(完整版)建筑外文翻译毕业设计论文
建筑专业毕业外文翻译---施工交钥匙工程合同条件
毕业设计（论文）英文资料翻译英文资料题目（英文）Conditions of contract forEPC/Turnkey Project英文资料题目（中文）施工/交钥匙工程合同条件学号学生姓名专业班级指导教师2011年5 月20 日Conditions of contract for EPC/Turnkey Project5.General Design Obligations5.1 The ContractorThe Contractor shall be deemed to have scrutinized, prior to the Base Date, the Employer’s Requirements (i ncluding design criteria and calculations, if any). The Contractor shall be responsible for the design of the Works and for the accuracy of such Employers Requirements (including design criteria and calculations), except as stated below.The Employer Shall not be responsible for any error, inaccuracy or omission of any kind in the Employer’s Requirements as originally included in the Contract and shall not be deemed to have given any representation of accuracy or completeness of any data or information, except as stated below. Any data or information received by the contractor, from the Employer or otherwise, shall not relieve the contractor from his responsibility for the design and execution of the Works.However, the Employer shall be responsible for the correctness of the following portions of the Employer’s Requirements and of the following data and information provided by (or on behalf of) the Employer:（a）portions, data and information which are stated in the Contract as being immutable or the responsibility of the Employer （b）definitions of intended purposes of the Works or any parts thereof,（c）criteria for the testing and performance of the completed Works, and（d）portions, data and information which cannot be verified by the Contractor, except as otherwise stated in the Contract.5.2 Contractor’s DocumentsThe Contractor’s Documents shall comprise the technical documents specified in the Employer’s Requirements, documents required to satisfy all regulatory approvals, and the documents described in Sub-Clause 5.6 [As-Built Documents] and Sub-Clause5.7 [Operation and Maintenance Manuals].Unless otherwise stated in the Employer’s Requirements, the Contractor’s Documents shall be written in thelanguage for communications defined inThe Contractor shall pre pare all Contractor’s Documents, and shall also prepare any other documents necessary to instruct the Contractor’s Personnel.If the Employer’s Requirements describe the Contractor’s Documents which are to be submitted to the Employer for review, they shall be submitted accordingly, together with a notice as described below. In the following provisions of this Sub-Clause, (i) “review period” means the period required by the Employer for review, and (ii) “Contractor’s Documents” exclude an documents which are not specified as being required to be submitted for review.Unless otherwise stated in the Employer’s Requirements, each review period shall not exceed 21 days, calculated from the date on which the Employer receives a contractor’s Document and the Contrac tor’s notice. This notice shall state that the contractor’s Document is considered ready, both for review in accordance with this Sub-Clause and for use. The notice shall also state that the Contractor’s Document complies with the Contract, or the extent to which it does not comply.The Employer may within the review period, give notice to the Contractor that a Contractor’s Document fails (to the extent stated) to comply with the Contract. If a Contractor’s Document so fails to comply, it shall be rectified, resubmitted and reviewed in accordance with this Sub-Clause, at the Contractor’s cost.For each part of the Works, and except to the extent that the Parties otherwise agree:（a）execution of such part of the Works shall be in accordance with these Contractor’s Documents, as submitted for review; and（b）if the Contractor wishes to modify any design or document which has previously been submitted for review, the Contractor shall immediately give notice to the Employer. Thereafter, the Contractor shall submit revised document to the Employer in accordance with the above procedure.Any such agreement (under the proceeding paragraph) or any review (under this Sub-Clause or other-wise) shall not relieve the Contractor from any obligation or responsibility.5.3 Contractor’s UndertakingThe Contractor undertakes that the design, the Contractor’s Documents, theexecution and the completed works will be in accordance with:（a）the Laws in the Country, and（b）the documents forming the Contract, as altered or modified by Variations.5.4 Technical Standards and RegulationsThe design, the Contractor’s Document, the execution and the completed Works shall comply with the country’s technical standards, building, construction and environmental Laws, Laws applicable to the product being produced from the Works, and other standards specified in the Employer’s Requirements, applicable to the Works, or defined by the applicable Laws.All these Laws shall, in respect of the Works and each Section, be those prevailing when the Works or Section are taken over by the Employer under Clause 10 [Employer’s Taking Over]. References in the Contract to published standards shall be understood to be references to the edition applicable on the Base Date, unless stated otherwise.If changed or new applicable standards come into force in the Country after the Base Date, the Contractor shall give notice to the Employer and (if appropriate) submit proposals for compliance. In the event that:（a）the Employer determines that compliance is required, and（b）the proposals for compliance constitute a variation, then the Employer shall initiate a Variation in accordance with Clause 13 [Variations and Adjustments].5.5 TrainingTh e Contractor shall carry out the training of Employer’s Personnel in the operation and maintenance of the Works to the extent specified in the Employer’s Requirements. If the Contract specifies training which is to be carried out before taking-over under Sub-Clause 10.1[Taking-Over of the Works and Sections] until this training has been completed.,5.6 As-Built DocumentsThe Contractor shall prepare, and keep up-to-date, a complete set of “as-built” records of the execution of the Works, showing the exact as-built locations, sizes and details of the work as executed. These records shall be kept on the Site and shall beused exclusively for the purposes of this Sub-Clause. Two copies shall be supplied to the Employer prior to the commencement of the Tests on Completion.In addition, the Contractor shall supply to the Employer as-built drawings of the Works, showing all Works as executed, and submit them to them to the Employer for review under Sub-Clause 5.2[Contractor’s Documents]. The Contractor shall obtain the consent of the Employer as to their size, the referencing system, and other relevant details.Prior to the issue of any Taking-over Certificate, the Contractor shall supply to the Employer the specified numbers and types of copies of the relevant as-built drawings, in accordance with the Employer’s Requirements.The Works shall not be considered to be completed for the purposes of taking-over under Sub-Clause 10.1[Taking Over of the Works and Sections] until the Employer has received these documents.5.7 Operation and Maintenance ManualsPrior to commencement of the Tests on Completion, the Contractor shall supply to the Employer provisional operation and maintenance manuals in sufficient detail for the Employer to operate, maintain, dismantle, reassemble, adjust and repair the Plant.The Works shall not be considered to be completed for the purposes of taking-over under Sub-Clause 10.1[Taking-Over of the Works and Sections] until the Employer has received final operation and maintenance manuals in such detail, and any other manuals specified in the Employer’s Requirements for these purposes.5.8 Design ErrorIf errors, omissions, ambiguities, inconsistencies, inadequacies or other defects are found in the Contractor’s Documents, they and the Works shall be corrected at the Contractor’s cost, notwithstanding any consent or approval under this Clause.6 Staff and Labour6.1 Engagement of Staff and LabourExcept as otherwise stated in the Employer’s Requirements, the Contractor shallmake arrangements for the engagement of all staff and labour, local or otherwise, and for their payment, housing, feeding and transport.6.2 Rates of Wages and Conditions of LabourThe Contractor shall pay rates of wages, and observe conditions of labour, which are not lower than those established for the trade or industry where the work is carried out. If no established rates or conditions are applicable, the Contractor shall pay rates of wages and observe conditions which are not lower than the general level of wages and conditions observed locally by employers whose trade or industry is similar to that of the Contractor.6.3 Persons in the Service of EmployerThe Contractor shall not recruit, or attempt to recruit, staff and labour from amongst the Employer’s Personnel.6.4 Labour LawsThe Contractor shall comply with all the relevant labour Laws applicable to the Contractor’s Personnel, including Laws relating to their employment, health, safety, welfare, immigration and emigration, and shall allow them all their legal rights.The Contractor shall require his employees to obey all applicable Laws, including those concerning safety at work.6.5 Working HoursNo work shall be carried out on the Site on locally recognized days of rest, or outside normal working hours, unless:（a）otherwise stated in the Contract,（b）the Employer gibes consent, or（c）the work is unavoidable, or necessary for the protection of life or property or for the safety of the Works, in which case the Contractor shall immediately advise the Employer.6.6 Facilities for Staff and LabourExcept as otherwise stated in the Employer’s Requirements, the Contractor shall provide and maintain all necessary accommodation and welfare facilities for the Contractor’s Personnel. The Contractor shall also provide facilities for the Employer’s Personnel as stated in the Employer’s Requirements.The contractor shall not permit any of the Contractor’s Personnel to maintain any temporary or permanent livingquarters within the structures forming part of the Permanent Works.6.7 Health and SafetyThe Contractor shall at all time take all reasonable precautions to maintain the health and safety of the Contractor’s Personnel. In collaboration with local health authorities, the Contractor shall ensure that medical staff, first aid facilities, sick bay and ambulance service are available at all times at the Site and at any accommodation for Contractor’s and Employer’s Personnel, and that suitable arrangements are made for all necessary welfare and hygiene requirements and for the prevention of epidemics.The Contractor shall appoint an accident prevention officer at the Site, responsible for maintaining safety and protection against accidents. This person shall be qualified for this responsibility, and shall have the authority to issue instructions and take protective measures to prevent accidents. Throughout the execution of the Works, the Contractor shall provide whatever is required by this person to exercise this responsibility and authority.Throughout the execution of the Works, the Contractor shall provide whatever is required by this person to exercise this responsibility and authority.The Contractor shall send, to the Employer, details of any accident as soon as practicable after its occurrence. The Contractor shall maintain records and make reports concerning health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property, as the Employer may reasonably require.6.8 Contractor’s SuperintendenceThroughout the design and execution of the Works, and as long thereafter as is necessary to fulfill the contractor’s obligations, the Contractor shall provide all necessary superintendence to plan, arrange, direct, manage, inspect and test the work.Superintendence shall be given by a sufficient number of persons having adequate knowledge of the language for communications (defined in Sub-Clause 1.4[Laws and Language]) and of the operations to be carried out (including the methods and techniques required, the hazards likely to be encountered and methods of preventing accidents), for the satisfactory and safe execution of the Works.6.9 Contractor’s SuperintendenceThe Contractor’s Personnel shall be appropriately qualified, skilled and experienced in their respective trades or occupations. The Employer may require the contractor to remove (or cause to be removed) any person employed on the Site or Works, including the Contract or’s Representative if applicable, who:（a）persists in any misconduct or lack of care,（b）carries out duties incompetently or negligently,（c）falls to conform with any provisions of the Contract, or（d）persists in any conduct which is prejudicial to safety, health, or the protection of the environment.If appropriate, the contractor shall then appoint (or cause to be appointed) a suitable replacement person.6.10 Records of contractor’s Personnel and EquipmentThe Contractor shall submit, to the employer, details showing the number of each class of Contractor’s Personnel and of each type of Contractor’s Equipment on the Site. Details shall be submitted each calendar month, in a form approved by the Employer, until the Contractor has completed all work which is known to be outstanding at the completion date stated in the Taking-Over Certificate for the Works.6.11 Disorderly ConductThe Contractor shall at all times take all reasonable precautions to prevent any unlawful, riotous or disorderly conduct by or amo ngst the Contractor’s Personnel, and to preserve peace and protection of persons and property on and near the Site.7 Plant, Materials and Workmanship7.1 Manner of ExecutionThe Contractor shall carry out the manufacture of Plant, the production and manufacture of Materials, and all other execution of the Works:（a）in the manner (if any) specified in the Contract,（b）in a proper workmanlike and careful manner, in accordance with recognized good practice, and（c）with properly equipped facilities and non-hazardous Materials, except as otherwise specified in the Contract.7.2 SamplesThe Contractor shall submit samples to the Employer, for review in accordancewith the procedures for Contractor’s Documents described in Sub-Clause 5.2 [Contractor’s Documents], as specified in the Contract and at the Contractor’s cost. Each sample shall be labelled as to origin and intended use in the Works.7.3 InspectionThe Employer’s Personnel shall at all reasonable times:（a）natural Materials are being obtained, and have full access to all parts of the Site and to all places from which（b）during production, manufacture and construction (at the Site and, to the extent specified in the Contract, elsewhere), be entitled to examine, inspect, measure and test the materials and workmanship, and to check the progress of manufacture of Plant and production and manufacture of Materials.The Contractor shall give the Employer’s P ersonnel full opportunity to carry out these activities, including providing access, facilities, permissions and safety equipment. No such activity shall relieve the Contractor from any obligation or responsibility. safety equipment. No such activity shall relieve the Contractor from any obligation or responsibility. In respect of the work which Employer’s Personnel are entitled to examine, inspect, measure and/or test, the Contractor shall give notice to the Employer whenever any such work is ready and before it is covered up, put out of sight, or packaged for storage or transport. The Employer shall then either carry out the examination, inspection, measurement or testing without unreasonable delay, or promptly give notice to the Contractor that the Employer does not require to do so. If the Contractor fails to give the notice, he shall, if and when required by the Employer, uncover the work and thereafter reinstate and make good, all at the Contractor’s cost.7.4 TestingThis Sub-Clause shall apply to all tests specified in the Contract, other than the Tests after Completion (if any).The Contractor shall provide all apparatus, assistance, documents and other information, electricity, equipment, fuel, consumables, instruments, labor, materials, and suitably qualified and experienced staff, as are necessary to carry out the specified tests efficiently. The Contractor shall agree, with the Employer, the time and place for the specified testing of any Plant, Materials and other parts of the Works. The Employer may, under Clause 13 [Variations andAdjustments], vary the location or details of specified tests, or instruct the Contractor to carry out additional tests. If these varied or additional tests show that the tested Plant, Materials or workmanship is not in accordance with the Contract, the cost of carrying out this Variation shall be borne by the Contractor, notwithstanding other provisions of the Contract. The Employer shall give the Contractor not less than 24 hours’ notice of the Employer’s intention to a ttend the tests. If the Employer does not attend at the time and place agreed, the Contractor may proceed with the tests, unless otherwise instructed by the Employer, and the tests shall then be deemed to have been made in the Employer’s presence.If the Contractor suffers delay and/or incurs Cost from complying with these instructions or as a result of a delay for which the Employer is responsible, the Contractor shall give notice to the Employer and shall be entitled subject to Sub-Clause 20.1 [Contractor’s Claims] to:（a）an extension of time for any such delay, if completion is or will be delayed, under Sub-Clause 8.4 [Extension of Time for Completion], and（b）payment of any such Cost plus reasonable profit, which shall be added to the Contract Price.After receiving this notice, the Employer shall proceed in accordance with Sub-Clause3.5 [Determinations] to agree or determine these matters.The Contractor shall promptly forward to the Employer duly certified reports of the tests. When the specified tests have been passed, the Employer shall endorse the Contractor’s test certificate, or issue a certificate to him, to that effect. If the Employer has not attended the tests, he shall be deemed to have accepted the readings as accurate.7.5 RejectionIf, as a result of an examination, inspection measurement or testing, any Plant, Materials, design or workmanship is found to be defective or otherwise not in accordance with the Contract, the Employer may reject the Plant, Materials, design or workmanship by giving notice to the Contractor, with reasons. The Contractor shall then promptly make good the defect and ensure that the rejected item complies with the Contract.If the Employer requires this Plant, Materials, design or workmanship to be retested, the tests shall be repeated under the same terms and conditions. If therejection and retesting cause the Employer to incur additional costs, the Contractor shall subject to Sub-Clause 2.5 [Employer’s Claims] pay these costs to the Employer.7.6 Remedial WorkNotwithstanding any previous test or certification, the Employer may instruct the Contractor to:（a）remove from the Site and replace any Plant or Materials which is not in accordance with the Contract,（b）remove and re-execute any other work which is not in accordance with the Contract, and（c）execute any work which is urgently required for the safety of the Works, whether because of an accident, unforeseeable event or otherwise.If the Contractor fails to comply with any such instruction, which complies with Sub-Clause 3.4 [Instructions], the Employer shall be entitled to employ and pay other persons to carry out the work. Except to the extent that the Contractor would have been entitled to payment for the work, the Contractor shall subject to Sub-Clause 2.5 [Emplo yer’s Claims] pay to the Employer all costs arising from this failure7.7 Ownership of Plant and MaterialsEach item of Plant and Materials shall, to the extent consistent with the Laws of the Country, become the property of the Employer at whichever is the earlier of the following times, free from liens and other encumbrances:（a）when it is delivered to the Site;（b）when the Contractor is entitled to payment of the value of the Plant and Materials under Sub-Clause 8.10 [Payment for Plant and Materials in Event of Suspension].7.8 RoyaltiesUnless otherwise stated in the Employer’s Requirements, the Contractor shall pay all royalties, rents and other payments for:（a）natural Materials obtained from outside the Site, and（b）the disposal of material from demolitions and excavations and of other surplus material (whether natural or man-made), except to the extent that disposal areas within the Site are specified in the Contract.8 Commencement, Delays and Suspension8.1 Commencement of WorksUnless otherwise stated in the Contract Agreement: （a）the Employer shall give the Contractor not less than 7 days’notice of the Commencement Date; and （b）the Commencement Date shall be within 42 days after the date on which the Contract comes into full force and effect under Sub-Clause 1.6 [Contract Agreement]. The Contractor shall commence the design and execution of the Works as soon as is reasonably practicable after the Commencement Date, and shall then proceed with the Works with due expedition and without delay.8.2 Time for CompletionThe Contractor shall complete the whole of the Works, and each Section (if any), within the Time for Completion for the Works or Section (as the case may be), including:（a）achieving the passing of the Tests on Completion, and （b）completing all work which is stated in the Contract as being required for the Works or Section to be considered to be completed for the purposes of taking-over under Sub-Clause 10.1 [Taking Over of the Works and Sections].8.3 ProgrammeThe Contractor shall submit a time programme to the Employer within 28 days after the Commencement Date. The Contractor shall also submit a revised programme whenever the previous programme is inconsistent with actual progress or with the Contractor’s obligations. Unless otherwise stated in the Co ntract, each programme shall include: （a）the order in which the Contractor intends to carry out the Works, including the anticipated timing of each major stage of the Works, （b）the periods for reviews under Sub-Clause 5.2 [Contractor’s Documents],（c）the sequence and timing of inspections and tests specified in the Contract, and （d）a supporting report which includes:（i）a general description of the methods which the Contractor intends to adopt for the execution of each major stage of the Works, and （ii）the approximate number of each class of Contractor’s Personnel and of each type of Contractor’s Equipment for each major stage. Unless the Employer, within 21 days receiving a programme, gives notice to the Contractor stating the extent to which it does not comply with the Contract, the Contractor shall proceed in accordance with the programme, subject to his other obligations under the Contract. The Employer’sPersonnel shall be entitled to rely upon the programme when planning their activities. The Contractor shall promptly give notice to the Employer of specific probable future events or circumstances which may adversely affect or delay the execution of the Works. In this event, or if the Employer gives notice to the Contractor that a programme fails (to the extent stated) to comply with the Contract or to be consistent with actual progress and the Contractor’s stated intentions, the Contractor shall submita revised programme to the Employer in accordance with this Sub-Clause.8.4 Extension of Time for CompletionThe Contractor shall be entitled subject to Sub-Clause 20.1 [Contractor Claims] to an extension of the Time for Completion if and to the extent that completion for the purposes of Sub-Clause 10.1 [Taking Over of the Works and Sections] is or will be delayed by any of the following causes: （a）a Variation (unless an adjustment to the Time for Completion has been agreed under Sub-Clause 13.3 [Variation Procedure]), （b） a cause of delay giving an entitlement to extension of time under a Sub-Clause of these Conditions, or（c）any delay, impediment or prevention caused by or attributable to the Employer, the Employer’s Personnel, or the Employer’s other contractors on the Site. If the Contractor considers himself to be entitled to an extension of the Time for Completion, the Contractor shall give notice to the Employer in accordance with Sub-Clause 20.1 [Contractor’s Claims]. When determining each extension of time under Sub-Clause 20.1, the Employer shall review previous determinations and may increase, but shall not decrease, the total extension of time.8.5 Delays Caused by AuthoritiesIf the following conditions apply, namely: （a）the Contractor has diligently followed the procedures laid down by the relevant legally constituted public authorities in the Country,（b）these authorities delay or disrupt the Contractor’s work, and（c）the delay or disruption was not reasonably foreseeable by an experienced contractor by the date for submission of the Tender, then this delay or disruption will be considered as a cause of delay under sub-paragraph (b) of Sub-Clause 8.4 [Extension of Time for Completion].8.6 Rate of ProgressIf, at any time:（a）actual progress is too slow to complete within the Time for Completion, and/or（b）progress has fallen (or will fall) behind the current programme under Sub-Clause 8.3 [Programme], other than as a result of a cause listed in Sub-Clause 8.4 [Extension of Time for Completion], then the Employer may instruct the Contractor to submit, under Sub-Clause 8.3 [Programme], a revised programme and supporting report describing the revised methods which the Contractor proposes to adopt in order to expedite progress and complete within the Time for Completion.Unless the Employer notifies otherwise, the Contractor shall adopt these revised methods, which may require increases in the working hours and/or in the numbers of Contractor’s Personnel and/or Go ods, at the risk and cost of the Contractor. If these revised methods cause the Employer to incur additionalcosts, the Contractor shall subject to Sub-Clause 2.5 [Employer’s Claims] pay these costs to the Employer, in addition to delay damages (if any) under Sub-Clause 8.7 below.8.7 Delay DamagesIf the Contractor fails to comply with Sub-Clause 8.2 [Time for Completion], the Contractor shall subject to Sub-Clause 2.5 [Employer’s Claims] pay delay damages to the Employer for this default. These delay damages shall be the sum stated in the Particular Conditions, which shall be paid for every day which shall elapse between the relevant Time for Completion and the date stated in the Taking-Over Certificate. However, the total amount due under this Sub-Clause shall not exceed the maximum amount of delay damages (if any) stated in the Particular Conditions.These delay damages shall be the only damages due from the Contractor for such default, other than in the event of termination under Sub-Clause 15.2 [Termination by Employer] prior to completion of the Works, These damages shall not relieve the Contractor from his obligation to complete the works,or from any other duties, obligations or responsibilities which he may have under the Contract.8.8 Suspension of WorkThe Employer may at any time instruct the Contractor to suspend progress ofpart or all of the Works. During such suspension, the Contractor shall protect, store and secure such part or the Works against any deterioration, loss or damage. loss or damage. The Employer may also notify the cause for the suspension. If and to the extent that the cause is notified and is the responsibility of the Contractor, the following Sub-Clauses 8.9, 8.10 and 8.11 shall not apply.8.9 Consequences of SuspensionIf the Contractor suffers delay and/or incurs Cost from complying with the Employer’s instructions under Sub-Clause 8.8 [Suspension of Work] and/or from resuming the work, the Contractor shall give notice to the Employer and shall be entitled subject to Sub-C lause 20.1 [Contractor’s Claims] to:（a）an extension of time for any such delay, if completion is or will be delayed, under Sub-Clause 8.4 [Extension of Time for Completion], and （b）payment of any such Cost, which shall be added to the Contract Price.After receiving this notice, the Employer shall proceed in accordancewith Sub-Clause 3.5 [Determinations] to agree or determine these matters. The Contractor shall not be entitled to an extension of time for, or to payment of the Cost incurred in, making good t he consequences of the Contractor’s faulty design, workmanship or materials, or of the Contractor’s failure to protect, store or secure in accordance with Sub-Clause 8.8 [Suspension of Work].8.10 Payment for Plant and Materials in Event of SuspensionThe Contractor shall be entitled to payment of the value (as at the date of suspension) of Plant and/or Materials which have not been delivered to Site, if: （a）the work on Plant or delivery of Plant and/or Materials has been suspended for more than 28 days, and （b）the Contractor has marked the Plant and/or Materials as the Employer’s property in accordance with the Employer’s instructions.8.11 Prolonged SuspensionIf the suspension under Sub-Clause 8.8 [Suspension of Work] has continued for more than 84 days, the Contractor may request the Employer’s permission to proceed. If the Employer does not give permission within 28 days after being requested to do so, the Contractor may, by giving notice to the Employer, treat the suspension as an omission under Clause 13 [Variations and Adjustments] of the affected part of the。
毕业设计外文翻译译文
1 工程概论1.1 工程专业1.2 工业和技术1.3 现代制造业工程专业1 工程行业是历史上最古老的行业之一。
如果没有在广阔工程领域中应用的那些技术，我们现在的文明绝不会前进。
第一位把岩石凿削成箭和矛的工具匠是现代机械工程师的鼻祖。
那些发现地球上的金属并找到冶炼和使用金属的方法的工匠们是采矿和冶金工程师的先祖。
那些发明了灌溉系统并建造了远古世纪非凡的建筑物的技师是他们那个时代的土木工程师。
2 工程一般被定义为理论科学的实际应用，例如物理和数学。
许多早期的工程设计分支不是基于科学而是经验信息，这些经验信息取决于观察和经历，而不是理论知识。
这是一个倾斜面实际应用的例子，虽然这个概念没有被确切的理解，但是它可以被量化或者数字化的表达出来。
3 从16、17世纪当代初期，量化就已经成为科学知识大爆炸的首要原因之一。
另外一个重要因素是实验法验证理论的发展。
量化包含了把来源于实验的数据和信息转变成确切的数学术语。
这更加强调了数学是现代工程学的语言。
4 从19世纪开始，它的结果的实际而科学的应用已经逐步上升。
机械工程师现在有精确的能力去计算来源于许多不同机构之间错综复杂的相互作用的机械优势。
他拥有能一起工作的既新型又强硬的材料和巨大的新能源。
工业革命开始于使用水和蒸汽一起工作。
从此使用电、汽油和其他能源作动力的机器变得如此广泛以至于它们承担了世界上很大比例的工作。
5 科学知识迅速膨胀的结果之一就是科学和工程专业的数量的增加。
到19世纪末不仅机械、土木、矿业、冶金工程被建立而且更新的化学和电气工程专业出现了。
这种膨胀现象一直持续到现在。
我们现在拥有了核能、石油、航天航空空间以及电气工程等。
每种工程领域之内都有细分。
6 例如，土木工程自身领域之内有如下细分：涉及永久性结构的建筑工程、涉及水或其他液体流动与控制系统的水利工程、涉及供水、净化、排水系统的研究的环境工程。
机械工程主要的细分是工业工程，它涉及的是错综复杂的机械系统，这些系统是工业上的，而非单独的机器。
建筑学Modern-Architecture现代建筑大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
建筑学Modern-Architecture现代建筑⼤学毕业论⽂外⽂⽂献翻译及原⽂毕业设计（论⽂）外⽂⽂献翻译⽂献、资料中⽂题⽬：现代建筑⽂献、资料英⽂题⽬：Modern Architecture⽂献、资料来源：⽂献、资料发表（出版）⽇期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译⽇期： 2017.02.14建筑学毕业设计的外⽂⽂献及译⽂⽂献、资料题⽬：《Advanced Encryption Standard》⽂献、资料发表（出版）⽇期：2004.10.25外⽂⽂献：Modern ArchitectureModern architecture, not to be confused with 'contemporary architecture', is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. While the style was conceived early in the 20th century and heavily promoted by a few architects, architectural educators and exhibits, very few Modern buildings were built in the first half of the century. For three decades after the Second World War, however, it became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate building.1. OriginsSome historians see the evolution of Modern architecture as a social matter, closely tied to the project of Modernity and hence to the Enlightenment, a result of social and political revolutions.Others see Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it is true that the availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, concrete and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution. In 1796, Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his ‘fireproof’ design, which relied on cast iron and brick with flag stone floors. Such construction greatly strengthened the structure of mills, which enabled them to accommodate much bigger machines. Due to poor knowledge of iron's properties as a construction material, a number of early mills collapsed. It was not until the early 1830s that Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the section beam, leading to widespread use of iron construction, this kind of austere industrial architecture utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain, leading to the description, "Dark satanic mills" of places like Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and glass construction; possibly the best example is the development of the tall steel skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le Baron Jenney and Louis Sullivan. Early structures to employ concrete as the chief means of architectural expression (rather than for purely utilitarian structure) include Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple, built in 1906 near Chicago, and Rudolf Steiner's Second Goetheanum, built from1926 near Basel, Switzerland.Other historians regard Modernism as a matter of taste, a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of Victorian Era and Edwardian Art Nouveau.Whatever the cause, around 1900 a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents (Gothic, for instance) with new technological possibilities. The work of Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago, Victor Horta in Brussels, Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona, Otto Wagner in Vienna and Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, among many others, can be seen as a common struggle between old and new.2. Modernism as Dominant StyleBy the 1920s the most important figures in Modern architecture had established their reputations. The big three are commonly recognized as Le Corbusier in France, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius in Germany. Mies van der Rohe and Gropius were both directors of the Bauhaus, one of a number of European schools and associations concerned with reconciling craft tradition and industrial technology.Frank Lloyd Wright's career parallels and influences the work of the European modernists, particularly via the Wasmuth Portfolio, but he refused to be categorized with them. Wright was a major influence on both Gropius and van der Rohe, however, as well as on the whole of organic architecture.In 1932 came the important MOMA exhibition, the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture, curated by Philip Johnson. Johnson and collaborator Henry-Russell Hitchcock drew together many distinct threads and trends, identified them as stylistically similar and having a common purpose, and consolidated them into the International Style.This was an important turning point. With World War II the important figures of the Bauhaus fled to the United States, to Chicago, to the Harvard Graduate School of Design, and to Black Mountain College. While Modern architectural design never became a dominant style in single-dwelling residential buildings, in institutional and commercial architecture Modernism became the pre-eminent, and in the schools (for leaders of the profession) the only acceptable, design solution from about 1932 to about 1984.Architects who worked in the international style wanted to break with architectural tradition and design simple, unornamented buildings. The most commonly used materials are glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for the floors and interior supports; floor plans were functional and logical. The style became most evident in the design of skyscrapers. Perhaps its most famous manifestations include the United Nations headquarters (Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, Sir Howard Robertson), the Seagram Building (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe), and Lever House (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill), all in New York. A prominent residential example is the Lovell House (Richard Neutra) in Los Angeles.Detractors of the international style claim that its stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry is dehumanising. Le Corbusier once described buildings as "machines for living", but people are not machines and it was suggested that they do not want to live in machines. Even Philip Johnson admitted he was "bored with the box." Since the early 1980s many architects have deliberately sought to move away from rectilinear designs, towards more eclectic styles. During the middle of the century, some architects began experimenting in organic forms that they felt were more human and accessible. Mid-century modernism, or organic modernism, was very popular, due to its democratic and playful nature. Alvar Aalto and Eero Saarinen were two of the most prolific architects and designers in this movement, which has influenced contemporary modernism.Although there is debate as to when and why the decline of the modern movement occurred, criticism of Modern architecture began in the 1960s on the grounds that it was universal, sterile, elitist and lacked meaning. Its approach had become ossified in a "style" that threatened to degenerate into a set of mannerisms. Siegfried Giedion in the 1961 introduction to his evolving text, Space, Time and Architecture (first written in 1941), could begin "At the moment a certain confusion exists in contemporary architecture, as in painting; a kind of pause, even a kind of exhaustion." At the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a 1961 symposium discussed the question "Modern Architecture: Death or Metamorphosis?" In New York, the coup d'état appeared to materialize in controversy around the Pan Am Building that loomed over Grand Central Station, taking advantage of the modernist real estate concept of "air rights",[1] In criticism by Ada Louise Huxtable and Douglas Haskell it was seen to "sever" the Park Avenue streetscape and "tarnish" the reputations of its consortium of architects: Walter Gropius, Pietro Belluschi and thebuilders Emery Roth & Sons. The rise of postmodernism was attributed to disenchantment with Modern architecture. By the 1980s, postmodern architecture appeared triumphant over modernism, including the temple of the Light of the World, a futuristic design for its time Guadalajara Jalisco La Luz del Mundo Sede International; however, postmodern aesthetics lacked traction and by the mid-1990s, a neo-modern (or hypermodern) architecture had once again established international pre-eminence. As part of this revival, much of the criticism of the modernists has been revisited, refuted, and re-evaluated; and a modernistic idiom once again dominates in institutional and commercial contemporary practice, but must now compete with the revival of traditional architectural design in commercial and institutional architecture; residential design continues to be dominated by a traditional aesthetic.中⽂译⽂：现代建筑现代建筑,不被混淆与'当代建筑' , 是⼀个词给了⼀些建筑风格有类似的特点, 主要的简化形式,消除装饰等. 虽然风格的设想早在20世纪,并⼤量造就了⼀些建筑师、建筑教育家和展品,很少有现代的建筑物,建于20世纪上半叶. 第⼆次⼤战后的三⼗年, 但最终却成为主导建筑风格的机构和公司建设.1起源⼀些历史学家认为进化的现代建筑作为⼀个社会问题, 息息相关的⼯程中的现代性,从⽽影响了启蒙运动,导致社会和政治⾰命.另⼀些⼈认为现代建筑主要是靠技术和⼯程学的发展, 那就是获得新的建筑材料,如钢铁, 混凝⼟和玻璃驱车发明新的建筑技术,它作为⼯业⾰命的⼀部分. 1796年, shrewsbury查尔斯bage⾸先⽤他的'⽕'的设计, 后者则依靠铸铁及砖与⽯材地板. 这些建设⼤⼤加强了结构,使它们能够容纳更⼤的机器. 由于作为建筑材料特性知识缺乏,⼀些早期建筑失败. 直到1830年初,伊顿Hodgkinson预计推出了型钢梁, 导致⼴泛使⽤钢架建设，⼯业结构完全改变了这种窘迫的⾯貌,英国北部领导的描述, "⿊暗魔⿁作坊"的地⽅如曼彻斯特和西约克郡. ⽔晶宫由约瑟夫paxton的重⼤展览, 1851年,是⼀个早期的例⼦,钢铁及玻璃施⼯; 可能是⼀个最好的例⼦,就是1890年由William乐男爵延长和路易沙利⽂在芝加哥附近发展的⾼层钢结构摩天楼. 早期结构采⽤混凝⼟作为⾏政⼿段的建筑表达(⽽⾮纯粹功利结构) ,包括建于1906年在芝加哥附近,劳埃德赖特的统⼀宫, 建于1926年瑞⼠巴塞尔附近的鲁道夫斯坦纳的第⼆哥特堂,.但⽆论原因为何, 约有1900多位建筑师,在世界各地开始制定新的建筑⽅法,将传统的先例(⽐如哥特式)与新的技术相结合的可能性.路易沙利⽂和赖特在芝加哥⼯作,维克多奥尔塔在布鲁塞尔,安东尼⾼迪在巴塞罗那, 奥托⽡格纳和查尔斯景mackintosh格拉斯哥在维也纳,其中之⼀可以看作是⼀个新与旧的共同⽃争.2现代主义风格由1920年代的最重要⼈物,在现代建筑⾥确⽴了⾃⼰的名声. 三个是公认的柯布西耶在法国, 密斯范德尔德罗和⽡尔特格罗⽪乌斯在德国. 密斯范德尔德罗和格罗⽪乌斯为董事的包豪斯, 其中欧洲有不少学校和有关团体学习调和⼯艺和传统⼯业技术.赖特的建筑⽣涯中,也影响了欧洲建筑的现代艺术,特别是通过⽡斯穆特组合但他拒绝被归类与他们. 赖特与格罗⽪乌斯和Van der德罗对整个有机体系有重⼤的影响.在1932年来到的重要moma展览,是现代建筑艺术的国际展览,艺术家菲利普约翰逊. 约翰逊和合作者亨利-罗素阁纠集许多鲜明的线索和趋势, 内容相似,有⼀个共同的⽬的,巩固了他们融⼊国际化风格这是⼀个重要的转折点. 在⼆战的时间包豪斯的代表⼈物逃到美国,芝加哥，到哈佛⼤学设计⿊⼭书院. 当现代建筑设计从未成为主导风格单⼀的住宅楼，在成为现代卓越的体制和商业建筑, 是学校(专业领导)的唯⼀可接受的, 设计解决⽅案,从约1932年⾄约1984年.那些从事国际风格的建筑师想要打破传统建筑和简单的没有装饰的建筑物。
建筑工程技术专业毕业作业范文
建筑工程技术专业毕业作业范文（中英文实用版）Title: Example of Graduation Project for Architectural Engineering Technology MajorThe graduation project is an essential part of the Architectural Engineering Technology program.It serves as a platform for students to demonstrate their understanding and application of the knowledge and skills acquired throughout their studies.This example of a graduation project provides a comprehensive guide for students to develop their own projects.毕业设计是建筑工程技术专业学生展示自己对这个专业知识和技能掌握及运用的重要环节。
本文将提供一份建筑工程技术专业毕业设计的范例，供学生参考。
In this example, a student has chosen to focus on the design and implementation of a sustainable building.The project begins with a thorough analysis of the site, taking into consideration factors such as climate, topography, and surrounding environment.This analysis helps to inform the design decisions for the building, ensuring that it is well-suited to its location.在这个范例中，学生选择以设计并实施一个可持续建筑作为毕业设计主题。
外文翻译---高层建筑及结构设计
中文3220字附录：毕业设计外文翻译院（系）建筑工程学院专业土木工程班级姓名学号导师2011年4月15日英文：High-Rise Buildings and StructuralDesignAbstract：It is difficult to define a high-rise building . One may say that a low-rise building ranges from 1 to 2 stories . A medium-rise building probably ranges between 3 or 4 stories up to 10 or 20 stories or more . Although the basic principles of vertical and horizontal subsystem design remain the same for low- , medium- , or high-rise buildings , when a building gets high the vertical subsystems become a controlling problem for two reasons . Higher vertical loads will require larger columns , walls , and shafts . But , more significantly , the overturning moment and the shear deflections produced by lateral forces are much larger and must be carefully provided for .Key Words：High-Rise Buildings Structural Design Framework Shear Seismic SystemIntroductionThe vertical subsystems in a high-rise building transmit accumulated gravity load from story to story , thus requiring larger column or wall sections to support such loading . In addition these same vertical subsystems must transmit lateral loads , such as wind or seismic loads , to the foundations. However , in contrast to vertical load , lateral load effects on buildings are not linear and increase rapidly with increase in height . For example under wind load , the overturning moment at the base of buildings varies approximately as the square of a buildings may vary as the fourth power of buildings height , other things being equal.Earthquake produces an even more pronounced effect.When the structure for a low-or medium-rise building is designed for dead and live load , it is almost an inherent property that the columns , walls , and stair or elevator shafts can carry most of the horizontal forces . The problem is primarily shear resistance . Moderate addition bracing for rigid frames in“short”buildings can easily be provided by filling certain panels ( or even all panels ) without increasing the sizes of the columns and girders otherwise required for vertical loads.Unfortunately , this is not is for high-rise buildings because the problem is primarily resistance to moment and deflection rather than shear alone . Special structural arrangements will often have to be made and additional structural material is always required for the columns , girders , walls , and slabs in order to made a high-rise buildings sufficiently resistant to much higher lateral deformations .As previously mentioned , the quantity of structural material required per square foot of floor of a high-rise buildings is in excess of that required for low-rise buildings . The vertical components carrying the gravity load , such as walls , columns , and shafts , will need to be strengthened over the full height of the buildings . But quantity of material required for resisting lateral forces is even more significant .With reinforced concrete , the quantity of material also increases as the number of stories increases . But here it should be noted that the increase in the weight of material added for gravity load is much more sizable than steel , whereas for wind load the increase for lateral force resistance is not that much more since the weight of a concrete buildings helps to resist overturn . On the other hand , the problem of design for earthquake forces . Additional mass in the upper floors will give rise to a greater overall lateral force under the of seismic effects .In the case of either concrete or steel design , there are certain basic principles for providing additional resistance to lateral to lateral forces and deflections in high-rise buildings without too much sacrifire ineconomy .1、Increase the effective width of the moment-resisting subsystems . This is very useful because increasing the width will cut down the overturn force directly and will reduce deflection by the third power of the width increase , other things remaining cinstant . However , this does require that vertical components of the widened subsystem be suitably connected to actually gain this benefit.2、Design subsystems such that the components are made to interact in the most efficient manner . For example , use truss systems with chords and diagonals efficiently stressed , place reinforcing for walls at critical locations , and optimize stiffness ratios for rigid frames .3、Increase the material in the most effective resisting components . For example , materials added in the lower floors to the flanges of columns and connecting girders will directly decrease the overall deflection and increase the moment resistance without contributing mass in the upper floors where the earthquake problem is aggravated .4、Arrange to have the greater part of vertical loads be carried directly on the primary moment-resisting components . This will help stabilize the buildings against tensile overturning forces by precompressing the major overturn-resisting components .5、The local shear in each story can be best resisted by strategic placement if solid walls or the use of diagonal members in a vertical subsystem . Resisting these shears solely by vertical members in bending is usually less economical , since achieving sufficient bending resistance in the columns and connecting girders will require more material and construction energy than using walls or diagonal members .6、Sufficient horizontal diaphragm action should be provided floor . This will help to bring the various resisting elements to work together instead of separately .7、Create mega-frames by joining large vertical and horizontal components such as two or more elevator shafts at multistory intervalswith a heavy floor subsystems , or by use of very deep girder trusses .Remember that all high-rise buildings are essentially vertical cantilevers which are supported at the ground . When the above principles are judiciously applied , structurally desirable schemes can be obtained by walls , cores , rigid frames, tubular construction , and other vertical subsystems to achieve horizontal strength and rigidity . Some of these applications will now be described in subsequent sections in the following .Shear-Wall SystemsWhen shear walls are compatible with other functional requirements , they can be economically utilized to resist lateral forces in high-rise buildings . For example , apartment buildings naturally require many separation walls . When some of these are designed to be solid , they can act as shear walls to resist lateral forces and to carry the vertical load as well . For buildings up to some 20storise , the use of shear walls is common . If given sufficient length ,such walls can economically resist lateral forces up to 30 to 40 stories or more .However , shear walls can resist lateral load only the plane of the walls ( i.e.not in a diretion perpendicular to them ) . Therefore ,it is always necessary to provide shear walls in two perpendicular directions can be at least in sufficient orientation so that lateral force in any direction can be resisted . In addition , that wall layout should reflect consideration of any torsional effect .In design progress , two or more shear walls can be connected to from L-shaped or channel-shaped subsystems . Indeed , internal shear walls can be connected to from a rectangular shaft that will resist lateral forces very efficiently . If all external shear walls are continuously connected , then the whole buildings acts as a tube , and is excellent Shear-Wall Systems resisting lateral loads and torsion .Whereas concrete shear walls are generally of solid type withopenings when necessary , steel shear walls are usually made of trusses . These trusses can have single diagonals , “X”diagonals , or“K”arrangements . A trussed wall will have its members act essentially in direct tension or compression under the action of view , and they offer some opportunity and deflection-limitation point of view , and they offer some opportunity for penetration between members . Of course , the inclined members of trusses must be suitable placed so as not to interfere with requirements for windows and for circulation service penetrations though these walls .As stated above , the walls of elevator , staircase ,and utility shafts form natural tubes and are commonly employed to resist both vertical and lateral forces . Since these shafts are normally rectangular or circular in cross-section , they can offer an efficient means for resisting moments and shear in all directions due to tube structural action . But a problem in the design of these shafts is provided sufficient strength around door openings and other penetrations through these elements . For reinforced concrete construction , special steel reinforcements are placed around such opening .In steel construction , heavier and more rigid connections are required to resist racking at the openings .In many high-rise buildings , a combination of walls and shafts can offer excellent resistance to lateral forces when they are suitably located ant connected to one another . It is also desirable that the stiffness offered these subsystems be more-or-less symmertrical in all directions .Rigid-Frame SystemsIn the design of architectural buildings , rigid-frame systems for resisting vertical and lateral loads have long been accepted as an important and standard means for designing building . They are employed for low-and medium means for designing buildings . They are employed for low- and medium up to high-rise building perhaps 70 or 100 stories high . When compared to shear-wall systems , these rigid frames bothwithin and at the outside of a buildings . They also make use of the stiffness in beams and columns that are required for the buildings in any case , but the columns are made stronger when rigidly connected to resist the lateral as well as vertical forces though frame bending .Frequently , rigid frames will not be as stiff as shear-wall construction , and therefore may produce excessive deflections for the more slender high-rise buildings designs . But because of this flexibility , they are often considered as being more ductile and thus less susceptible to catastrophic earthquake failure when compared with ( some ) shear-wall designs . For example , if over stressing occurs at certain portions of a steel rigid frame ( i.e.,near the joint ) , ductility will allow the structure as a whole to deflect a little more , but it will by no means collapse even under a much larger force than expected on the structure . For this reason , rigid-frame construction is considered by some to be a “best”seismic-resisting type for high-rise steel buildings . On the other hand ,it is also unlikely that a well-designed share-wall system would collapse.In the case of concrete rigid frames ,there is a divergence of opinion . It true that if a concrete rigid frame is designed in the conventional manner , without special care to produce higher ductility , it will not be able to withstand a catastrophic earthquake that can produce forces several times lerger than the code design earthquake forces .Therefore , some believe that it may not have additional capacity possessed by steel rigid frames . But modern research and experience has indicated that concrete frames can be designed to be ductile , when sufficient stirrups and joinery reinforcement are designed in to the frame . Modern buildings codes have specifications for the so-called ductile concrete frames . However , at present , these codes often require excessive reinforcement at certain points in the frame so as to cause congestion and result in construction difficulties 。
建筑项目招投标毕业设计外文翻译
Building engineering biddingAbstract: Nowadays in the engineering construction industry, the market which is characteristic for project bidding, has formed. The construction companies,which want to create good benefits, have to control their cost and improve management to enhance the capacity of adapting and competing in this market. This article focuses on how to decrease cost and increase income so as to control the construction cost effectively.bidding documents should be well formulated ,which is important to a successful bidding and direct influence the success or failure of the bidding work.Because the success or failure of the bidding for the survival and development of enterprise has a direct impact, so we have a high quality, improve the bid documents of the unit, prevent invalid and successful pass mark appear, become a research topic.key : bidding drawbacks of unfair competition countermeasuresBidding is a form of project transactions, project bidding process is to determine the successful bidder and the cost of the process and the price of the project, project bidding work of a very important link, do a good job bidding to determine the price, we can effectively control construction costs, and create a fair and equitable market environment, create orderly competition mechanism. Bidding in construction activities, construction enterprises in order to tender invincible works to be successful, And from the contracted projects profitable, it needs to integrate various subjective and objective conditions, the tender research strategy determine tender. Tender bidding strategy, including pricing strategies and skills. All of the strategies and skills from the numerous contractors bidding on the accumulated experience and objective understanding of the law and of the actual situation understanding, but also with the contractor's decision-making ability and courage are closely related.Bidding documents is the general programme and play book of the bidding activity through the process of bidding. The bidding documents will specify that How to conduct each bidding work, how to dispatch bidding documents, the requirements fortenderer,how to rate and decide bidding and the procedures of bidding. Therefore, the personnel who is responsible for prepare bidding documents should first have a general view of the bidding work, include all the requirements and arrangements into the bidding documents. If meet problems that have not been considered previously, then resolve them one by one during the preparation. The course of bidding documents preparation is also the course of making bidding scheme .In another respect, bidding documents is also the legal instruments. Besides relevant law and rules, the bidding documents are the common game rules that bidder,bidding agent and tenderer should subject to through the bidding. Bidding documents are the legal instruments that all the three bidding related parties should subject to, have legal force, therefore, the bidding documents -making personnel required to have the awareness and quality of legal in order to reflect the fair, just and legal requirement in the bidding documents.In building engineering bidding law enforcement and the practice of project construction supervision system on standardizing China's construction market, improve the construction quality and played an active role. But in the process of implementing exist some disadvantages, needs to perfect, enrich and improve. This project bidding documents in accordance with the bidding law of the People's Republic of China for bidders, bidding regulation, enterprise strictly, put forward to bidders professional requirements of project profile was illustrated.Nowadays in the engineering construction industry, the market which is characteristic for project bidding, has formed. The construction companies,which want to create good benefits, have to control their cost and improve management to enhance the capacity of adapting and competing in this market. This article focuses on how to decrease cost and increase income so as to control the construction cost effectively.In building engineering bidding law enforcement and the practice of project construction supervision system on standardizing China's construction market, improve the construction quality and played an active role. But in the process of implementing exist some disadvantages, needs to perfect, enrich and improve. This project bidding documents in accordance with the bidding law of the People'sRepublic of China for bidders, bidding regulation, enterprise strictly, put forward to bidders professional requirements of project profile was illustrated.The practice of project bidding purpose is to market competition of openness, fairness and justice. However, due to the construction market development is not standard, management system and the experience of inadequate, architectural engineering bidding in concrete operation exist in ACTS of unfair competition, and some drawbacks. This obviously violate the bidding, the bidding process, and will lose its significance for other bidder fails to bid is unjust, disturbed the bidding (project contracting market economic order, for activities), this kind of behavior must be prohibited, only in this way can we make construction engineering competitive trading activity lawfully healthy. This subject will I learned and social practice, present situation and construction project bidding system is expounded, and the disadvantages of bidding for construction project with ACTS of unfair competition phenomenon and analysis of causes, and finally make corresponding preventive countermeasures.Construction cost management system, both theoretical discussion, but also need to practice innovation. Under the conditions of market economy, project cost management, competitive and orderly market for construction management services platform structures. In such a premise, the original scale and method of valuation is inappropriate, and this needs to be reformed and improved. The spirit of "the government's macro regulation and control, enterprise autonomy offer, the market will price" principle, to implement the implementation specification bill of quantity. Inventory Valuation bidding activities are based on market economy mechanism, based on legal, scientific, fair, open and reasonable way to determine the winning bidder of an economic activity. Bidding is bidding activities constitute two basic aspects. The bidding activity is merely that by bidding to choose the one with the workConstruction process capability, moderate cost, quality is excellent, short duration of construction enterprises, and this is the ultimate goal tender. I have participated in internships over the course of the project bidding, and completed over part of the calculation of quantities, combined with graduate experience in the design process, a brief analysis of the mode Quantities Call for TenderThe meaning of risk and risk characteristics of the general construction, the lowest price sealed bidding construction method produces several risks and incentives, according to their characteristics discussed the feasibility of risk control and prevention. Comparison of engineering and engineering security risk management, insurance, similarities and differences between the two projects and benefits; construction project bidding and tendering process characteristics of human behavior is analyzed to reveal the bidder's risk appetite and behavioral characteristics with changes in the external environment change, when the default punishment is light, the bidder preference appetite for risk and default penalties, with the increase exceeds a certain value, the risk of bidders to show preference for behavior change to avoid the risk of penalties, the greater the bidder biased in favor of a more risk-averse behavior, the results of the control and prevention of risk behavior of bidders has an important and practical significanceConstruction Cost Management from the "quantity-one price" plan model to "price of separation volume" model of the market, and gradually establish a market price-based price formation mechanism, the price of the decision in the hands of the parties involved in the market, and ultimately the allocation of resources through the market in order to realize through the market mechanism to decide on project cost. This will standardize the construction market-competitive behavior and the promotion of project bidding mechanisms play an important role in innovation. It can be said that the implementation of the project bill of quantities is a project cost management system in our country a big step forward, but also in China's accession to the WTO, the global construction industry a powerful tool for peer competition.With the construction of in-depth development of the market, the traditional fixed pricing model no longer suited to market-oriented economic development needs. In order to adapt to the current project bidding by the market needs of a project cost, we must work on the existing valuation methods and pricing model for reform, the implementation of projects bill pricing. Engineering is a list of pricing model and adapt to the market economy, allowing independent contractor pricing through market competition determine prices, with the international practice of pricing model. With the bill pricing model projects to promote, in accordance with international bidding practices is imperative. Therefore, "the lowest reasonable price of the successfulbidder" My future is the most important evaluation methods. At this stage due to the implementation of projects bill pricing model and the problems mainly against China at this stage " in the minimum reasonable price of the principles of the successful bidder, most contractors have not yet set up their own enterprises of scale, companies unable to determine the reasonable Cost. This article is a scientific and fast set "reasonable cost" to study the key. First, from the project cost of the basic concept, of the engineering bill pricing model under the cost structure, to accurately predict costs of the project provided the basis, considering the average cost of the social cost to individual enterprises and the tender stage of the cost estimates. Followed through on fuzzy math and technology for smooth in-depth analysis, through "close-degree," the concept of reasonable fuzzy math and exponential smoothing technologies, construction of the project cost vague prediction model, and in accordance with the relevant information and statistics Information and experience to establish a "framework structure," the comparison works Construction Cost Management from the "quantity-one price" plan model to "price of separation volume" model of the market, and gradually establish a market price-based price formation mechanism, the price of the decision in the hands of the parties involved in the market, and ultimately the allocation of resources through the market in order to realize through the market mechanism to decide on project cost. This will standardize the construction market-competitive behavior and the promotion of project bidding mechanisms play an important role in innovation. It can be said that the implementation of the project bill of quantities is a project cost management system in our country a big step forward, but also in China's accession to the WTO, the global construction industry a powerful tool for peer competition.A healthy bidding system should be in accordance with the "open, fair and justice" and the principle of good faith, and establish a unified, open, competitive and orderly construction market. In view of the current problems existing in the bidding process, adopt regulations, and formulate and perfect the institution, strengthening process supervision measures, they can better regulate construction market order, prevent corruption from its source, purify construction market, promote the construction market order progressively toward standardization, institutionalized, and constantly improve the quality and level of the bidding work.建筑项目招投标摘要:目前在工程建设项目行业中，以工程招投标为特征的建筑市场已经形成，施工企业为创造良好经济效益，必须严格控制成本，加强成本控制管理，才能提高市场适应能力和竞争力。
高层建筑外文翻译 (2)
捆绑筒体结构——随着对高楼大厦不断的需求，框筒或桁架筒体结构逐渐被用于捆绑的形式，以创造更大的筒体结构，并保持其工作效率。在芝加哥10层的西尔斯总部大楼有九个筒体结构，在建筑的瓷砖基础捆绑三排。部分单独筒体建造到建筑的不同高度，展示了这一最新的建筑结构概念无限的可能性。西尔斯大厦有一千四百五英尺（442米）高，是世界上最高的建筑。
筒中筒结构——另一个在钢筋混凝土办公楼中结合了传统的外部框筒剪力墙施工的体系。该系统包括一个柱距紧密的外框架和内部剪力墙结构，将中央服务区包围起来。这种筒中筒结构，使得波士顿的目前全球最高（714英尺或218米）的轻质混凝土建筑的设计成为可能。
钢筋混凝土结构和钢结构的结合也得到了很好的发展，其中一个例子是Skidmore Owing和Merrill开发的混合结构，它是由外部的钢筋混凝土框架结构包围内部的钢结构所组成，从而结合了钢筋混凝土和钢结构的优点。新奥尔良52层的壳体广场大厦就是应用的这种结构。
Tall Buildings
Fazlur Rahrnan khan
Although there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general, spectacular achievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise buildings.
建筑外文翻译
河北科技师范学院本科毕业设计外文翻译多层住宅建筑给排水设计的几个问题院（系、部）名称：专业名称：学生姓名：学生学号：指导教师：年月日河北科技师范学院教务处制The multilevel residential housing is given and drains off water severalquestions designedSummary :This text give and drain off water on multilevel residential housing design supply water the exertion of the tubular product , Way of laying of pipeline, water gauge produce family set up, establishment and air conditioner condensation water of pot-type boiler discharge issue goes on the discussion , And put forward some concrete views.Keyword:Skyscraper, supply water the tubular product , the pipeline is laid, The water gauge, the solar water heaterThe skyscraper is simple with its auxiliary facility, the fabrication cost is low, the characteristic such as being convenient of estate management, Receive the welcomes of the real estate developer and vast resident of small and medium-sized cities very much. How project planning and design of inhabited region, scientific and technological industry of comfortable house, lead the request according to 2000, Improve the design level of the house, build out a comfortable living space for each household, It is each designers duty. As the heart of the house --The kitchen, bathroom, is that the function is complicated, hygiene, safe and comfortable degree are expected much, It is miscellaneous to build, the space expecting much in technology. So, the designer must consider synthetically with the idea and method of global design that the kitchen, bathroom give installation of the drainage pipeline and equipment,etc. . Give and drain off water on skyscraper design supply water exertion, to lay pipeline of tubular product, water gauge produce family set up, establishment and empty of pot-type boiler now Transfer condensation water discharge issue discuss together with colleagues.(1)supply water tubular product select problem for use Traditional watersupply tubular product adopt zinc-plated steel tube generally, because zinc-plated steel tube exchange the corrosion, Use short-lived , use for and send domestic water can satisfied with water quality sanitary standard shortcoming, Ministry of Construction is popularizing the application of the feed pipe of plastics energetically . A lot of districts and cities have already expressed regulations: Forbid designing and using the zinc-plated steel tube , use widely the feed pipe of plastics. The plastics supply water In charge of compared with metal pipeline, light, it is fine to able to bear the intensity of keeping, Send obstruction little liquid , able to bear chemistry better to corrode performance, it is convenient to install, The steel energy-conservation of the province, merit of having long performance life etc.. Supply water and use plastics pipeline: Hard polyvinyl chloride( PVC-U), high density polyethylene( HDPE), pay and unitepolyethylene( PEX) , modify the polypropylene( PP-R, PP-C), gather butene( PB), aluminium mould and compound and in charge of and the steel is moulded and compound and is managed etc.. Choice of tubular product economic comparative course of technology, technology should from pressure, temperature, environment for use, install method,etc. go on and consider, Combine owners at the same time request and the house of grade,carry on and fix after being consider synthetically technology not economic. The above plastics supply water tubular product can supply water tubular product as house life. The economic and functional house conciliating Strand room in the face of the masses of with low- and medium-level incomes resident, can select for use hygiene grades of hard polyvinyl chloride in charge of as feed pipe mainly, In order to reduce the fabrication cost; Medium-to-high grade commodity apartment available aluminium Mould and compound and in charge of or other plastics supply water the tubular product as the feed pipe. House mix hot water temperature that water order exceed 600 C, so above-mentioned tubular product in charge of except hard polyvinyl chloride and aluminium plastics compound and in charge of( PE-AL-PE), Mostly the tubular product can be regarded as the hot water pipeline of the house.( 2) pipeline lay problem 1. give and drain off water it set up there arent one that in charge of1)Will install it in the corner place of the kitchen, bathroom tomorrow. Adopting this kind of way of laying more in the design of house in the past, it is convenient for it to construct, But will reveal the pipeline and hinder the room beautifully tomorrow Watch, the households will mostly be hidden with the light quality material in the equipment two times.2)Will install it in the overcast angle place of the outer wall of the building tomorrow. Way this suitable for southern weather warm district only, the minimum temperature in winter cant be lower than zero degrees Centigrade, In case water pipe water-logging freeze ice is bloated to split pipeline, influence household use. Pipeline lay in outer wall, influence building to be beautiful, too inconvenient on manage and maintain in the future.3)Lay it in the pipeline well. This way makes the room clean and beautiful , but the pipeline well has taken up the area of the bathroom, And pipeline construct, maintain relatively more difficult. Bathroom set up concentrate pipeline well, concentrate pipeline on assign in the well feed pipe, drain pipe, This is that the civilized importance lives in the kitchen of comfortable house, bathroom Embodiment. I think : Should consider the establishment of the pipeline well of the bathroom in the medium-to-high grade building conceptual design of commodity apartment, Improve quality of using of bathroom promptly so , can solve hardpolyvinyl chloride drain pipe rivers noise heavy problem, Improve the environmental quality level of the room; Whether for bathroom in the areas for little economic and functional house and Overcome difficulties room, warm area give and drain off water and set up and in charge of and can consider and lay in the outer wall in the South, In order to increase using the space of the bathroom; Pipeline install and in the room, should influence kitchen, bathroom every sanitary equipment use of function tomorrow2. supply water and prop up there arent tube House supply water prop up and in charge of pipe diameter one ≤ 32mm, de of battle,, little plastics feed pipe of pipe diameter is the crooked state, So the house supplies water and is propped up and in charge of being recommended and adopted and set up secretly. Supply water to prop up to manage darkly There are thes way had:1)Set up in the brick wall secretly. Wall turn on and in charge of trough in brick when constructing, in charge of trough width tube +20 mm, de of external diameter,, degree of depth tube external diameter de, The pipeline is imbedded and managed directly Trough, and with in charge of card fix in trough of inning charge of son.2)Whether pipe diameter supply water and prop up and last de ≤ 20mm,can set up at floor secretly piece make level by layer. Turn on and in charge of trough in floor( ground) the board when constructing, it wides trough have to be de +10 mm deeply 1/2 of the de, Half pipeline imbed and in charge of trough, and with in charge of card fix in trough of inning charge of tube. Aluminium mould compound and in charge of and pay and unite polypropylene in charge of pipeline adopt metal pipe fittings connection, Must strengthen and in charge of trough size when adopting and set up secretly, and rivers some flood peak loss relatively heavy. Assign the relative house that concentrated to the kitchen, bathroom interior hygiene utensil, Can adopt and divide Water device go on and join , divide water device whether one more than branch in charge of and connect, every hygiene utensil supply water and prop up and in charge of and connects and publishes from the water dividing device separately. Can already prevent the tube burying the pipeline secretly from being connected like this Permeate the question. Can reduce some flood peak lost, decrease the fabrication cost of pipe networks3)Drain off water and prop up the tube to lay House room drain off water and in charge of and should set up at the time of inning this each, drain off water and in charge of permeating sideways like this canning prevent the sewage from waiting for the pollutant to enter the neighbor family sideways, Will not influence the neighbor either when the pipeline is maintained Normal life of one. Kitchen wash water drainage of basin propped up and in charge of generallying inserts draining off water to stand to manage this layer of floor sideways; Floordrain drain off water propped up and in charge of laying the room of lower floor. A lot of colleagues think now: Whether kitchen the ground it lay ceramic tile of,whose name is clean in when need develop with water,not strong in meaning to set up floor drain, So kitchen set up ground floor drain, avoid and drain off water and prop up and in charge of and enter neighbor family sideways already so, Can increase using the space of the kitchen . Bathroom drain off water and prop up and in charge of and lay concrete measure have in this layer sideways inside:1)Improve the bathroom ground . Ground tendency high 150mm, adopt back row type take stool pot, washing basin, bath tub, water drainage of floor drain in charge of and bury in cushion layer secretly sideways.2)Adopt the sinking type bathroom. Bathroom sink 350mm the floor, hygiene utensil drain off water and in charge of and bury on sinking space secretly sidewaysTwo method these can realize water drainage of bathroom prop up and in charge of earths surface to bury underground this one without entering the neighbor family sideways. Bury pipeline when installing, construction quality must check on strictly, can construct bathroom ground after confirming qualified secretly, So as not to leave the hidden danger in giving in the future using. Bathroom ground construct and can pack coal ash light quality material , also can adopt and lay bricks impracticable to lay plate making construct ground, Ground must make waterproof to deal with, method can waterproof to deal with according to roofing, make two oil one rubber and plastic ointment waterproof cloth.3) water gauge the open air set up problem The water gauge is had indoors, not only the work load of checking meter is very heavy , but also make the security and privacy of the house reduce greatly . So house divide into households of water gauge or divide households of figure of water gauge Show that should be set up in the open air. Skyscraper water gauge the open air set up following several kinds of forms: Whether 1.adopt far it pass by water gauge Change the ordinary water gauge into and pass the water gauge far, is joined the water gauge and data gathering machine by a signal line, And then reach intelligence to manage( the computer). Its merit lies in saving a large amount of people Strength comes to check meter, the data are accurate, the shortcoming is that the fabrication cost is high. Whether 2.adopt magnetic stripe card of by water gauge Users buy the electronic card of the running water Company in advance , then insert it in the storing device of the water gauge, Card amount of money deduct automatically on the water, this way user need to prepay the water rate, The price of the water gauge is relatively high.3. adopt it set up at the open air water gauge not ordinary1)The water gauge is set up in the stair have a rest in the alcove of the platform. Household watersupply to prop up and manage and enter the kitchen, bathroom after the water gauge is measured. Way this realize water gauge produce room set up, equivalence low project have , supply water and set up and in charge of and set up with water gauge office results in aesthetic problems in stair. It suitable for the South warm district kitchen, bathroom assign close to the houses of positions of staircase.2)The water gauge concentrates on being set up among the water gauges( meter box). Person who give when supplying water, set up water gauge in ground floor( meter box) on falling, every household watersupply to prop up and is in charge of applying having in the pipeline well, Southern area can overcast horn place lay along the outer wall in building too; Person who give when supplying water, can set up water gauge in roof( meter box) under upgoing. This way increases and supplies water to prop up In charge of and lay length, pipeline lay and influence building to be beautiful along outer wall. Water gauge produce way choice that family assign, must combine house kitchen, bathroom plane assign characteristic and concrete request of developer, Carry on to several feasibility scheme the above economic technology fix after comparing. Property well-managed medium-to-high grade commodity apartment of housing district, can adopt and pass the water gauge far , It is that the water gauge will use the developing direction in the future; Estate management perfect medium- to-high grade commodity apartment of housing district, can adopt magnetic stripe card water gauge( Company have this kind district of business can design in running water) Or concentrate on setting up it among the water gauges( case); Southern area unit type house can set up rest platform office in stair with ordinary water gauge, In order to reduce the fabrication cost.4) establishment question of the pot-type boiler Should reserve and install hot water supply terms of facility, set up hot water supply facilities with when the design of house. Have and concentrate house that hot water supply on , should consider house assign with installation position and cold hot water pipeline of hot water device. The pot-type boiler generally has three kinds, such as gas, electricity, solar energy,etc.. Whether last kitchen gas heater and electric heater or Bathroom inside, give when draining off water design shoulding reserve installation position and cold hot water interface of pipeline of water heater in advance in building, Install by oneself when convenient users fit up. Solar energy and hot water It is simple and convenient and safe for device to use, need fuel and electric power is low to run theexpenses, Have long performance life, pollution-free, received by the masses of users favourably very much, Many houses have been small in recent years The district all install the solar water heater at the time of designing and construct. Solar water heater install and at the roof, need to set up the cold hot water pipeline among bathroom and water heater of the roofing like this generally, Consider installation of solar water heater when the design of house, household can only lay cold and hot pipeline along the building outer wall when installing in the future, Increase household degree of difficulty when installing like this , increase pipeline make the investment, influence building beautiful. Give when draining off water the design needing to solicit the developers suggestion first in building, Interconnected system one design, construct the solar water heater in unison; Reserve solar water heater and cold hot water installation position of pipeline in advance only. The cold hot water pipeline of the solar water heater can be laid In the pipeline well; Set up pipeline house of well , can set up one UPVC drain pipe of de110 as solar water heater hot water sleeve pipe of pipeline close to corner of person who take a shower in bathroom, Set up a de110 *75 three direct links in each hygiene interval ground, as connecting the entry of cold and hot water pipe5) air conditioner condensation ink discharge the issue In recent years, air conditioner enter huge numbers of families gradually, condensation water amorphous to discharge the building outer wall of pollution air conditioner have, Have influenced a beautiful important problem of biotope already. Building give when draining off water design shoulding consider air conditioner condensation ink discharge in a organized way. Concrete method can machine set up the water drain pipe of the condensation by the position outside reserving air conditioner, Drain off water and set up and in charge of and select PVC-U drain pipe de40 for use , reserve three direct links of draining off water highly in each air conditioner, It is convenient for air conditioner to drain off water hose insert directly.译文来源：美国PE杂志建筑给排水工程师2010年第10期多层住宅建筑给排水设计的几个问题摘要：本文就多层住宅建筑给排水设计中给水管材的选用，管道的敷设方式，水表出户设置，家用热水器的设置及空调冷凝水排放等问题进行探讨，并提出一些具体看法。
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随着我国经济的发展,建筑行业已经朝着多元化方向发展,建筑行业在我国经济发展中起着非常重要的作用。
而建筑工程管理工作直接关系到工程的质量、成本管理、人员的安全、企业的经营效益,甚至关系到企业的生死存亡,但是我国建筑工程管理在现阶段存在许多的不足:管理体制不健全。
我国大部分的建筑工程为了节约人员开支,减少了建筑工程管理机构的人员数量和质量。
管理制度深入性不足。
建筑行业的相关管理制度都是由一些著名的建筑行业专家等共同研究制定的,但是在各建筑单位中就只是一张纸,他们也都只是为了应付上级的检查,并不能应用到建筑工程管理上。
在我国建筑工程管理工作中,难以全面确立我国建筑工程管理思路体系,主要是因为我国缺乏管理理论和经验。
建立建筑工程管理思路体系是专业性较强的问题,其实施必须由资深的建筑学科专家和具有丰富工作经验的管理人员来组织,只有这样才能实现。
国外建筑行业无论是技术还是理论都比较先进,因此我国在建筑工程管理思路体系的建立过程中,必须借鉴国外的先进理念,另外,还必须吸取先进的建筑工程管理方法,并对各方面的资料加以综合和整体。
总之,要想确保我国建筑工程管理工作的有序进行,必须以健全的工程管理思路体系作为建筑工程总体管理水平提升的基本保障。
加强施工质量管理,建立合理可行的质量保证体系,将工程的质量工作落到实处。
工程施工企业要根据质量保证体系,形成行之有效的质量保证系统,树立质量方针,从而让其更加有指令性、系统性及可操作性。
要将人、材料和机械各个要素有效结合起来。
首先,人是质量控制的核心,要把人作为控制的推动力,充分调动人的积极性,树立工程质量第一的观念。
其次,施工材料作为建筑产品的主体,对材料质量的控制是工程质量控制的关键。
最后,工程施工的机械是进行施工机械化的主要标志,对现代化项目施工起到不可缺少的作用,它直接影响了施工项目的进度和质量,所以,选好用好工程机械设备非常重要。
所以,应该根据工程项目的具体特点,综合考虑各种环境因素,实施有效的施工现场控制,为保证施工质量及安全创造良好的外部条件。
现阶段建筑工程管理越来越受到人们的重视,项目成本管理是工程管理不可或缺的内容。
工程管理本质特征可以由项目成本管理体现出来。
首先,建立项目成本管理责任制。
项目管理人员的成本责任,不同于工作责任,工作责任完成不等于成本责任完成。
在完成工作责任的同时,还应考虑成本责任的实施,进一步明确成本管理责任,使每个管理者都有成本管理意识,做到精打细算。
其次,对施工队实行分包成本控制。
项目部与施工队之间建立特定劳务合同关系,项目部有权对施工队的进度、质量、安全和现场管理标准进行监督管理,同时按合同支付劳务费用。
再次,施工队成本的控制,由施工队自身管理,项目部不应该过多干预。
为了保证政府监督工作的有效性和权威性,应该提高监督队伍的整体素质。
因此,加强建筑工程质量监督机构的质量管理的学习,从而使得监督队伍的业务素质得以提高。
另外,质量监督手段也要不断进行完善,增加检测设备,使得监督工作具有较大科技的含量,实现监督工作的现代化。
从建设市场的整体来看,市场运行的规则不够完善。
执法不严,违法不究的现象常常会出现。
工程质量受到危害在很大程度上都是由于建设市场的混乱所造成的。
因此,政府必须建立健全的运行规则,保证这些规则能够真正落实处。
任何一个建设项目和其他建设项目比来，在规模大小，技术复杂程度，或者工程性质上可能有许多不同之处，但是在工程管理上有许多相同之处。
在当前激烈的市场竞争中，有的工程公司在保持发展原有的市场领域上还能够不断地开拓并适应新的市场。
在竞争中不断发展壮大，而有的公司却停滞下前，不断萎缩，甚至退出市场走向衰亡，究其原因就是没有建立起一套先进、科学。
灵活的工程管理机制。
影响施工项目质量的因素很多，诸如建筑结构的错位、倾斜、倒塌、破坏、开裂、渗水、漏水、刚度差、强度不足、断面尺寸不精确等，但究其原因，可以归纳如下：（1）违背建筑程序。
如不经可行性论证，不作调查分析就拍板定案；没有搞清工程地质、水文地质就仓促开工；无证设计；无图施工；任意修改设计，不按图施工；工程竣工不进行试车运转，不经验收就交付使用等若干现象，致使不少工程项目留有严重隐患，房屋倒塌事故也时有发生。
（2）工程地质勘察原因。
未认真进行地质勘察，提供的地质资料，数据有误。
地质勘察时，钻孔间距太大，不能全面反映地基的实际情况，如当基岩面起伏变化较大时，软土层厚薄相差亦甚大；地质勘察钻孔深度不够，没有查地下软土层、滑坡、墓穴、孔洞等地层构造；地质勘察报告不详细、不准确等，均会导致采用错误的基础方案，造成地基不均匀沉降、失稳，使上部结构及墙体开裂、破坏、倒塌。
（3）未加固处理好地基。
对软弱土、冲填土、杂填土、湿陷性黄土、膨胀土、岩层出露、溶岩、土洞等不均匀地基未进行加固处理或处理不当，均是导致重大质量问题的原因。
必须根据不同地基的工程特点，按照地基处理应与上部结构相结合，使其共同工作的原则，从地基处理、设计措施、结构措施、防水措施、施工措施方面综合考虑治理。
（4）设计计算问题。
设计考虑不周，结构构造不合理，计算简图不正确，计算荷载取值过小，内力分析有误，沉降缝及伸缩缝设置不当，悬挑结构未进行抗倾覆验等，都是诱发质量问题的隐患。
如某挡土墙工程由于设计时未了解清楚工程地质情况，施工时又未对现场情况进行核实，加上施工队伍在基础开挖时未能及时将现场地质情况反馈给设计人员，因此，尽管上部结构设计、施工质量良好，但因基础设计不合理，以至于使用荷载尚未达到设计值的一半，挡土墙就出现了滑移和倒塌。
又如某圆筒仓开裂事故，也是由于设计人员疏忽，在试投产时就简壁开裂，致使建筑物建成后不能满足基本的使用要求。
工程项目管理措施：1.必须建立和完善工程管理责任体系，明确重点，落实责任建立和完善工程管理责任体系，关系工程管理是否顺畅、责任是否明确、运作是否有效的问题，是加强工程管理必须首先解决的问题。
受薪资质标准的限制，象中铁十七局这样的大型建筑施工企业，在今后相当一个时期，得把生存发展的领域定位于铁路、公路、市政等工程建筑市场，这要求企业必须把企业做强，把工程干好，提高核心竞争力。
企业改制后，集团公司和子公司同为市场主体。
以资产为纽带，不再是行政隶属关系，通过建立和完善工程管理责任体系，把工程管理的各个环节有效形成一个整体，协调运作，更显重要。
2.要建立和完善工程处（子公司）为主体的施工管理体制。
这种体制要求工程处亦即子公司必须对施工方案的制定、生产要素的配置、重难点工程的监控负责。
所属工程项目部主要负责施工方案的落实，设计变更、现场日常管理和通通内外关系；集团公司指挥部主要抓组织协调、重难点工程的突破和监控保障，营造外部环境，注意处理好与业主、监理、设计单位和当地政府的关系；集团公司主要抓政策措施的制定、高难技术的咨询服务、重点难点工程的监督检查。
工程管理部门特别是调度，要随时了解掌握现场情况，通畅信息反馈处理渠道，解决现场不能解决的问题。
With the development of our national economy, the construction industry moving in the direction of diversification development, the construction industry in China's economic development plays a very important role. Construction project management is directly related to the project quality, cost management, personnel security, business efficiency, matter to an enterprise even of vital importance, but our country architectural engineering management at present there exist many deficiencies: management system is not perfect. Most of our construction in order to save personnel expenses, reduce construction engineering administration personnel quantity and quality. Management system development of. Construction industry management system are from some famous construction industry experts to jointly study the development, but in the construction units in just a piece of paper, and they are just to cope with the , and cannot be applied to construction project management.In our construction management, to establish a comprehensive project of our country construction management system, mainly because of a lack of management theory and experience in china. Establishment of construction project management system is a specialized and professional issues, its implementation must by the senior building subject experts and management to organize, the only way to achieve. Foreign construction industry in bothtechnology and theory are more advanced, so our country in construction project management system in establishing a procedure, must draw lessons from foreign advanced concept, in addition, also must absorb the advanced project management method, and information on all aspects of the comprehensive and integral. In short, to ensure that our construction management is orderly undertake, must be in sound engineering management system as construction overall management level of the underlying security.Strengthen the construction of quality management, establishing the quality assurance system, the quality of Engineering work. Engineering construction enterprise according to the quality assurance system, form effective quality assurance system, establish the quality policy, so as to make it more prescriptive, systematization and maneuverability. To be , material and machinery of various elements of an effective combination of.First of all, one is to control the quality of the core, take them as the control force, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of people, establish quality first concept. Secondly, construction materials building as the main product, the material quality control is the key of project quality control. Finally, construction machinery and construction mechanization is the main mark of modernization, plays an indispensable role in project construction, which directly affects the construction project progress and quality, therefore, select and use of construction machinery equipment is very important. So, should the specific characteristic according to project project,a comprehensive consideration of various factors, the implementation of effective control of the construction site, in order to ensure the construction quality and safety and create good external conditions.At this stage of construction project management paid more and more attention, project cost management is project management indispensable content. Project management essential characteristic can be reflected by the project cost management. First, establish project cost management responsibility system. Project management cost responsibility, unlike the responsibility, responsibility is not equal to the cost responsibility complete complete. At the completion of work responsibility at the same time, should also consider the cost responsibility implementation, further clarify the responsibility cost management, make every manager reckoning. Secondly, the construction team to execute subcontract cost control. Project department and construction team is established between specific labor contract relationship, project department team schedule, quality, safety and site management standard of supervision and management, at the same time according to the contract to pay service charges. Once again, teams of construction cost control, the construction team management, project department should not intervene too much.In order to ensure the government supervision effectiveness and authority, should improve the overall quality of the supervision team. Therefore, strengthening the construction of qualitysupervision of construction quality management study, so that the supervision and professional qualities. In addition, quality supervision means also to continue to improve, increase the detection equipment, make supervision work of supervision work. From the construction of the overall market, market operation rule is not perfect. Lax enforcement of the law, the phenomenon of impunity will often appear. Project quality risk is largely due to the construction market confusion caused by. Therefore, the government must establish and improve the operating rules, these rules can really implement service guarantee.Any construction projects and other construction projects recently, in size, degree of technical complexity, or engineering properties may common. In the current fierce competition in the market, some engineering company in maintaining and developing the original market areas can also continue to develop and adapt to the new market. In the competition continue to grow and develop, while others stagnate before, continued to shrink, and even exit the market decline, the reason is not built up a set of advanced, scientific. Agile project management mechanism.Effects of many factors on the quality of construction projects, such as building structure mismatch, tilt, collapse, destruction, crack, seepage, water leakage, poor rigidity, strength is insufficient, section size is accurate, , can be summarized as follows:( 1) against the building program. If not through feasibilityargumentation, make investigation on decided yet; not clear engineering geology, ; without any modifications to the design, construction; not according to the drawings; the completion of the project is to test running, without acceptance on delivery of some phenomenon, cause many project save the serious danger, of reason .( 2 ). Not serious geological investigation, provide geological data, data error. Geological exploration, borehole spacing is too big, can not fully reflect the actual situation foundation, such as when the bedrock surface fluctuation is large, soft soil layer thickness is also very big; geological exploration drilling depth is not enough, did not find underground soft soil, landslide, grave, ; geological survey report in detail, such as inaccurate, will lead to the error based scheme, caused by the uneven settlement of foundation, instability, the upper structure and wall crack, damage, collapse.( 3) without reinforcement treatment of foundation. On the weak soil, dredger fill, miscellaneous soil, collapsible loess, expansive soil, rock outcropping, lava, soil foundation reinforcement treatment or not engineering, foundation treatment should be in accordance with the superstructure and combination, make its work principle, from the foundation treatment measures, design, structural measures, waterproof measures, construction measures considering management.( 4 ) design calculation problem. Inadequate design, structureunreasonable, the calculation sketch is not correct, computational load is too small, internal force analysis is incorrect, settlement joint and the expansion joint is arranged properly, the overhanging structure without overturning inspection, are induced by the quality problems. Such as a retaining wall engineering design without a clear understanding of the engineering geological conditions, construction and not on site verification, coupled with the construction team in the foundation excavation of the site geological conditions failed to timely feedback to the design staff, therefore, although the upper structure design, the construction of good quality, but the basic design is not reasonable, so that the use of design value of load personnel negligence, in the pilot when Jian Bi crack, cause construction completion can not meet the basic requirements for the use of.Project management measures:1. must be built and perfect engineering management responsibility system, make clear a key, fulfil responsibility.The establishment and improvement of project management responsibility system, engineering management is smooth, responsibility is clear, whether the operation is effective, is to strengthen project management must first solve the problem. Salaried qualification standard limit, such as seventeen bureau of China railway construction enterprises, in the future for quite a period, the survival and development of the field of railway, the municipal engineering construction market, the enterprise must do thebusiness strong, do well the project, enhance core competitiveness. The company changes after making, group company and subsidiary to the market main body. It is ligament with asset, is no longer the relationship of administrative subordination, through the establishment and improvement of project management responsibility system, the project management effectively to form an overall, coordinated operation, more important.2 .to establish and improve the engineering department ( a subsidiary company) as the main body of the construction management system.This kind of system requirement engineering department or subsidiaries must be to establish the construction scheme, the configuration of factor of production, program implementation, design changes, the daily management and all internal and external relations; company and coordination, , to create the external environment, pay attention to.Good with the owner, supervision, design units and local government relations; company mainly grasps the policy measures, difficult technical advisory services, key and difficult engineering supervision and inspection. Engineering management department especially scheduling, always grasp the situation, unobstructed information feedback channel, solve the problems that cannot be solved.。