建筑安全设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Terrorist Attack Prevention through Environmental Design: Four Levels of the Adaptive Security Design for the Overseas Diplomatic PremisesAbstract: From the end of the 20th century, terrorism has become the most general threat which almost every country’s overseas diplomatic premises have encountered. The attacks aimed at Chinese embassies and consulates have been more frequently in the past few years. Most of them are featured by negative social influence, low for see ability, low cost and high elusiveness, etc. The essential tasks of the diplomatic architecture, including safeguarding assets and shaping positive national images, constitute a series of contradictions in the design process; and the building forms need to be simultaneously looking friendly and safe enough. Based on the conclusion of forms and characters of the terrorist attacks, this paper attempts to approach the adaptive security solutions for theoverseas diplomatic premises in four levels: the psychology level, the vision level, the behavior level, and the post attack level.Key Words: Environmental Design, Overseas Diplomatic Premises, Security, Adaptive, Terrorist Attack1From Simple to Comprehensive: The Transition of the Security DesignIn past 10 years, the traditional security threat derived from the cold war gradually gives way to high-frequency terrorist attacks. Compared with the professional safeguard methods in the cold war, such as infiltration and intelligence work, the features of the terrorist attack, such as high elusiveness, change full targets, low-cost training, low for see ability, blurred clues, big civilian casualties and negative social influence, make the relevant security design be much more difficult. (Table 1) The range of the security design thus has been extended from the principal area to the whole site and even the neighborhoods. The definition of the security design in diplomatic premises projects has been changed from the additional task to a more integrated part of the whole design process. (Figure 1)Figure1: The Principal Ranges of the Security Design under Traditional Threats and Terrorist Attacks (Source：Author)Table1: The Comparison between Traditional Threats and Terrorist Attacks (Source：Author)Traditional Threats Terrorist Attacks Years from WWⅡ to the end of the 20th century from the end of the 20th century to nowThe Origin of the threat the cold war and different political camps extreme organizationsThe Purples of the threat intelligence stealing extremely religious, political, ideological purplesThe Targets of the Attack important sections, core properties, important all properties, staffs, neighborhoods staffs and visitorsThe Means of the Attack surveillance, wiretap, infiltrate, shooting, etc. car bomb, suicide bomb, homemade weapons,throwing stones, shooting, trespassing, etc.The Principal Areas of theaccess control system of the boundary and the the entire site including adjacent streets andprincipal areas neighborhoodsSecurity DesignThe Influence on the limited influence on the architecture form profound influence on the architecture formArchitecture FormNote: The violence caused by demonstrations, which is not listed in the table, is a traditional threat for overseas diplomatic premises; and it is much more foreseeable compared with the other attacks. With the protection of Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Vienna Conventionson Consular Relations, and the precautionary measures from the local government, the potential threat of the demonstration activities can be under control.2 Security and Image: The Complexity and Contradictions of the Overseas Diplomatic PremisesThe special identity defines the evident difference between the overseas diplomatic premises and the other building types. The security design of those overseas properties thus is featured by complexity and contradiction, which are more strengthened under the background of the growth of world-wide spread terrorism. Overseas diplomatic facilities are supposed to have friendly images and higher security standard. Those two tasks ask the architect to combine two series of incompatible architectural languages. (Figure 2)Figure2: The Different Images Derived from Image Oriented and Security Oriented Approaches(Source: Author)On the one hand, oversea s diplomatic premises are the most efficient equipment of promoting a country’s national image. Compared with the normal mass Medias, architecture is an intuitive, face to face, tangible interface to deliver the local people an open, friendly, and gentle image of the country, which is quite important for the diplomatic work. During the past several decades, many architects have attempted to deliver the positive national image by different architectural languages. For example, in some cases, modernism means openness; formalism means commemorative; and post-modernism means the historical and cultural friendly design.On the other hand, located in the host country, the site of the diplomatic architecture has special political meanings. The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations declares to protect all properties of the guest country (buildings, facilities, and staffs, etc) from being visited without authorization. The boundary of the site thus becomes a special icon. Under the shadow of the terrorism, security design is playing a significant role in new projects; and in some controversial projects, the importance of the friendly image completely gives way to the strict security measures.Giving up the effort of delivering positive images, and transforming the site to be a modern castle are known as old-fashion solutions; and it will finally lost the meaning of diplomatic in the most fundamental level. Today, all the properties need to be dignified, elegant, decent, and safe. In the new era, an important question for the overseas diplomatic premises is how to an effective technology to approach the balance between good image and strict security standard.3The Adaptive Strategies: Four Levels of the Security DesignBased on the characters of terrorist attacks and the complexity and contradiction of the overseas diplomatic premises, this paper develops a series of adaptive design strategies, which attempt to satisfy the requirements of both image and security through effective environmental and architectural design approaches. All the cases and architectural languages introduced in this paper do not only lead to the security purples, and they also manifest the evident aesthetic quality. These strategies aim at helping the architect to find the adaptive building forms, which have the capacity to be interpreted in multiple ways, to hide the security measures behind a friendly image in four levels: psychological control, visual control, behavior control, and loss control. The four levels, which reflect the architectural interventions on boundary, building envelope, outdoor space, and connections, constitute an integrated and flexible security system. (Figure 3)Figure 3: The Four Levels of the Adaptive Security Design of the Overseas Diplomatic Premises(Source: Author)3.1 Psychological Control: DeterrenceIn speaking of the design of psychological control in overseas diplomatic premises, the principal task is to deter the terrorist from planning and implementing the attack. The solutions mainly focus on different forms of the boundary, such as wall and fencing system with functions of visual limitation, boundary landscape, well-marked access control system, high intensity illumination system, and entrance guard rooms, etc., to exert sufficientpsychological pressure on the terrorists to lower the effectiveness of their actions. Meanwhile, suitable measures can also enhance the sense of safety in the neighborhoods. An evident case is the German Embassy in Austria (Vienna). Theboundary is constituted by a metal fencing system with the curved form onthe top to prevent climbing. With shrubs and trees in the inner-side of thefence, the fencing system not only maintains a transparent and greeninterface, but also keeps a good view for the staffs in the site to monitorthe adjacent streets. (Figure 4)(Figure 5)Another case is the British Embassy, which is the neighbor of theGerman Embassy. As a historical building, the façade is the first physicalboundary of the project, which is directly facing the streets without anybuffer space. As a secondary boundary system, a series of reinforceconcrete blocks and flowerpots is introduced in the middle of the streets.The mechanical car stop system is also placed for traffic control. Theguard room is located just beside the concrete blocks, and its form isobvious enough to be easily noticed from the street; and thanks to theunidirectional glass, people outside cannot observe the activities inside theguard rooms. All these elements constitute a flexible buffer area for theembassy building; and this solution is going to exert big pressure on thepotential criminals. By extending the range of the embassy to the publicurban space, the original façade of the building is well preserved to show acomplete historical context, and the positive cultural attitude. (Figure 6)(Figure 7)Hence, psychological control manifests the following characters: 1) Introduce reinforced transparent fencing system to keep the good horizon from the inside to the outside 2) Introduce the independent and moveable car stop system to keep thedecent building façade3) Access control system integrated with the landscape elements 4) High identity and well defined boundary forms 5) High intensity illumination system at the entrance areaFigure 4: the fencing system of theGerman Embassy in AustriaFigure 5: the entrance and guard room of the German Embassy in Figure 6: the vehicles and visitors control system outside the BritishFigure 7: the concrete flower bed in frontof the British Embassy3.2Visual Control: ObscuringVisual control aims at obscuring and disturbing the visual judgment of the criminals via effective architectural operations. Through the special language of the building envelope, the building acquires the quality that prevents people outside from grasping the information inside, such as function distribution, structure form, and the location of the important sections, through reading the facade. Solutions based on this strategy not only provide the staffs the good view to monitor the site and the neighbors, but also reduce the accuracy of the terrorists’ observation.The architecture of the Chinese Embassy in the United States (Washington DC) is characterized by three octagonal forms, the main public space which is not the essential property of the embassy. In fact, the essential functions are integrated into an extremely low-profile form, which constitutes the background of the three halls. The unified and arrayed windows reflect no relation with the division of the office section; and there is even no window on the façade directly facing the street in a very short distance. Through this solution, the essential function has much lower identity than the subordination part, which normally gathers less staffs and properties; and it would make the unprofessional criminals waste more time for choosing the target. (Figure 8) (Figure 9)The Dutch Embassy in Germany (Berlin) represents another approach. The essential functions of the embassy are entirely integrated into a huge cube, which acquires strong identity in the circumstance. A transparent and continuous gallery, which cut into the building envelope from the ground to the top, plays the role of both vertical connection and ventilation tunnel. Without any exceptions, the entire façade of the office rooms is constituted by the translucent curtain wall to keep privacy. Meanwhile, the transparent curve spiral element on the façade changes the traditional idea of floors, and prevents the criminals from conjecturing the inner functions. It also delivers the specific ideology of the Dutch culture, such as transparent, openness, humorous, and friendly to the modern art, etc. (Figure 10) (Figure 11)Visual control has the following characters:1)Independent building envelope which has little relations with the inner functions2)Reduce the identity of the important part of the structure3)Simplify the function of the higher identity part, while reduce the identity of the essential functions4)Introduce the sunshade components, icons, and decorations toconstitute multiple defenses.Figure 8: The entrance of the Chinese Embassy in the US (Source: Author)Figure 9: The walls of the Chinese Embassy, which is directly facing the street (Source: Author)Figure 10:The Dutch Embassy in Berlin (Source: Chang Qi)Figure 11: The spatial concept ofthe Dutch Embassy3.3 Behavior Control: RestrictingThe main task of behavior control is to arrange the authority, path, and behavioral pattern of visitors. The solution is mainly focused on the outdoor space between the building envelope and the boundary of the site, and aims at controlling the speed and route of visitors, and strictly defining the accessibility of different zones. The road system and landscape elements are not only the positive elements for diplomatic events, but also the equipment of reducing attack effect, confusing criminals, and increas ing the cost of the terrorists’ action.The British Embassy in Germany (Berlin) is an intervention in the historical quarter, and the volume directly touches the adjacent buildings and street without any space in between. A series of well organized courtyards constitutes the basic spatial structure, which implies a hierarchical access control system. In this system, there are three principal courtyards with different forms, functions and authorities. The first courtyard which connects the street in front of the main entrance with an entrance check system is designed for cars and visitors to have a short stay. The second court yard, a cuneiform auditorium space, connects the first courtyard with a guard room as the second check point, and leads the visitors to the third courtyard with broad steps. The third courtyard, a winter garden with a beautiful glass roof, connects the reception and meeting rooms, and also plays the role of the entrance hall to the office zone. This courtyard system shapes a linear exhibition space with different themes and art atmosphere in each part, and provides the platform for foreign affairs activities. This project as a typical example realizes an extremely long visiting path in the very limited site, and acquires sufficient defense in depth to observe and control the visitors. (Figure 12) (Figure 13)The winning solution of the new American Embassy project in UK (London) abandons the traditional boundary system, and creates a balance between landscape and security. The building aims atimplyinga special friendliness between American and British cultures with an open landscape system. Compared with traditional solutions, the project witnesses a higher security standard. The landscape elements are endowed with cultural functions, while they are also the designed to control the activities of staffs and visitors. For example, the water pool in front of the building creates an elegant environment, and also prevents visitors and vehicles from getting close to the façade. The similar design is also introduced in the American Embassy in Beijing. On the other side of the building is a huge grass slope, which Figure 12: The three courtyards of the British Embassy extends from the top of the podium to the ground floor of the main building with a continuous angular surface. This design integrates the cubic form of the main building into an artificial terrain, and creates the gentler atmosphere, which is always needed in the diplomatic activities. The structure of the grassy slope, which not only defines the boundary of the site, but also offers the ideal height for observing the neighborhoods, can be transformed into a defensive position, if necessary. It is important to understand that the security measurements in newly constructed projects gradually give up the idea of fortress, and a series of sophisticateddesign techniques, which integrates the security consideration into the landscape, opens up a new horizon for the overseas diplomatic premises. (Figure 14) (Figure 15)Behavior control has the following characters:1) Introduce the curved roads paralleled with the façade of the building to reduce the vehicle speed and avoid the path directly to the building2) Use strict zoning to control the authority of different sections, and public space sequence to prolong the route of visitors3) Integrated landscape system which has the function of controlling the behavior pattern of vehicles and visitors4) Eliminate the unnecessary obstructions to keep good horizon from the building to the circumstance3.4 Loss Control: Chain-effect Damage PreventionThe essential purpose of damage control is to eliminate the possibility of the second damage and chain-effect collapse after the attack. Through the targeted design of the building forms, the loss in the terrorist attacks thus can be partly reduced, and the staffs may have more time to wait for the rescue. The relevant solutions mainly focus on the connections between single buildings. For the layout of he embassy/consulate projects, it is better to decentralize important properties into detached parts, which can work as a whole when they are linked with connective volumes. If the attacks happen in one part, the decentralized layout of important functions can keep the other parts still working. Sometimes, the cluster of small and decentralized volumes can also have a friendlier image.The context of the Chinese Embassy in Netherlands (Haag) is shaped by a series of small detached houses. The main building of the embassy is split into two volumes, which are connected by an entrance hall, a sunken garden, and a fly corridor on the fourth floor. All the connective volumes are covered by transparent glass, which is always a right and popular material to show openness. In fact, it is wise to choose the connective part to be the open space, because these parts normally have less staffs and properties concentrated.Compared with the glass volumes, the two principal volumes covered by red bricks keep the morphological continuity with the context. The connective volumes in between can be seen as expendable structures to reduce the possibility of chain-effect collapse when a huge damage happens in one side of the building. (Figure 16) (Figure 17)The American Embassy in China (Beijing) applies the similar solution. The consulate section, office section, and apartments are all designed to be detached volumes with connections between each other. Compared with the other parts, the consulate section and the apartment building with completely curtain walls create stronger identity, and become the dominant volumes that shape the image of openness. Meanwhile, those two parts also protect the essential functions hiding in a series ofhorizontal extending volumes with hard and strong envelopes. Thanks to the decentralized layout, it is quite difficult to make a catastrophic damage to the embassy through a normal terrorist attack. (Figure 18) (Figure 19)Loss control is characterized by the following factors:1) Decentralized volumes2) Connect independent volumes with secondary structures3) Take the lower-risk functions as the expendable structure to avoid the chain-effect collapse.4) Separate and hide the essential functions into multiple parts4 Conclusions: The Integration of Security and CultureThrough the discussion, it is important to understand the world-wide new challenges that the overseas diplomatic premises encounter calls for a series of new design approaches. Traditionally, diplomatic buildings are inclined to show friendly and open postures in close-relationship countries, and choose conservative forms in bad-relationship countries. However, with the development of globalization, the relationship between each two countries is simultaneously shaped by cooperation and challenges. The evident hostile camps have already been disappeared, and terrorism becomes the most intractable threat of the overseas diplomatic premises for almost all countries. The solutions which completely show openness or closeness are old-fashion stories, and it cannot satisfy the identity of today’s diplomatic buildings. In new projects, architects are asked to find more sophisticated and effective solutions to balance the contradiction between positive image and strict security standard. Based on this background, this paper attempts to develop a discussion for this topic in for respects. (Table 2)The effort of discovering the unique forms to approach safe and beautiful would become a significant source, in which the creative idea of the diplomatic architecture springs.References[1] Alessi, Alberto. Building Identity?. World Architecture, 2006（8）: 17-20[2] Tong, Cui, Balance Reconstruction: Embassy as an Architectural Type. World Architecture, 2006（8）: 100-103[3] Tian, Zhimin. Zhang, Xiangbai. Du, Xiuli. Conceptual Design of Important Buildings to Mitigate Terrorist Explosion Attacks，China Civil Engineering Journal, 2007, 40（1）, 34-41[4] Zhang, Lan. The Embassy and Diplomatic Officers, World Knowledge Press, 1998通过环境设计预防恐怖袭击:四层外交建筑自适应安全设计的海外外交的前提文摘:从20世纪的结束,恐怖主义已成为最通用的威胁,几乎每个国家的海外外交场所遇到。