化工专业英语试卷

一.P ut the following into English or Chinese.（30′）1.petrochemical2.碱3. 碳酸钠4.polymerization5.氨6..pharmaceutical7.抗氧化剂8.polytetrafluoroethylene9.cyclohexane 10.一氧化碳11.ethanolamine 12.热力学13.spectroscopy 14.炼油厂15.heterogeneous 16.等温的17.polyoxymethylene 18.漂白剂19.乙醇20.poly vinyl chloride二．Translation. (20′)1.四世同堂2.一家之主3.The teaching affairs office4. state subsidy5.化工原理6.field practice7.毕业论文8.metermity hospital 9.传递过程10.East,west,home is the best11.师范大学prehensive university13.examination-oriented education 14.工商管理硕士15.analytical chemistry 16.taxation bureau17.党委18.monopoly shop19.连锁店20.professor of treatment三、Put the following sentences underlined into Chinese.(20′)ASince 1940 the chemical industry has grown at a remarkable rate, although this has slowed significantly in recent years. The lion’s share of this growth has been in the organic chemicals sector due to the development and growth of the petrochemicals area since 1950s. The explosives growth in petrochemicals in the 1960s and 1970s was largely due to the enormous increase in demand for synthetic polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyesters and epoxy resins.翻译BIndividual manufacturing plants have capacities ranging from just a few tones per year in the fine chemicals area to thereal giants in the fertilizer and petrochemical sectors which range up to 500,000 tonnes. The latter requires enormous capital investment, since a single plant of this size can now cost $520 million! This, coupled with the widespread use of automatic control equipment, helps to explain why the chemical industry is capital-rather than labor-intensive.翻译：CProgress in science and industry has bought with it an impressive increase in the number of chemical manufactures. Today, petroleum for example serves as the source material for the production of about 80 thousand chemicals. The expansion of the chemical process industries on the one hand and advances in the chemical and technical sciences on the other have made it possible to lay theoretical foundations for chemical processing.翻译：DIn 1887 Davis, then a lecture at the Manchester Technical School, gave a series of lectures on chemical engineering, which he defined as the study of “the application of machinery and plant to the utilization of chemical action on the large scale”. The course, which revolved around the type of plant involved in large-scale industrial operations such as drying, crashing, distillation, fermentation, evaporation and crystallization, slowly became recognized as a model for courses elsewhere, not only in Britain, but overseas. The first fully fledged course in chemical engineering in Britain was not introduced until 1909;though in America, Lewis Norton (1855-1893) of MIT pioneered a Davis-type course as early as 1888.翻译：EThe “pilot-plant”process involved in development might involve reactors that are five gallons in capacity and distillation columns that are three inches in diameter. Development is a very difficult one,. Jumping directly from test tubes to 10,000-gallon reactors can be a tricky and sometimes dangerous endeavor.Some of the subtle problems involved in which are not at all obvious to the uninitiated include mixing imperfection increase- ing radical temperature gradients, and decreasing ratio of heat transfer areas to heat generation rate.翻译:四．Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.（30′）AChemical engineers have long been involved with materials science and engineering. This involvement will increase as new materials are developed whose properties depend strongly on their microstructure and processing history. Chemical engineers will probe the nature of microstructure—how it is formed in materials and what factors are involved in controlling it. They will provide a new fusion between the traditionally separate areas of materials synthesis and materials processing. And they will bring new approaches to the problems of fabricating and repairing complex materials systems.翻译：BIncreasing problems associated with waste disposal have combined with the recognition that some raw material exist in limited supply to dramatically increase interest in recycling. Recycling of metals and most paper is technically straightforward, and these materials are now commonly recycled in many areas around the world. Recycling of plastics presents greater technical challenges. Even after they are separated from other types of waste, different plastic materials must be separated from each other. Even then, the different chemical properties of the various types of plastic will require the development of a variety of recycling processes.翻译：CIncreased understanding of the fate of products in the environm ent had led scientists to design “greener” products. A significant early example comes from the detergent industry in the 1940s and 1950s, new products were introduced that were based on synthetic surfactants called branched alkyl benzene sulfonates. These detergents had higher cleaning efficiency, but it was subsequently discovered that their presence in waste water caused foaming in streams and rivers. The problem was traced to the branched alkyl benzene sulfonates; unlike the soaps used previously, these were not sufficiently biodegraded by the microbes in conventional sewage treatment plants.翻译：。