语言学复习提纲

Understanding linguistic terms1.Blending; Acronym，back-formation2.sociolinguistics speech community, speech variety, regional dialect, sociolect, idiolect,ethnic dialect, register, standard dialect, pidgin and creole, bilingualism and diglossia3.Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, intercultural communicationnguage acquisition, CPH (Critical Period Hypothesis); N. Chomsky's LAD; Telegraphic speech5.learning strategies; interlanguage; comprehensible input; language aptitude; motivation; language transfer; cross-association; contrastive analysis;SLA(second language acquisition)6.Neurolinguistics; cerebral Cortex; Broca's Aphasia; Spoonerism, priming experiment; syntactic parser garden path sentence; psycholinguisticsQuestion Answering1.What are the major causes of language change?2.Give examples to show vocabulary change.3.Give at least three examples to show the influence of American English on British English.4.What are the three major theories of child language acquisition?5.Give brief account of the important role that linguistic environment plays in child language development.6.What is the role of native language in second or foreign language learning?7.What are the individual differences in second or foreign language acquisition?8.Describe Levelt's speech production model in your own words.9.What are the major psycholinguistics methods?10.Describe the major symptoms of Broca's aphasia.11.what is the significance of cultural teaching and learning?Part I. Blank Filling ( 20 x 1.5 30 marks)Complete the flowing statements concerning some basiclinguistic :Directions concepts.1.According to Chomsky, when we determine a word's category, three criteriaare usually employed, namely ____________, inflection and ____________.2.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a____________ study; the description of a language as it changes throughtime is a ____________ study. In modern linguistics, the former approachthe latter..overpriority seems to enjoy3. According to Paul Grice's Cooperative Principle, there are four maxims innatural conversation, including the maxim of ____________, the maxim ofquality, the maxim of ___________ and the maxim of manner.4. The syntactic category of the specifier differs depending on the categoryof the head. Determiners serve as the specifiers of Ns while __________typically function as the specifiers of Vs and degree words as thespecifiers of As and sometimes __________ .nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal ____________ used for human____________ .6.N. Chomsky, the American linguist, proposed the distinction between____________ and ____________, the former is defined as the ideal user'sknowledge of the rules of his language, and the latter defined as theactual realization of his knowledge in linguistic communication7. According to the American linguist Charles Hockett, human language differsfrom any animal system of communication in that it has its design features,such as arbitrariness, productivity, ____________, displacement andcultural ____________.8.Sentence can be defined as a sequence of words arranged in a certain____________ in accordance with a certain _____________ rules.9.Phonetics is defined as the study of the____________ medium of language; itis concerned with all the _____________ that occur in the world'slanguages.10. In the study of semantics, sense is concerned with the inherent meaning ofthe linguistic form. It is the collection of all the ____________ of thelinguistic form; it is ____________ and de-contextualized.Part II. True or False ( 10 x 1 = 10 marks)Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). Directions: 1. According to transformational syntax, the phrase “talk about” has twoelements, of which the V “talk” belongs to major lexical category and the P “about” belongs to minor lexical category. ( )are ‘give' and ‘take'sense 2.According to lexical relations, the words) antonyms. ( complementaryunmarried sister is married to a bachelor.”3.Semantically, the sentence “My )is a contradiction. (the hyponym of the word 4.Concerning the sense relation, the word “table” is( )“furniture”.life!”or to 5.According John Searle, threatening, like “Your money your）belongs to directive. （6.According to the morphology, the word “disagreement” contains threemorphemes: dis + agree + ment, among which the morpheme “agree” belongs tofree morpheme and “dis, ment” are bound morphemes. ( )7. A phonological feature of the English compounds is that the stress of theword always falls on the first element, and the second element receives greenhouse, hotdog) .( assuch stress, secondary8. According to the sense relations between sentences, the sentence “He hasbeen to Hungary” is an entailment of the sentence “ He has been toEurope.” ()9.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive rather than descriptive. ( )[b][p] and the English consonants articulation,10.In terms of place oflabiodental. ( ) belong tobilabial while [f] and [v] are= 20 marks) 5Terms ( 4 xof III.Part Understanding Linguisticterms. linguistic explanation of the Directions: Pleasegive a brief followingPragmatics1.Phoneme2.Polysemy3.category4. SyntacticPart VI. Question AnsweringDirections: Please answer the following questions briefly.1. The XP rule is usually described as:XP (specifier) X (complement*)Please explain the above rule in simple English. (10 points)2. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?(15 points)3. Smith said to his classmate:“John, you have been keeping my notes for a whole week now.”According to Austin's speech act theory, explain the three acts (locutionary,illocutionary, and perlocutionary) that Smith is possibly performing while making theabove utterance? (15 points)Key to the Test APart I Blanking filling:1.symbols communicationpetence performance3.duality transmission4.speech sounds5.meaning distribution6.synchronic diachronic7.quantity relation8.order gramatical9.qualifiers Ps10.features abstractPart II True or False1. F2. F3. T.4. T5. T.6. T.7. T8. F9. F 10TPart III Understanding of linguistic terms1. Pragmatics: a general definition is the study of how speakers of a language useis As the process of communicationto effect successful communication.sentences context,understanding meaning in a certain process of conveying and essentially a deixis,study. Including as a kind of meaningpragmatics can also be regardedcross-cultural conversation, politeness, speech acts, indirect language,and presupposition. communication,is not anyabstract unit. It is a phonological unit. It is a 2.Phoneme: A phonemea in a certain phone represented or realized by particular sound, but rather it isphonetic context. certainthe , meaning have the same or similar may3.Polysemy: While different words polysemy,meaning. This is what we call same one word may have more than one word. polysemicsuch word is called aandfulfill which group of linguistic itemsSyntactic 4.category: Category refers to a such as a sentence, a noun languagethe same or similar functions in a particularis that languagesphrase or a verb. A fundamental fact about words in all human classes, calledsmall number of into they can be grouped together a relatively category..syntacticPart VI Question answering:1. The XP rule is usually described as:XP (specifier) X (complement*)Please explain the above rule in simple English. (10 points) X stands for a head, i.e. any major word-level category, such as N, V, A and P.The arrow means “consists of”or “branches into”.The parentheses ( ) mean the element in them can be omitted and the asterisk * indicates that one or more category can occur. The rule can be described as follows: Any phrase consists of a head and maybe a specifier on the left side of the head, and maybe one or more complement on the right side of the head.2. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?(15 points)Naming theory; Representative: Plato; Major opinion: Words are just names and labels forthings.The conceptualist view; Representative: Ogden and Richards; the concept is the meaning ofthe word.Contexualism; Representative: J.R. Firth; the meaning of a word is determined by its use inthe context, including situational context and linguistic context.Behaviorism; Representative: Bloomfield; the meaning consists in the relation betweenspeech and the practical events.3. Smith said to his classmate:“John, you have been keeping my notes for a whole week now.”According to Austin's speech act theory, explain the three acts (locutionary,illocutionary, and perlocutionary) that Smith is possibly performing while making theabove utterance? (15 points)(omitted)．Part I. Blank Filling ( 20 x 1.5 30 marks)Complete the flowing statements concerning some basiclinguistic :Directions concepts.11. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of ____________. It is scientific because it is based on the systematic _________________ oflinguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory oflanguage structure.12. The Swiss linguist, F. de Saussure, made the distinction between langue and parole, the former refers to the __________ linguistic system sheared byall the members of a speech community, while the latter refers to the realization of langue in actual __________.13. According to the American linguist Charles Hockett, human language differs from any animal system of communication in that it has its design features,of which displacement is one, which means language can be used to refer to__________ removed from the immediate situations of the __________.14.An initial classification in phonetics will divide the ____________ sounds in English into two broad categories: ____________ and consonants.15.According to Chomsky, when we determine a word's category, three criteriaare usually employed, namely ____________, inflection and ____________.16. The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. Itis generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the____________ and the __________.must firstparticipants to Paul Grice, in making conversation the According 17. of all be willing to ___________; otherwise, it would not be possible forthem to carry on the ___________.18. A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of ___________ value.It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound , but rather it isrepresented or realized by a certain __________ in a certain phoneticcontext.19. According to transformational syntax, phrases that are formed of more thanone word usually contain three elements. The word around which a phrase isformed is termed head. The words on the left side of the heads are said tofunction as ___________________. The words on the right side of the headsare ________________.20. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It isthe collection of all the ____________ of the linguistic form; it isabstract and de-contextualized. Reference means what a linguistic formrefers to in the real physical world; it deals with the relationshipbetween the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of __________.Part II. True or False ( 10 x 1 = 10 marks)Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).Directions:1.According to transformational syntax, prepositions like “near” or“about” belong to minor lexical category. ()2.The words ‘male' and ‘female' are complementary antonyms. ())(semantically anomalous.is intentions.”has bad table “The The sentence3.4.Concerning the sense relation, the word “rose” is the hyponym of the word “flower”. ( )5.According to John Searle, promising, like “I'll bring you the booktomorrow without fail.” belongs to commissive. （）6.According to the morphology, the word “undesirable” contains fourmorphemes: un + desire + able + ity, among which the morpheme “desire”belongs to free morpheme and “un, able, ity” are bound morphemes. ( )a history is point of time in of 7. The description a language at somesynchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through timeis a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, a diachronic approach seems to)enjoy priority over a synchronic one.(“John's8. According to the sense relations between sentences, the sentencea has “ John entailment of computer needs repairing” is an the sentence)computer.” (“Henry sentLeech's predication analysis, the sentence, to 9. According G.( ) containing two arguments. is Mary an e-mail” a two-place prediction[t]and consonants [p] the 10. In terms of manner of articulation, English)are [f] and [s] fricatives. ( plosives stopsbelong to or while= 20 marks) 5 x Part III. Understandingof Linguistic Terms( 4terms. brief givePleaseDirections: a explanation of thefollowinglinguisticLanguage5.6. Phonology7. Homonymy8. MorphologyPart VI. Question AnsweringDirections: Please answer the following questions briefly.4. Use tree diagram to show the deep structure of the question “Will the trainarrive on time?”. (10 points)5. What is the difference between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? (15points)6. Prof. Smith said to his student:“John, you have left the door wide open.”According to Austin's speech act theory, explain the three acts (locutionary, illocutionary,and perlocutionary) that Prof. Smith is possibly performing while making the aboveutterance? (15 points)Key to the Test APart I Blanking filling:nguage investigation2.abstract use3.contexts speaker4.speech vowels5.meaning distribution6.speaker hearer7.cooperate talkphone distinctive 8.complement9.specifierexperience features10.Part II True or False1. F2. T3. T.4. T5. T.6. T.7. F8. F9. F 10TPart III Understanding of linguistic termsnguage: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.6.phonology: Phonology is the scientific study of sound of language, which aimsto discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these soundsare used to convey meaning in linguistic communication7.Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. Homonyms include homophones, homographs and complete homonyms.8.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.Part VI Question answering:1. Use tree diagram to show the deep structure of the question “Will the trainarrive on time?”.(10 points)SNPInflVPDet PPNVNPtimeon The train will arrivepoints)meaning? (15 study views concerning the ofthe2. What are major Naming theory; Representative: Plato; Major opinion: Words are just names and labels for things. The conceptualist view; Representative: Ogden and Richards; the concept is the meaning of word.the Contexualism; Representative: J.R. Firth; the meaning of a word is determined by its use in context.and situational context linguisticcontext,the includingbetweenin the relation meaning Behaviorism; Representative: Bloomfield; the consiststhe practical events.speech and said to his student:3. Prof. Smithopen.”the door wide “John,you haveleft is Smith that are theory, what the three acts Prof. act to According Austin'sspeechpoints) (15the above utterance? making while performing possibly (omitted)Part I. Blank Filling ( 20 x 1.5= 30 marks)Complete the flowing statements concerning some basic linguistic Directions:concepts.nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal _____________ used for human____________.2.Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form_____________ and how these sounds are used to convey _____________ inlinguistic communication.3. Every word in a language is composed of one or more morphemes. There are____________ morphemes and bound morphemes. And bound morpheme can be further classified into ________________ and inflectional morphemes.4. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether the______________ of use in the study of ___________________ is considered.5. According to Austin's speech act theory, a locutionary is the action ofmaking the utterance, illocutionary refers to the speaker' _____________, while perlocutionary is the __________________ of the utterance.6. Sociolinguistics is the sub-field that studies the relation between__________________ and ____________________, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.7. An American linguist Martin Joos distinguishes five stages of formality,namely, intimate, _______________, consultative, ____________, and frozen.perception and thepeople'sSapir and Whorf believe that language filters 8. way they categorize experiences. This interdependence of___________________ and _____________________ is known as Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (SWH).9. According to transformational syntax, phrases that are formed of more thanone word usually contain three elements. The word around which a phrase isformed is termed head. The words on the left side of the heads are said tofunction as ___________________. The words on the right side of the headsare ________________.10. According to Halliday's register theory, there are three social variablesthat determine the register: ___________________ of discourse, tenor of discourse, and ________________ of discourse.Part II. True or False ( 10 x 1 = 10 marks)Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).: Directions 1.According to transformational syntax, preposition belongs to miner lexical category. ()2.“Rose” is a hyponym of “flower”. ( )3.The sentence “The table has bad intentions” is semantically anomalous. ( )the and decontextualized, while an The meaning of utterance is abstract, 4.) context-dependent. (is concrete and sentence meaning of alife!”or like threatening, “Your money your Searle, to 5.According John）（belongs to directive.The judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic varieties6.are social rather than linguistic. ( )7. Standard dialect is based on a selected variety of the language, usually itis the local speech of an area which is considered the nation's politicaland commercial center. ()8. According to the sense relations between sentences, the sentence “He hasbeen to France” is an entailment of the sentence “ He has been toEurope.” ()9.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive. ( )10.The details of any language system are generally transmitted, and do nothave to be taught and learned. ( )Part III. Understanding of Linguistic Terms ( 4 x 5 = 20 marks)Directions: Please give a brief explanation of the following linguistic terms.9. Sentence10. Phoneme11. Antonymy12. BilingualismPart VI. Question Answering ( 4 x 10 = 40 Marks)Directions: Please answer the following questions briefly.7. What is the scope of linguistics?meaning?of the study concerning views major the are What8.9. How is language related to society?4. Why is it necessary to learn culture while learning a foreign language?华北煤炭医学院2006～2007 学年第 1 学期考试试卷标准答案及评分标准年级：04 专业：英语（本科）课程名称：语言学概论（A）卷教研室主任签字：系主任签字：教务处长签字:一、标准答案Part I Blanking filling:1.symbols communication2.patterns meaning3.free, derivational4.context, meaning5.intention, effect / consequencenguage society7.casual formalnguage thought / thinking9.modifiers complements10.field modePart II True or False1. F2. T3. T.4. F5. T.6. T.7. T8. F9. F 10FPart III Understanding of linguistic terms9.Sentence: Sentence is defined as a series of words that are arranged in a certain order according to certain grammatical rules.10.Phoneme: is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It isan abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented and realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.11.Antonymy: The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning; wordsthat are opposite in meaning are antonyms, including gradableantonyms, complementary antonyms and relational opposites.12.Bilingualism: It has been observed that in come speech communities,two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play;and language switching occurs when the situation changes. This constitutesthe situation of bilingualism.Part IV Question answering:1. Within the area of linguistics: phonetics and phonology, morphology, semantics, pragmatics;When linguistics is associated with other fields, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, applied linguistics.2.The naming theory; the conceptualist view, contextualism and behaviorism.3.Omitted4.Omitted二、评分标准I．填空题：原则上每空只填一个词，所填词不一定是教材上的原词，只要意义正确及可给分；拼写错误，原则上不给分。