Unit 8 Text A Principles of Biomedical Ethics
新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解 Unit8
新视野三版读写B2U8Text AAnimals or children?—A scientist's choice1I am the enemy!I am one of those cursed,cruel physician scientists involved in animal research.These rumors sting,for I have never thought of myself as an evil person.I became a children's doctor because of my love for children and my supreme desire to keep them healthy.During medical school and residency,I saw many children die of cancer and bloodshed from injury—circumstances against which medicine has made great progress but still has a long way to go.More importantly,I also saw children healthy thanks to advances in medical science such as infant breathing support,powerful new medicines and surgical techniques and the entire field of organ transplantation.My desire to tip the scales in favor of healthy,happy children drew me to medical research.2My accusers have twisted the truth into a fable and cast me as the devil.They claim that I have no moral compass,that I torture innocent animals for the sole purpose of career advancement,and that my experiments have no relevance to medicine.Meanwhile,an uncaring public barely watches, convinced that the issue has no significance,and publicity-conscious senators and politicians increasingly give way to the lobbying of animal rights activists.3We,in medical research,have also been unbelievably uncaring.We have allowed the most extreme animal rights protesters to creep in and frame the issue as one of"animal fraud"and hatred.We have persisted in our belief that a knowledgeable public would consent to the importance of animal research for public health.Perhaps we have been mistaken in not responding to the emotional tone of the argument.Perhaps we should have responded to those sad slogans and posters of animals by waving equally sad posters of children dying of cancer or external wounds.4In the animal rights forum,much is made of the volume of pain these animals experience in the name of medical science.Activists deny that we are trying to help and say it is evidence of our evil and cruel nature.A more reasonable argument,however,can be advanced in our defense.Life is often cruel to animals and human beings.Teenagers are flung from trucks and suffer severe head injuries.Young children barely able to walk find themselves at the bottom of swimming pools while a parent is occupied with something else.Fromeveryday germs to gang violence,no life is free of pain.Physicians hoping to relieve the eternal suffering of these tragedies have only three choices:1) create an animal model of the problem to understand the process and test new therapies;2)experiment on human beings(some experiments will succeed, most will fail);or3)leave medical knowledge static,hoping that accidental discoveries will lead us forward.5Some animal rights activists would suggest an optional fourth choice, claiming that computer models can create animal experiments, thus omitting actual puters can imitate the effects of well-understood principles on complex systems,as in the application of the laws of physics to airplane and automobile design.However,when the principles themselves are in question,as is the case with the complex biological systems of human life under study,computer modeling alone is of little value.6One of the terrifying effects of arresting the use of animals in medical research is that the impact will not be felt for years or even decades.Drugs to cure infection will remain undiscovered,surgical and diagnostic techniques will remain undeveloped,and fundamental biological processes that might have been understood will remain mysteries.There is the danger that quick decisions by well-meaning politicians will create resolution to diplomatically satisfy the small minority of loud protesters while the consequences and damaging impact of those decisions will not be apparent until long after.7Fortunately,most of us enjoy good health,and the agony of watching one's child die has become a rare experience.Yet our good fortune should not make us unappreciative.Protection from serious sickness and drugs to combat heart disease,high blood pressure and stroke are all based on animal research.Most complex surgical procedures such as heart or hip surgery and organ transplantation surgeries were initially developed in animals.Techniques to replace defective genes,the cause of so much disease,as well as the development of synthetic organs are presently undergoing animal studies.These studies,and any subsequent advances,will effectively end if animal research is severely restricted.8In America today,death has become an event isolated from our daily existence.As a doctor who has watched many children die and seen their parents'infinite grief,I am particularly angered by any minute expression of caring for the suffering of creatures and so little for sick and dying humanbeings.People are too protected from the reality of human life and death and what it means.9Make no mistake,however.I would never advocate needless cruel treatment of animals.The animal rights movement has made a contribution in making us more aware of animals'needs and the need to search harder for suitable alternatives.But if the more radical members of this movement are successful in threatening further research,their efforts will bring about a tragedy that will cost many lives.Hence the real question is whether an uncaring majority can be aroused to protect its future against a loud,but misdirected,minority.Language Points：1Animals or children?—A scientist’s choice(Title)Meaning:A scientist is now facing two choices:in favor of animals or children.2I am the enemy!I am one of those cursed,cruel physician scientists involved in animal research.These rumors sting,for I have never thought of myself as an evil person.(Para.1)Meaning:I am the enemy–the one who is condemned as a cold-hearted physician scientist doing animal research.These rumors make me upset as I've never considered myself as being evil.Meaning beyond words:The physician’s ironic tone in the sentences well reflects his indignation and anger at the animal rights activists.3I became a children’s doctor because of my love for children and my supreme desire to keep them healthy.(Para.1)Meaning:My love for children and strong desire to keep them healthy drove me to be a children’s doctor.Usage note:supreme,superior,super,superbsupreme,superior,super,superb都是形容词，且词形相近。
新视野大学英语第三版读写教程第二册Unit8【精品荟萃】
— Albert Einstein
I am in favor of animal rights as well as human rights. That is the way of a whole human being.
—Abraham Lincoln
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8 UNIT Human rights vs. animal rights
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Unit 8 Section A
Animals or children ? – A scientist’s choice
FOREIGH LANGUAGE TEACHING AND RESEARCH PRESS AIR FORCE ENGINEERING UNIVERTISY
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8 UNIT
Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty.
Listen to a short passage concerning animal medical research and fill in the missing information.
Unit-8-Computer-EthicsPPT课件
3. Information about Computer Ethics Institute?
When? The goal?
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TEN COMMANDMENTS OF COMPUTER ETHICS --- BY COMPUTER ETHICS INSTITUTE
4.Thou shalt not use a computer to steal.
5.Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness.
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6. Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid.
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Internet Privacy
• Internet Privacy is one of the key issues that has emerged since the evolution of the world wide web. Millions of internet users often expose personal information on the internet in order to sign up or register for thousands of different possible things.
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Computer Reliability
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Questions
1. What is Ethics?
a. Is it ethical to steal from a store? b. Is it ethical to open an envelope and read a
Unit 8 课文原文——Text A Start-Ups Aren’t Cool Anymore
Unit 8 Career and WorkPassage A Start-Ups Aren’t Cool AnymoreAt happy hours and class breaks, at the part-time MBA program I attend through the University of Texas at Austin, the conversation often drifts toward new business ideas. A mobile app to schedule text messages in the future. (Use case: Compose your best friend’s happy birthday text the day before.) A social network that doesn’t sell your personal information or display any ads. (Business model innovation: monthly subscription fee.) A winery in a surprisingly temperate, beautiful, and affordable region of central Oklahoma. A friend of mine was once so inspired by his own start-up concept that he pulled out his phone, checked the availability of his preferred URL, and registered the domain name on the spot.Similar scenes play out at lots of business schools. The majority of MBA students range in age from the mid-20s to the 30s; with all the discussion of start-ups and new businesses, it would seem that they’re living the Millennial dream of entrepreneurship.But it seems more often than not these days, the start-up ideas fail to take off.When I check on my peers’ start-up proposals after a few weeks, I often find that their ideas have been abandoned, and that my classmates are focused on their steady corporate jobs.Research suggests entrepreneurial activity has declined among Millennials.The share of people under 30 who own a business has fallen to almost a quarter-century low, according to a 2015 Wall Street Journal analysis of Federal Reserve data.A survey of 1,200 Millennials conducted in 2016 by the Economic Innovation Group found that more Millennials believed they could have a successful career by staying at one company and attempting to climb the ladder than by founding a new one. Two years ago, EIG’s president and co-founder, John Lettieri, testified before the U.S. Senate, “Millennials are on track to be the least entrepreneurial generation in recent history.”Some of the reasons have been well-documented. The romantic view of entrepreneurship involves angel investors and venture capital funds, but in fact,the ordinary entrepreneur is more likely to fund a start-up using personalsavings—something underemployed Millennials simply could not build as they entered the workforce during or in the immediate wake of the Great Recession.Funding from friends and family is the next most common source, but this personal network could not help much during the most recent economic downturn, when so much home equity was underwater. Student debt worsened the underlying economic problems. According to a report by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, between 2004 and 2014, the number of student borrowers rose by 89 percent.Lately, though, it seems that even those who might typically have access to other forms of funding, like venture capital, are having a hard time getting investors’ attention. As Matt Krisiloff, a former director at the Y Combinator start-up accelerator in Silicon Valley, tweeted, “Start-ups are a lot less cool than they used to be.” Michael Sadler, an economist at the University of Texas at Austin, is concerned about the rising concentration of start-up investment in just a few super-performing regions such as Austin, New York, and Silicon Valley. As with American politics, it appears the geography of U.S. venture capital and economic growth has become increasingly polarized.There’s more competition from abroad, too. Chinese venture capital and private-equity firms—and the entrepreneurs they invest in—are challenging America’s historic tech dominance. In the past, this kind of investing tended to involve American funders and American companies. But last year, Asian investors put nearly the same amount into tech start-ups as their U.S. counterparts, according to the Wall Street Journal, with most Chinese-led investments going into the country’s own firms.Of the top five global VC deals in 2017, three were Chinese companies: Didi (a ride-sharing app), Meituan-Dianping (an e-commerce platform), and Toutiao (a news feed reader).Meanwhile, in the United States,products and services are increasingly being created on top of existing platforms like Apple’s iOS or Google’s Android platform. While a mobile app can make for a decent side hustle to a regular corporate job, it won’t turn into the next Apple or Google, and American investors know that. The more attractive investments are in industries like health care, where there is stillopportunity to build a profitable platform. One of the biggest tech deals in the U.S. last year was Outcome Health, which installs video screens in doctors’ offices and charges pharmaceutical companies to display ads to patients. In a thread attached to his tweet about start-ups, Krisiloff, the former Y Combinator executive, added that the opportunities“to start compelling start-ups,” for college students without industry-specific knowledge, “has vastly shrunk.”While the Austrian American economist Joseph Schumpeter is best known for his 1942 paper describing his theory of “creative destruction,” the process of disrupting existing industries through business innovation or technological change, few people know about another prediction he made: He believed that innovation would gradually become an embedded process within large corporations. In many ways, Schumpeter predicted the internal innovation hubs of corporate giants like Amazon and SAP. With incumbents making innovation part of their established routines, he theorized, they would gradually squeeze out the traditional entrepreneur.Some of the people who are innovating from within companies like Apple—which in August became the first publicly traded company to surpass a market value of a trillion dollars—might be glad about this development, Sadler said. “They think, ‘I don’t have to start up my own company in the garage, or worry about whether I’m ever going to survive. It’s all there for me now.’” But there is plenty of cause for concern.An economy dominated by older incumbent firms may be less likely to achieve consistently strong rates of growth, according to a 2014 paper from the Brookings Institution. Lettieri also questions whether big companies—in a world with less pressure from start-ups—“have any reason to innovate due to competition.”When my classmates tell me about their start-up ideas, we sometimes also talk about what’s holding them back. Whether it’s student-loan payments, or the feeling of playing an impossible game of catch-up since the Great Recession, we often understand each other’s problems. Some entrepreneurs might argue that these shared generational experiences and the accompanying sense of solidarity will inspire Millennials to support one another’s business ventures. It’s a nice idea, but it’s not necessarily certain. Research into the personality traits of entrepreneurs shows that, asa lot, they trend toward optimism bias.。
新标准大学英语综合教程(第二版)UNIT 8 A篇练习答案+课文翻译ppt课件
2. Suppose the job market is very weak when you graduate, would you go for higher education in order to ride out this recession? (Open)
Warming Up
B: Well, you know, one, it’s a new world, and you got the generation born with a mouse in their hand it’s graduating. And a lot of people who want that generation working for them, that’s an incredible talent set that not everybody has. Um, two is get real experience, I mean if you get while you are in college, just great. If you can’t get a job, get an internship. There is a big difference between those who have internships and those who have experience and those who don’t. And I can tell you as an employer is that we get a stack of resumes more than ever obviously now.
医学伦理学-医学道德原则与准则
案例2：医生签字、母子平安
2008年1月11日，在浙江德清县人民医院，产 妇周某大出血，生命垂危，需要切除子宫挽救生 命，但患者丈夫拒绝签字同意手术。 这家医院作出了与北京某 医院不同的决定，由两 名主治医生联合签字手术， 产妇顺利产下一名男婴， 母子平安。
思考与探讨
1.两个案例情境相似而病人的最终结局却不 同，你更赞成哪个案例中医生的做法，为 什么？
以公平优先、兼顾效率为基本原则， 优化配置和合理利用医疗卫生资源。
四、医德基本原则的应用
1.原则之间的冲突
有利原则与不伤害原则间的冲突 有利原则与尊重原则的冲突 有利、不伤害、尊重三个原则与公正原则的冲突
2.原则的主次序列：
有利（行善）原则放在优先地位予以考虑， 尊重（自主）原则、不伤害原则和公正原则。
（三）医德基本准则析要 1.以人为本，救死扶伤 2.严谨求实，精益求精 3.平等交往，一视同仁 4.举止端庄，语言文明 5.廉洁行医，遵纪守法 6.诚实守信，保守医密 7.互尊互学，团结协作 8.乐于奉献，热心公益
三、医德基本准则的实现
（一）处理好医德准则与技术规范的关系 § 践行医德准则离不开医学技术规范 § 践行医德准则需要超越医学技术规范 § 在依赖与超越医学技术规范的实践中实现医德 准则，最终取决于医务人员高超的职业综合素 质
4．不伤害原则的伦理要求 Ø 培养为病人健康和利益着想的动机和意向，杜绝
有意和责任伤害； Ø 尽力提供最佳的诊治、护理手段，防范无意但却
可知的伤害，把不可避免但可控的伤害控制在最 低限度； Ø 对有危险或有伤害的医护措施进行评价，选择利 益大于危险或伤害的措施等。
（三）有利原则
1.概念
有利原则，也被称为行善原则，是把有利于病人健康 放在第一位并切实为其谋利益的伦理原则。有利，就是医 务人员为病人做善事。
医学人文英语试题及答案
医学人文英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "euthanasia" is most closely associated withwhich of the following?A. Medical ethicsB. Medical jurisprudenceC. Medical humanitiesD. Medical technology2. Which of the following is a fundamental principle of medical ethics?A. AutonomyB. BeneficenceC. Non-maleficenceD. All of the above3. The concept of "informed consent" emphasizes the patient's:A. Right to privacyB. Right to informationC. Right to treatmentD. Right to refuse treatment4. The "Hippocratic Oath" is most closely associated with which field?A. Medical historyB. Medical ethicsC. Medical educationD. Medical practice5. The "four principles of biomedical ethics" proposed by Beauchamp and Childress include:A. Autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justiceB. Autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and fidelityC. Autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and confidentialityD. Autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and respect for persons6. In the medical field, the concept of "patient-centered care" emphasizes:A. The doctor's authorityB. The patient's autonomyC. The doctor's expertiseD. The patient's compliance7. The "Declaration of Geneva" is a document that:A. Outlines the medical profession's code of conductB. Describes the medical profession's historyC. Details the medical profession's technologyD. Lists the medical profession's achievements8. The "Nuremberg Code" was established in response to:A. The ethics of medical researchB. The ethics of medical practiceC. The ethics of medical educationD. The ethics of medical jurisprudence9. The "Belmont Report" primarily addresses:A. The ethics of medical researchA. The ethics of medical practiceB. The ethics of medical educationD. The ethics of medical jurisprudence10. The "Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights" emphasizes:A. The right to healthB. The right to privacyC. The right to lifeD. The right to education答案：1. D2. D3. B4. B5. A6. B7. A8. A9. A10. A二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. The principle of ______ refers to the obligation of medical professionals to do good to patients and to seektheir welfare.2. The principle of ______ is the foundation of the doctor-patient relationship.3. The principle of ______ is the most basic requirement of medical ethics.4. The "Nuremberg Code" was established after World War II, primarily to regulate the ethics of ______.5. The "Belmont Report" was published in 1979, mainly to address the ethics of ______.6. The "Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights" was adopted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in ______.7. Patient-centered care is a medical care model that emphasizes the ______ of the patient.8. The "Declaration of Geneva" is a document that outlines the ______ of the medical profession.9. The "Hippocratic Oath" is a code of conduct for medical professionals that emphasizes the ______ of the medical profession.10. The "four principles of biomedical ethics" are the cornerstone of contemporary medical ethics, including ______, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice.答案：1. beneficence2. autonomy3. non-maleficence4. medical research5. medical research6. 20057. autonomy8. code of conduct9. ethics10. autonomy三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. What is the significance of the "Hippocratic Oath" in the medical field?2. What are the main contents of the "Nuremberg Code"?3. What is the difference between the principles of "non-maleficence" and "beneficence"?4. What is the role of the "Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights"?答案：1. The "Hippocratic Oath" is a code of conduct for medical professionals, emphasizing the ethics and responsibilities of the medical profession, and has。
新视野大学英语第三版读写教程第二册Unit8
3. Why did physician scientists conduct the animal experiments?
Tips
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Cultural background
Animal research
1. What is the animal research? And why?
• To use animals in experiments; • To research the new drugs; • To improve the success rate of surgeries; • To keep the people healthy and happy; • To help the patients and dying people …
Animals or children ?
– A scientist’s choice
FOREIGH LANGUAGE TEACHING AND RESEARCH PRESS
1
AIR FORCE ENGINEERING UNIVERTISY
2
8 UNIT
Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty.
10
Listen to a short passage concerning animal medical research and fill in the missing information.
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Unit 8 Text A
涉及人体受试者研究的伦理原则和指导方针
实践与研究的分界
为了明确哪些行为应该接受审查以便保护研究受试者的利益，就得把生物医学研究及行为学研究与进行公认的治疗实践区别开来，这很重要。
研究与实践之间的区别模糊不清，部分原因是两者可能同时发生（例如为了评估某个治疗而设计的研究），也因为当“实验”和“研究”没有明确的界定时，明显偏离标准医疗实践的行为常被称作“实验”。
“医疗实践”一词大多系指那些只为增进病人或顾客健康所采取的而且有一定成功希望的干预措施。
医疗实践或行为实践的目的系为特定个人提供诊断、预防性处置或治疗。
与之相比，“研究”一词系指为测试某种假设而采取的行动，可以得出结论，从而拓展或增进概括性知识（诸如理论、原则以及对一些事物之间关系的表述)。
研究一般有一个正式的计划，计划中有预设的目的及达到目的所需的步骤。
基本伦理原則
“基本伦理原则”指一些总体性判断，用以评判许多特殊伦理规则以及对人的一些行为所做的评价是否合理的基本理据。
除了我们文化传统中所公认的原则之外，涉及人体受试者研究的基本伦理原则有三个：尊重个人原则、善行原则及公正原则。
1. 尊重个人
尊重个人至少包含两个伦理信念：第一，个人应该被视为有自主行为能力；第二，自主能力受损者应受保护。
尊重个人的原则因此一分为二，成为两个不同的道德要求：承认自主权的要求和自主能力受损者要受保护的要求。
对大多数涉及人体受试者的研究而言，尊重个人即要求受试者自愿参加研究且对研究有充分了解。
然而有些情况下这一原则的应用并不明确。
让囚犯参与研究是一个有指导意义的例子。
一方面，似乎按照尊重个人的原则要求的话，不应该剥夺囚犯自愿参加研究的机会。
而从另一方面讲，在监狱条件下，囚犯可能要么受到巧妙的胁迫、要么迫于过度的压力才参加研究活动,否则他们并不愿意自愿参加。
而尊重个人原则又规定要保护囚犯。
这样，囚犯“自愿”参与研究还是“保护”他们就成了难题。
在多数两难的情况下，尊重个人常常是在由尊重个人原则本身所提出的各种相互对抗的请求之间进行平衡。
2. 善行
对待他人的方式是否符合伦理要求不仅在于尊重其决定并保护其免遭伤害，还应尽力确保他的健康。
此类待人之举属于善意原则的范畴。
“善行”一词通常被理解为涵盖超越义务的慈善行为。
在此文，善行的含义更严格，被理解为一种义务。
据此制定了两个通则对善行的这一含义进行补充说明：（1）不伤害；（2）让潜在的益处最大化，让潜在的害处最小化。
希波拉底的箴言“不伤害”历来是医学伦理的基本原则。
Claude Bernard将其延伸到科学研究领域，主张不管对他人可能带来多大的益处亦不应伤害个人。
然而，即使规避伤害也要了解什么会带来伤害；而且在了解的过程中可能有被伤害的危险。
另外，希波拉底宣言要求医生“依其判断所及”为病人造福，而了解什么会带来益处也会置人于危险之中。
而这些规范引发的问题是决定即便有危险何时理应追寻益处，何时又因有危险而放弃追寻益处。
3. 公正
谁应享受研究成果所带来的益处？谁应承担研究的负担？这是公正问题，亦即“分配时公平”或“应不应该”的问题。
无故拒绝该受益者受益或无理强加负担都会导致不公平。
公正原则的另一种解读是平等之人当应平等对待。
但是，这句话需要析解。
谁平等而谁又不平等呢？证明分配不公要考虑的因素有哪些呢？几乎所有的评论员承认，出于特定目的，进行差异化对待的标准理应包括有无经验、年龄大小、是否贫困、有无能力、功过大小和地位高低等因素的差异。
这样就必须说明在哪些方面应平等对待。
公正分配负担和益处的方式已经有几个普遍认可的原则。
每个原则都涉及负担和益处分配的有关特性。
这些原则是：（1）人人均等，（2）依据个人需要，（3）依据个人努力，（4）依据个人对社会的贡献，及（5）依据个人功绩。
应用
把这些总则应用于研究行为需要考虑以下三点要求：知情同意、风险/得益评估以及研究受试者选择。
1. 知情同意
尊重个人原则要求受试者在其力所能及的范围内让其有机会选择在他们身上会发生什么或者不会发生什么。
他们这样的机会就是要完全满足知情同意的所有标准。
2. 风险与得益评估
对风险与得益的评估要求一系列已经仔细斟酌过的相关资料，其中包括有时采用其他方法以获取研究所追求的益处。
因此，评估对系统、全面收集拟将开展研究的相关信息而言既是机会，也是责任。
对研究者而言，评估是检查拟将开展研究设计是否合理的一种手段。
对审查委员会而言，评估是评判给受试者带来的危险是否合理的方法。
对未来的受试者而言，评估将帮助他们决定是否参与研究。
3. 研究受试者选择
尊重个人原则的表现形式是要求知情同意，而善行原则的表现形式是要求进行风险/得益评估，同样，公正原则引出道德要求，即在选择研究受试者时应该有公平的步骤和结果。
选择研究受试者时的公正体现在两个层面：社会与个人。
个人层面的公正要求研究工作者在选择受试者时要表现出公平：亦即不该将可能得益的研究分配给自己偏爱的病人，而只选“不理想的”人进行有风险的研究。
社会层面的公正要求在应该和不应该参与某一特定研究的受试者之间划清分类界限，而区分的根据一是受试者承受负担的能力，二是给已经为病所累的人再加负担是否恰当。
因此，以下情况可被视为社会层面的公正：选择受试者类型时有先后顺序（比如先成人再儿童）；有些潜在受试者（例如被收容的精神病患者或囚犯）如果真要参与研究，也仅在特定情况下才可以参与。