HND经济学导论Outcome1考试题及翻译
HND市场学 outcome1
1.The concept of the marketing: Marketing which is the management process responsibleis to identify, anticipate, and satisfy customer requirements profitably. The needs and wants of a social and managerial process are individuals and group obtain through creating and exchanging products and value with them. To meet the objectives of the section involved, customers and their partners could be established, maintained and enhanced relationships, which is achieved by mutual exchange and fulfillment of promises.The behaviors of all companies should focus on consumer. All the function of the whole company should be responsible for the satisfaction degree of consumer. To achieve the goal of company, company should satisfy consumer. Excavating customers’ needs and wants is the main part of the company.2.Micro:A). Suppliers give the main source for company which have needs, that could guaranteethe main source of the goods. Marketer who is wise should treat the suppliers as his partners. For example, the Day Dream Company’s output is supplied to the ‘For Toys’ retail chain which sells the goods, For Toys must treat the Day Dream as its partner.B). Marketing intermediaries which contain retails, wholesales, and physical distributionfirms could help the company improve the sell and allocate the goods to ultimate customers. For example, the Day Dream reduced price to the retailer when the company hit the lower point, however, the retailer did not reduce price when they sold to consumer.C). Consumers are the component in a company’s microenvironment which are the mostimportant part. Marketers should know the new trends of their customers’ habits very well when they buy goods and service. For example, Day Dream company must adapt to the changing needs of existing and potential customers. The company has a better understand to their customers in order to make more reasoned and informed decisions.D). Competitors: Competent markets should take the best effort to know and satisfy thecustomers’ needs and wants more effectively and efficiently than any other competitors.The competitors are the section of the company’s microenvironment which are independent. For example, Day Dream should understand the scale and the quantity of the competitors and how much they rely on the competitive product.E). Publics indicates that some groups have a real and potential interest in or effect on anorganization’s capacity to achiev e its objective. For example, the public pays attention to Day Dream’s serves and product which have high quality toys and made from natural products. At last, the department store agreed to stock Day Dream’s products.MacroA). Political/Legal: Marketing strategies must be planned to take into account existinglegislation and the changes of future, which are not simply domestic politics, international politics and regulations. The political environment leads to the direction of marketing activities of company. The legislative environment rules for company that the behavior principle of marketing activities. For example, the domestic politics forbid company to use the woods as raw materials, Day Dream should use plastic and resin as raw materials.B). Economic: some factors of potentially major concern to marketing management are arate of inflation, interest rates, exchange rates, industrial output, level of disposable income and balance of payments. For example, Day Dream bought a soft toy manufacturer and expand the business, therefore the expenses increase, which has a biginfluence on the marketing activities of the company.C). Sociocultural environment has changes and trends, which shows the foundationalchallenges. The society shape the sociocultural. P eople’s basic bel iefs, attitudes and values are shaped by society. The sociocultural involves value, religion, custom and moral rule.For example, fertility rate of society declined, most of people are not willing to have babies.After a few years, the people who buy the toys will drop. Therefore, Day Dream company can sell the toys to the older child or sell the adult toys.D). Technological: the technological advance rapidly, which has a deep effect on themarketing, new products and new industries. For example, for Day Dream, they must pay attention to the developing technological in order to do better in marketing and meeting customers’ needs and wants.E). Natural environment provides all kinds of material source, which contains water, air,forest, soil and sunshine. For example, Day Dream used wood to make wooden building, simple wooden jigsaws and a limited selection of wooden animals at first.3.A). Identify new market and products means that company should identify the newproduct and potential product in order to have a new business opportunity. Forexample, Day Dream grasped the new market and published the new book whichrelevant the ‘Country Cousins’. This is the new product opportunities for the company and this became a highly profitable part of the portfolio of the company.B). Provide the right good in the right time at the right place: this means that companyshould understand the marketing needs to put the right products and in the right time at the right place, in order to obtain profit better.C). Understand the competitors means that company should identify and keep track ofall competitors, which could make company know the competitive market and make a suitable decision to sell the competitive products. For example, Day Dream company could make research to gain the information of the competitors, and make a gooddecision to sell the relevant goods to get more profit and attract more customers.D). Understand the consumer behaviors means that company makes research tounderstand the customers’ thought of buying advanced. The buying behaviors areconnected with marketing activities, which make company sale better. For example,Day Dream knew the customers buying behavior then they produced a series ofthirty ’Country Cousins’ story books and improve their sale s method.E). Identify the resources means that company should have abilities to identify theresources which are human resources, consumer resources, product resources andmarket resources. For example, Day Dream should identify the importance of existing and potential consumers and so on. They should take advantages of these resources and make the further research of the resource in order to improve their business.F). Minimize risk means that the company could make research to understand what thecustomers thoughts to help company decrease the cost. Meanwhile, it can decline the risks. Company provides the customers’ wants. For example, Day Dream shouldunderstand why the customers like play the video games, but they do not play the toys which were produced by company. For child, it is a good sign to play the hand-made toys, because they can help them understand the real world better rather than play thevideo games.G). Make appropriate marketing mix decision means that company should havesuitable product, price, promotion and place to improve their own business. Forexample, Day Dream established their new products and had a suitable price to have a better profit.4.The concept of qualitative research is that company researches and studies questions. company understands the phenomenon of things and gather the information which can be interpreted in a number of ways, such as views and attitudes of people.The concept of quantitative research is that it can find to establish statistical information about the subject matter. This type of research tends to acquire a huge number of valid information to be started.Example: The quantitative research: 1. Day Dream company can design questionnaires to put them into the exclusive shop. Day Dream can also provide the membership card to the customers when they buy products in order to get their phone numbers and email address, which can send questionnaires to consumer.2. Day Dream company can borrow the statistics from government, for example, they can borrow recent birth rate, the popularizing rate of toys and the level of consumer income, which can help the company do the secondary research to understand market. 3. Day Dream company can analyze the data of competitors through the internet or analyze Day Dream selling data. These would help them find the fittest product for customers and the commonest buying method of customers. The qualitative research: 1. Day Dream can use observational research. They can observe people who are playing in the amusement park and playing the toys which are putting in the toy store, then they can understand what are the child really want. This research shows that the child who uses and plays these toys finds problems so that the company know how to solve these problems. 2. The Day Dream company could use the focus group, this method is convening the 10 to 12 years old children, because the original customers are 5 to 8 years old children. Nowadays the company would like to expand the market, so they can find the 10 to 12 years old child or the older child, even they can find the adult. Let the customers attempt and experience this product whether it can puzzle, relieve stress and ease the aging and so on or not. 3. They can use the questionnaires, which have the ways of on-line and real life.5. A). The concept of market segmentation: Buyers compose markets, and there are a lot of different buyers. They may differ in their wants, resources, locations, buying attitudes and buying practices. Companies divide large, heterogeneous markets into smaller segments, which can provide more efficient products and services to match their unique needs and wants.B). The goals of market segmentation are search the target groups and target markets. They can help companies find crowds who have the same needs and the similar wants. These ways scatter the markets, which make markets smaller and make groups smaller.C). The steps of market segmentation: 1. Companies should find the markets needs and trait. 2. According the trait, companies classify the consumer, which contains Geographic segmentation, Demographic segmentation, Psychographic segmentation and Behavioral segmentation.3. According this segmentation, companies find one of them to proceed undifferentiated marketing, differentiated marketing and concentrated marketing.D). The example: According the marketing segmentation, it can help Day Dream company acquire more profit, the ways of profit acquiring:1. it can make company understand the customers’ needs and wants better, and company can choose fitter market through marketing segmentation. 2. It can help company produce new target market. Company can achieve the goal of expanding the company. 3. It can help company plan their marketing mix better, which means DD company can provide better product, sale in better price in a faster and convenient way to let consumer get the information of the products and send these products to the customers.。
hnd养老金-outcome1-4答题详解
1. 1952.2.22(1950.4.6)61years+11months=61years10months=1952.2.22+61years1omonths=2013.12.221.S2P●Certain disabled people, and carers, who are treated as if earning￡11,600 pa (even if they actually have no earnings at all).●Individuals who are entitled to Invalid Care Allowance or SevereDisablement Allowance.●Thos who are entitled to Long –Term Incapacity Benefit●People whose earnings are below the LEL, but are in receipt of CBfor a child under six.●Those receiving Income Support as a result of caring for a sick ordisabled person.2.DB and DC3.Inland Revenue LimitA.Controlling Directors: These are directors who own or control atleast 20% of the voting capital of a limited company. The implication is that they can exercise significant control over both remuneration and pension contributions. The Inland Revenue limits referring particularly to controlling directors are mentioned under the relevant headings below.B.Normal Retirement Date: NRD is usually between 60 and 75, that is,the date at which the individual is expected to retire. However, certain occupations are accepted by the Inland Revenue as being ones where early retirement is considered to be the norm.5.A). Returned to them in cash: This applies where an employee leavesa scheme before completing two years of qualifying services. The cash will only be equivalent to the contributions that they have paid into the scheme.B). Preserved in the scheme that they are leaving: If a member leaves a scheme after 1 January 1991 they are entitled to a preserved pension known as a protected rights pension in the scheme that they are leaving. The preserved pension may also be known as a frozen or a deferred pension.C). Invested in a personal or stakeholder pension: Under the 1985 Social Security Act, any preserved or deferred pension in a money-purchase personal or stakeholder pension scheme must receive the same treatment in terms of inflation-indexing and investment returns as active pensions remaining in the scheme.6.Investment is made in a PPS●Income tax relief is available on the premium●The fund grows and is tax exempt●On retiring, 25% of the fund can be taken as tax-free cash7.Advantages:●The individual can change the shape of their retirement incometo reflect personal circumstances in the future.●The remaining pension fund, representing the policies not cashedin or ‘vested’, can normally be returned to an individual’sbeneficiaries free of Inheritance Tax on their death●An individual can use the tax-free cash as ‘income’ and thus,for a given level of income, reduce their liability to income tax. Disadvantages:●There is no guarantee that income will be as high as that offeredunder the compulsory purchase annuity●Not all of the tax-free cash may be received as a lump sum at theoutset, as this cash may be used to supplement income●If an annuity has not been purchased by age 75, an annuity will haveto be purchased at the rates current at that time.。
hnd经济学1微观经济学outcome1
Table of Contents1.0Introduction (1)2.0 Oligopoly (1)Entry barriers (1)Non-price competition (2)3.0 Explanation for Diagram in Oligopoly (2)4.0 Pure Competitive Market (3)Lower prices (3)Low barriers to entry (4)5.0 Explanation for Diagram in Pure Competitive Market 46.0 Roles of Profit in Market Economy (6)Demand for factor resources (6)Market Entry (6)7.0 The other two alternatives to profit maximization (7)Satisficing behaviour (7)Sales revenue maximization (7)8.0 Influences on a Firm in the Short Run (8)9.0 References (9)1.0I ntroductionMarco and Micro economic knowledge we had learned in this period is mainly to discuss about some major market structures in the entire market now. And they are oligopoly, monopoly and pure competitive market and so on. In this case, the Virgin Mobile had entered in mobile phone market in the UK, which is an oligopoly market. In this market, Orange, Vodafone, BT Cellnet and One2One are the oligopolists.2.0O ligopolyWhen a market or industry is dominated by a small number of sellers, we usually believe an oligopoly appears. And there are two main features of oligopoly:Entry barriers: It’s a great block for the new company to be a long-run part of an oligopoly market. Usually, many smaller firms operate on the periphery on such s market, which means these companies cannot reach the supernormal profits or affect much to market prices and output. Take Virgin Mobile (VM) as an example: Before VM engaged in the mobile phone market in the UK, there were some industrial giants conquered the market-Orange, Vodafone, BT Cellnet and One2One, which account for a large market share. Although VM is making profit, the money it earned is far less than any one of these oligopolist.Non-price competition:As a few company be dominant to an industrial, pricing can be no longer an effective competitiveness for those oligopolistic firms. Compared with pricing, after-sales service, extension of new market and advertising seem to be more emphasized by them. In this case, the VM is better to promote the competitiveness in such ways -- improving the after-sales quality, expanding into new markets , building their own brand and so on.3.0E xplanation for Diagram in OligopolyIn the oligopolistic market, the oligopolists may react diversely to the different price variation trend of their rivals. If one oligopolist raises the price and other companies will not follow it to maintain the market share, however, if the company reduce the price and other companies must follow, which is to keep more market shares. It can be seen in the kinked demand curve below.Before the price is higher than P1, the product demand is elastic that means the price raises and the total revenue will reduce. But when the price is lower than P1, the product demand is inelastic -- the price reduces and the total revenue will also do. Thus, the company may able to reach a stable profit-maximizing equilibrium at the point G, so the companies in the oligopolistic market can not change the price optionally.4.0Pure Competitive MarketIn the pure competitive market structure, the company can compete with each other perfectly. There are two common characteristics that are considered to be “competitive”are:Lower prices: Generally, a perfectly competitive market existswhen every participant is a "price taker"which means thesuppliers will have not able to raise price for facing elasticdemand curves, and no participant influences the price of theproduct it buys or sells.( /wiki/Perfect_competition#Basic_structural_characteristics ) .So simply raising price will make a loss of demand and totalrevenue. The cross-price elasticity of demand can reflect thecustomers’attitude towards some particular goods. Thedemand of substitute goods is holding pace with the pricewhen it has any change. Conversely, the demand ofcomplementary goods would decrease when the price increase.In this condition, customers will always find the most propergoods for themselves.Low barriers to entry: Compared with oligopoly, the new firms would be easier to enter in the pure competitive market. Andthe entry of new participants will probably providecompetition and ensure price is kept low in the long run.5.0Explanation for Diagram in Pure Competitive MarketIt is known to all that each individual firm is considered as a pricetaker. Customers may not prefer to buy a product with a higher price. Because of the characteristic (perfect knowledge) of pure competitive market, neither buyers nor sellers can gain an advantage and firm may sell their goods at the point where they have the maximized profit.From the short run view of a firm in a pure competitive market structure, the explanation of the diagram is as follow:The price in a pure competitive market structure is decided by demand and supply, which can be seen in panel on the right. When demand rises from D1 to D2, the equilibrium point goes from A to B and P2 is the established price. Because of the price which a firm use stays at P2, marginal revenue is equal t o P2 at last average revenue is equal to P2 as well. When MC=MR, pr ofit maximization is achieved, so the point which firms will stop prod ucing should be C which ordinate is P2 and abscissa is Q2. Accordingto the diagram above, when quantity is Q2, ATC is equal to P1. So P2 subtract P1 is average profit and then multiply by Q2 can obtain tot al profit.6.0Roles of Profit in Market Economy●Demand for factor resourcesScarce factor resources to flow where the expected rate of return or profit is highest. In the mobile phone market, when Richard Branson started to get profit in 2002, VM has 1,445,492 customers, which means stronger demands, more labour and capital are committed.With more scarce factor resources, VM may able to earn more profit.However, in a recession, the output, incomes and investment for VM must all fall, which may cause the profit loss. Thus the company should take action (for example cutting costs) to preserve its market position.●Market EntryIf an individual company gets more profit than others, it must be a signal to other producers within a market that profitable entry may possible. After three-year efforts, Richard Branson made VM profiting.When it comes, many other firms would be attracted to enter the industry. Thus, the competition would be increased and new products,technologies would be also updated in a higher speed.7.0The other two alternatives to profit maximization●Satisficing behaviourSatisficing behaviour can be the substitute to profit maximization behaviour. This behavioural method lays stress on how decisions are taken within the firm. When a decision is making, satisficing explains that individuals and groups should choose the first option that is good enough to address most needs rather all. Based on Herbert Simon’s work concerning behaviour --“people possess limited cognitive ability and can exercise only ‘bounded rationality’when making decision in complex, uncertain situations”, satisficing behaviour encourages individuals and groups to attain a more realistic goal.If VM set a goal that expending their customers to 2 million in a year, finally it reaches 2.5 million. Thus wise we can take the goal for a receivable.●Sales revenue maximizationThe goal of sales revenue maximization is to maximize the sales other than profits. The managers decision price and strategy of products. In this pattern of management, business can grow or sustain marketshare, ensure survival, discourage competitors, achieve bonuses and build the prestige of the senior management.For the VM, when it initially entered the mobile phone market, it is a great approach that selling their products as many as possible with the lowest profit to enlarge their market share.8.0Influences on a Firm in the Short RunFrom the diagram above, which can be seen are total cost (TC) is the sum of fixed (TFC) and variable costs (TFC).In the beginning, when nothing is being produced ,the fixed costs will be equal to the total cost. The TC and TVC increase concurrently with the quantity, but they are paralleled and the distance between them is TFC which is always invariable. And total cost is an upward trend.The diagram is about the short run cost curves. One time the fixed cost is excessively used, which will lead to the progressive decrease of marginal product, meanwhile the marginal product reduce will lead to the decrease of marginal revenue. Leading the reducing of the ATC when MC<ATC, on the opposite, it will lead to the ATC's increasing. Making the short-run ATC curve look like U-shaped, on the other side, the law of diminishing returns will lead to the rise of marginal cost of pr oduction as output increases.When AVC increasing higher than the fall in AFC one time the output in creases , which the marginal cost is rising will lead to the average total c ost rising9.0References( /wiki/Perfect_competition#Basic_structural_char实用文案acteristics ) .标准文档。
SQA-HND-商法-OUTCOME1 答案
Outcome 11. The two main areas of law are Criminal and Civil Law.- Criminal lawDefinition: deals with all types of offences过错and crimes, concerns itself with the recognition of what amounts to a crime and the punishments suitable for these recognized crimes.Criminal conduct is the behavior which threatens the safety and security of the community. So the offender should be punished by imprisonment or fine or some other sanctions. Examples: murder, culpable homicide, piracy, treason, armed robbery, supplying illegal drugs, fire raising, assault, fraud, theft, house breaking, dangerous driving, and breach of the peace)- Civil lawDefinition: concerned with non-criminal disputes and situation, including the following:a) The settlement of legal disputes between individuals and other bodies (example: divorce case).b) The payment of compensation from one party to another for loss or injury (example: a case where someone was claiming damages after being injured by faulty machinery at work).c) The setting of procedures to govern financial and other matters (example: the legal procedures to be followed when buying or selling a house).2. Sources of Scots Law are Statute Law, European Union Law, and Common Law or Judicial Precedent.- Common LawDefinition: is a numerous legal rules that form the part of unwritten laws of Scotland which has been handed down to us as customs and practices over the centuries.A major source of Common Law is the practice whereby judges make new rules of law will be followed by other court, so that it is legally binding rules.3. Doctrine of Judicial PrecedentDefinition: is a process involves a process whereby a judge can develop a rule of law by making a decision in a test case. A test case refers to the one in which clarification of an important point of law is sought, and judges after listening to opposite legal arguments will have to make the decision about which view of the law is correct. Once this decision has been made, future judges and course will be expected to follow the reasoning in the test case, if they are dealing with a case with similar legal issues.It must be emphasized that not every judge can make a new binding legal rule. The authority of the judge or court should be considered here, if the judge is relatively junior, he/she will be unlikely to be able to create a new rule of law. But on the other hand, if the rule comes from superior courts, this decision will be followed by the lower or inferior courts.Judicial precedent or case law is parts of the unwritten law of Scotland.Donoghue v Stevneson (1932)4. Westminster Parliament and Scottish Parliament (legislative body)Unlike the previous Scottish Parliament which was abolished by the Act of Union in 1707, the new Scottish Parliament is not a completely independence body. The Scottish Parliament is clear and inferior body compared with the Westminster Parliament.It is the Westminster Parliament from which the Scottish Parliament obtains its authority to pass laws for Scotland. So any legislation of the Scottish Parliament is thought to be secondary legislation.It is also necessary to know that a simple Act of the Westminster Parliament is all that it would take to abolish Scottish Parliament. Westminster Parliament has already abolished a local assembly.Acts of Parliament are often referred to as legislation or statute law until the creation of Scottish Parliament, the Westminster Parliament alone made laws for Scotland. However Westminster has given the Scottish Parliament authority in many different areas of policy to make statute law.Abolition of feudal tenure act 2000The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974Sale of Goods Act 1979Employment Rights Act 1996Protection of Children Act 20035. Civil Law v Criminal Law- Criminal Law is primarily used by the state as a means of maintaining law and border by punishing certain individuals who have the behavior as criminally and antisocially. The State uses the Criminal Law to punish criminals on behalf of the community or sociality.- The Civil Law is to resolve legal disputes between private individuals in such areas as 民事纠纷Family Law, Company Law, Partnership Law, Banking and Finance Law, Sale of Goods and Services Law, Consumer Law, Personal Injury Claims Law, and Divorce.- Different courts and standers of evidence and procedures exist depending on whether we are talking about a criminal action or a civil dispute.Conflict between Scottish and european lawIf there is a conflict between Scottish and European law, the court should obey the rules or laws under European law.The European Union is an organization of 25 member states. The members must obey the rules or laws in order to enjoy the benefits of membership.Britain has been a member of the European Union since January 1, 1973. because of the passing of the European Communities Act 1972 by the Westminster Parliament. It is this legislation that recognizes the supremacy of European Law over the domestic law. By the time Britain became a member of European Union 1973. Many of the important law were already in place and Britainhad to accept this as a price of membership of European Union. But if Britain decides to withdrawal from membership from European Union, then its national law will once again get supremacy.6. The Council of MinistersThe European ParliamentThe European Court of JusticeThe European CommissionThe first two have the power to make laws for the people of European.The third one enforces European Union Law.The forth one is effectively the unions civil service and it can propose law. It can also bring breaches of the varies European Union Treaties to the attention of the European courts of justice. The Commission is regarded as the EU Treaties guardian of the varies European Union Treaties.。
HND商法outcome1问题及答案
1.现代苏格兰法的渊源Source Of Scotland Law1.Statute 成文法2.EU Law 欧盟法mon Law 普通法2.民法与刑法的区别The main differences between civil and criminal law are:a.Criminal law is primarily used by the State as a means of maintaining law and order by punishing certain individuals who indulge in behaviour which is regarded as criminal and anti-social. The State uses the criminal law, therefore, to punish criminals on behalf of the community or society.b.The civil justice system, in contrast with criminal law, aims to resolve legal disputes between private individuals in areas as wide-ranging as family law, company law, partnership law, banking and finance law, sale of goods and services, consumer law, personal injury claims, trusts, defamation actions, succession issues and divorce (消费者保护法，个人伤害索赔，信托，诽谤行动，继承问题和离婚).c.Different courts, standards of proof and procedures existdepending on whether we are talking about criminal action or a civil dispute. (we will discuss this more in later chapters)3.成文法的定义Acts of parliament are often referred to as legislation or statute law. the westminster parliament alone made laws for scotland until the creation of the scottish parliament,however,westminster has given the scottish parliament authority in many different areas of policy to make statute law.4.苏格兰议会与英国议会Which the Westminster Parliament or the Scottish Parliament , is the superior legislative body?(a)The westminster（维特敏斯特——伦敦市的一个行政区英国议会所在地）parliament(b)1.After(the Act Of union in)1707,the new scottish parliament is not completely/totally/fully independent（独立的）(body/organization).2.It's westminster parliament that gave scottish parliament.3.Scotland can only make secondary legislation（法规法令）/can not make primary legislation.4.Scotland parliament can abolish（废止）.5.欧盟立法机关European Union Legislation(what are the four most important institutions of the European Union and which of the European Union institutions has law-making powers?)(a)四个机构1.The Commission European: A Supervision（监督）Role2.The Council of Ministers (部长理事会决策性的)3.The European Parliament(建议性的)4.The European Court of Justice (执法)(b)哪个机构有权利制定法律1.the council of ministers and the european parliament have the power/authority to make law/advisory.2.The EU commission can not make law.3.The court enforces EU Law.法院实施欧盟法6.The primary of European Union Law Assuming three exists a conflict between scots and European Union law , which one of the two legal systems are the Scottish courts bound to follow? Why?(a) 如果Scotland law与EU Law发生冲突应该遵守？The Scottish corts would have to obey/observe the European Law.(b) Why?1.the EU Union have 27 member state,every state must to obey the EU Union's regulation.2.3. Scotland is a part member of the EU Union,so It must obey the EU Law,if UK decided get out of the EU Union,Scotland will not obey the EU Law.7. 6个民事纠纷例子Civil disputes Employment law disputes e.g. unfair or wrongful dismissal claims劳动法纠纷，如不公平的或者错误的解聘纠纷Family law disputes (custody or adoption of children)家庭法纠纷（孩子的监护或收养问题）Divorce or separation actions离婚或分居诉讼Debt recovery actions债务清偿纠纷Defamation of character人格诽谤纠纷Land disputes土地纠纷Winding up of a corporate body公司解体纠纷Succession disputes (wills)继承/遗嘱纠纷Personal injury claims人身伤害纠纷Contractual disputes合同关系纠纷8. 5个苏格兰使用的法律Sale of goods act 1979Employment right act 1996Human right act 1998Protection of children（scotland）act 2003The healthy and safety at work act 1974Abolition of feudal tenure （scotland）act 2000The licensing （scotland）act 19769.什么是犯罪What is a crime?A crime is behaviour which is regarded as so reprehensible (应受谴责) and which, consequently, threatens or undermines thesecurity of society. Criminal behaviour ought to be punished by the State by the imposition of a prison sentence and /or fine or other sanction (制裁) on the person who is convicted of a crime.举例（5个）：Examples of criminal conduct include murder, rape, assault, fire-raising, theft and fraud (欺诈行为).10.司法先例Judicial Precedent定义Judicial Precedent (司法先例)Judicial Precedent also known as Stare Decisis (遵循先例).If a legal dispute or any other legal situation occurs and there is no provision in any Act of Parliament of any piece of delegated legislation to cover it, the judge dealing with the dispute must make a decision which he/she sees as fair and just.In such a situation therefore, the judge is actually making the law—he/she is creating a precedent—and their decision will be followed in the future by other judges in similar cases. However, if legislation is passed later which is contrary to the judicial decision, then the legislation that is passed later will overrule it.原则For precedent to be applied the following must be shownThat the cases are “in point”—This means that the case beingheard in court must be dealing with the same question of law as the case being heard in court as the case that is being used as a precedent.That the original decision was made in a higher court: the Court of Session and Sheriff Court Judges must follow a House of Lords decision.There is no legislation to cover this point. At the time of this case, there was no legislation to cover such a situation and so the judges had used their sense of fairness to reach a decision.举例Donoghue V Stevenson 1932 SC（HL）31Daniels V White （1938）Grant V Australian Knitting Mills（1936）。
HND市场学导论outcome1
HND市场学导论outcome1Marketing: An IntroductionContentsIntroduction (3)Marketing concept (3)Pay attention to market research (3)Corporate Profit (3)Pay attention to the marketing plan (3)Marketing Orientation and Customer Relationship Management (4)After Service (4)The marketing environment (4)Types of Marketing Environment (5)Marketing Research&Information: (5)Find out enterprise’s problems and mistakes (5)Market Segmentation (5)Opponents of information (6)Marketing plan (6)Market research and information Introduction (6)Quantitative&Qualitative Research (6)Qualitative Research (6)In-depth interviews (6)Quantitative research (7)Face-to-Face surveys: (7)Segmentation & targeting (8)Research information (8)Market segmentation (8)Benefits of Market S&T (8)Conclusion (9)Reference (9)IntroductionThis report is writes for the Trusty-Land Food Company. The report consists of 5 point that includes the marketing environment segmentation and targeting, the market research and information and marketing conception. Making a final and review summary in the end.FindingsMarketing conceptPay attention to market researchThe organization researches the local environment that can help company to make market segmentation. Finally, the organization can meet customer?s demand.Corporate ProfitThe organization uses advanced technology or policy to improve the product in market. The organization enhances the market shares that will increase corporate profit.Pay attention to the marketing planThe organization pays attention to the customer?s demand competitions plan and own enterprise conditions. The marketing plan can ensure customer growth and growth enter company?s profit.Marketing Orientation and Customer Relationship ManagementThe organization is gives priority to the customer?s demand. The organization communicate and cooperate with customers that can help organization to take long-term benefits with customers.After ServiceThe organization reasonable to meets customer?srequirements. The organization mast timely and effective to deal with customer?s problem. Eventually the organizati on make customer satisfaction.The marketing environmentMicroenvironment:The Company met the specific conditions in the business environment and explores the relevance economic reasoning to managerial decision-making. The …Trusty-Land Food? formed a sales to large grocery chains. The large grocery chains includes Seven Eleven. But Seven Eleven wanted supplies under their name on Trusty-Land Food?s products, so the Seven Eleven become a competition. It affects the reputation of our products, costumer always pay great attention to packing. Trusty-Land–Food?s logo represent a big part and Seven Eleven?s logo represent a small part.In 2009, the “HealthMeat” is imperative for companies to increase their focus on retaining existing customers and attracting new ones. Bring the benefits to company from new ones. The companies adhere to innovation. Wide range of goods will attract more customers that can move the company forward.Macroenvironment: The bird flu and the mad cow scare appeared in 2005 and 2006 that decreased the customer?s demand. The bird flu and the mad cow scare appeare d that made the company lose great profits. Security checks in the supplier have becomestricter to help the bird flu and mad cow scare disappeared. The mass media should be propagandas food Trusty-Land Food Company?s products safety that can maintains sales.The new dietary guidelines had been proposed by government is reduce consumption by red meat and processed meat. The new dietary guidelines effect the company?s red meatand processed meat?s sales. Responding to government?s policy, the company reduce products of the red meat and processed meat and production more products of write meat. Responding the government?s policy can make the product sales to rise.Types of Marketing EnvironmentAccording to Philip Kotler in his book Principles of Marketing (4th European Edition), the marketing environment consists of all the actors and forces that affect the marketing management?s ability to develop and maintain successful relationships with its target customers. According to Gary Armstrong & Philip Kotler, Marketing: An introduction (10th Edition), a public indicates any group that has an actual or potential interest in or impact on an organization?s ability to achieve its objectives.Marketing Research&Information:Find out enterprise’s problems and mistakesI t can help enterprise to finds out enterprise?s problems and mistakes and then it can help enterprise to deal with problems and mistakes. It benefit the further development of the enterprise.Market SegmentationMarket segmentation can help the enterprise to makes market segmentation. The enterprise uses market segmentation to finds customers that can help enterprise to improve the product sales.Opponents of informationThe enterprise mast grasps the opponents of information to keeping the advantage of the enterprises in the competition. It beneficial to company development.Marketing planThe marketing research brings the information. The information helps enterprise to makes next marketing plan.Market research and information Introduction“The function linking the consumer, customer and public to the marketer through information that is used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems, to generate, refine and evaluate marketing actions, to monitor marketing performance, and to improve understanding of the marketing process”Quantitative&Qualitative ResearchQualitative ResearchIn-depth interviewsThe Trusty-Land Food Company looks for three people to in-depth interviews. The three men is consumer representative and representative of major ad agencies and market development manager. The company in order to improve the sales of the company?s products that can attract more customers. Consumer representatives put forward opinions and suggestions on the quality of our meet?s products, to meet the majority of consumer preferences to make changes.Now advertising is very important to strengthen the use of the media to advertise. The representative of major ad agencies proposals combined with the company's characteristics and corporate culture. Recommendations includes the methods of packaging products and mass media. The success of the product packaging and advertising can attract more customers. The market development manager hear consumer representatives and representative of major ad agencies? recommendations that can improvements products. Such as advertising companies to listen to consumers representative of the appearance of the product preferences and consumers gets information through what kinds of the media, Advertising Company to understand thecorporate culture and characteristics through the market development manager. Three people to discusses and ultimately achieve the best packing effect and publicity of company?s products.Quantitative researchFace-to-Face surveys:The Investigation team to nearby food market in a number of neighborhoods face to face surveys before the lunch time and dinner time. The investigation team to conduct research on people who buy food, because most people cooks for family should buy food. Investigation team to understand people usually buy food to eat what kind of meat, raw food or cooked food which some more, people buy food for the food safety requirements, etc. Giving small gifts when the customers answered the question after. Small gifts may be the company's new tasting product. Through investigation, improvement of products that can increase sales.Segmentation & targetingResearch informationThe enterprises to understand the details of their own problem, such as the competitiveness of an enterprise; band effect; fiscal reserves.Knowing the market. Trusty-Land Food Company to understand that consumer?s consumption habit and hobby. The company respect the religious beliefs and customs, many people know that not eating pork is one of eating habits of the Muslim.Market segmentationThe company chooses religion from demographic segmentation to make market segmentation. The market is dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers with differentneeds, characteristics or behaviors, who might require separate products or marketing mixes and company evaluates each market segments. Philip Kotler also describes market targeting as “evaluating each market s egments segment?s attractiveness and selecting one or more of the market segment?s attractiven ess and selecting one or more of the market segments to enter.”The company chooses Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, Islamic from religion to do market segmentationMoslem do not eat pork .Using differentiated marketing in Moslem market, such as the company mast prints Islamic identity on food?s packaging. According to Muslim tastes to make improvements from the company's products.Benefits of Market S&TThrough making Market S&T and making continuous improvements, customer satisfaction scores and courtesy, along with market share, are on the rise. Our customers get hooked on the good product and setting up the good enterprise image, they will buy and become more loyal to our brand.ConclusionFinally, I recommend that companies adhere to market research and innovation that can make the company's product sales rise. I hope that the company develop better and better.ReferenceWang Huihong, WANG Jing, 2013, SQA Unit Student Guide on Marketing: An Introduction, China Modern Economic Publishing House.Kotler Philip, Wong V eronica, Saunders John, Armstrong Gary, 2005, Principles of Marketing 4th European Edition, Prentice Hall.。
HND经济学导论Outcome1考试题及翻译
Assessment task instructionsRead the following passage and answer the questions which follow.SteamScot is a privately run rail company, which provides steam train journeys in Scotland. At present they operate three specific rail journeys in various parts of Scotland. These journeys are aimed at the tourist market and operate throughout the summer months. Around 70% of passengers are domestic tourists with the other 30% overseas visitors.The company has been fairly profitable over the last decade, and with the help of various grants available, they are considering an expansion of its operations. However, it is also aware that within the next five years a major overhaul of its capital stock as well as major repairs will have to be undertaken. It is this dilemma that the board of the company faces.It is estimated that in the coming year it will have £2.5 million to spend. This money could be used to open a new line between Inverness and Fort William, or to begin the repair and replacement plan on its current routes.A recent report has highlighted that following recent terrorist threats, visitors from the USA are expected to fall within the next three years, but that European visitors are likely to increase as the Euro rises in value. It is also expected that Visit Scotland (the tourist organization) will mount a major advertising campaign in England to encourage more visitors from that country.The boards of directors of SteamScot are also considering a change in their pricingbut are unsure if this is a wise move. At present the average price of a journey is £4 and 60,000 tourists use the services. A report commissioned by the board on price, supply and demand is shown on the following table.1 SteamScot face a ‘basic economic problem’!What is this ‘problem’ and what is the opportunity cost of the replace and repair programme?2 From the table in the previous passage, construct a demand and supply schedule ona diagram and identify the equilibrium price and quantity.3 (a) Calculate, using total revenue, the price elasticity of demand when: (i) price rises from £4 to £5(ii) price falls from £4 to £3(b) If you were a member of the SteamScot board, what would you recommend the company does in both situations? Give reasons for your advice.4 How would the advertising campaign by Visit Scotland affect demand for SteamScot journeys?Show the effect on a diagram.5 Apart from an increase in price, what other determinant would encourage SteamScotto increase its supply of rail journeys?6 If the Chancellor of the Exchequer was to reduce income tax, would this affect demand for SteamScot’s product s? Explain your answer with reference to income elasticity of demand.7 Using a diagram, show what would happen to the equilibrium if the Scottish Executive gave SteamScot a subsidy. Explain any changes and how the market would return to equilibrium.评估任务说明阅读下面的文章,回答下列问题。
HND市场学outcome_1_考题及参考答案
1 please describe the purpose and importance of marketing research to organisations.(expected response:approximately 200 words)Answering this question you'll be asked to interpret the meaning of marketing research first, then explain the importance of marketing research.An explaination of the importance of marketing research to include points such as: Definition of marketing researchReferenceMarketing research is a systematic, objective collection and analysis of data about a particular target market, competition, and other environment inluding internal and external environment. It always incorporates some form of data collection whether it be secondary research or primary research which is collected direct from a respondent.The marketing research aims at meeting the needs of its market where a company needs to understand its customers. With the change or development internal and external environment of company, the product market will varies from many factors such as customers' wants or demands.Since meeting consumers' needs is the basic commercial laws, and important for the company's survival and profits making, the company can do some efforts to create more customers' utilities (satisfaction) by marketing research. With the coming of the products' market growing and mature, the quantity of competitors increases, there is no more space available of prodcts' profits making. In order to survive, to keep the existing profit, or to increase the profit, company have motions to explore the potential markets by marketing reseach.2 expected response: approximately 300 words.(a)describe and distinguish between primary and secondary data.Reference :Primary data is the information collected for particular(specfic) purpose at hand. Secondary data exists somwhere, gathered for another purpose.The difference between the primary data and the secondary data can be listed as follows:Just as its name implies, primary data is the first hand information, while secondary data is the seond hand information. That is to say, primary data is field research which is gathered by an organisation for its own specific purpose. Seondary data is desk or library research which is gathered from the library and internal organisation, etc. So we can conclude that secondary data is started first, the more expensive, time-consuming primary research will be used only when missing information has to be collected by marketing research.Secondary data comes from both the internal database and information publicly available(marketing intelligence). While primary data can gathered from outside the organisation.There is the difference in the instrument of the two data. Primary data can gathered through survey . We can survey the targeting by mail, phone, or internet. It can collected through observation by ethnographic research, or sending its staff to observe. It also can gaghered information by focus group interivewing and by experimental research. While the secondary data can be sorted from public available information and internal information. the public available information may include government's report of industry, the news of competitors' website, the references form library, free industry research database, public limited company's information, etc.(b)idetify the advantages and disadvantages of using secondary data.AdvantagesReference:There are five main (key) advantages of secondary data. The fist, it is cheaper and can be obtained more quickly. The seond, Vast quantities of information covering a wide range of subjects are available. The third, since secondary data exists somewhere, it has already been analysed and processed. The fourth, organisations have gathered information over many years and trends and patterns can be identified so that the data is used because public receive it undoubtedly. The last, Governments produce statistics about markets and consumer habits, so if the change of environment can be neglected, the resources about markets can be used.The disadvantages of secondary data includes as follows:it is provided to pulic, so it can not provide specific information for a particular organisation, that is to say , the rivals possibly have the same accesses to gain the similiar information. It ages easily , so it is possibly out of date. Secondary data is not specially prepared for the specific problem of marketing, so the outcome maybe be biased.(c)identify different secondary soures which the organisation in the case study might use.Government statistics about social trends from the Annual Abstact ofStatistics.The financial accounts of rival company.Sales records from within the company to identify growing/declining areas.Newspaper articles about the latest toy crazes in America.Census figures which highlight population changes.Government statistics about the state of the economy.3 explain how the organisation in the case study might use different types of marketing research. Provide realistic and relevant examples of types of marketing research which the organisation could use to improve its current business situation.(expected 400 words)The company could carry out questionnaires in retail outlets, such as retailers and other middlemen by telephone, personal talk or online.the company could visit parent and toddler groups to observe how children play with toys.The company could invite pre-school children to play in the observation room exlusively bulit for research, the marketing managers could watch or observe the children's behavior by scanners or through the window outside the observation room.The company hire an well trained person who was good at marketing research to observe the parent and children's buying behaviors.The company could organise focus groups to discuss new products with groups of 10-12year olds. The company could create a flexbile and comfortabletalk/chat environment, start from an interesting topic so as to calm down the groups, then induct them to speak their true views on the exploration of the new product.The company could carry out the quesitonnaires to make sure the customers' buying preference and their habbits of buying toys , by this process, the company can gain some resources about the development of the new products for added customer market which can be described with 10-12year olds.The company could send out questionnaires to the toy buyers for exsitingproducts in different retail stores such as toy stores , super markets, etc. The contact methods are available which are mail, phone, personal talk, and online. Ifthe outlay for marketing research is enough , the suggested method is personal talk. Because this method is easy to control the quality of research.The company could organise focus groups to discuss exsiting products with groups of pre-school year olds. Since the customers' characteristic, the form of research maybe variable and flexible. Maybe playing games with them is available while carrying out research. By chatting with them, marketing managers or marketing researchers can know their needs for the toys.Since the industry is becoming even more competitive, gathering more secondary data of rival company's marketing activities is a quite right choice. We can analyse the rival companys' sales figures to see how they had adapted their product ranges. We can go to library for basic reference of rival company, we can gain the free data from the government statistics of industry, we can also gain the information of rival company on the internet ,especially on the rival company's website which includes formal information and informal information like BBS' news.For gathering more information of rival company, we can use the ethnographic research.we can hire a person specially trained for marketing research. The person will observe the buying behavior of their own consumers and rival companys' consumer, then analysis the difference between the two kinds of consumers. Finally give the different marketing strategy .The company could use secondary sources such as government statistics to identify changes in the market place.The company could gather information of book order of government for the primary scholar or pre-school children through the report of government 's work which can be received freely and through government authoritative website.。
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Assessment task instructions
Read the following passage and answer the questions which follow.
SteamScot is a privately run rail company, which provides steam train journeys in Scotland. At present they operate three specific rail journeys in various parts of Scotland. These journeys are aimed at the tourist market and operate throughout the summer months. Around 70% of passengers are domestic tourists with the other 30% overseas visitors.
The company has been fairly profitable over the last decade, and with the help of various grants available, they are considering an expansion of its operations. However, it is also aware that within the next five years a major overhaul of its capital stock as well as major repairs will have to be undertaken. It is this dilemma that the board of the company faces.
It is estimated that in the coming year it will have £2.5 million to spend. This money could be used to open a new line between Inverness and Fort William, or to begin the repair and replacement plan on its current routes.
A recent report has highlighted that following recent terrorist threats, visitors from the USA are expected to fall within the next three years, but that European visitors are likely to increase as the Euro rises in value. It is also expected that Visit Scotland (the tourist organization) will mount a major advertising campaign in England to encourage more visitors from that country.
The boards of directors of SteamScot are also considering a change in their pricing
but are unsure if this is a wise move. At present the average price of a journey is £4 and 60,000 tourists use the services. A report commissioned by the board on price, supply and demand is shown on the following table.
1 SteamScot face a ‘basic economic problem’!
What is this ‘problem’ and what is the opportunity cost of the replace and repair programme?
2 From the table in the previous passage, construct a demand and supply schedule on
a diagram and identify the equilibrium price and quantity.
3 (a) Calculate, using total revenue, the price elasticity of demand when: (i) price rises from £
4 to £5
(ii) price falls from £4 to £3
(b) If you were a member of the SteamScot board, what would you recommend the company does in both situations? Give reasons for your advice.
4 How would the advertising campaign by Visit Scotland affect demand for SteamScot journeys?
Show the effect on a diagram.
5 Apart from an increase in price, what other determinant would encourage SteamScot
to increase its supply of rail journeys?
6 If the Chancellor of the Exchequer was to reduce income tax, would this affect demand for SteamScot’s product s? Explain your answer with reference to income elasticity of demand.
7 Using a diagram, show what would happen to the equilibrium if the Scottish Executive gave SteamScot a subsidy. Explain any changes and how the market would return to equilibrium.
评估任务说明
阅读下面的文章,回答下列问题。
SteamScot是一个私有的铁路公司, 在苏格兰提供蒸汽火车旅行。
他们目前在苏格兰各部操作三个具体铁路旅程。
这些旅行目的是旅游市场并在夏季经营几个月。
大约有70%的旅客国内游客与其他30%的外地游客。
公司在的过去十年来一直相当有利可图,借助各种可用的奖助金,他们正在考虑扩大其运营。
然而,它也知道在未来五年内主要检修的资本存量以及大修必须实行。
这种进退两难的局面,是该公司的董事会面对的。
据估计,在未来的一年里会有£2500000可用。
这笔钱可以用来在因弗内斯堡和威廉之间打开一个新线,或在其目前的路线开始修复和更换计划。
最近的一份报告强调,伴随着最近恐怖分子的威胁, 来自美国的游客预计将跌在3年内减少,但欧洲游客可能由于欧元的升值而上涨。
但同时预期Visit Scotland (旅游组织)将在英国安排一个重要的广告宣传活动,以吸引更多英国游客。
SteamScot的董事会也正在考虑改变他们的价格,但不确定这是一个明智的做法。
目前的平均价格是一个旅程£4并且60000名游客使用我们的服务。
一份报告董事会委托价格、供给与需求显示在下面的表格。
1 SteamScot面临一个基本经济问题”!
这个问题是什么,更换和维修计划的机会成本是什么?
2从先前的表格中,构建供给和需求图表,并确定均衡价格和数量。
3(a)用总收益计算下列情况的价格需求弹性。
(i)价格从£4上涨至5£
(ii)价格从£4下跌至£3
(b)如果你是一个SteamScot董事会的成员,你会建议公司在这两种情况下如何做呢?给出理由,听听你的意见。
4 Visit Scotland的广告如何影响SteamScot旅行的需求量?
在图形显示作用。
5 除了涨价之外,还有什麽其他决定性会鼓励SteamScot增加铁路旅行的供应? 6如果财政大臣将减少所得税,是否会影响SteamScot的需求?请解释你的答案,参照收入需求弹性。
7使用一个图表,显示如果苏格兰行政院给SteamScot一种补贴平衡会发生什么。
解释如何变化,市场会回到平衡。