(完整word版)美国文学史术语翻译 作家作品(word文档良心出品)
Puritanism:
A religious doctrine that advocates hard work, self-discipline, thrift, and sobriety, regards labour
as one’s divine task, without the enjoyment of the fruit of the labour. The purpose is to purify the
corrupted church as had been established by Jesus Chris himself.
John cotton and William roger
Romanticism
Is intellectual movement originating in Germany at the end of 18th century that gained strength in
Western Europe after the Industrial Revolution, in the reaction to the social and political norms of
the Age of Enlightenment, its scientific rationalization of nature. The romantic values revolved
around the full spectrum of the human emotional side embracing its instincts and rejecting the
conventions of the Age of Reason.
Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith in
the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a
source of corruption.
Transcendentalism
as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling
over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.2) they spoke for cultural
rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. 3）they believe in the transcendence
of "over soul", an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all
things are a part.
Emerson 第一个提出 idealism
代表人物：Emerson，believed that man was a part of absolute good。
Thoreau ，beheld divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature.
Social &cultural background
1 a protest of intellectualism and doctrine of the church
2 a protest of foreign influences
A idealistic philosophy of German & France (Fichte Schelling and Kant)
B oriental mysticism Hindu works, Buddhism/the doctrine and philosophy of Chinese Confucius
and Mencius
3 product of the dual heritage of American Puritanism
Inner communication of the soul with God/puritan principle of self culture and self-improvement.
Features: 1 emphasis on the spirit or over soul 2 emphasis on the importance of individual 3
nature as the symbolic of God/spirit/over soul
Realism
is a movement in European and American literature from 1830s to the end of the century. This
new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life. It aimed at the
interpretation of the actualities of any aspect of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or
romantic colour. It expressed the concern for the world of experience, of the commonplace, and
for the familiar and the low.
代表作家：William Dean Howells Mark Twain and Henry James
1. Changes for the better
2. Changes for the worse
Naturalism
“is the application of the principles of scientific determinism to fiction and drama” in the last
decade of 19th century.
Associated with realism, they shared emphasis on the depicting surface reality, but naturalism was
more inclusive and less selective than realism. It emphasized the limited ability of humans to
impose will upon their own destiny.
Topics of literature in America
1. Object of study: lower ranks of society and misery, poverty of the “underdogs”2. Theme:
human bestiality, esp. as an explanation of the sexual desire.3. Mood: pessimistic
Representatives: Jack London Stephen Crane Theodore Dreiser Frank Norris
Washington Irving the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家
三个主要contribution ① the first great prose stylist of American romanticism.②“Sketch Book”
Rip van winkle The legend of Sleepy Hollow-Icabod Crane
The father of American literature or the father of American letters
Nathaniel Hawthorne（1804—1864）
Theory of Sin: unpardonable sin---There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent,
perhaps through the whole life; but circumstance may rouse it to activity.
“The Scarlet Letter”
Characters: Hester Prynne: heroine----Pearl Dimmesdale: a young clergyman
Chillingworth: rigid priest
Symbols“A” : a. Punishment, shame/disgrace, immorality and sin. B. able, angel and charity;
pride
Theme: 1it focuses on the nature of the individual and the individual relationship with the
community 2The implication of self-reliance, the difference between the private and the public
character and the consequences of passion and repression are discussed.
Significance: 1 he was the first major novelist in English to combine morality with art. 2 he is
significant for the themes with regard to : the consequences of pride, selfishness, and secret guilt
and so on. 3 he is significant for his style of writing romance, which he though a predestined from
American narrative.
“The House of the Seven Gables” Mosses from an Old Manse The Marble Faun
Herman Melville
Moby Dick
Characters Ishmael, the narrator Ahab, captain of the ship Moby Dick, the whale hunted
Locale: Pequod, the whaling ship
Theme A. Man vs Nature/universe—foreshadows the 20th century literature, such as T.S. Eliot
(完整word版)英国文学史及选读作者及作品(word文档良心出品)
英国文学史及选读作者及作品
一、盎格鲁-撒克逊时期 The Anglo-Saxon Period
※《贝奥武甫》 “The Song of Beowulf”
《浪游者》 “Widsith” or “The Traveller’s Song”
《航海家》 “Seafarer”
二、盎格鲁-诺曼时期 The Anglo-Norman Period
※《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》 “ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ”
杰弗里《史记》 Geoffrey’s “History”
莱亚门《布鲁特》 Laysmon’s “Brust”
《罗兰之歌》 “Chanson de Roland”
三、乔叟时期 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?-1400)
※《坎特伯雷故事集》 “The Canterbury Tales”
《玫瑰传奇》 “Romance of the Rose”
《好女人的故事》 “The Legend of Good Women”
《声誉殿堂》 “The House of Fame”
《百鸟会议》 “The Parliament of Fowls”
《特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德》“Troilus and Gressie”
大众民谣 Popular Ballads
※《罗宾汉和阿林代尔》 “Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale””
※《起来，去关门》 “Get Up and Bar the Door”
※《派屈克·斯宾塞爵士》 “Sir Patrick Spens”
托马斯·帕西《英诗辑古》
Bishop Thomas Percy ”Reliques of Anciet English Poetry”
(完整word版)整理 美国文学史作家作品(word文档良心出品)
American Literature
1 American Literature: Writers & Works
The Colonial Period
John Smith
William Bradford
John Winthrop
John Cotton
Roger Williams
Cotton Mather
Jonathan Edwards
Anne Bradstreet
Edward Taylor The Age of Reason and Enlightenment
Benjamin Franklin
Thomas Paine
John de Crevecoeur
John Woolman
Philip Freneau
Philis Wheatley
Charles Brockden Brown
The Age of Romanticism
Washington Irving
James Fenimore Cooper
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Herman Melville
Edgar Allan Poe
Walt Whitman
Emily Dickinson
The Age of Realism
William Dean Howells
Henry James
Mark Twain
Stephen Crane
Benjamin Frank Norris
Theodore Dreiser
Edwin Arlington Robinson
Jack London
O. Henry
Upton Sinclair
The Colonial Period
1. John Smith (1580-1631)
The first American writer writing in English
(完整word版)美国文学代表作家及作品(word文档良心出品)
美国文学
Part 1. Colonial America
Thomas Paine托马斯·潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American
Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代
Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild
Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地
Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended The Nature of
True Virtue
Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard’s
Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传
Part 2. American Romanticism
Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The
Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of
(完整word版)许渊冲翻译理论及作品分析(word文档良心出品)
许渊冲翻译理论及作品分析
外国语学院
115班
3号
冯奕璇
许渊冲翻译理论及作品分析
在上了名家名篇赏析这门课之后，我们都知道了在中国古诗词翻译中，许渊冲有“诗译英法唯一人”的称号，同时他还总结了自己的诗词翻译理论。下面就让我们分析一下许渊冲先生的翻译理论以及他的作品。
首先是许先生所提出的“三美”理论，“三美”即意美、音美、形美。所谓意美，就是在翻译时要体现出原作的内容美；音美即要求译文押韵、顺口、好听；形美则是对诗的行数长短整齐，句子对仗工整的要求。以他翻译的《关雎》为例，“关关雎鸠，在河之洲。窈窕淑女，君子好逑”译文为“By riverside are cooing. A
pair of turtledoves. A good young man is wooing. A fair maiden he loves”， 先说意美，关关雎鸠的意思是“关关鸣叫的水鸟”，许先生的译文中用了“cooing”这个单词来表示水鸟，运用了“拟声”的修辞手法，将水鸟鸣叫这一景象描写的惟妙惟肖，“拟声”的手法同时也表现出了原文《关雎》的活泼的感觉，而“turtledoves”既有斑鸠的意思，也有情人的意思，暗示了这首诗为一首情诗，符合原文的意境。许先生用“a good young man”而不是“gentleman”表现出了原文“民俗歌谣”的特点，洒脱，不拘泥于形式。再说音美，译文中第一句的词尾“cooing”和第三句的词尾“wooing”读音相似，第二句的词尾“turtledoves”和第四句词尾“loves”读音相似。在音节上，第一句为七个音节，第二句五个，第三句又是七个，第四句五个。一三句押韵，二四句押韵，读起来朗朗上口，符合“音美”这一特点。第三个特点是“形美”原诗中四字一句，对仗极其工整，译文中也维持在四到六词一句，共四行，和原诗相符。
以上就是我所认为的许渊冲先生的“三美”理论，除了“三美”理论之外，许先生还提出了另外一个著名的翻译理论“三化”理论。“三化”即“深化，等化，浅化”。“深化”就是原文为抽象、一般性的语言，译文则用形象、具体的语言对译，包括加词、分译等。“浅化”是原文为形象、具体的语言，译文则用抽象、一般性的语言对译，包括减词、“合译”等。“等化”基本上是采用直译的方法，原文为形象、具体的语言，译文也用相同形象、具体的语言。原文为抽象、一般性的语言，译文也保持相同抽象、一般性的语言，包括换词、“反译”等方法。以我们课上所学的许先生翻译的李商隐的《无题》为例。“相见时难别亦难，东风无力百花残”许先生译为“It’s difficult for us to meet and hard to part. The east wind is too weak to revive flowers dead”原文中第一句的两个“难”是本文的亮点所在，表达出了一对难舍难分的恋人将要分隔两地的场面，两个“难”缺一不可。许先生用等化的方法将第一个“难”译为“difficult”，第二个“难”译为“hard”，准确表达出了原文难舍难分的意境。“春蚕到死丝方尽，蜡炬成灰泪始干”译文是“Spring silkworm till its death spins silk from lovesick heart. And candles but when
(完整word版)美国文学史术语翻译 作家作品(word文档良心出品)
Puritanism:
A religious doctrine that advocates hard work, self-discipline, thrift, and sobriety, regards labour
as one’s divine task, without the enjoyment of the fruit of the labour. The purpose is to purify the
corrupted church as had been established by Jesus Chris himself.
John cotton and William roger
Romanticism
Is intellectual movement originating in Germany at the end of 18th century that gained strength in
Western Europe after the Industrial Revolution, in the reaction to the social and political norms of
the Age of Enlightenment, its scientific rationalization of nature. The romantic values revolved
around the full spectrum of the human emotional side embracing its instincts and rejecting the
conventions of the Age of Reason.
Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith in
英美文学选读---美国文学部分(作家作品)
Chapter I The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期
I. Washington Irving 华盛顿。欧文
1.The Letters of Jonathan Oldstyle, Gent.《江奈生。欧德斯黛尔先生书信集》
2.A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty《自古至荷兰人占领为止的纽约史》
3. The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.《见闻札记》
4."Rip Van Winkle"《瑞普。凡。温克尔》
5."The Legend of Sleepy Hollow."《睡谷的传说》
6.Bracebridge Hall《布雷斯桥之厅堂》,
7.Tales of a Traveler《一个旅行者的故事》
8.The Alhambra《艾尔哈布拉》
II. Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫。华尔多。爱默生
1.Nature《论自然》
2.The Dial《日咎》
3.Essays《散文集》
4.The American Scholar,《论美国学者》
5.Self-Reliance, 《论自然》
6.The Over-Soul.《论超灵》
7.Second Series 《散文续集》
II. Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔。霍桑
1.Twice-Told Tales《尽人皆知的故事》
2.Mosses from an Old Manse《古屋青苔》
3.The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales《雪的形象及其他尽人皆知的故事》
4.The Scarlet Letter《红字》
5.The House of. the Seven Gables《有七个尖角阁的房子》
美国文学作家及其作品
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美国文学作家及其作品
殖民时期
Jonathan Edwards:乔纳森 爱德华兹
Freedom of the Will 《意志的自由》
The Doctrine of Original Sin Defend 《原罪说辩》
Images or Shadows of Divine Things《神灵的形影》
Personal Narrative《自述》
Hector ST. John de Crevecoeur 赫克托 圣 约翰 戴 克里夫古尔(travels writer,
social historian)
Letter from an American farmer《来自一个美国农夫的信》
Voyage dans La haute pennsylvanie et dans l’etat de New York《宾西尼亚洲北部与纽约州游记》
Sketches of Eighteenth Century American《十八世纪美国见闻》
启蒙和革命时期
Benjamin Franklin本杰明 富兰克林(politician, scientist, man of letters,
essayist)
The Autobiography 《自传》
Poor Richard’s Almanack《格言历书》
他是唯一在以下四个文件上都签过字的人
The Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》
The Treaty of Alliance with France《法美同盟》
The Constitution of the United States《巴黎和约》
The Treaty of Peace with England《宪法》
Philip Freneau菲利普．弗瑞诺（poet）
The Rising Glory of America《美洲光辉的兴起》
最全美国文学史笔记英文版(按时间顺序)
1 Part 1. Colonial America(1607-1800)
John Smith(158-1631)约翰斯密斯 The General History of Virginia弗吉尼亚通史, A Description of New England新英格兰概览
William Bradford(1590-1657)威廉布莱德福 Of Plymouth Plantation普利茅斯拓荒记
John Winthrop(1588-1649)约翰温斯洛普 A Model of Christian Charity基督徒慈善的典范
Anne Bradstreet(1612-1672) “Contemplations”, “Upon the Burning of Our House”,” To My Dear and Loving
Husband”, In Reference to Her Children”,” The Flesh and The Spirit” As Weary
Pilgrim”
Edward Taylor(1642-1729)爱德华泰勒 “Huswifery”, “Upon a Spider Catching a Fly”
Roger Williams(1603-1683)罗杰威廉斯 The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience
John Woolman(1720-1772) “Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes”, A Plea for the Poor”
Thomas Paine(1737-1809)
The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American
Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代
考研专用美国文学整理
美国文学作家作品美国文学作家作品
一、一、 the Colonial Period: 殖民地时期殖民地时期殖民地时期
1、Captain John Smith 约翰约翰史密斯船长斯船长 A Map of Virginia《弗吉尼亚的地图《弗吉尼亚的地图 》 Description of New England《新英格兰记》《新英格兰记》
2、Anne Anne Bradstreet Bradstreet 安妮.布拉兹
特里特特里特 The Tenth Muse Lately sprung up in America
Contemplation 《沉思》《沉思》
Upon the Burning of our House《火烧房子》《火烧房子》
3、Edward Taylor 爱德华.泰勒泰勒 Huswifery
4、Roger Williams 罗杰.威廉威廉 The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of
Conscience 5、John Woolman 约翰.乌尔曼乌尔曼
Some considerations on the Keeping of Negroes
A Plea for the Poor
6、Philip Freneau 菲利普.弗瑞诺弗瑞诺 The Rising Glory of America 《美洲光辉的升起》《美洲光辉的升起》
The Wild Honey Suckle 《野金银花》《野金银花》
二、二、 American Revolution :美国革命时期美国革命时期
1、 Jonathan Edwards 爱德华兹爱德华兹 The Freedom of the Will 《自由意志》《自由意志》 The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended 《大原罪的
教义辩护》教义辩护》
美国文学文学作家及作品汇总
Word资料
美国文学
1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰
明 富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a
Paper Money;Poor Richard ' Almanack 穷查理历书；The
Way to Wealth 致富之道；The Autobiography 自传
2、Thomas Paine 托马
斯 潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise 税务员问题； Com mon
Sense常识；American Crisis 美国危机；Rights of Man 人 的权利：Downfall of Despotism 专制体制的朋溃；The Age of
Reason理性时代
3、Philip Freneau 菲利
普 弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America 蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British
Prison Ship 英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave America
ns纪念美国勇士 —— 同类诗中最佳；The Wild Hon eysuckle
野生的金银花；The In dia n Buryi ng Grou nd 印第安人殡葬地
4、Washington Irving 华盛
顿 欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史—— 美国人写的第一 部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Lege nd of Sleepy
Hollow睡谷的传说—— 使之成为美国第一个 获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田 庄；Talks of Travellers
旅客谈；The Alhambra 阿尔罕伯 拉