《现代英语词汇学概论》
现代英语词汇学概论.ppt

make sure
run short of
keep after (反复提醒)
get at (批评)
move in on (准备)攻击;影响
sit down under (忍受)
make do with (凑合着用)
poke one’s nose into (探听,干涉)
make a clean breast of (和盘托出)
界)
Animal Crackers
It’s raining _c_a_ts_ and dogs!
I’ve got a _f_ro_g____ in my throat.我得
了咽喉炎。
Those are just _c_ro_c_o_d_il_e_tears.
He’s taken the _li_o_n_‘s_ share.
V. Use of idioms
In order to use the idioms appropriatehe following features of idioms:
3. Semantic opacity 语义的不透明性
Idioms are usually semantically opaque,ie.metaphorical rather than literal.
a feather in sb's cap "an honour, success, of which one can be proud"
现代英语词汇学概论1

Are they “words”?
Café, fiancée, hapax legomena father’s, do-it-yourself, hasn’t Donno, lol $559.34, £233, IBM R51 Corpus4u, :-) O(∩_∩)O哈哈~,囧rz,⊙﹏⊙b汗
Word: a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function. E.g. The young man left quietly. (young)
Common words/普通词: connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to every day life The core of the common words is the basic word stock. Stylistically neutral back
Review
Word: a minimum free form sound lexical and grammatical meaning syntactic function
1.1 The Development of English Vocabulary Questions: 1. How many stages does English vocabulary develop? 2. At each stage, there are how many origins English words come from?
现代英语词汇学概论构词法省公开课一等奖全国示范课微课金奖PPT课件

water-tight 密封,不漏气
air-tight
没膝深 knee-deep
齐肩高 shoulder-high
终生 lifelong
晶莹剔透 Crycle-clear
苦乐参半 bittersweet
谈论话题 talked-about topic
杜撰故事 made-up story
e.g. autocracy hydrography telephone
autocracy = auto [构词成份] + cracy (suffix)
hydrography = hydro [构词成份] + graphy (suffix)
telephone = tele [构词成份] + phone (suffix)
From the point of view of derivation, no distinction should be made between combining forms and affixes in this book, in which all the combining forms are labeled either as prefixes or suffixes.
undesirables: undesirable (stem or base, not root)
desired: desire (root, stem or base)
5/86
3.2 Compounding 复合构词法
Questions: 1. What is compounding? 2. What are the relative criteria of a
现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版

现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版
《现代英语词汇学概论》是英国语言学家约翰·西诺特(John Sinclair)所著,于1966年出版的一本关于英语词汇学的经典著作。
该
书第一章的主要内容涉及了词汇学研究的背景和目标。
第一章的汉语版主要包括以下内容:
1.引言:介绍了词汇学研究的重要性和目的,以及该书的结构和内容。
2.词汇学的起源和发展:回顾了词汇学研究的历史背景和不同阶段的
发展,包括传统历史语言学和现代语言学的贡献。
3.词汇研究的方法和工具:介绍了进行词汇学研究所需的方法和工具,包括词汇统计、语料库、词典和计算机技术的运用等。
4.词汇学的理论框架:探讨了几种主要的词汇学理论,包括认知语义学、联想语义学和构式语法等,并解释了它们在研究词汇结构、意义和使
用方面的作用。
5.词汇学的研究领域:概述了词汇学研究的不同领域,包括词汇结构、词汇意义、词汇使用和词汇变化等,并举例说明了不同领域的研究方法和
发现。
总之,第一章的汉语版主要介绍了词汇学研究的基本概念、方法和理
论框架,为后续章节的词汇学内容打下基础。
现代英语词汇学概论chapter1

– By the end of the 13th century, English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and government and regained social status thanks to Wycliff translation of the Bible and the writings of Chaucer.
11
• In fact English has adopted words from almost every known language in the course of its historical development.
• As summed up in The Encyclopedia Americana: “…The English language has vast debts. In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed” English is supposed to have the most copious vocabulary of all the language in the world, estimated at more than a million words.
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1.2.2 The growth of present-day English vocabulary
现代英语词汇学概论

词汇学考试大纲一、判断(10)二、选择(20)三、搭配(10)pound 复合构词法sit-in 代理,参加dropout 退学学生phone-in 听众热线电话直播节目breakdown 失败walk-on 跑龙套员walkout 徒步旅行take-off 起飞astray 烟灰缸 a tray for ash moonwalk a walk on the moonB.Deriverd word 派生法be(= off,from)adj. belittle 贬低de (=to remove) n. debug 除错brotherhood 兄弟情义friendship 友谊happilyC.Converted word 词类转化法He interned in the Capital Hospital.He served as an intern in the Capital Hospital.实习生D.Initialisms 首字母连写法VIP = for a very important personE.Acronyms 首字母拼音法TEFLRadar radio detecting and rangingF.Clipped word 略写ad. (=advertisement)amp(=ampere)plane(=airplane)G.Blend 拼缀词talk + marathon = talkathon 冗长的演说medical+care=medicare 医疗保险H.Back-formationhouse-sit = house sitter 看管房屋的人housekeep 自立门户,主持家务I.Words from proper nameschina 瓷器japan 漆器champagne 香槟J.Onomatopoeic word 拟声词K.Reduplication 重叠词go-go 戈戈舞的ping-pong四、名词解释(4,20分)1、context in its narrowest senseContext in its narrow sense consists of the lexical items that come immediately before andafter any word in an act of communication.For instance,the verb make is often used in the sense of constructing something by putting materials together,as in,She made coffee for all of us.I got a letter today.2、homophones/homographsWords identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.pair,pear son,sunWord identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning are called homographslead v.n. tear n.v.3、semantic field (P143)Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks.The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept,and they are likely to have a number of collocation in common.Hence we can see that meaning resides not only in a word itself,but spreads over neighbouring word as well.Only the neighbouring words can identify the semantic field,in which we have related words which enable us to determine the meaning of the word used.One can hardly tell the meaning of I like lemon until he knows the semantic field in which lemon operates.4、allomorphs/morpheme (P21)A morpheme may take various shapes or forms.For example,the inflectionalmorpheme-(e)s of books,pigs,horses has the same meaning ‘more than one’,yet it has three different phonological forms: /-s,-z,-iz/.The three forms are variants of the same morpheme-s .They are called allomorphs.The morpheme is the smallest meaningful lingusitic unit of language,not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.One morpheme nationTwo morphemes nation+alThree morpheme nation+al+ize5、connotative meaning (P98)Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’s mind.For instance,the denotative meaning of the word mother is female parent ,but it generally connotes love,care,and tenderness.6.verbal context in its broad sense (P154)In additon to lexical,and grammatical context ,the verbal context,in its broadest sense,may cover an entire passage,or even an entire book,and in some cases even the entire social or culture setting ,as stated at the beginning of the chapter.7、semantic motivationSemantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factor.It is a kind of mental association.When we speak of a stony heart we are comparing the heart with a stone五、简单题(2,20分)1、What is motivation?How are English words motivated?Motivation refers to the connection between word-symbol and its sense.Motivation can arise in three major ways:1.phonetic motivation,like miaow of the cat,the baa-baa of amotivation,like good-looking,headache, motivation ,When we speak of a stony heart we are comparing the heart with a stone.2、There are several main types of word meaning list and explain. (P95)A.Grammatical meaningGrammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.1.word classMorden will be marked as an adjective,mordernize as a verb and mordernization as a noun.2.inflectional paradigmto walk,walks walked,to write,writes,wrote,writtenB.Lexical meaning1.denotative meaningThe denotative meaning of a word is its definitin given in a dictionary.It is that aspect of lexical meaning which makes communication possible.2.connotative meaningThe denotative meaning of the word mother is female parent but it generally connotes love,care,and tenderness.3.social or stylistic meaningFormal,informal,neural4.affective meaningAffective meaning is concerned with the expression of feeling and attitudes of the speaker or writer.3、How do we classify words by level of usage?(p11)mon wordsCommon words are words connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life.For example,the repeated telephone calls only annoyed me but made my sister angry.All the words in the sentences are common words,and so this sentence could be used in both speech and writing,and on formal or informal occasions.2.literary wordsLiterary words are chiefly used in writing,especially in books written in a more elevated style,in official documents,or in formal speeches.3.colloquial wordsIn contrast with literary words,colloquial words or expressions are used mainly in spoken English,as in conversation among friends and colleagues.Tom felt so dog-tired he hit the sack early.(colloquial)4.slang wordsA slang usage is not generally used in informal conversation.5.technical wordsTechnical words refers to those words used in various specail fields.4、Make a tree diagram to arrage the following words in order of hyponymy.foodmeat vegetable fruitbeef pork mutton cabbage(卷心菜)spinach(菠菜)celery(芹菜) apple orange peach 5、Cite ONE example to illustrate what grammatical meaning is .1.word-class2.inflectional paradigm六、问答题(20分)1.The word “accident” once meant “an occurrence, an event”but it now means “an unplannedor chance event with unfortuante consequences”Analyze which type of change in meaning this belong to,why?Then list and explain the types of word-meaning changes.1.判断类型2.neutral word …been degarded into …3.four types 先罗列类型,然后分别解释并举例(每一种形式举一个词即可)举例形式参考The word “accident” once meant “an occurrence, an event”but it now means “an unplanned or chance event with unfortuante consequences”A.restriction of meaning (specialization)Restrition of meaning means that a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower,specialized sense which is applicable to only one of the objects it had previously denoted.The word “wife” once meant “woman”but it now means “married woman,in relation to her husband”B.extension of meaning(generalization)Extension of meaning,the opposite of restriction,means the widening of a word’s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed.The word “picture” once meant “a paining” but it nows means “painting,drawing ,sketch ofa work of art;photographs and movies are also included”C.degeneration 衰退of meaning(pejoration 贬低)The two main forms of degenration are:1.The falling of word meaning into disrepute名誉坏,for one reason or another.Words oncerespectable or neutral [ˈnju:trəl] may shift to a less respectable ,or even derogatory [diˈr ɔgətəri] meaning.The word “silly” once meant “blessed and happy”now means “foolish”2.The second form of degeneration “may take the form of the gradual逐渐的extension to somany senses that any particular meaning which a word may have had is completely lost”. Lovely attractively or admirable beautiful now means it is used in collocation with almost any object ,such as a lovely girl/day/weather/dinner/car or chair.D.elevation高度of meaning (amelioration改善)Fond foolish now means tender and affectionate。
《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析汇报(张韵斐)

张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》一一解析第一部分Chapter I英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary)Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是,每个单词都是最小的自由词。
然而这个定义不够全面,存在着缺陷。
首先,不是所有的单词都可以独立出现,如the , a , my这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。
另外,Bloomfield 的定义侧重在于语法(syntax )却没有涉及到词的意义。
随着词汇学的发展跟完善,人们给词下了较为完整的定义。
“词,今指语言组织中的基础单位,能独立运用,具有声音、意义和语法功能。
”(《辞海》1984 (上) 375页,上海辞书出版社)一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。
纵观英语的发展历史,我们可以知道,大多数的英语词汇都是外来词,它从拉丁语,法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇,不断的扩充自己,为己所用。
特别是第二次世界大战之后,英语词汇得到了空前的发展。
现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。
一是科学技术的快速发展,二是社会经济的全球化,三是英语国家的政治和文化变化,最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。
英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成,而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。
根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语;根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇,文学词汇。
口头词汇,俚语以及科学术语。
基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征,稳定性,构词的能力和搭配能力。
第二部分Chapter H 到Chapter IV英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of Englishwords and word-formati on )(一) 词素(Morphemes )单词是有词素(morphemes )构成的。
词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位,同时具有声音和意义。
单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。
如:n ati on是一个词素,national 有nation+al 两个词素。
现代英语词汇学概论1解析

1.1 The Development of English Vocabulary
Questions: 1. How many stages does English vocabulary develop?
2. At each stage, there are how many origins English words come from?
back
1.2 Classification of English Words
Questions: 1. The main criteria by which we can classify English words?
2. According to different criteria, how can we classify English words?
2. How can we define the term “word”? Can you give an example to illustrate it?
Word: a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.
Review
Word: a minimum free form sound lexical and grammatical meaning syntactic function
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张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析第一部分Chapter Ⅰ英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary)Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是,每个单词都是最小的自由词。
然而这个定义不够全面,存在着缺陷。
首先,不是所有的单词都可以独立出现,如the ,a ,my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。
另外,Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法(syntax)却没有涉及到词的意义。
随着词汇学的发展跟完善。
人们给词下了较为完整的定义。
“词,今指语言组织中的基础单位,能独立运用,具有声音、意义和语法功能。
”(《辞海》1984(上)375页,上海辞书出版社)一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。
纵观英语的发展历史,我们可以知道,大多数的英语词汇都是外来词,它从拉丁语,法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇,不断的扩充自己,为己所用。
特别是第二次世界大战之后,英语词汇得到了空前的发展。
现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。
一是科学技术的快速发展,二是社会经济的全球化,三是英语国家的政治和文化变化,最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。
英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成,而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。
根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语;根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇,文学词汇。
口头词汇,俚语以及科学术语。
基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征,稳定性,构词的能力和搭配能力。
第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation )(一) 词素(Morphemes)单词是有词素(morphemes)构成的。
词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位,同时具有声音和意义。
单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。
如:nation 是一个词素,national有nation+al 两个词素。
词素跟音素(phoneme)不同,词素必须同时具备声音和意义两方面,而音素只需要发出声音即可。
如k 和u 只是音素,因为它们没有什么具体含义。
而a 和i 分别存在于单词tame 和time 中是音素,但当a是定冠词和i表示第一人称时它们则是词素。
词素并不等同于音节(syllable ),因为音节并没有什么具体含义。
如单词dis·a·gree·a·ble有五个音节却只有三个语素(dis + agree + able )。
词素有不同的形式,同一语素的不同形式即语素变体。
词素可以分为自由词素(free morphemes)和黏着词素(bound morphemes)。
自由词素可以单独成为单词,而黏着词素则必须要依附于其他的词素,如-ly , -ness。
词素又可以分为词根和词缀。
词根是单词中表示含义的成分,可以是自由或者黏着词素。
词缀只能是黏着词素,它又可以分为屈折词缀(inflectional affixes)和派生词缀(derivational affixes )。
屈折词缀跟语法有关,派生词缀又可以分为前缀跟后缀,这都是构成新单词的重要元素。
从词素的层面来说,词可以分类为简单词,复杂词以及合成词。
词素在词的构成中取到非常重要的作用,因为构词的二大过程----合成和附加都涉及到了词素,前者是词素的联合,后者是黏着词素附加到自由词素上。
(二) 词的构成(word-formation)1/5页有很多种途径可以构成词汇,大的方面主要有合成法(compounding),派生法(derivation)和转换法(conversion)三种,小的方面主要有八个过程,分别是首字母法(acronym),混合法(blending),截短法(clipping),专有名词(word from proper names),逆构法(back-formation),复制法(reduplication),新古典法(neo-classical famation)以及混杂法(miscellaneous)。
词根、词干和词基是语言学上一个词删去所有的词缀后剩下的那部分。
词根是一个词主要意义的承载部分,是不可以再分的;词干是能添加屈折词汇的词素,即一个词被除去屈折词缀所剩下的部分;词基是所有能添加屈折词缀的词素。
例如:Nationalities词根nation词基:nation 是national的词基national 是nationlity的词基词干:nationality由二个或者二个以上的词基组成的词叫做合成词。
在现代的英语词汇中,许多词都是合成词。
在英语中没有一个正式的标准可以用来给合成词下个通用定义。
一般来说,语言学家用三个标准去规范合成法。
一是正字标准法(orthographic criterion )可以是词与词之间不留空,这种较为常用,如airtight 和airmail ,也可以是用连字符连接起来,如air-conditioning ,也可以中间留空,如air force。
然而有些时候是很难用标准去判断用什么形式,因为有些相同组合的单词是可以用以上三种不同的形式存在,如airline ,air-line 和air line 都是表示航线的意思。
第二是音学标准(phonological criterion),根据重音的位置从短语中识别合成词。
第三是语义标准。
纵观许多合成词,我们可以发现很多词的意思跟构成该词的词基有关。
如workday就是a day for work 。
但是,并不是所有的合成词总是该词每部分词基意义的总和。
例如,dog days 是指每一年最热的日子,而不是指“狗日子”。
合成词又可以分为名词合成词,形容词合成词和动词合成词。
由于合成词具有简短却能很生动的说明问题,故合成词汇广泛的在生活中出现被使用。
派生法也是英语的主要构成法。
它通过在词基上增加前缀或者后缀从而构建新词。
前缀以否定前缀(negative prefixes)un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, non-, dis-, mis-, mal-等为主,使延伸出来的派生词变成反义词。
可以分为名词派生词Balance→imbalance;形容词派生词Accurate→inaccurate;动词派生词Agree→disagree;除了否定前缀之外,其他常用的前缀还有anti-, auto-, bi-, co-, counter-, de-, ex-, inter-, mono-, post, pre-, pro-, re-, sub-, super-, trans-, tri-, ultra-等。
加上前缀后的词,虽然意思改变,但词性保持不变。
(en-除外,象able 形容词,enable动词;courage 名词,encourage动词)相反的,加上后缀的词,不但词义有些改变,词性也完全不同。
这样一来,动词或形容词加上适当的后缀之后,可以得到名词派生词,如:amaze→amazement;kind→kindness.同样的,名词或动词加上适当的后缀,便可以得到形容词派生词,如:commerce→commercial;depend→dependent. 最后,名词或形容词加上动词性的后缀,可以得到动词派生词,加上副词性后缀(仅限-ly),则得到副词派生词,如:fright(名词)→frighten(动词);modern(形容词)→ modernize(动词);beauty (名词)→beautify(动词);year(名词)→yearly(副词);quick(形容词)→quickly(副词)。
转化法是由一个词类转化为另一词类,例如water(名)水-- water(动)浇水。
有大量动词可以转化为名词,有时意思没有太大变化,这类名词常可和一动词构成短语,表示一个动作,如:have a look ,make a study 等等。
有时意思也有一定的变化,如:He was about the same build as his brother. 他的体形和他哥哥差不多。
其中build本是动词“建筑”,在这里是作为名词“体形”的意思。
也有相当多名词可以用作动词,许多表示物件的名词可以用作动词来表示动作:Have you booked your ticket? 你的票订好了吗?Who chaired the meeting? 谁主持会议?形容词可以转化为及物动词和不及物动词。
形容词转化为名词,分为部分转化和完全转化。
2/5页第三部分ChapterⅤ到ChapterⅨ词义及其语义关系(Word meaning and sense relations)(一)词义和语义特征无论是在语音上还是拼写上,一个单词的象征跟它的意思的关系在任何的语言中几乎都是任意的常规的。
只有少数的单词的象征跟其含义有直接的联系,这样的词是有理据。
从理据的观点来看,大多数的英语单词都是不理据。
理据主要分为三方面,语音理据(phonetic motivation)、词法理据(morphological motivation)和语义理据(semantic motivation)。
语音理据的单词也叫做拟声词(echoic words or onomatopoeic words)。
很多的合成词的含义是根据语义的,但并不是所有的合成词都是如此。
例如单词Indian summer的意思就不是它表面的含义,而是“小阳春”的意思。
单词的含义是由各种内在联系和互相依存的部分组成,其中最主要的两种词义类型分别是语法意义(grammatical meaning)和词汇意义(lexical meaning)。
其中语法意义由词类(word-class)和屈折范例(inflectional paradigm)组成,决定着一个单词在句子中所处的位置;词汇意义又分为外延意义(denotative meaning or conceptual meaning)、内涵意义(connotation meaning)和社会或文体意义(social or stylistic meaning)以及情感意义(affective meaning)。
单词含义的分析通常被视为是一个把单词的含义分解为它的最小的成分,也就是单词的语义特征或者是含义成分。
如:man:﹝+human+adult+male﹞。
语义成分分析有利也有弊。
主要的优点是使人对单词的含义产生确切的认识,缺点是人们不可能列举出无限多的语义特征。
(二)一词多义和同音异义(polysemy and homonymy)一词多义是指一个单词具有多种含义,辐射式和串联式这两种重要的单词发展过程导致了一词多义现象的出现。