Eliot
艾略特荒原中英对照
(一)艾略特是中国现代朦胧诗歌的鼻祖在网上，很多对中国现代诗歌(包括朦胧诗歌)起源和继承的评论是似是而非的。
这可能是由于一些国内不懂外文的评论家的错误导向所致，也有可能是由于自己就没有理解好中国的现代诗歌，而混枭了自己的观点，也误人子弟。
中国的现代诗歌，究其源泉是由于五四时期由胡适等人发起的白话文运动，白话诗也就应运产生。
一个很有意思的现象是，很多著名的作家严肃的学者并没有留下多少白话诗歌，只有一些类似嘻皮士的文人们，象刘半农，徐志摩等等，为了和女人的打情骂俏而留下过一首半首。
中国早期的现代诗歌应该是继承于欧洲而不是美洲。
这得益于一些留学欧洲学人的推荐和传播。
象卞之琳，徐志摩，李金发等等，所写的诗歌继承了欧洲维多利亚式的风格，并没有多少的创新，节奏的和谐和词澡的华丽是其主要的特点，但并没有什么心灵的震动，是沃斯瓦斯和波尔莱特在中国的翻版，甚至从中可以看到雪莱和拜伦的影子。
从中很少看到美洲惠特曼的影子，大概惠诗歌中的自然和平民的形象和这些留学欧洲的没落贵族的口吻不太合适所致。
很多人把这几个人归结为现代朦胧诗歌的起源。
其实是不当的。
这时候的诗歌还只能是现代诗歌而不是朦胧诗歌，当然，相对于旧体诗歌意象和词汇的运用已经有了朦胧的感觉。
中国诗歌在七十年代末八十年代初期，有一个特别辉煌的复兴时期。
一批经过文革，上过山下过乡的知识青年们用在煤油灯下的知识积累，带着对生活的感性体验，在马可雅夫斯基和莱蒙托夫的指引下开始中国诗歌的新一轮革命。
这期间杰出的诗人有北岛，舒婷等。
在八十年代的中末期，中国诗坛终于迎来了大爆炸的时期。
在理论领袖谢冕的指引下，一批批锐意的具有现代意识的中国诗人们以严辰主编的诗歌报为阵地，纷纷打出旗号，成立山头，一时间中国的诗歌流派竟然有几十家之多。
所写的诗歌讦曲骜牙，常人难以读懂。
这就是后来广被非议的现代朦胧诗。
为什么称为现代朦胧诗？这是为了区别于以唐朝李商隐为代表的古体朦胧诗歌。
中国的现代朦胧诗直接继承于艾略特，Pound等人的诗风,摈弃了近代诗歌徐志摩等人所提倡的维多利亚的模式。
t.s.eliot生平简介英文
t.s.eliot生平简介英文托马斯·斯特尔那斯·艾略特，英国诗人、剧作家和文学批评家，诗歌现代派运动领袖。
下面是店铺给大家整理的t.s.eliot生平简介英文，供大家参阅!t.s.eliot简介Thomas Stearns Eliot (known as T · E · Eliot), British poet, playwright and literary critic, poetic modernist movement leader. Born in St. Louis, Missouri, USA. Representative works are "wilderness", "four quartets" and so on.Eliot studied philosophy and comparative literature at Harvard University, touched Sanskrit and Eastern culture, and was interested in the Hegelian philosophers and had been influenced by French symbolism. In 1914, Eliot met the American poet Pound. After the outbreak of the First World War, he came to England, and settled in London, has done a teacher and bank staff. The "wilderness" published in 1922 earned him an international reputation, which was regarded by the critics as one of the most influential poems of the twentieth century, considered to be a milestone in Anglo-American modern poetry. In 1927, Eliot joined the British nationality. The "four quartets" published in 1943 brought him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1948. In his later years he devoted himself to the creation of poetry. In 1965 Eliot died in London.t.s.eliot人物经历September 26, 1888, Eliot was born in St. Louis, Missouri, before the age of sixteen, Eliot in St. Louis's Smith College study.In the autumn of 1905, Eliot entered Harvard, where his new life was very comfortable, and one of the few societies he joined was the literary signet of literature. With the influence of someprofessors, Eliot began to pay attention to the ignorance of Irving Babbitt and the skepticism of George Santayana, the most influential of which was Arthur Symons' The symbolism movement in literature ". As Eliot initially selected the course to be too scattered and make themselves frantic, but finally by virtue of his perseverance finally got a bachelor's degree in comparative literature and a master's degree in English literature.In 1910, Eliot left the United States, to the Sorbonne in Paris, where the avant-garde ideas of various fields of art revolved around him, listening to Henri Bergson at the College of France After the philosophy class, Eliot was fascinated all of a sudden, which makes him back to the then known as the golden age of philosophy of Harvard Ph.D.In 1914, Eliot traveled to Europe, where most of his philosophical teachers at Harvard had treated him as a future colleague. Eliot intends to enter the University of Oxford in the same year to study at the University of Merton, accompanied by Bradley (F.H.Bradley) colleagues and followers Haoxld Joachim (Harold Joachim). As a result of the war approaching, Eliot ahead of the journey to England, arrived in London in August the same year, accompanied by the American poet Aiken (Aiken) will Eliot's poem sent to the poet Pound (Ezra Pound), September , Eliot and Pound first met, since then, the two in the neoclassical poetry of the creative activities closely linked. With the help of Pound, many magazines published Eliot's poems, the most notable of which was published in 1915, "J. Alfred Prufrock's Love Songs." This poem imitates the French symbolist poet Ralph Ruffle's style, with a very strong irony, depicting the social background of the people for the love of life for the complex psychological.In April 1916, Eliot completed the doctoral thesis, but lost hisdegree because he refused to return home. In the spring of 1917, a friend provided Eliot with a stable job and served as an assessor at Lloyd`s Bank. This work made Eliot have the time and energy to continue his poetry creation, this year, his first book "Prufrock and other" published to his great motivation. This book is printed by the "egoist" magazine, anonymous by the Pound couple funded. This book laid the position of his poet for Eliot, and then published in 1922 the "wilderness", which was regarded by critics as one of the most influential poems of the twentieth century, and Eliot himself Fame, this work is considered a milestone in Anglo-American modern poetry.In 1927, Eliot joined the British.In 1948, Eliot won the Nobel Prize for Literature by virtue of the "Four Quartet". "Four Quartets" was created between 1935 and 1942, respectively, "burned Norton", "East Cocker Village", "dry Selvice" and "small Ji Ding." The work deals with time and eternal philosophical poems, but the description is no longer a purely abstract concept, but rather a concrete history to explore the dialectical relationship between eternity and time.On January 4, 1965, Eliot died in London's home. After the death of Eliot, the family cremated according to his last words. In the church, his sign reads: Remember Thomas Stearns Eliot, a poet. The above also reads his life and death, and the other two words: "My beginning is my end, my end is my beginning.t.s.eliot创作特点Eliot in his early creation is good at hiding himself behind the verse, constantly changing masks and tone. The poem "I" is mostly a drama character, not a direct expression of the author himself. But overall it seems that he preferred a kind of sluggish, helpless at the same time without losing the voice of humor. Thisfeature does make it difficult for the reader to understand Eliot's early poetry. Eliot's poems often do not have a good idea of the idea, he several times jokingly quoted Byron "Don Juan" in the poetic behavior of their own excuse: "I certainly can not know that I know / when I want to reveal their own hands "The poet's work is certainly puzzling, and the diversity and complexity of our cultural system will inevitably have a role in the poet's sensitivity," the poet must have Become more and more unpredictable, more and more obscure, more and more indirect, in order to force the language to give in, if necessary, even disrupt the normal order of language to express meaning.Eliot argues that there are "imaginary order" and "imaginary logic" in poetic creation, which are different from ordinary people's familiar order and logic, because poets omit the link from the role of the link; readers should listen to the image of poetry T o enter his memory in a sensitive state, do not have to look at those images used properly, and ultimately will naturally receive a good appreciation effect. The most important thing to express this "imaginary order" and "the logic of imagination" is probably the "wilderness" of Eliot's modernist position.The "four quartets" are the philosophers of eternity and time, but the poet does not use the concept of pure abstraction. He leads the reader to explore the dialectical relationship between eternity and time in concrete history. The terms "four quartets" are normal and precise. Eliot, who is unusually sensitive to language, often does not agree, and he writes poems as "unbearable wrestling with words and meanings" in the village of East Cocker. Eliot's own beliefs and creations have never been peace of mind, and he feared that the language would be degraded by improper use, which would inevitably affect thequality of our thoughts and feelings.。
艾略特
About The Waste Land
《荒原》的主题是要恢复人们的信仰，强调的是基督教的救赎。 人类精神的荒原缺少生命之水，缺少心灵的信仰，人类只有在 古老的神话和文明中寻找智慧和爱的精神。艾略特受人类学家 魏士顿的《从祭仪到传奇》和弗雷泽的《金枝》的启发，套用 了亚瑟王寻求圣杯的神话结构。象征主义的手法使得诗歌具有 一定的哲理性，揭示了死亡，再生和拯救的主题。诗歌中的许 多象征有多重含义。比如，水是生命之源，也是死亡之源；火 可以是欲望之火，也可以烧去情欲，使人再生。
About The Waste Land
诗歌中意象的使用很具特色。比如，发芽的尸体，在死水中垂 钓的渔王，长着孩子脸的蝙蝠等。这些鲜明的意象常常同时还 有隐喻和转喻的特点。并置和对比的应用是诗歌的另一个特点。 诗人用非常简练的笔墨，将形成明显对照的节奏、词语、意象 等放在一起，准确地勾画出时代特点和人的精神面貌。诗中大 量使用的历史事件，同今天的绝望与荒凉形成对比。诗歌常常 是戏拟式引用的大量作家的作品片断，凸现出今日西方文化的 颓败。《荒原》以启示性的神话构架、独特的叙事方式、深厚 的哲学历史意蕴和鲜明的时代精神，成为现代主义诗歌无可置 疑的经典作品。
Features
Eliot did not accept the validity of American dream. He was not as optimistic as the other poets like Whitman. His audience was not the common people but elites who took a view of society different from mass culture. Therefore, his audience was small.
艾略特
华盛顿大学
• 1906年,入哈佛大学攻读哲学和英法文学，受业于欧 文·白璧德和哲学家桑塔亚纳.还学习了法,德,拉丁,希 腊等多种语言,广泛涉猎文学,宗教,历史,东方文化等领 域. • 1908年，从阿瑟·西蒙斯《文学中的象征主义运动》中 了解到象征主义文学，开始走上象征主义文学的创作道 路。 • 1909年大学毕业，进研究院研究哲学，开始研究生课程。 • 1910年获得哈佛大学硕士学位，赴巴黎大学研究伯格森 的哲学，同时广泛接触了波德莱尔，马拉美，拉福格等 诗人的作品。 • 1911 年，春夏期间游历欧洲 , 先后访问伦敦 , 慕尼黑 , 和 意大利北部的一些城市.秋天,回到哈佛大学准备学位论 文, 研究意大利哲学家梅农，新黑格尔派哲学家布拉德 雷的认识论，并学习印度哲学和梵文。
西敏寺大教堂
In my begin特（Thomas Stearns Eliot 1888－1965） • 1888 年 9 月 26 日出生于美国密苏里州圣路易斯一 个大砖瓦商家庭。祖籍英国，曾祖是英国默塞特郡 东科克地方的鞋匠，1670年移居美国波士顿。 祖父威廉（ William Greenleaf Eliot ）毕业于 哈佛大学神学院， 1857 年创办华盛顿大学， 1872 年 任校长。 父亲亨利（ Henry Ware Eliot ）毕业于华盛顿 大学，喜欢绘画，曾先后担任一家制砖公司的财务 主管和总裁。 母亲夏洛蒂（ Charlotte Chauncy ）出自名门， 热爱慈善事业，极有文学天赋，在一些教会报纸杂 志上发表过诗歌。 他的家庭具有很高的文化修养，一直保持着新 英格兰加尔文教的传统。
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1913年,任哈佛大学哲学系助教。 1914年去德国,因一战转赴伦敦, 凭借着获得的希尔顿 旅行奖学金入牛津大学学习希腊哲学,完成了有关布拉 德雷的博士论文 . 在牛津大学期间与庞德相识 , 并成为 终身的好朋友. 1915 年，庞德力促其《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》在现代诗 的主要阵地《诗刊》上发表 。 同年与英国姑娘维维恩结婚。 1917年,任先锋派杂志《自我主义者》副主编 1919年，他的第一部文学评论集《圣林》出版。 1921年，由于精神原因艾略特到瑞士疗养。 1922—1939任文学评论季刊《标准》(Criterion)主编, 1925年任费伯出版公司的编辑，从此一直在这里工作。 1927年加入英国国籍,参加英国国教. 1939年，维维恩的精神分裂最终导致两个人分居。
T.S.艾略特
《猫》
《猫》是音乐剧历史上最成功的剧目。该剧创作于1981年，是 在伦敦上演时间最长、美国戏剧史上持续巡回演出时间最长的 音乐剧，1981年5月11日首演于伦敦西区新伦敦剧院，每周8场， 星期一休息，连续演出至2002年5月11日在它21岁生日时，在 同一个剧场落幕。《猫》在美国演出时间相加总长为16年零2个 月，仅这一出戏在全球演出的总收入就超过了20亿美元，到 2000年6月该剧正式宣布停演时，已在全球演出了6000多场。 “Cats”is a musical history‘s most successful play.The play was written in 1981, is the longest running in London, the United States plays in the history of the longest continuously touring musical, May 11, 1981 premiere in London's West New London Theatre, 8 games per week, Monday Rest, continuous performances from May 11, 2002 at its 21st birthday in the same theater curtain. "Cats" performance time in the United States the sum total length of 16 years and 2 months, only the play was performed in the world's total revenue to more than 20 billion U.S. dollars, to June 2000 officially stopped performing the play, has been In the world more than 6,000 performances.
艾略特名词解释
艾略特名词解释
艾略特是指英国19世纪末20世纪初的一位重要女作家和文学家 T·S·艾略特（T.S. Eliot）。
他是现代主义文学的重要代表人物之一，在诗歌、戏剧和批评领域都有重要贡献。
艾略特的作品风格独特，富有象征主义和抒情性。
他的诗歌作品以复杂的叙事结构、多层次的象征和密集的文化、历史和宗教引用而闻名。
他的代表作品包括《无人之地》（The Waste Land）和《四个四重奏》（Four Quartets）等。
此外，艾略特还对文学批评和文化理论做出了重要贡献。
他的批评作品《传统和个人天赋》（Tradition and the Individual Talent）等对现代文学理论的发展产生了深远影响。
他还参与编辑文学刊物《黑山评论》（The Criterion），为推动现代主义文学发展作出了努力。
总的来说，艾略特是20世纪文学中的重要人物，他的作品和文化理论对现代文学和思想产生了广泛影响。
艾略特的著名诗作有
艾略特的著名诗作有
艾略特（T.S. Eliot）是一位著名的英美现代主义诗人，以下是他的几首著名诗作：
1. 《荒原》（The Waste Land）：这是艾略特最知名的诗作之一，被认为是20世纪最重要的诗歌之一。
它以多声部的方式呈现出对现代社会的破碎感和精神迷茫。
2. 《四个四重奏》（Four Quartets）：这是由四首长诗组成的系列作品，包括《燃烧的男人》（Burnt Norton）、《岩石》（East Coker）、《干燥的山》（The Dry Salvages）和《火与橙子》（Little Gidding）。
它们探讨了时间、记忆、信仰和个体与整体的关系。
3. 《早期的瞬间》（The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock）：这首诗描绘了一个内心矛盾、不安于自己的中年男性，通过流畅的语言和错综复杂的意象展示了现代人的孤独和焦虑。
4. 《猫》（Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats）：这是一本儿童诗集，收录了艾略特创作的一系列幽默、富有想象力的诗歌，后来被改编为百老汇音乐剧《猫》（Cats）。
这些诗作中，艾略特运用了复杂的语言和形式实验，探索了人类存在和社会问题，并对传统文学进行了颠覆和重构。
他独特的风格和思想深度使得他的诗歌在现代诗歌史上占据重要地位，影响了众多后来的诗人和作家。
T.S.Eliot(艾略特-美国文学)
A little life with dried tubers.
Summer surprised us, coming over the Starnbergersee
With a shower of rain; we stopped in the colonnade,
And went on in sunlight, into the Hofgarten,
四月最残忍，从死了的
土地滋生丁香，混杂着
回忆和欲望，让春雨
挑动着呆钝的根。
冬天保我们温暖，把大地
埋在忘怀的雪里，使干了的
球茎得一点点生命。
夏天来得意外，随着一阵骤雨
到了斯坦伯吉西；我们躲在廊下，
等太阳出来，便到郝夫加登
1－7行：通过春天和冬天对比的描写，反映出荒原上已经没有生存的条件，即使是春天也依然是缺乏生机，毫无希望，人们挣扎在过去与未来的虚幻世界之中。
我大半夜看书，冬天去到南方。
8－18行：诗人在此反映了上流社会人们的生活。艾略特提到两个具体地点：斯坦伯格西和哈夫珈屯，它们代表欧洲中部的现代荒原。“我不是俄国人……”说明这些人都是一战后的一些“无根”(rootless)的流浪者，他们毫无目的地从北到南，四季到处游山逛水，或进咖啡馆和咖啡，闲聊往事，或在山里滑雪，或夜里读书，寒冬就到温暖的南方去过冬。这些都是当时欧洲社会上有闲阶级或流浪者们生活的方式和全部内容。他们精神空虚，毫无目的，生活无聊，只是沉浸在回忆之中。
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3. objective correlative: a set of objects, a situation, a chain of events, formula in which the poet expresses his emotion and in which the fusion of intellect, feeling, and experience should be achieved. （c.f.情节，情感，情绪）
IV. The Two Archetypes
1. Sir James George Frazer,1854-1941, The Golden Bough,1890-1922 Primitive rituals which indicated similar patterns of behaviors and belief among diverse and widely separated cultures: ritual king killing
2. Use of literary references: learned quotations and allusions( respect tradition, see the vitality of literature of the past( see the above 4) 3. Use of highly expressive meter and rhythm of free verses 4. Use of metaphysical whimsical images/whims 5. Use of flexible tone
As soon as April pierces to the root The drought of March, and bathes each bud and shoot Through every vein of sap with gentle showers From whose engendering liquor spring the flowers; (G.Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales)
2.techniques Fragments, which are organized by the myth of death and rebirth images accumulated , suggestions, allusions
3. differences: Song: grey, listlessness, lack of life (vitality) Land: despair, more gloomy, bleaker; but death also leads to rebirth (It seems that death is not to be feared because death can lead to new life; what is to be feared is half life and half death)
VI. Themes are expressed by associations and contrast
associations: allusions; contrast: ironic parallels, teasing juxtapositions, hints of symbolism Eg April…
II. His poetic techniques
1. Use of disconnected images/symbols add one image to another or pile one image upon another, the swiftly accumulated images and their suggestions and echoes( associations) bring out the meanings.
1.writers are evaluated by his relation to other writers/ his position in tradition 2. depersonalization an analogy: finely filiated platinum (catalyst) oxygen +sulphur dioxide= sulphurous acid 3.emotion: individual feeling: general, universal , less personal
The poem is usually composed of fragmentary experiences, incidents, episodes, shifting without much notice from one to another through gaps, absence of connective elements and discordant juxtapositions, give the reader a sense of fragmentization.
Fertility vs sterility → be rejuvenated (love, sex, vitality) (impotence) Death in life Rebirth in death Cycle of seasons: span of life
wilderness, barren land, desert, rock (double meaning) water: life, death, rebirth quest for regeneration in a kaleidoscopic landscape of sexual disorder and spiritual desolation
III. Comparison and contrast
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock The Waste Land 1.themes Song: lack of love, energy , vitality; impotence Land: lack of fertility, love, failure of love, sex. lack of faith
external barren landscape internal barren landscape cause of this sterility of modern life: lack of belief god is buried: death: rebirth god/God is dead.
T. S. Eliot,1888-1965
I. His aesthetic views
1. A poem should be an organic thing in itself, a made object. Once it is finished, the poet will no longer have control of it. It should be judged, analyzed by itself without the interference of the poet’s personal influence and intentional elements and other elements.
4. The poet should draw upon tradition: use the past to serve the resent and future( the past, present, future interrelate), borrow from authors remote in time, alien in language, diverse in interest, use the past to underscore what is missing from the present, throw into relief the negative qualities of the present, contrasting them with the positive ones of the past.
2. Modern life is chaotic, futile, fragmentary, so poetry should reflect this fragmentary nature of life and should form new wholes out of disparate experience. This kind nature of life should be projected, not analyzed.
2. Miss Weston: From Ritual to Romance Fisher King is impotent, to be healed/the curse to be removed by finding images and symbols
1 The Burial of the Dead 2. A Game of Chess 3. The Fire Sermon 4. Death by Water 5. What the Thunder Said
VIII Tradition and the Individual Talent
VII. Ambiguity of the poem
Causes: too many allusions of vague origin Nature of life, of modern world , of experience is complex Symbols are not two-dimensional, thin, but rich in meaning; sometimes oppositional meanings: water: life, death, rebirth; rock: sterility and hope The poem was not meant to be a didactic allegory But we can understand this poem without understanding every allusion.