows for milk. Everything just tastes so much better when it's fresh from the source! My chores include feeding the animals, shoveling manure (not my fave part), and helping tend to the crops. It's hard work but also rewarding. I've learned a lot about where food actually comes from.One downside of rural living is that stores and entertainment are really far away. We have to drive 30 minutes just to get to the nearest grocery store or movie theater. Making it to places like museums, zoos, and concerts in the city is an even longer trek. Another drawback is that with less people around, I don't get as much socializing as city kids. It can feel isolated at times, especially when my closest friends live miles apart.Now for the urban experience! I get to visit my cousins in the city a couple times a year and it's a hugely different world. As soon as you enter the metropolis, there are tall skyscrapers, busy streets, crowds of people, and the sound of honking horns everywhere you go. The air has a distinct smell of exhaust and smoke. Instead of wide open fields, the landscape is filled with cement buildings and roads as far as you can see.However, that "big city life" has its perks too! There's always something exciting happening, whether it's street performers, festivals, pro sports games, or concerts. All the coolest stores,restaurants, museums, and activities are just a short drive away. You'll never run out of things to do! The public transportation like buses and subways make getting around a breeze without needing to drive a car. Kids in cities also get way more social interaction by living in closer proximity to friends and classmates.On the flipside, prices for housing, food, and entertainment are way higher compared to rural areas. Traffic can be absolutely miserable with tons of gridlock. Noise from construction, blaring music, and car alarms is really hard to escape. Pollution levels are higher too with emissions from vehicles and factories. And have you ever seen photo of huge cities from above? It looks like a giant concrete jungle with zero trees or nature around!In my opinion, rural living is great because you can really connect with the outdoors and live a quieter lifestyle. You get delicious homegrown food and fresh air while learning valuable skills like self-sufficiency. It builds character through hard work on the farm or ranch. The downsides are fewer amenities, isolation, and driving long distances. But those things come with the territory!As for cities, I'm in awe at all the diverse cultures, food options, and constant events. Public transit is fantastic for getting everywhere easily. You'll never feel bored! However,cities can feel overstimulating and suffocating without access to open spaces. The costs, crowds, pollution, and noise might also not vibe with everyone's preferences.No matter where you reside, there are trade-offs to consider. Some prefer the calm serenity of rural spaces while others crave the fast-paced excitement of urban areas. Every lifestyle has appealing factors as well as drawbacks. The great thing is, we're free to choose whichever suits us best! For this country kid, I'll happily take the farm life for now. Maybe I'll be drawn to the city lights when I'm older though - who knows? Those are just my thoughts, but I'd love to hear your perspectives too!篇2A Tale of Two Worlds: The Countryside and The CityHave you ever wondered what it would be like to live in the countryside instead of the city? Or perhaps you dream of the hustle and bustle of city life? Well, I've experienced both, and let me tell you, they are like two completely different worlds!Growing up, I lived in a small village surrounded by rolling hills, babbling brooks, and endless fields of crops and wildflowers. My mornings were greeted by the cheerful melodiesof birds singing their sweet songs. The air was so fresh and clean, like taking a deep breath of pure nature itself.In the countryside, time seemed to move at a slower, more relaxed pace. We weren't rushed or stressed like people in the city often are. Instead, we savored each moment, taking the time to appreciate the simple joys in life – a warm cup of tea on the porch, watching the sun dip below the horizon in a blaze of colors, or playing hide-and-seek in the fields until dusk fell.One of my favorite things was going on adventures through the woods and meadows with my best friend Jake. We'd spend hours exploring, climbing trees, catching frogs in the stream, and making daisy chains. Sometimes we'd pack a lunch and have a picnic out in the fields, the gentle breeze carrying the sweet scent of wildflowers. Those were such carefree, happy days.Life in the village was all about community too. Everyone knew everyone, and we'd often gather for potluck dinners, barn raisings, or just to sit on the porch and catch up over a glass of lemonade. Neighbors looked out for each other, and a helping hand was always nearby if you needed it. There was a strong sense of belonging that made the countryside feel like home.Then, when I was 10 years old, my family moved to the big city for my dad's new job. At first, I was devastated to leave myfamiliar small town life behind. But the city slowly grew on me, and I came to appreciate its own unique charms.The sights, sounds, and energy of the city were almost overwhelming at first! Instead of birdsong, I woke up to the honking of car horns and the rumble of traffic. The air didn't have that fresh, clean crispness, but rather a smell that was a mix of exhaust fumes, street food vendors, and a thousand other city scents.Everything in the city seemed to move at lightning speed too. People were always rushing about, cars zipped through the streets, and buildings towered high into the sky. There was a constant buzz of activity and energy that made the countryside seem positively sleepy in comparison.As daunting as it felt at first, I quickly grew to love thenon-stop excitement of the city. There was always something new to explore – world-class museums, giant parks, theaters showing the latest movies or musicals, festivals and street fairs every weekend. The options for fun were limitless!The variety of cultures and diversity in the city was amazing too. On my street alone, we had neighbors from India, Mexico, China, Italy, and a dozen other countries. Getting to experiencetheir incredible foods, customs, and traditions opened my eyes to how big and wonderfully diverse the world truly is.However, the city could be overwhelming and lonely at times too. With so many people constantly rushing about, it was easy to feel lost in the crowd. Gone was that strong sense of community I'd felt back in my village where everyone knew and looked out for one another. In the city, you had to work harder to find your tribe and place to belong.Money was tighter too since everything cost more – housing, food, entertainment. My parents didn't have the luxury of big backyards or areas to grow fruits and veggies like we did back in the country. We had to get creative about saving and budgeting.So which is the better place to live – the countryside or the city? There are pros and cons to both, and it likely comes down to personal preference.For me, I've grown to love the unending possibilities, diversity, and excitement of city living. But I'll always have a special place in my heart for the simple joys, clean air, strong community, and slower pace of my childhood in the countryside.Perhaps the solution is to spend part of my life in each place – enjoying the energy of the city when I'm young, then retiring toa quaint country village in my later years. That way, I could get the best of both worlds! No matter where I end up though, I'll always cherish the perspective of experiencing these two vastly different lifestyles. It has shown me there's beauty and value in all ways of life, if you just open your heart to them.篇3City Life vs Country LifeHave you ever wondered what it would be like to live in the countryside instead of the city? Or maybe you've lived in a village before and are curious about what city life is like? I've experienced living in both places, and let me tell you, they are quite different!In the city where I live now, it's always busy and crowded. There are tall buildings everywhere you look - apartment complexes, office towers, shops and restaurants. The streets are filled with cars and people rushing around. At times, it can feel a bit overwhelming with all the noise from traffic, construction, and crowds of people.But one thing I do like about the city is that there's always something to do. We have huge shopping malls, movies theaters, arcades, museums, festivals and concerts. You never get boredbecause there are endless activities and entertainment options. There are also a ton of different restaurants serving cuisines from all around the world. My favorites are the pizza places and the Asian noodle houses.The countryside where my grandparents live couldn't be more different. Their village is tiny, with just a few dozen houses, a small grocery store, and a primary school. Most of the area is farmland and open fields stretching out for miles and miles. It's incredibly peaceful and quiet there. Instead of cars and buses, you mainly just hear birds chirping, cows mooing, and a gentle breeze rustling the trees.At first, I used to find the countryside boring when we visited because there's not much to do besides playing outside. No video games, no YouTube, no malls. But after a few days there, I started to appreciate the slower pace and tranquility. I loved looking up at the bright stars that you can never see properly in the light-polluted city. I enjoyed fishing in the little stream with my grandpa and picnicking in the wildflower meadows. Breathing in that fresh, clean country air felt amazing.Even though there's not much going on, village people always seem to find ways to socialize and have fun together. On holidays, the whole community gets together for big potluckcelebrations with music, dancing and games for the kids. The local farmers are kind enough to let children run around and play in their fields when crops aren't growing. And there are plenty of forest trails that are great for hiking and bike riding.One major downside of village living is that you have to travel quite a way to get to stores, hospitals, entertainment and other amenities. The nearest big town with a shopping mall is over an hour's drive away. Can you imagine having to drive for 2 hours just to see a movie? For medical emergencies, you'd have to Call an ambulance to take you to the city hospital. So that's definitely an inconvenience.In the city, we have all those places just minutes from our doorstep - grocery stores, clinics, recreation centers and more. You don't need to waste time traveling long distances since everything is condensed into a small area. Public transit like buses and subways make it easy to get around. We're also fortunate to have good city hospitals with modern equipment and top doctors close by.However, living in the city does have its drawbacks too. The cost of living is much higher, with expensive housing and bills. Then there are the issues of pollution from vehicles and factories, inconsiderate noise from loud neighbors, and the general lack ofliving space and nature compared to rural areas. Cities can often feel cramped, stressful and artificial.After experiencing both lifestyles, I've realized that each has its own merits. The city provides convenience, opportunity and amenities. But the countryside offers desirable things like peace, fresh air, open spaces and community togetherness. While cities are more modern, villages have a certain old-fashioned charm.Personally, I don't think I could live in a village permanently when I'm older since I've gotten used to urban living and probably wouldn't want to give up access to everything. But it would be nice to have a quiet cottage in the country that I could visit to get away from the city's hustle and bustle whenever I need a break. That way, I could get the best of both worlds!While cities and the countryside are quite different, the most important thing is that people find happiness and contentment wherever they choose to live life. Some people thrive in an urban setting, while others much prefer a rural, small-town existence. There's no right or wrong since it all comes down to one's individual needs, desires and personality. The key is making the most of whichever environment you find yourself in.篇4Sure, here's an essay comparing rural and urban areas, written from the perspective of a 6th grade student in English. The length is approximately 2,000 words.The Country Life vs. The City LifeHave you ever wondered what it would be like to live in the countryside or a big city? Well, I've had the chance to experience both, and let me tell you, they're quite different! My family used to live in a small village, but a few years ago, we moved to the city. While there are pros and cons to both lifestyles, I've come to appreciate the unique charms of each.Let's start with the countryside. Growing up in a rural area was truly special. Our village was surrounded by vast fields, lush forests, and winding streams. The air was so fresh and clean, and the night sky was a breathtaking canvas of twinkling stars. One of my favorite things was waking up to the sound of birds chirping and the gentle breeze rustling through the trees.Life in the village was simple, but never boring. There was always something to do outdoors – whether it was exploring the woods, fishing in the creek, or helping my parents tend to our little vegetable garden. We didn't have fancy playgrounds or amusement parks, but we found joy in the simplest of things, like chasing butterflies or building forts out of sticks and leaves.The sense of community in our village was truly amazing. Everyone knew each other, and we all looked out for one another. Neighbors would often come over for a cup of tea or to share fresh produce from their gardens. On weekends, the whole village would gather for picnics, festivals, or sporting events. It was like having one big, extended family.However, living in the countryside also had its challenges. The nearest town was quite a distance away, which meant long drives for groceries, medical care, or entertainment. We didn't have access to many modern conveniences, and our internet connection was often spotty. Sometimes, the isolation could feel a bit lonely, especially for kids like me who craved more social interaction.That's why moving to the city was such a big change for us. At first, the constant noise, traffic, and crowds were overwhelming. But as I adjusted, I began to appreciate the excitement and opportunities that city life had to offer.One of the best things about living in the city is the endless array of activities and attractions. We have museums, theaters, sports arenas, and countless restaurants serving cuisine from all over the world. There are always festivals, concerts, or culturalevents happening somewhere, and you never have to worry about being bored.The city also offers excellent educational and career opportunities. We have access to top-notch schools, libraries, and universities right at our doorstep. There are so many different types of jobs and industries to explore, which means more options for finding your passion and pursuing your dreams.Another great thing about city life is the diversity. People from all walks of life, cultures, and backgrounds come together in the city. You get to experience different traditions, customs, and perspectives, which broadens your horizons and helps you become more open-minded and understanding of others.However, city living also comes with its own set of challenges. The pace of life is much faster and more hectic. There's constant noise, pollution, and traffic congestion. Finding personal space and moments of tranquility can be difficult. The cost of living is also generally higher in cities, with expenses like housing, transportation, and entertainment adding up quickly.So, which lifestyle is better – the country or the city? Honestly, it's hard to say. They both have their own unique charms and drawbacks.Personally, I cherish the memories of my childhood in the countryside. The fresh air, wide-open spaces, and close-knit community shaped who I am today. But I also appreciate the excitement, opportunities, and diversity that city living offers.Perhaps the ideal solution is to find a balance between the two – a place where you can enjoy the conveniences and amenities of urban life while still being able to escape to the serenity of nature when you need a break. Or maybe we can find ways to bring more of the countryside into the city, through parks, gardens, and sustainable urban planning.At the end of the day, what matters most is being surrounded by the people and things that bring you joy and fulfillment. Whether it's the country or the city, the true essence of "home" lies in the experiences, connections, and memories we create wherever we are.篇5City Life vs Country LifeHave you ever wondered what it would be like to live in the countryside instead of a big city? Or vice versa - move from a small town to an urban metropolis? I've had the chance toexperience both ways of life, and let me tell you, they are quite different!I was born and raised in a tiny village called Oakdale until I was 8 years old. Oakdale had only a few hundred residents, a village green with a playground, a little grocery store, a church, and not much else. All the houses were old but cozy, surrounded by farms, fields and forests.Living in the country was peaceful and slow-paced. I loved breathing the fresh air, playing outside without a care, and seeing bright stars at night. My friends and I would spend hours exploring the woods, climbing trees, chasing frogs in the creek, and riding our bikes on the quiet roads.Every morning I would wake up to the sound of roosters crowing and every evening I would watch the sunset over the distant hills. We grew our own fruits and vegetables in our little backyard garden. I remember picking fresh strawberries, tomatoes, corn and pumpkins. There were also cows, pigs, chickens and sheep on nearby farms that we could go pet and feed.One of my favorite times of year was the county fair in late summer. There were carnival rides, pie eating contests, a pettingzoo, and everyone would show off their prized livestock, baked goods and crafts. I loved the energy and excitement of the fair.While country life was tranquil and simple, there also wasn't much to do besides outdoor recreation. Going shopping meant driving 45 minutes to the nearest big town. We only got a few TV channels on the old antenna. And the internet was so slow that watching videos was nearly impossible. I remember feeling bored and restless a lot as a kid.Then when I was 8, my dad got a new job opportunity in the big city of Metro City. It was a huge change moving from our quiet village into a crowded urban area. Metro City has a population of over 5 million people and towering skyscrapers everywhere you look.At first, I was overwhelmed by all the noise, traffic, crowds of people rushing around, and endless concrete. Our new neighborhood was filled with apartment buildings, and we didn't have a real backyard, just a small fenced patio. I missed the open spaces, forests and farmland from back home.However, city life soon started growing on me in a lot of ways too. For one thing, there is always something to do here - the options for entertainment, activities, restaurants and shops are endless! There are massive malls, water parks, trampolineparks, bowling alleys, arcades, movies theaters, museums, sporting events, and concerts happening all the time.My new school was also way bigger than my tiny elementary in Oakdale, with over 1,000 students and so many more resources like art/music rooms, computer labs, a huge gym and sports teams. We even had an indoor swimming pool! The school offered way more clubs, extracurriculars and advanced learning opportunities that just weren't available in a small town.Another perk is that Metro City has amazing public transportation with buses and subways that can take you all over.I didn't have to beg my parents for rides everywhere. I could start going places on my own at a younger age than my cousins in the country.The city also offers a much broader variety of cuisines, cultures and people. I made friends from all over the world and got to try Korean barbecue, Ethiopian food, Venezuelan arepas and so much more. Oakdale was very homogenous.That said, city living definitely has its downsides too. Traffic here is a nightmare, with constant congestion and crazy drivers honking. The crowds make going anywhere stressful - you're always battling long lines and feeling crammed in. And there's alot of noise pollution from honking, sirens, construction, etc. It's certainly not as peaceful and tranquil as the countryside.The cost of living is astronomical here too. Our tiny city apartment costs more in rent than my parents' whole mortgage back in Oakdale. And everything from groceries to restaurants to entertainment is ridiculously pricey. We were on a really tight budget when we first moved.Lastly, while there is more economic opportunity in cities, there also tends to be more crime, dirtiness and homeless people. I don't feel as safe going out alone or playing outside near my home. It makes me appreciate how secure andclose-knit Oakdale felt.All in all, rural and urban living are like night and day in my experience. Country life is simple, quiet, affordable and connected to nature - but can also be isolating with fewer opportunities. City life is exciting, convenient and full of variety - but more hectic, crowded, expensive and artificial.I'm honestly not sure which lifestyle I prefer at this point. Part of me loves the energy, diversity and endless options of the big city. But another part of me dreams about the peace and freedom of roaming through farms and woods again. I could seemyself potentially living in a suburb someday to get a bit of both worlds.No matter where I end up though, I'm just grateful to have experienced the contrasting settings. It gave me a well-rounded perspective at a young age. The most important things in life aren't about where you live, but who you're surrounded by and the mindset you have. As long as I have my loved ones, a positive attitude and goals to work towards, I can be happy whether it's in a metropolitan area or a tiny village in the middle of nowhere!。
英语复习-词汇使用
词汇使用Unit 81. A spokesman（代言人）for the migrant（农民工）workers rehearsed(复述) their grievances （抱怨）at the hearing（审讯）when he was given a chance.2. You can orient(确定方向、导航) yourself by remembering that big hill in due north if you lose your way back.3. The economy experienced a severe(剧烈的) recession(衰退), i.e. decline(下降) in real output during the first half of the year.4. The people’s congress(议会) has validated（使生效）laws against computer crimes passed by the legislature(立法机关).5. The Vikings are reputed to have anticipated(预期的) Columbus in the discovery of America.6. Over and over again, the poor politician tried awkwardly(笨拙地) to retrieve(恢复得到) the situation amidst some laughter.7. There were complaints that it was demanding too much sacrifice(牺牲、供奉) on the part of ordinary people.8. The topic he was assigned comprehend(理解、包含) all of the major political development during that period.9. The minister is at present trying to crystallize(使具体化) his ideas into a practical plan.10. He demonstrated(展示) his bent(嗜好) for music by practicing six hours a day even when he had to work eight hours a day.Unit 91. Mary was in a dilemma(进退两难) as to whether to marry Paul, who was poor, or Charles, who was ugly.2. He was forced to give a legitimate（合理的）reason for his absence yesterday, which made him embarrassed(尴尬的).3. The complication of this project means that we will work in concert(一致、协调) for a few months.4. Word that the company is more likely to collapse(倒塌) inflict(造成) a panic among employees.5. The rise of taxi fares around public arguments. Some people argued that nobody would like to spend more except those who could get 100 percent reimbursement(偿还) form somewhere.6. A country isn’t respected if it violates(违反) an international agreement.7. In the conference, world leaders from more than 100 countries reached a historic agreement, giving voice to share values and unequivocal(明确的) commitment(承诺) to pursue peace over the world.8. In the new era, students are called to remain sober-minded(清醒的头脑), become more aware of potential problems and enhance our sense of historical responsibility.9. We will just have to write off the program if we can’t find any sponsor(赞助者) for it.10. It is prudent(谨慎的) to take a thick overcoat when you go out.1. The notice urged government departments to use tax breaks and preferential(优先的、特惠的) oil-pricing policies to encourage consumers to buy such cars.2. In recent days, many people condemned the brutal（残忍的）treatment to the innocent(无辜的) animals on the internet.3. In the past girls were taught to be content（满意的）, submissive(顺从的), dependent and conservative（保守的）and they had no rights to receive education.4. With the increas of domestic violence, women are encouraged to stand up for their rights. Keeping silent dosen’t help anyone and might just perpetuate(保持) the abuse.5. As an athlete, Liu Xiang is handsome and cool, childlike but masculine(阳性的) naturally crowned as a “charming guy to all”.6. During the period of 2006 World Cup in Germany, police are fully prepared for any escalation(扩大) in violence.7. With preparations for 2006 world cup in full swing, security issues have become a top concern. With millions of soccer fans at the upcoming event, a guarantee of safety is imperative(必要的).8. The Chinese have learned to relax travel and loosen their vallets especially in golden weeks. According to cumulative(累积的) statisticas since 1990, Chinese took 1.3 billion trips and spent more than 560.6 billion Yuan during the past golden weeks.9. All young people should be provided with access to the information, education and services necessary to develop the life skills required to reduce their vulnerability(弱点) to HIV infection. 10. It is reported that many juvenile delinquents(少年犯) come from unstable, often single-parent families.Unit 111. To achieve high productivity, the president of the factory worked out an incentive(激励的) way to motivate the workers. It seemed that his plan worked very well until last month.2. He studied the German market to find the potential(潜能、可能性) there for profitable investment.3. It is worthy of noting that people who were labled as(被贴上标签) “mentally bandicapped”need more trust from doctors and nurses than other patients.4. The basic idea to use the newly produced drug is to heal(治愈) a patient and not to increase drug resistant.5. There is compelling(引人注目的) evidence that the recession（衰退）in stock market is ending. It is good timing to invest your money in the stock market.6. Her autobiography gave me an insight(深刻理解) into the way government actually worked.7. Failures are more finely etched in our minds than triumphs, and success is an elusive(易忘的), if not mythic, goal in our demanding society.8. Our students, who are destined(注定) to be society’s future leaders, may need to nurture(培植) and foster their potential. We will implement leadership education for them.9. The screams of people aroused by splendid firework were quickly drowned out(淹没) by the passing train.10. People all over the world, no matter from the westen or easten counties, yearn for(渴望) the end to the war.1. He is quite outgoing and his remarks are usually embarrassingly close to home(说得太露骨).2. During the war hundreds of thousands of children were evacuated(疏散) from the industrial to rural areas even without informing their parents.3. Although the sense of humor is regarded to be high intelligence for a person to possess, most people are vulnerable(易受伤害的) to ridicule.4. The authority is endeavoring its efforts to train people of all walks to be able to marshal(引领) the foreign athletes at the Olympic village in the year 2008.5. Any factor that could compromise(妥协、让步) the safety of passengers and crew is a serious issue for cruiseship operators. Whether the danger is large or small, if the consequences are potentially severse, cruise lines must be seen to take the appropriate steps to mitigate those risks.6. Many traffic accidents can be averted(避免) by courtesy if there are no other particular reasons, such as poor road conditions or bad weather.7. A reckless(鲁莽的) person is one who does things without thinking about what results might be, especially when he is drunk.8. The politician has been exerting all his efforts to delude(迷惑) the local people into thinking that he would be the right person to bring them a better life.9. People with epilepsy(癫痫) and similar disease can take pills to stabilize(使稳固) their condition with approved dozes by their doctors.10. Emigration has gradually impoverished(使贫困) the country of first-class scientists, as they can easily find well-paid jobs under ideal working conditions with convenient access to most advanced information.Unit 131. Nowadays horrifying movies are very popular among the adults. However such movise are not wholesome(有益健康的) for young children.2. I met a girl who had studied law for many years in Amercia at the ariport when I was en route(在途中) to New York.3. The crowd was met by an array of(一批) policemen who were on guard at the gate for the meeting.4. For the quick tempo of life, especially in urban, more and more people neglect the significance of a good breakfast, which, acckrding to experts of nutrition, will fortify(增强) you for the day’s work.5. The life of peasants, to a great extent, depends on weather which will affect the harest. Cold weather retardes(妨碍) the growth of the crops.6. The cost of getting to Buffalo, Amercia was offset(弥补) by the fact that I found a very cheap place to live.7. We are going to designate(指定) this room as a non-smoking area, which will be warmly welcome by all the staff of the department.8. George intended to divorce, but didn’t provide any evidence for his first unsuccessful marriage. The church would not sanction(批准) his second marriage.9. We have cancelled the 4th of july celebration, in light of(鉴于) the tragic news about our chairmen.10. The refugees from Iraq petitioned(请求) the local government to be allowed to return to theircountry and rebuild their homes.Unit 141. Everyone want to live in a world at peace, for wars have left us countless nightmares. Diseases and famine are often legacies(遗产) of war.2. After the airliner was landed on the airport, the passengers were shepherded(带领) across the tarmac to the airliner.3. No matter of how hard he tried to tell his friends his true feeling, he was always the target(目标) of many jokes.4. The program is intended to nurture(鼓励、培植) interdisciplinary professionals with a diverse background in sociology, psychology and socail psychology. Students are encourage to conduct scholary research on current social issues and make practical applications of their specialized knowledge.5. It was recommended that the Statement contain a commitment to monitoring(监控) the realization of the children’s right.6. After a hot dicussion between Conservative Partu and the Republican Party, the Congress finally enacted(颁布) a tax reform bill.7. In terms of the increasing prices in oil around the world, the two countries signed a multilateral(多边的) agreement on world oil prices.8. Racial discrination(种族歧视) widely exited in Amercia, so many people gathered voluntarily asked for a mandate（授权）from government to annihilate(歼灭、废止) it.9. A newsflash(新闻快报) from Beirut says some of the amercian diplomats(外交家) have been kidnapped(绑架) as hostage(人质).10. Human character will change after he was born. Some people’s characters will be molded(塑造) by their experience, while other people’s characters will be molded by their education.。
Climate change and urban resilience-Robin Leichenko
Available online at Climate change and urban resilience Robin LeichenkoThe notion of resilience is gaining increasing prominence across a diverse set of literatures on cities and climate change. Although there is some disagreement among these different literatures about how to define and measure resilience,there is broad consensus that:(1)cities must become resilient to a wider range of shocks and stresses in order to be prepared for climate change;and(2)efforts to foster climate change resilience must be bundled with efforts to promote urban development and sustainability.Emerging issues for future study highlight some of the challenges associated with practical application of resilience approaches.These include responding to equity concerns associated with uneven patterns of resilience both within and across cities,assessing the costs of implementing resilience strategies,and identifying options for harnessing the innovation potential in cities as a means to foster resilience and sustainability.AddressDepartment of Geography,Rutgers University,54Joyce Kilmer Ave., Piscataway,NJ08854,USACorresponding author:Leichenko,Robin(robin.leichenko@)Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability2011,3:164–168 This review comes from a themed issue on Human Settlements and Industrial SystemsEdited by Patricia Romero Lankao and David DodmanReceived24October2010;Accepted26December2010Available online17th January20111877-3435/$–see front matter#2011Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.DOI10.1016/j.cosust.2010.12.014IntroductionThe notion of resilience is gaining increasing promi-nence within the literature on cities and climate change. Frequently used terms such as‘climate resilient,’‘cli-mate-proofing,’and the‘resilient city’emphasize the idea that cities,urban systems,and urban constituencies need to be able to quickly bounce back from climate-related shocks and stresses[1,2 ,3,4].Enhancement of resilience is widely cited as a key goal for both adaptation and mitigation efforts in cities and urban regions[5–8]. There is also a growing set of studies that rigorously explore how resilience is connected to other key concepts that appear within the climate change literature in-cluding vulnerability,sustainability,adaptation,and transition[2 ,9–16].In examining recent literature on urban resilience,this review recognizes the growing ubiquity of the term‘resilience’within the literature on climate change and cities,but limits the assessment to studies that place the concept of resilience at the center of their analytical focus.Urban resilience generally refers to the ability of a city or urban system to withstand a wide array of shocks and stresses.As such,climate change is understood as but one of the many stresses that cities face.Urban resilience studies are grounded in a diverse array of literatures, which can be broadly sorted into four categories:(1)urban ecological resilience;(2)urban hazards and disaster risk reduction;(3)resilience of urban and regional economies; and(4)promotion of resilience through urban governance and institutions.While there is much overlap and cross-fertilization among these different sets of literature,each emphasizes different facets of urban resilience and each focuses on different components of cities and urban systems.After briefly describing how urban resilience is understood and studied across these different sets of literature,the review identifies a set of crosscutting themes and emerging questions for future study of urban resilience to climate change.Approaches to urban resilienceAcross the broad array of urban resilience literatures, resilience is typically understood as the ability of a system to withstand a major shock and maintain or quickly return to normal function.Yet there is disagreement on both the characteristics that define resilience and the appropriate analytical unit for the measurement of resilience.Hetero-geneity in the usage of the concept of resilience is partly rooted in the differing intellectual origins and lineages of the different research traditions[17 ],but diversity of interpretation is also noteworthy within each of the sub-groups described below.The urban ecological resilience literature,which draws and extends upon traditional notions of ecosystems resilience [9,18,19]defines urban resilience as the ability of a city or urban system to absorb disturbance while retaining iden-tity,structure and key processes[20].Emphasizing uncer-tainties,nonlinearities,and the self-organizing abilities of ecological and coupled human–environment systems, urban ecological resilience studies have expanded from an early focus on urban-based ecosystems[21],to the analysis of urban coupled human–environment systems [22],to examination of cities and urban networks as complex adaptive systems[20].Within this literature, extreme climate events and gradual climatic changes are regarded as shocks or stressors(fast or slow moving variables)that affect cities and urban networks[23 ,24]. Recognizing the critical role that cities play as centers ofCurrent Opinion in Environmental Sustainability2011,3:164–innovation,Ernstson et al.[23 ]suggest that cities need to harness this innovation potential in ways that will build capacity to withstand shocks and to sustain ecosystem services in the face of uncertainty.Within the urban hazards and disaster risk reduction litera-ture–arguably the largest branch of urban resilience literature–emphasis is placed on enhancing the capacity of cities,infrastructure systems,and urban populations and communities to quickly and effectively recover from both natural and human-made hazards.Climate change is regarded as one of many threats,including terrorism,for which urban areas must build resilience[25,26].Recent work in this area includes efforts to:quantify economic resilience to hazards[27];evaluate resilience of infra-structure systems and urban built environments[28,29]; and,investigate how cities recover following disaster events,with particular emphasis on community resilience in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina[30–32]. Other hazard resilience studies develop models of com-munity resilience based on a wide range of quantitative indicators[33 ]or measure variations in resilience of towns within specific regions based on characteristics of households[17 ].Recent studies also identify mechan-isms and strategies to increase hazard resilience of poor urban communities in developing world cities[34,35]. Paralleling the growing interest in economic measure-ments of resilience[27]there is also an emerging body of literature on the resilience of urban and regional economies. This literature,rooted in economic geography and urban and regional planning,applies ideas and terminology from ecological resilience theory such as complexity,diversity, and self-organizing systems,to study the evolution of urban and regional economic and industrial systems [36,37,38 ].As with the ecological and hazard literatures, the economic resilience literature emphasizes that cli-mate change is one of many types of shocks and stresses that urban and regional economies face[38 ].Recent studies in this vein examine the linkages between diver-sity,volatility and growth of urban and regional econom-ies[39],identify factors that explain why resilience is uneven across places and locations[38],and examine linkages between resilience and long-term growth and/ or decline of cities and regions[40].The emphasis on the relationship between resilience and geographical uneven-ness raises important questions about the role of power and politics in influencing development paths and trajec-tories of different places[38 ].Studies emphasizing governance and institutions represent another branch of work on urban resilience.This litera-ture focuses on questions of how different types of institutional arrangements affect the resilience of local environments[41]and how resilience thinking can influence the development of improved governance mechanisms for promoting adaptation to climate change,such as new types of social contracts[42 ] and community-based adaptation efforts[43].Govern-ance studies have also considered how resilience prin-ciples such as adaptive management can be used to promote sustainability in highly developed coastal zones [44,45 ],and which characteristics of urban governance can enhance climate resilience while at same time reducing vulnerability of urban citizens who are most at risk to climate-related shocks and stress[46 ].Some of the many characteristics of urban governance that are identified as promoting resilience include:polycentri-city,transparency and accountability,flexibility,and inclusiveness[46 ].But rather than prescribing a single,‘best practice’arrangement,the governance literature advocates a diversity of approaches,suggesting that effective institutional arrangements take many different forms[41].Crosscutting themes and emerging challengesOn the basis of the above review,several crosscutting themes emerge with respect to the issue of urban resili-ence to climate change:Climate change is one of many types of shocks and stresses that cities face,and climate change-related shocks typically occur in combination with other environmental,economic,and political stresses [1,15,23 ,24,25,38 ,47,48].Promotion of urban resili-ence to climate change will thus require that cities become resilient to a wider range of overlapping and interacting shocks and stresses.Although resilience can be measured in many different ways[27,33 ,38 ,49],some key characteristics of resilient cities,populations,neighborhoods,and sys-tems include:diversity,flexibility,adaptive govern-ance,and capacity for learning and innovation [1,42 ,46 ,50].These characteristics are also hallmarks of cities and urban industries that are at the forefront of technological innovation and efforts to develop sustainable urban infrastructure[23 ].In order to contribute to long-term urban sustainability, efforts to promote urban resilience to climate change, including both adaptation and mitigation strategies, need to be bundled with broader development policies and plans[2 ,3,4,44,51].In many cases,existing policies that are aimed at addressing other urban environmental problems,such as housing in risk-prone areas,can be adapted to promote climate change resilience at little or no cost[50].Notwithstanding general agreement that promotion of urban resilience is essential for enabling both adaptation and mitigation efforts,a number of interrelated questions and concerns are also emerging.These questions,all of which highlight the challenges associated with practical application of resilience approaches within cities,provide Climate change and urban resilience Leichenko165 Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability2011,3:164–168important topics of inquiry for the next generation of urban resilience research:(1)How can issues of equity be incorporated into strategies to promote resilience?The idea that resilience is a positive trait that contributes to sustainability is widely accepted.Yet some recent studies identify situations where promotion of resilience for some locations may come at the expense of others[38 ],or enhancement of resilience at one scale,such as the level of the community may reduce resilience at another scale,such as the household or individual[52,53]. Other studies raise questions about the relationship be-tween resilience and poverty and recommend more atten-tion to issues of power and inequality that arise with application of resilience approaches[2 ,42 ].Additional work is needed in order to identify ways that efforts to promote urban resilience to climate change can take into account the unintended consequences of these actions, both across space and at different analytical scales,in order to ensure that these efforts do not reinforce existing inequalities or create new ones.(2)How can cities pay for resilience?And who benefits or loses from efforts to promote resilience?There is growing interest in understanding the costs of climate change for cities and regions,as well as the costs associated with making cities climate resilient[4].The ability to pay for resili-ence varies widely across cities,as does implementation capacity.This variation is not simply a function of income but also of urban governance structures and institutions. Ayers[54]draws attention to the need for international sources of funds to build and promote resilience in low and middle income countries.Yet institutional and gov-ernance literatures suggest caution about putting pro-grams into place from top down[42 ].In order to ensure that externalfinancial incentives that are intended to promote resilience do not undermine self-sufficiency of local communities.There is also a need for further attention to the distributional consequences of actions intended to promote urban resilience,including identi-fication of social groups,industries,and urban neighbor-hoods that will benefit from or bear the cost of resilience efforts.(3)How can the innovation potential of cities be harnessed to promote resilience?Cities are sites of social,political, economic and technical innovation.This innovation potential can be drawn upon to develop and implement strategies that promote resilience of urban ecosystems and coupled human–environment systems,but new forms of governance are needed to foster these efforts [23 ,40].New approaches to urban governance are also regarded as critical for efforts to bundle resilience with broader development efforts[51].How to promote these approaches,particularly in light of entrenched political power in many cities[38 ],is an important question for further work.ConclusionDiversity is a key tenet of resilience theory,and the diversity of approaches to urban resilience identified above is a testament to theflexibility and adaptability of this burgeoning research area.Yet because the con-cept of resilience concept is quite plastic—similar to the plasticity of climate change identified by Hulme [55]—resilience is sometimes loosely equated with reducing vulnerability or enhancing adaptive capacity. In order to ensure that the term‘resilience’retains its utility,there is a need for continued questioning of how the concept is used and applied to urban areas.As resilience becomes mainstreamed into efforts to clima-tize development[2 ,4]there will also be a need for vigilance on the part of researchers,policymakers,and private actors to ensure that enhancement of resilience to climate change continues to foster positive social change[56]while also contributing to long-term sustain-ability.AcknowledgementsThis research was supported by the Rutgers University Initiative on Climate and Social Policy.The author thanks Adelle Thomas for research assistance,and the reviewers and editor for their helpful comments and suggestions.References and recommended readingPapers of particular interest,published within the period of review, have been highlighted as:of special interestof outstanding interest1.Pelling M:The Vulnerability of Cities:Natural Disasters and SocialResilience London:Earthscan;2003.2.Boyd E,Osbahr H,Ericksen P,Tompkins E,Lemos M,Miller F:Resilience and‘climatizing’development:examples andpolicy implications.Development2008,51:390-396.This paper explores how the concept of resilience can be used to foster ‘‘climate-friendly’’development in both urban and rural settings within the developing world.The discussion of the advantages and limitations that arise when applying resilience perspectives to development efforts in practice is especially useful.3.Sperling F,Valdivia C,Quiroz R,Valdivia R,Angulo L,Seimon A,Noble I:Transitioning to Climate Resilient DevelopmentPerspectives from Communities in Peru.Environment Department Papers,Climate Change Series.World Bank;2008.Paper Number 115/INTCC/Resources/WB-EDP-115-Transitioning-to-Climate-Resilient-Development-Peru.pdf.4.Economics of Climate Adaptation Working Group:ShapingClimate Resilient Development:A Framework for Decision-making;2009./App_Media/Images/Page_Images/Offices/SocialSector/PDF/ECA_Shaping_Climate%20Resilent_Development.pdf.5.Crichton D:What can cities do to increase resilience?Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A:MathematicalPhysical and Engineering Sciences2007,365:2731-2739.6.Muller M:Adapting to climate change.Environment andUrbanization2007,19:99.7.Revi A:Climate change risk:an adaptation and mitigationagenda for Indian cities.Environment and Urbanization2008,20:207.8.Sa´nchez-Rodrı´guez R:Leaning to adapt to climate change inurban areas.A Review of recent contributions.Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability2009,1:201-206.166Human Settlements and Industrial SystemsCurrent Opinion in Environmental Sustainability2011,3:164–9.Berkes F:Understanding uncertainty and reducingvulnerability:lessons from resilience thinking.Natural Hazards 2007,41:283-295.10.Vogel C,Moser S,Kasperson R,Dabelko G:Linking vulnerability,adaptation,and resilience science to practice:pathways,players,and partnerships.Global Environmental Change2007, 17:349-364.11.Gaillard J:Vulnerability,capacity and resilience:perspectivesfor climate and development policy.Journal of InternationalDevelopment2010,22:218-232.12.Nelson D,Adger WN,Brown K:Adaptation to environmentalchange:contributions of a resilience framework.AnnualReview of Environment and Resources2007,32:395.13.Eakin H,Wehbe M:Linking local vulnerability to systemsustainability in a resilience framework:two cases from Latin America.Climatic Change2009,93:355-377.14.Turner BL:Vulnerability and resilience:coalescing orparalleling approaches for sustainability science?GlobalEnvironmental Change2010,20:570-576.15.Wilbanks T,Kates R:Beyond adapting to climate change:embedding adaptation in responses to multiple threats and stresses.Annals of the Association of American Geographers2010,100:719-728.ler F,Osbahr H,Boyd E,Thomalla F,Bharwani S,Ziervogel G,Walker B,Birkmann J,van der Leeuw S,Rockstrom J et al.:Resilience and vulnerability:complementary or conflictingconcepts?Ecology and Society2010,15:11.17. Zhou H,Wang J,Wan J,Jia H:Resilience to natural hazards:a geographic perspective.Natural Hazards2010,53:21-41.This article provides a useful overview of the diversity of definitions andmethodologies used with ecological and hazard resilience literatures.A new geographically based resilience model is put forward and testedusing data from towns in northern China.18.Folke C:Resilience:the emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses.Global Environmental Change2006,16:253-267.19.Andersson E:Urban landscapes and sustainable cities.Ecologyand Society2006,11:34.20.Resilience Alliance:Urban Resilience Research Prospectus.2007/1610.php.21.Alberti M,Marzluff J,Shulenberger E,Bradley G,Ryan C,Zumbrunnen C:Integrating humans into ecology:opportunities and challenges for studying urban ecosystems.Bioscience2003,53:1169-1179.22.Liu J,Dietz T,Carpenter S,Alberti M,Folke C,Moran E,Pell A,Deadman P,Kratz T,Lubchenco J et al.:Complexity ofcoupled human and natural systems.Science2007,317:1513.23. Ernstson H,van der Leeuw S,Redman C,Meffert D,Davis G, Alfsen C,Elmqvist T:Urban transitions:on urban resilience and human-dominated ecosystems.AMBIO:A Journal of the Human Environment2010.101007/s13280-010-0081-9.This study integrates resilience concepts within insights from geographicand economic research on systems of cities to examine the resilience of urban systems.The study suggests that innovation capacity in cities canbe harnessed by urban governing institutions in order to promote relienceand foster transitions to sustainability.24.Maru Y:Resilient regions:clarity of concepts and challenges tosystemic measurement systemic measurement.Socio-Economics and the Environment Discussion,CSIRO WorkingPaper Series.2010http://www.csiro.au/files/files/pw5h.pdf.25.Coaffee J:Risk,resilience,and environmentally sustainablecities.Energy Policy2008,36:4633-4638.26.Coaffee J,Rogers P:Rebordering the city for new securitychallenges:from counter-terrorism to community resilience.Space and Polity2008,12:101-118.27.Rose A:Economic resilience to natural and man-madedisasters:multidisciplinary origins and contextualdimensions.Environmental Hazards2007,7:383-398.28.McDaniels T,Chang S,Cole D,Mikawoz J,Longstaff H:Fosteringresilience to extreme events within infrastructure systems:characterizing decision contexts for mitigation andadaptation.Global Environmental Change2008,18:310-318. 29.Allenby B,Fink J:Toward inherently secure and resilientsocieties.Science2005,309:1034.30.Campanella T:Urban resilience and the recovery of NewOrleans.Journal of the American Planning Association2006,72:141-146.31.Colten C,Kates R,Laska S:Three years after Katrina:lessonsfor community resilience.Environment:Science and Policy forSustainable Development2008,50:36-47.32.Pais J,Elliot J:Places as recovery machines:vulnerability andneighborhood change after major hurricanes.Social Forces2008,86:1415-1453.33.Cutter S,Barnes L,Berry M,Burton C,Evans E,Tate E,Webb J:A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters.Global Environmental Change2008,18:598-606.The key contribution of this study is that it develops a comprehensive, area-based model of local and community resilience to natural disasters. The model is widely applicable for comparison and assessment of resilience to climate change-related extreme events both within and across urban areas.34.Chatterjee M:Slum dwellers response toflooding events in themegacities of India.Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies forGlobal Change2010,15:337-353.35.Satterthwaite D,Huq S,Reid H,Pelling M,Lankao P:Adapting toClimate Change in Urban Areas:the Possibilities and Constraints in Low-and Middle-income Nations.International Institute forEnvironment and Development(IIED);2007/pubs/pdfs/10549IIED.pdf.36.Martin R,Sunley P:Complexity thinking and evolutionaryeconomic geography.Journal of Economic Geography2007,7:573-601.37.Pendall R,Foster K,Cowell M:Resilience and regions:buildingunderstanding of the metaphor.Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society2010,3:71-84.38.Pike A,Dawley S,Tomaney J:Resilience adaptation andadaptability.Cambridge Journal of Regions,Economy andSociety2010,3:59-70.This article examines factors that determine the resilience of different places using perspectives and theories from evolutionary economic geography.The paper provides important insights into why patterns of resilience are uneven across space and explores the question of what kind of resilience for whom.39.Essletzbichler J:Diversity,stability and regional growth inthe United States1975–2002.In Applied Evolutionary Economics and Economic Geography.Edited by Frenken K.Edward ElgarPress;2007:203-229.40.Simmie J,Martin R:The economic resilience of regions:towards an evolutionary approach.Cambridge Journal ofRegions,Economy and Society2010,3:27-43.41.Ostrom E:Polycentric systems for coping with collectiveaction and global environmental change.Global Environmental Change2010.doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.07.004.42.O’Brien K,Hayward B,Berkes F:Rethinking social contracts:building resilience in a changing climate.Ecology and Society 2009,14:12.Although not explicitly focused on urban areas,this paper’s exploration of how new types social contracts are needed in order to build resilence to climate change is broadly applicable to urban areas and urban popula-tions.43.Swalheim S,Dodman D:Building Resilience:How the Urban Poorcan Drive Climate Adaptation.Institute for Environment andDevelopment(IIED),Sustainable Development Opinion;2008(November)/pubs/pdfs/17043IIED.pdf.44.Duxbury J,Dickinson S:Principles for sustainable governanceof the coastal zone:in the context of coastal disasters.Ecological Economics2007,63:319-330.Climate change and urban resilience Leichenko167 Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability2011,3:164–16845. Wardekker J,Jong A,Knoop J,Sluijs J:Operationalising a resilience approach to adapting an urban delta to uncertain climate changes.Technological Forecasting&Social Change 2010,77:987-998.The paper demonstrates how a resilience approach can be put into placeas part of climate change adaptation efforts in cities.The approach is operationalized in the city of Rotterdam,and the paper provides a usefuldiscussion of lessons learned from the case study.46. Tanner T,Mitchell T,Polack E,Guenther B:Urban Governance for Adaptation:Assessing Climate Change Resilience in Ten Asian Cities.IDS Working Papers(p.315)2009/ idsbookshop/details.asp?id=1069.This study identifies characteristics of urban governance that fosterclimate resilience based on thefindings of an assessment of climate vulnerability in ten cities in Asia.Thefindings of the paper are potentiallyapplicable to cities throughout the world.47.De Sherbinin A,Schiller A,Pulsipher A:The vulnerability of globalcities to climate hazards.Environment and Urbanization2007,19:39-64.48.Leichenko R,O’Brien K:Environmental Change and Globalization:Double Exposures;Oxford University Press;2008.49.Klein R,Nicholls R,Thomalla F:Resilience to natural hazards:how useful is this concept?Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards2003,5:35-45.50.Hardoy J,Pandiella G:Urban poverty and vulnerability toclimate change in Latin America.Environment and Urbanization 2009,21:203-224.51.Seto K,Sa´nchez-Rodrı´guez R,Fragkias M:The new geographyof contemporary urbanization and the environment.Annual Review of Environment and Resources2010.doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-100809-125336.52.Adger W,Arnell N,Tompkins E:Successful adaptation toclimate change across scales.Global Environmental Change 2005,15:77-86.53.Sapountzaki K:Social resilience to environmental risks:amechanism of vulnerability transfer?Management ofEnvironmental Quality:An International Journal2007,18:274-297.54.Ayers J:International funding to support urban adaptation toclimate change.Environment and Urbanization2009,21:225. 55.Hulme M:Why We Disagree About Climate Change.CambridgeUniversity Press;2009.56.O’Brien K:Responding to environmental change:a new age forhuman geography?Progress in Human Geography2010.doi:10.1177/0309132510377573.168Human Settlements and Industrial SystemsCurrent Opinion in Environmental Sustainability2011,3:164–。
城市空间韧性理论及实践的研究进展与展望
安全韧性城市 | 1Research Progress and Perspectives on the Theory and Practice of Urban Spatial Resilience城市空间韧性理论及实践的研究进展与展望*鲁钰雯 翟国方 LU Yuwen, ZHAI Guofang 极端天气事件、自然灾害、事故灾害以及公共卫生事件的频繁发生，严重威胁到人类社会的安全和可持续发展。
“韧性”理念致力于处理复杂社会—生态系统中的动态与可持续发展问题，该理念的引入为城市提供了一种应对灾害风险、协调城市发展目标和城市安全底线的新视角。
“城市空间”是城市各种活动的物质载体和空间表征，是协调城市各系统要素健康有序发展的物质纽带，影响着城市社会经济发展和人居环境。
“城市空间韧性”的提出是韧性理论与城市空间研究相结合的新尝试。
梳理城市空间韧性的起源与发展，明确城市空间韧性的概念与内涵，归纳城市空间韧性的主要评估方法，总结应对灾害风险的城市空间韧性实践进展。
最后指出目前城市空间韧性研究的不足之处，并提出研究展望，以期为我国国土空间韧性建设提供参考。
The frequent occurrence of extreme weather events, natural disasters, accidents and public health incidents seriously threatenthe safety and sustainable development of human society. The introduction of the concept of resilience, which addresses thedynamics and sustainability of complex social-ecological systems, provides cities with a new perspective on disaster risk andthe coordination of urban development goals and urban safety bottom lines. Urban space is the material carrier and spatialrepresentation of various activities in cities, and is the material link that coordinates the healthy and orderly development of allelements of urban systems, affecting urban socio-economic development and the human living environment. The proposal ofurban space resilience is a new attempt to combine resilience theory and urban space research. This study firstly compares theorigin and development of urban spatial resilience, clarifies the concept and connotation of urban spatial resilience, summarizesthe main assessment methods of urban spatial resilience, and summarizes the progress of urban spatial resilience practice inresponse to disaster risks. Finally, this paper summarizes the shortcomings of the current urban spatial resilience research andputs forward the research outlook, in order to provide references for the construction of spatial resilience in China.城市空间韧性；理论发展；实践探索；韧性城市；灾害风险urban spatial resilience; theoretical development; practical exploration; resilient cities; disaster risk文章编号 1673-8985（2022）06-0001-07 中图分类号 TU981 文献标志码 A DOI 10.11982/j.supr.20220601摘 要Abstract 关 键 词Key words 作者简介鲁钰雯南京大学建筑与城市规划学院南京大学城市安全发展研究中心助理研究员，博士翟国方（通信作者）南京大学建筑与城市规划学院南京大学城市安全发展研究中心教授，博士生导师，********************.cn *基金项目：中国博士后科学基金“基于人工智能技术的城市空间韧性评估及规划调控研究”（编号2021M701649）；江苏省自然科学基金青年基金“洪涝灾害情境下基于深度学习的城市精细时空尺度空间韧性动态优化路径”（编号BK20220782）资助。
高铁英语作文
Highspeed rail,or commonly referred to as the bullet train,is a modern marvel of transportation that has revolutionized the way people travel across vast distances.It is a testament to the advancements in technology and engineering that have made highspeed travel not only possible but also efficient and comfortable.The Evolution of HighSpeed RailThe concept of highspeed rail began in the1960s in Japan with the introduction of the Shinkansen,which set the standard for fast and reliable train services.Since then, countries like France with the TGV,Germany with the ICE,and China with its extensive network of highspeed trains have expanded the reach and capabilities of this mode of transportation.Benefits of HighSpeed Rail1.Speed:Highspeed trains can travel at speeds of over300km/h,significantly reducing travel time between cities and making it a viable alternative to air travel for shorter distances.2.Efficiency:These trains operate on dedicated tracks,avoiding the congestion and delays associated with traditional rail systems and road traffic.3.Economical:Highspeed rail is often more costeffective than building new highways or expanding airports,especially when considering the environmental impact.4.Environmental Friendliness:Compared to other forms of transport,highspeed rail produces less carbon dioxide per passengerkilometer,making it a greener option.5.Reliability:Trains are less susceptible to weather delays and offer a consistent travel experience.The Impact on SocietyThe introduction of highspeed rail has had profound effects on society:Economic Development:It stimulates regional economies by improving access to major cities,encouraging business and tourism.Urbanization:It has facilitated the growth of cities by making it easier for people to live in suburban areas while working in urban centers.Cultural Exchange:Highspeed rail makes it easier for people to travel and experience different cultures,fostering greater understanding and exchange.Challenges and ConsiderationsDespite the numerous advantages,highspeed rail faces challenges such as:High Initial Costs:The construction of highspeed rail infrastructure is expensive and requires significant investment.Technological Complexity:Maintaining and operating highspeed trains requires advanced technology and skilled personnel.Environmental Concerns:While highspeed rail is more environmentally friendly than some other modes of transport,the construction phase can have significant environmental impacts.The Future of HighSpeed RailAs technology continues to advance,the future of highspeed rail looks promising. Innovations such as maglev magnetic levitation trains,which hover above the tracks and can reach even higher speeds,are being explored.Additionally,the integration of highspeed rail with other forms of public transportation is key to creating seamless travel networks.In conclusion,highspeed rail has become an integral part of modern transportation, offering a fast,efficient,and environmentally friendly way to travel.As countries continue to invest in this technology,it is likely to play an even more significant role in shaping the way we move around the world in the years to come.。
urban什么意思及同义词
urban的发音：英音 [ 'ɜ:bən ]；美音 [ 'ɜ:bən ]urban的在线翻译：副词解释：1.城市的；居住在城市的2.具有城市特征的；习惯于（或倾向于）城市生活的反义词：rural；。
urban的英语解释：located in or characteristic of a city or city liferelating to or concerned with a city or densely populated area相关短语：urban renewal 城市改造(计划)urban sprawl 城市扩张(指市区失去控制地向郊区延伸)on the urban scene 在城市里intra-urban transportation 市内运输urban architecture 城市建筑urban area 城市地区urban climate 城市气候urban development 城市发展urban ecology 城市生态学urban environment 城市环境urban的例句：Time was when [urBan gangs] were part of a . . . subculture that inner-city adolescence outgrew 曾经有个时候城内的青年人已成长大了It has already heavily impacted urban tree resources where it has become established in New York and Illinois.在其已定殖的纽约和依利诺尔斯，它已严重影响到城市的树木资源。
The income of farmers and some urban residents has increased only slowly. The number of the unemployed has gone up. Some people are still Badly off.农民和城镇部分居民收入增长缓慢,失业人员增多,有些群众的生活还很困难.Urban planning： Programs pursued as a means of improving the urban environment and achieving certain social and economic objectives.城市规画:绝大多数工业化国家为达到改善生活环境和某些社会与经济目标而从事的计画。
关于生活方式的英语作文
Lifestyle is a term that encompasses the interests,opinions,behaviors,and behavioral orientations of an individual,group,or culture.It is the way in which a person lives their life and can be influenced by various factors such as culture,social norms, personal values,and economic status.Here is an essay discussing different aspects of lifestyle:Title:The Diverse Spectrum of LifestylesIntroduction:In the modern world,there is an immense variety of lifestyles that people adopt based on their unique preferences and circumstances.From the bustling city dweller to the serene countryside resident,each lifestyle offers a different perspective on how to live a fulfilling life.Urban Lifestyle:The urban lifestyle is characterized by fastpaced living,with individuals often juggling multiple responsibilities.City life offers a plethora of opportunities for career growth, entertainment,and social interaction.People living in urban areas typically have access to a wide range of amenities such as public transportation,healthcare facilities,and cultural attractions.However,this lifestyle can also be stressful due to the high cost of living, traffic congestion,and noise pollution.Rural Lifestyle:Contrasting the urban lifestyle,the rural lifestyle is often slower and more peaceful. People living in rural areas enjoy a closer connection to nature and typically have more space to live and work.The rural lifestyle is often associated with farming,gardening, and a strong sense of community.Despite the slower pace,rural living can sometimes lack the conveniences and opportunities found in urban areas.Health and Fitness Lifestyle:A growing trend is the health and fitness lifestyle,where individuals prioritize their physical wellbeing through regular exercise,a balanced diet,and mindfulness practices. This lifestyle often involves participating in sports,attending fitness classes,and making conscious choices about nutrition.It can lead to improved mental health,increased energy levels,and a longer life expectancy.Digital Nomad Lifestyle:With the advent of technology,the digital nomad lifestyle has become increasingly popular.Digital nomads are individuals who leverage technology to work remotely from anywhere in the world.This lifestyle offers the freedom to travel and explore newcultures while maintaining a professional career.It requires discipline,selfmotivation, and effective time management skills.Sustainable and EcoFriendly Lifestyle:An increasing number of people are adopting a sustainable and ecofriendly lifestyle to reduce their environmental impact.This includes practices such as recycling,conserving energy,using public transportation,and supporting local and organic products.Living sustainably can help preserve the planet for future generations and often leads to a simpler and more mindful way of life.Conclusion:Lifestyle choices are deeply personal and reflect an individuals values,aspirations,and circumstances.Whether one prefers the excitement of city life,the tranquility of the countryside,the discipline of a healthconscious routine,the freedom of digital nomadism, or the responsibility of living sustainably,each lifestyle offers unique rewards and challenges.Ultimately,the key to a fulfilling lifestyle is finding what resonates with ones own needs and desires,and making choices that align with those preferences.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Urben disease
With the development of the economy,the cities expand continually.The splendid skycraps and numerous cars in the street reflect the properous of the cities.But simultaneously,a lot of bad effects of the development of citis come into being.That are what we called urben disease.
The most serious urben disease can be counted as the urben pollution.This includes the air pollution,noise pollution and the municipal solid waste pollution.First,the air pollution ,which main caused by the waste gas which released by the automobile s,would be very harmful to people’s health.The poisonous gas could make people get some pulmonary diseases and respiratory diseases easily.Second,a large scale of construction everywhere and the vehicles cause the noise polltion.That makes the city a very noisy place.There nearly are not very quiet place in the city.No matter where you are,you would alway be annoyed by the noise.Third,a large number of population lives in the city could produce a large amount of solid waste.Tha t’s a big problem to deal with these solid waste.If we don’t deal with it in proper wa ys,that could cause the pollution of the city environment which may have bad influence for people’s living..
Then the traffic jam and accident should be another urben disease,which brings people a lot of inconvinience and even the personnel and property losses.As the popularizing of the c ars,a lot of people own private cars.That does bring much convience for people’s daily life,but it has also caused a lot of trraffic jam which make most of people very annoyed when they are on their way.What’s more,a large amount of people are reported to be killed in the increacing traffic accidents.According to the investigation,there are over 700,000people dead in the traffic annually ac cidents in China.That’s horrible!
There is another urben disease which we can not ignored is the public disorder.The high level of population concentration makes most of the citis in our country the very crowded place.And due to the urbenlization of our society,a lot of people from the rural area continully swarm into the urben area,which makes the situation worse. It is difficult to keep a good public order.Then there comes various crims.Such as robbery,drug trafficking and so on.
As the urbenlization developed so fast in our country,I think our goverment should pay more attention to the urben diseases and take some efficent measures to deal with them.And for our people,as the theme of the Shanghai Expo”Better city,better lif”,I think ifwe want a better life, we should try our best to protect the urben environment.。