大学本科毕业设计文献翻译模板

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本科毕业论文外文翻译【范本模板】

本科毕业论文外文翻译【范本模板】

本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目:不确定条件下生产线平衡:鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法学院:机械自动化专业:工业工程学号: 201003166045学生姓名: 宋倩指导教师:潘莉日期: 二○一四年五月Assembly line balancing under uncertainty: Robust optimization modelsand exact solution methodÖncü Hazır , Alexandre DolguiComputers &Industrial Engineering,2013,65:261–267不确定条件下生产线平衡:鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法安库·汉泽,亚历山大·多桂计算机与工业工程,2013,65:261–267摘要这项研究涉及在不确定条件下的生产线平衡,并提出两个鲁棒优化模型。

假设了不确定性区间运行的时间。

该方法提出了生成线设计方法,使其免受混乱的破坏。

基于分解的算法开发出来并与增强策略结合起来解决大规模优化实例.该算法的效率已被测试,实验结果也已经发表。

本文的理论贡献在于文中提出的模型和基于分解的精确算法的开发.另外,基于我们的算法设计出的基于不确定性整合的生产线的产出率会更高,因此也更具有实际意义。

此外,这是一个在装配线平衡问题上的开创性工作,并应该作为一个决策支持系统的基础。

关键字:装配线平衡;不确定性; 鲁棒优化;组合优化;精确算法1.简介装配线就是包括一系列在车间中进行连续操作的生产系统。

零部件依次向下移动直到完工。

它们通常被使用在高效地生产大量地标准件的工业行业之中。

在这方面,建模和解决生产线平衡问题也鉴于工业对于效率的追求变得日益重要。

生产线平衡处理的是分配作业到工作站来优化一些预定义的目标函数。

那些定义操作顺序的优先关系都是要被考虑的,同时也要对能力或基于成本的目标函数进行优化。

就生产(绍尔,1999)产品型号的数量来说,装配线可分为三类:单一模型(SALBP),混合模型(MALBP)和多模式(MMALBP)。

毕业设计外文翻译模板

毕业设计外文翻译模板

本科生毕业设计(论文)外文翻译毕业设计(论文)题目:组合钻床动力滑台液压系统及电控系统设计外文题目: Drilling machine译文题目:组合钻床学生姓名:马莉莉专业:机械设计制造及其自动化0701班指导教师姓名:王洁评阅日期:正文内容小四号字,宋体,行距1.5倍行距。

The drilling machine is a machine for making holes with removal of chips and it is used to create or enlarge holes. There are many different types of drilling machine for different jobs, but they can be basically broken down into two categories.The bench drill is used for drilling holes through raw materials such as wood, plastic and metal and gets its name because it is bolted to bench for stability so that larger pieces of work can be drilled safely. The pillar drill is a larger version that stands upright on the floor. It can do exactly the same work as the bench drill, but because of its size it can be used to drill larger pieces of materials and produce bigger holes. Most modern drilling machines are digitally automated using the latest computer numerical control (CNC) technology.Because they can be programmed to produce precise results, over and over again, CNC drilling machines are particularly useful for pattern hole drilling, small hole drilling and angled holes.If you need your drilling machine to work at high volume, a multi spindle drill head will allow you to drill many holes at the same time. These are also sometimes referred to as gang drills.Twist drills are suitable for wood, metal and plastics and can be used for both hand and machine drilling, with a drill set typically including sizes from 1mm to 14mm. A type of drill machine known as the turret stores tools in the turret and positions them in the order needed for work.Drilling machines, which can also be referred to as bench mounted drills or floor standing drills are fixed style of drills that may be mounted on a stand or bolted to the floor or workbench. A drilling machine consists of a base, column, table, spindle), and drill head, usually driven by an induction motor.The head typically has a set of three which radiate from a central hub that, when turned, move the spindle and chuck vertically, parallel to the axis of the column. The table can be adjusted vertically and is generally moved by a rack and pinion. Some older models do however rely on the operator to lift and re clamp the table in position. The table may also be offset from the spindles axis and in some cases rotated to a position perpendicular to the column.The size of a drill press is typically measured in terms of swing which can be is defined as twice the throat distance, which is the distance from the centre of the spindle to the closest edge of the pillar. Speed change on these drilling machines is achieved by manually moving a belt across a stepped pulley arrangement.Some drills add a third stepped pulley to increase the speed range. Moderndrilling machines can, however, use a variable-speed motor in conjunction with the stepped-pulley system. Some machine shop drilling machines are equipped with a continuously variable transmission, giving a wide speed range, as well as the ability to change speed while the machine is running.Machine drilling has a number of advantages over a hand-held drill. Firstly, it requires much less to apply the drill to the work piece. The movement of the chuck and spindle is by a lever working on a rack and pinion, which gives the operator considerable mechanical advantage.The use of a table also allows a vice or clamp to be used to position and restrain the work. This makes the operation much more secure. In addition to this, the angle of the spindle is fixed relative to the table, allowing holes to be drilled accurately and repetitively.Most modern drilling machines are digitally automated using the latest computer numerical control (CNC) technology. Because they can be programmed to produce precise results, over and over again, CNC drilling machines are particularly useful for pattern hole drilling, small hole drilling and angled holes.Drilling machines are often used for miscellaneous workshop tasks such as sanding, honing or polishing, by mounting sanding drums, honing wheels and various other rotating accessories in the chuck. To add your products click on the traders account link above.You can click on the links below to browse for new, used or to hire a drilling machine.Drilling machines are used for drilling, boring, countersinking, reaming, and tapping. Several types are used in metalworking: vertical drilling machines, horizontal drilling machines, center-drilling machines, gang drilling machines, multiple-spindle drilling machines, and special-purpose drilling machines.Vertical drilling machines are the most widely used in metalworking. They are used to make holes in relatively small work-pieces in individual and small-lot production; they are also used in maintenance shops. The tool, such as a drill, countersink, or reamer, is fastened on a vertical spindle, and the work-piece is secured on the table of the machine. The axes of the tool and the hole to be drilled are aligned by moving the workpiece. Programmed control is also used to orient the workpiece and to automate the operation. Bench-mounted machines, usually of the single-spindle type, are used to make holes up to 12 mm in diameter, for instance, in instrument-making.Heavy and large workpieces and workpieces with holes located along a curved edge are worked on radial drilling machines. Here the axes of the tool and the hole to be drilled are aligned by moving the spindle relative to the stationary work-piece.Horizontal drilling machines are usually used to make deep holes, for instance, in axles, shafts, and gun barrels for firearms and artillery pieces.Center-drilling machines are used to drill centers in the ends of blanks. They are sometimes equipped with supports that can cut off the blank before centering, and in such cases they are called center-drilling machines. Gang drilling machines with more than one drill head are used to produce several holes at one time. Multiple-spindle drilling machines feature automation of the work process. Such machines can be assembled from several standardized, self-contained heads with electric motors and reduction gears that rotate the spindle and feed the head. There are one-, two-, and three-sidedmultiple-spindle drilling machines with vertical, horizontal, and inclined spindles for drilling and tapping. Several dozen such spindles may be mounted on a single machine. Special-purpose drilling machines, on which a limited range of operations is performed, are equipped with various automated devices.Multiple operations on workpieces are performed by various combination machines. These include one- and two-sided jig boring machines,drilling-tapping machines (usually gang drilling machines with reversible thread-cutting spindles), milling-type drilling machines and drilling-mortising machines used mainly for woodworking, and automatic drilling machines.In woodworking much use is made of single- and multiple-spindle vertical drilling machines, one- and two-sided, horizontal drilling machines (usually with multiple spindles), and machines equipped with a swivel spindle that can be positioned vertically and horizontally. In addition to drilling holes, woodworking machines may be used to make grooves, recesses, and mortises and to remove knots.英文翻译指导教师评阅意见。

大学本科毕业设计文献翻译模板

大学本科毕业设计文献翻译模板

模型预测油田水中溶解的碳酸钙含量:压力和温度的影响XXX 译摘要:油田中水垢沉积会对储层造成伤害、堵塞地层孔道、表面以及注入设备。

碳酸钙是水中最常见的结垢化合物之一,储层产生的盐水会使压力和温度降低,储层压力降低会使CaCO3的溶解度降低,进而提高体系中碳酸钙的饱和速率,而温度下降会产生相反的结果。

因此温度和压力一起作用的结果可能增加或减小CaCO3溶解度,用体系温度的变化来指定其压力的变化。

因此,在石油生产系统中精确的预测方法的应用备受关注。

目前的研究重点是运用基于最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)预测模型来估计油田水中溶解碳酸钙浓度的大小。

用超优化参数(r和C2)的遗传算法(GA)嵌入到LSSVM模型,这种方法可简单准确的预测油田卤水中溶解碳酸钙浓度的最小量。

1.引言随着油田卤水压力和温度变化,气体可能会从储层到地表的运动,导致某些固体沉淀。

为了保持注水井压力平衡并将油运移到生产井,有时需要将卤水注入到储层中,因此,过量的盐垢可以沉积在储层或井眼内。

对于大部分油田结垢多会发生在此过程中。

碳酸钙沉积通常是一个自发的过程,沉积形成的主要原因是二氧化碳从水相逸出,导致油气层的压力下降,该过程会除去了水中的碳酸,直到方解石溶解完全。

在恒定二氧化碳分压下,方解石的溶解性随温度的降低而降低[1-4]。

根据公式(1),碳酸钙沉积垢来自碳酸钙沉淀:Ca2+ + CO32-→ CaCO3↓下面的公式为碳酸的电离式[5–7]:CO2 + H2O → H2CO3H2CO3→ H+ + HCO3-HCO3-→ H+ + CO32-若要形成碳酸氢根离子和氢离子,碳酸要电离,因为碳酸的第一电离常数远大于它的第二电离常数,从碳酸第一电离离子化的氢离子与水中自由的碳酸根离子结合。

此外,碳酸钙沉淀的方程式可以说明[8–10]:Ca(HCO3)2→CaCO3↓+ CO2↑+ H2O碳酸钙的溶解度很大程度上取决于二氧化碳在水中的含量(即二氧化碳气体逸出时所需最小的分压)[10–12]。

毕业设计论文外文文献翻译

毕业设计论文外文文献翻译

毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译院系:财务与会计学院年级专业:201*级财务管理姓名:学号:132148***附件: 财务风险管理【Abstract】Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years risk and risk management are not contemporary issues。

The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market。

Information is available instantaneously which means that change and subsequent market reactions occur very quickly。

The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates interest rates and commodity prices。

Counterparties can rapidly become problematic。

As a result it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management。

【Key Words】Financial risk,Risk management,YieldsI. Financial risks arising1.1What Is Risk1.1.1The concept of riskRisk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss while exposure is the possibility of loss although they are often used interchangeably。

毕业设计(论文)外文翻译【范本模板】

毕业设计(论文)外文翻译【范本模板】

华南理工大学广州学院本科生毕业设计(论文)翻译英文原文名Review of Vibration Analysis Methods for Gearbox Diagnostics and Prognostics中文译名对变速箱振动分析的诊断和预测方法综述学院汽车工程学院专业班级车辆工程七班学生姓名刘嘉先学生学号201130085184指导教师李利平填写日期2015年3月15日英文原文版出处:Proceedings of the 54th Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology, Virginia Beach,V A, May 1-4,2000,p. 623-634译文成绩:指导教师(导师组长)签名:译文:简介特征提取技术在文献中有描述;然而,大多数人似乎掩盖所需的特定的预处理功能。

一些文件没有提供足够的细节重现他们的结果,并没有一个全面的比较传统的功能过渡齿轮箱数据。

常用术语,如“残差信号”,是指在不同的文件不同的技术.试图定义了状态维修社区中的常用术语和建立所需的特定的预处理加工特性。

本文的重点是对所使用的齿轮故障检测功能。

功能分为五个不同的组基于预处理的需要。

论文的第一部分将提供预处理流程的概述和其中每个特性计算的处理方案。

在下一节中,为特征提取技术描述,将更详细地讨论每一个功能。

最后一节将简要概述的宾夕法尼亚州立大学陆军研究实验室的CBM工具箱用于齿轮故障诊断。

特征提取概述许多类型的缺陷或损伤会增加机械振动水平。

这些振动水平,然后由加速度转换为电信号进行数据测量。

原则上,关于受监视的计算机的健康的信息被包含在这个振动签名。

因此,新的或当前振动签名可以与以前的签名进行比较,以确定该元件是否正常行为或显示故障的迹象。

在实践中,这种比较是不能奏效的。

由于大的变型中,签名的直接比较是困难的。

相反,一个涉及从所述振动署名数据特征提取更多有用的技术也可以使用。

本科毕业设计外文文献翻译

本科毕业设计外文文献翻译

(Shear wall st ructural design ofh igh-lev el fr ameworkWu Jiche ngAbstract : In t his pape r the basic c oncepts of man pow er from th e fra me sh ear w all str uc ture, analy sis of the struct ur al des ign of th e c ont ent of t he fr ame she ar wall, in cludi ng the seism ic wa ll she ar spa本科毕业设计外文文献翻译学校代码: 10128学 号:题 目:Shear wall structural design of high-level framework 学生姓名: 学 院:土木工程学院 系 别:建筑工程系 专 业:土木工程专业(建筑工程方向) 班 级:土木08-(5)班 指导教师: (副教授)nratiodesign, and a concretestructure in themost co mmonly usedframe shear wallstructurethedesign of p oints to note.Keywords: concrete; frameshearwall structure;high-risebuildingsThe wall is amodern high-rise buildings is an impo rtant buildingcontent, the size of theframe shear wall must comply with building regulations. The principle is that the largersizebut the thicknessmust besmaller geometric featuresshouldbe presented to the plate,the force is close to cylindrical.The wall shear wa ll structure is a flatcomponent. Itsexposure to the force along the plane level of therole ofshear and moment, must also take intoaccountthe vertical pressure.Operate under thecombined action ofbending moments and axial force andshear forcebythe cantilever deep beam under the action of the force levelto loo kinto the bottom mounted on the basis of. Shearwall isdividedinto a whole walland theassociated shear wall in theactual project,a wholewallfor exampl e, such as generalhousingconstruction in the gableor fish bone structure filmwalls and small openingswall.Coupled Shear walls are connected bythecoupling beam shear wall.Butbecause thegeneralcoupling beamstiffness is less thanthe wall stiffnessof the limbs,so. Walllimb aloneis obvious.The central beam of theinflection pointtopay attentionto thewall pressure than the limits of the limb axis. Will forma shortwide beams,widecolumn wall limbshear wall openings toolarge component atbothen ds with just the domain of variable cross-section ro din the internalforcesunder theactionof many Walllimb inflection point Therefore, the calcula tions and construction shouldAccordingtoapproximate the framestructure to consider.The designof shear walls shouldbe based on the characteristics of avariety ofwall itself,and differentmechanical ch aracteristicsand requirements,wall oftheinternalforcedistribution and failuremodes of specific and comprehensive consideration of the design reinforcement and structural measures. Frame shear wall structure design is to consider the structure of the overall analysis for both directionsofthehorizontal and verticaleffects. Obtain theinternal force is required in accordancewiththe bias or partial pull normal section forcecalculation.The wall structure oftheframe shear wall structural design of the content frame high-rise buildings, in the actual projectintheuse of themost seismic walls have sufficient quantitiesto meet thelimitsof the layer displacement, the location isrelatively flexible. Seismic wall for continuous layout,full-length through.Should bedesigned to avoid the wall mutations in limb length and alignment is notupand down the hole. The sametime.The inside of the hole marginscolumnshould not belessthan300mm inordertoguaranteethelengthof the column as the edgeof the component and constraint edgecomponents.Thebi-direc tional lateral force resisting structural form of vertical andhorizontalwallconnected.Each other as the affinityof the shear wall. For one, two seismic frame she ar walls,even beam highratio should notgreaterthan 5 and a height of not less than400mm.Midline columnand beams,wall midline shouldnotbe greater tha nthe columnwidthof1/4,in order toreduce thetorsional effect of the seismicaction onthecolumn.Otherwisecan be taken tostrengthen thestirrupratio inthe column tomake up.If theshear wall shearspan thanthe big two. Eventhe beamcro ss-height ratiogreaterthan 2.5, then the design pressure of thecut shouldnotmakeabig 0.2. However, if the shearwallshear spanratioof less than two couplingbeams span of less than 2.5, then the shear compres sion ratiois notgreater than 0.15. Theother hand,the bottom ofthe frame shear wallstructure to enhance thedesign should notbe less than200mmand notlessthanstorey 1/16,otherpartsshouldnot be less than 160mm and not less thanstorey 1/20. Aroundthe wall of the frame shear wall structure shouldbe set to the beam or dark beamand the side columntoform a border. Horizontal distributionofshear walls can from the shear effect,this design when building higher longeror framestructure reinforcement should be appropriatelyincreased, especially in the sensitiveparts of the beam position or temperature, stiffnesschange is bestappropriately increased, thenconsideration shouldbe givento the wallverticalreinforcement,because it is mainly from the bending effect, andtake in some multi-storeyshearwall structurereinforcedreinforcement rate -likelessconstrained edgeofthecomponent or components reinforcement of theedge component.References: [1 sad Hayashi,He Yaming. On the shortshear wall high-rise buildingdesign [J].Keyuan, 2008, (O2).高层框架剪力墙结构设计吴继成摘要: 本文从框架剪力墙结构设计的基本概念人手, 分析了框架剪力墙的构造设计内容, 包括抗震墙、剪跨比等的设计, 并出混凝土结构中最常用的框架剪力墙结构设计的注意要点。

毕业设计英文翻译》【范本模板】

外文文献翻译(译成中文1000字左右):【主要阅读文献不少于5篇,译文后附注文献信息,包括:作者、书名(或论文题目)、出版社(或刊物名称)、出版时间(或刊号)、页码。

提供所译外文资料附件(印刷类含封面、封底、目录、翻译部分的复印件等,网站类的请附网址及原文】太阳能—地源热泵的热源性能Y。

Bi1,2,L. Chen1*and C. Wu3本论文研究了中国天津冬季里的太阳能—地源热泵的太阳能与地源性能。

结果被用于设计和分析的太阳能集热器和地面热交换器。

太阳能-地源热泵在这个地区的使用可行性是成立的. 关键词:太阳能,地源热泵,可行性。

介绍地源热泵(GSHP)利用地下相对稳定的温度作为热源或水槽提供热源或调节空气。

GSHP 系统寻求利用常规空气—空气热泵系统的两方面可用的功能。

首先,地下环境温度缓慢地变化,归结于其高的热质量,导致了相对稳定的源或者散热器的温度而不受较大的极限。

其次,被地面吸收的太阳能在整个冬季可以热源。

自从地源热泵的观念在二十世纪四十年代被发展,大量的理论和实验工作都完成了,实验研究审查了具体的地源热泵系统和现场数据。

理论研究已经集中于用数值方法模拟地下盘管换热器以及研究参数对系统性能的影响。

太阳能—地源热泵(SGSHP)采用太阳能集热器和大地作为热源开始发展于1982年。

热泵实验系统用垂直双螺旋线圈(VSDC)地下换热器(GHX)为太阳能—地源热泵(SGSHP)利用低品位能源,这种方法已经被作者们所创造。

(图1)蒸汽压缩热泵的加热负荷和性能系数(COP)取决于蒸发温度和热源温度。

SGSHP采用太阳能集热器和大地作为热源,因此,其应用主要是依靠太阳能和土壤源性能。

在本论文中,中国天津的气象数据被用来分析SGSHP在该区域的应用可行性。

太阳能源分析天津的太阳能在中国处于中等水平。

1966—1976年期间天津的太阳能辐射月平均变化如图2所示。

结果表明,该太阳能集热器在夏天可以直接用于提供热水。

(完整版)本科生_毕业设计说明书外文文献及翻译_

Computer networking summarizeNetworking can be defined as the linking of people, resources and ideas. Networking occurs via casual encounters, meetings, telephone conversation, and the printed words. Now the computer networking provide beings with new networking capabilities. Computer network are important for services because service tasks are information intensive. During the is transmitted between clients, coworkers, management, funding sources, and policy makers. Tools with rapidly speed up communication will dramatically affect services.Computer network growing explosively. Two decades ago, few people essential part of our infrastructure. Networking is used in every aspect of business, including advertising, production, shipping, planning, bulling, and accounting. Consequently, most corporations in on-line libraries around the world. Federal, state, and local government offices use networks, as do military organizations. In short, computer networks are everywhere.The growth in networking economic impact as well. An entire industry jobs for people with more networking expertise. Companies need workers to plan, acquire, install, operate, and manage the addition computer programming is no longer restricted to individual computers; programmers are expected to design and implement application software that can communicate with software on other computers.Computer networks link computers by communication lines and software protocols, allowing data to be exchanged rapidly and reliably. Traditionally, they split between wide area networks (WANs) and local area networks (LANs). A WAN is a network connected over long-distance telephone lines, and a LAN is a localized network usually in one building or a group of buildings close together. The distinction, computers. Today networks carry e-mail, provide access to public databases, and are beginning to be used for distributed systems. Networks also allow users in one locality to share expensive resources, such as printers and disk-systems.Distributed computer systems are built using networked computers that cooperate to perform tasks. In this environment, each part of the networked system does what it is best at. The of a personal computer or workstation provides a good user interface. The mainframe, on the other the results to the users. In a distributed environment, a user might use in a special language (e. g. Structured Query Language-SQL), to the mainframe, which then parrrses the query, returning the user only the data requested. The user might then use the data. By passing back the user’s PC only the specific information requested, network traffic is reduced. If the whole file were transmitted, the PC would then of one network to access the resources on a different type of network. For example, a gateway could be used to connect a local area network of personal computers to a mainframe computer network. For example, if a company this example, using a bridge makes more sense than joining all thepersonal computers together in one large network because the individual departments only occasionally need to access information on the other network.Computer networking technology can be divided into four major aspects.The first is the data transmission. It explains that at the lowest level electrical signals traveling across wires are used to carry information, and shows be encoded using electrical signals.The second focuses on packet transmission. It explains why computer network use packets, and shows . LANs and WANs discussed above are two basic network.The third covers internetworking—the important idea that allows system, and TCPIP, the protocol technology used in global internet.The fourth explains networking applications. It focuses on , and programs provide services such as electronic mail and Web browsing.Continued growth of the global Internet is one of most interesting and exciting phenomena in networking. A decade ago, the Internet was a research project that involved a few dozen sites. Today, the Internet into a production communication system that reaches millions of people in almost all countries on all continents around the world. In the United States, the Internet connects most corporations, colleges and universities, as well as federal, state, and local government offices. It will soon reach most elementary,junior, and senior addition, many private residences can reach the Internet through a dialup telephone connection. Evidence of the Internet’s impact on society can be seen in advertisements, in magazines and on television, which often contain a reference to an Internet Web site that provide additional information about the advertiser’s products and services.A large organization with diverse networking requirements needs multiple physical networks. More important, if the organization chooses the type network that is best for each task, the organization will network can only communicate with other computers attached to same network. The problem became evident in the 1970s as large organizations began to acquire multiple networks. Each network in the organizations formed an island. In many early installations, each computer attached to a single network and employees employees was given access to multiple svreens and keyboards, and the employee was forced to move form one computer to another to send a massage across the appropriate network. Users are neither satisfied nor productive when they must use a separate computer. Consequently, most modern computer communication syetem allow communication between any two computers analogous to the way a telephone system provides communication between any two telephones. Known as universal service, the concept is a fundamental part of networking. With universal service, a user on any computer in any part of an organization can send messages or data to any other users. Furthermore, a user does not need to change computer systems whenchanging tasks—all information is available to all computers. As a result, users are more productive.The basic component used to commect organization to choose network technologies appropriate for each need, and to use routers to connect all networks into a single internet.The goal of internetworking is universal service across an internet, routers must agree to forward information from a source on one network to a specified destination on another. The task is complex because frame formats and addressing schemes used by underlying networks can differ. As s resulrt, protocol software is needed on computers and routers make universal service possible. Internet protocols overcome differences in frame formats and physical addresses to make communication pissible among networks that use different technologies.In general, internet software provides the appeatrance of a single, seamless communication system to which many computers attach. The syetem offers universal service :each computer is assigned an address, and any computer can send a packet to any other computer. Furthermore, internet protocol software —neither users nor application programs are a ware of the underlying physical networks or the routers that connect them.We say that an internet is a virtual network system because the communication system is an abstraction. That is, although a combination of of a uniform network syetem, no such network exists.Research on internetworking modern networking. In fact,internet techmology . Most large organizations already use internetworking as primary computer communication mechanism. Smaller organizations and individuals are beginning to do so as well. More inportant, the TCPIP technology computers in schools, commercial organications, government, military sites and individuals in almost all countries around the world.电脑网络简述网络可被定义为人、资源和思想的联接。

文献翻译模板

2016届本科毕业设计(论文)文献翻译题目宋体三号字,加粗学院宋体四号字专业宋体四号字班级宋体四号字学号宋体四号字姓名宋体四号字指导教师宋体四号字开题日期宋体四号字文献一:(宋体五号)英文题目(居中,Times New Roman字体,三号加粗)正文(英文不少于10000印刷符号,Times New Roman字体,五号,首行缩进2.5字符,单倍行距,两边对齐)翻译一:(宋体五号,另起一页)中文题目(居中,黑体,三号加粗)正文(中文不少于2000字,宋体,五号,单倍行距,首行缩进2字符)文献二:(宋体五号,另起一页)英文题目(居中,Times New Roman字体,三号加粗)正文(英文不少于10000印刷符号,Times New Roman字体,五号,首行缩进2.5字符,单倍行距,两边对齐)翻译二:(宋体五号,另起一页)中文题目(居中,黑体,三号加粗)正文(中文不少于2000字,宋体,五号,单倍行距,首行缩进2字符)(请参照下面模板)文献一:Research on Spillover Effect of Foreign Direct Investment1. IntroductionIn recent decades, economists have begun to identify technical progress, or more generally, knowledge creation, as the major determinant of economic growth. Until the 1970s, the analysis of economic growth was typically based on neoclassical models that explain growth with the accumulation of labor, capital, and other production factors with diminishing returns to scale. In these models, the economy converges to steady state equilibrium where the level of per capita income is determined by savings and investment, depreciation, and population growth, but where there is no permanent income growth. Any observed income growth per capita occurs because the economy is still converging towards its steady state, or because it is in transition from one steady state to another.The policies needed to achieve growth and development in the framework of these models is therefore straightforward: increases in savings and investments and reductions in the population growth rate, shift the economy to a higher steady state income level. From the view of developing countries, however, these policies are difficult to implement. Low income and development levels are not only consequences, but also causes of low savings and high population growth rates. The importance of technical progress was also recognized in the neoclassical growth models, but the determinants of the level of technology were not discussed in detail; instead, technology was seen as an exogenous factor. Yet, it was clear that convergence in income percapita levels could not occur unless technologies converged as well.From the 1980s and onwards, growth research has therefore increasingly focused on understanding and ontogenetic technical progress. Modern growth theory is largely built on models with constant or increasing returns to reproducible factors as a result of the accumulation of knowledge. Knowledge is, to some extent, a public good, and R&D, education, training, and other investments in knowledge creation may generate externalities that prevent diminishing returns to scale for labor and physical capital. Taking this into account, the economy may experience positive long-run growth instead of the neoclassical steady state where per capita incomes remain unchanged. Depending on the economic starting point, technical progress and growth can be based on creation of entirely new knowledge, or adaptation and transfer of existing foreign technology.Along with international trade, the most important vehicle for international technology transfer is foreign direct investment (FDI). It is well known that multinational corporations (MNCs) undertake a major part of the world’s private R&D efforts and production, own and control most of the world’s advanced technology. When a MNC sets up a forei gn affiliate, the affiliate receives some amount of the proprietary technology that constitutes the parent’s firm specific advantage and allows it to compete successfully with local firms that have superior knowledge of local markets, consumer preferences, and business practices. This leads to a geographical diffusion of technology, but not necessarily to any formal transfer of technology beyond the boundaries of the MNCs; the establishment of a foreign affiliate is, almost per definition, a decision to internalize the use of core technology.However, MNC technology may still leak to the surrounding economy through external effects or spillovers that raise the level of human capital in the host country and createproductivity increases in local firms. In many cases, the effects operate through forward and backward linkages, as MNCs provide training and technical assistance to their local suppliers, subcontractors, and customers. The labor market is another important channel for spillovers, as almost all MNCs train operatives and managers who may subsequently take employment in local firms or establish entirely new companies.It is therefore not surprising that attitudes towards inward FDI have changed considerably over the last couple of decades, as most countries have liberalized their policies to attract all kinds of foreign investment. Numerous governments have even introduced various forms of investment incentives to encourage foreign MNCs to invest in their jurisdiction. However, productivity and technology spillovers are not automatic consequences of FDI. Instead, FDI and human capital interact in a complex manner, where FDI inflows create a potential for spillovers of knowledge to the local labor force, at the same time as the host country’s level of human capital determines how much FDI it can attract and whether local firms are able to absorb the potential spillover benefits.2. Foreign Direct Investment and SpilloversThe earliest discussions of spillovers in the literature on foreign direct investment date back to the 1960s. The first author who systematically introduced spillovers (or external effects) among the possible consequences of FDI was MacDougall (1960), who analyzed the general welfare effects of foreign investment. The common aim of the studies was to identify the various costs and benefits of FDI.Productivity externalities were discussed together with several other indirect effects that influence the welfare assessment, such as those arising from the impact of FDI on government revenue, tax policies, terms of trade, and the balance of payments. The fact that spillovers included in the discussion was generally motivated by empirical evidence from case studies rather than by comprehensive theoretical arguments.Yet, the early analyses made clear that multinationals may improve locatives efficiency by entering into industries with high entry barriers and reducing monopolistic distortions, and induce higher technical efficiency if the increased competitive pressure or some demonstration effect spurs local firms to more efficient use of existing resources. They also proposed that the presence may lead to increases in the rate of technology transfer and diffusion. More specifically, case studies showed that foreign MNCs may:(1) Contribute to efficiency by breaking supply bottlenecks (but that the effect may become less important as the technology of the host country advances);(2) Introduce new know-how by demonstrating new technologies and training workers who later take employment in local firms;(3) Either break down monopolies and stimulate competition and efficiency or create a more monopolistic industry structure, depending on the strength and responses of the local firms;(4) Transfer techniques for inventory and quality control and standardization to their local suppliers and distribution channels;Although this diverse list gives some clues about the broad range of various spillover effects, it says little about how common or how important they are in general. Similar complaints can be made about the evidence on spillovers gauged from the numerous case studies discussing various aspects of FDI in different countries and industries. These studies often contain valuable circumstantial evidence of spillovers, but often fail to show how significant the spillover effectsare and whether the results can be generalized.For instance, many analyses of the linkages between MNCs and their local suppliers and subcontractors have documented learning and technology transfers that may make up a basis for productivity spillovers or market access spillovers. However, these studies seldom reveal whether the MNCs are able to extract all the benefits that the new technologies or information generate among their supplier firms. Hence, there is no clear proof of spillovers, but it is reasonable to assume that spillovers are positively related to the extent of linkages.Similarly, there are many works on the relation between MNCs entry and presence and market structure in host countries, and this is closely related to the possible effects of FDI on competition in the local markets. There are also case studies of demonstration effects, technology diffusion, and labor training in foreign MNCs. However, although these studies provide much detailed information about the various channels for spillovers, they say little about the overall significance of such spillovers.The statistical studies of spillovers, by contrast, may reveal the overall impact of foreign presence on the productivity of local firms, but they are generally not able to say much about how the effects come about. These studies typically estimate production functions for locally owned firms, and include the foreign share of the industry as one of the explanatory variables. They then test whether foreign presence has a significant positive impact on local productivity once other firm and industry characteristics have been accounted.Research conclude that domestic firms exhibited higher productivity in sectors with a larger foreign share, but argue that it may be wrong to conclude that spillovers have taken place if MNC affiliates systematically locate in the more productive sectors. In addition, they are also able to perform some more detailed tests of regional differences in spillovers. Examining the geographical dispersion of foreign investment, they suggest that the positive impact of FDI accrue mainly to the domestic firms located close to the MNC affiliates. However, effects seem to vary between industries.The results on the presence of spillovers seem to be mixed; recent studies suggest that there should be a systematic pattern where various host industry and host country characteristics influence the incidence of spillovers. For instance, the foreign affiliate’s levels of tech nology or technology imports seem to influence the amount of spillovers to local firms. The technology imports of MNC affiliates, in turn, have been shown to vary systematically with host country characteristics. These imports seem larger in countries and industries where the educational level of the local labor force is higher, where local competition is tougher, and where the host country imposes fewer formal requirements on the affiliates’ operations.Some recent studies have also addressed the apparent contradictions between the earlier statistical spillover studies, with the hypothesis that the host country’s level of technical development or human capital may matter as a starting point.In fact, in some cases, large foreign presence may even be a sign of a weak local industry, where local firms have not been able to absorb any productivity spillovers at all and have therefore been forced to yield market shares to the foreign MNCs.3. FDI Spillover and Human Capital DevelopmentThe transfer of technology from MNC parents to its affiliates and other host country firms is not only mbodied in machinery, equipment, patent rights, and expatriate managers and technicians,but is also realized rough the training of local employees. This training affects most levels of employees, from simple manufacturing operatives through supervisors to technically advanced professionals and top-level managers. While most recipients of training are employed in the MNCs own affiliates, the beneficiaries also include employees among the MNCs suppliers, subcontractors, and customers.Types of training ranged from on-the-job training to seminars and more formal schooling to overseas education, perhaps at the parent company, depending on the skills needed. The various skills gained through the elation with the foreign MNCs may spill over directly when the MNCs do not charge the full value of the training provided to local firms or over time, as the employees move to other firms or set up their own businesses.While the role of MNCs in primary and secondary education is marginal, there is increasingly clear evidence hat FDI may have a noticeable impact on tertiary education in their host countries. The most important effect is perhaps on the demand side. MNCs provide attractive employment opportunities to highly skilled graduates in natural sciences, engineering, and business sciences, which may be an incentive for gifted students to complete tertiary training, and MNCs demand skilled labor, which may encourage governments to invest in higher education.Many studies undertaken in developing countries have emphasized the spillovers of management skills. There is evidence of training and capacity development in technical areas, although the number of detailed studies appears smaller.While training activities in manufacturing often aim to facilitate the introduction of new technologies that are embodied in machinery and equipments, the training in service sectors is more directly focused on strengthening skills and know-how embodied in employees. This means that training and human capital development are often more important in service industries. Furthermore, many services are not tradable across international borders, which mean that service MNCs to a great extent are forced to reproduce home country technologies in their foreign affiliates. As a consequence, service companies are often forced to invest more in training, and the gap between affiliate and parent company wages tends, therefore, to be smaller than that in manufacturing.4. ConclusionThis paper has noted that the interaction of FDI and spillovers is complex and highly non-linear, and that several different outcomes are possible. FDI inflows create a potential for spillovers of knowledge to the local labor force, at the same time as the host country’s level of human capital determines how much FDI it can attract and whether local firms are able to absorb the potential spillover benefits. Hence, it is possible that host economies with relatively high levels of human capital may be able to attract large amounts of technology intensive foreign MNCs that contribute significantly to the further development of labor skills. At the same time, economies with weaker initial conditions are likely to experience smaller inflows of FDI, and those foreign firms that enter are likely to use simpler technologies that contribute only marginally to local learning and skill development.翻译一:外商直接投资溢出效应研究1.引言在最近几十年中,经济学家们已开始确定技术进步,或更普遍认为知识创造,作为经济增长原动力的一个重要决定因素,直到20世纪70年代,分析经济增长运用典型的新古典主义模型来解释经济增长的积累,劳动力、资本等生产要素与收益递减的规模。

本科毕业设计文献翻译

中文翻译2.1理想蜂窝小区的覆盖范围根据标准传播模型SPM,各个地区针对不同的无线信号频段分别进行传播模型校正,得到较适合该地区该频段的传播模型:d表示接收机与基站间的距离;HT x为发射机高度;HRx为接收机高度;DiffLoss表示散射造成的路径损耗;f(clutter)表示各个clutter损耗的加权平均,表示为Kc。

通常情况下,一个区域内的移动终端接收电平在-85dBm以上,可以认为该区域有较良好的无线网络覆盖。

因此蜂窝基站小区覆盖边界处的接收电平为-85dBm、平均天线口发射功率51dBm来推算理论覆盖范围。

2.2 GSM理论网络容量与载干比C/I间的计算方法载干比C/I通常被用来衡量GSM网络的移动通话质量若使用MRP(多重频率复用方式)来进行频率规划的话,则理论计算规划可实现的C/I,可以应用以下的公式大致推算出:其中a表示传播模型中的路径损耗斜率;D表示相邻2个小区群中位置相对应的2个小区中心之间的距离,即最近同频小区距离,也称为频率复用距离;R 为小区六边形外接圆半径,即小区覆盖半径;Ki为传播条件、天线方向去耦、天线下倾等因素的综合修正因子(建议取值范围为-5~0)。

针对一个地区具体的网络a和Ki为相对固定的值。

2.3 GSM系统网络容量与无线通话质量间的关系GSM网络无线通话质量的主要衡量标准为载干比C/I,当一块区域的GSM网络载干比C/I>9dB时,可以认为该区域拥有较好无线通话质量。

从章节2.2中的公式中得到推论,在一个确定的无线环境中,蜂窝小区连续均匀覆盖,即小区的覆盖距离为定值,若载干比C/I值恒定,则GSM理论网络容量与可用载频数成正比。

若GSM理论网络容量恒定,则载干比C/I值与可用载频数成正比。

3.2 COMMON BCCH技术COMMON BCCH是双频共BTS的一种方式,利用DCS1800M的无线频率资源来补充GSM900M的单蜂窝扇区的载频数,从而实现容量上的增加。

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模型预测油田水中溶解的碳酸钙含量:压力和温度的影响XXX 译摘要:油田中水垢沉积会对储层造成伤害、堵塞地层孔道、表面以及注入设备。

碳酸钙是水中最常见的结垢化合物之一,储层产生的盐水会使压力和温度降低,储层压力降低会使CaCO3的溶解度降低,进而提高体系中碳酸钙的饱和速率,而温度下降会产生相反的结果。

因此温度和压力一起作用的结果可能增加或减小CaCO3溶解度,用体系温度的变化来指定其压力的变化。

因此,在石油生产系统中精确的预测方法的应用备受关注。

目前的研究重点是运用基于最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)预测模型来估计油田水中溶解碳酸钙浓度的大小。

用超优化参数(r和C2)的遗传算法(GA)嵌入到LSSVM模型,这种方法可简单准确的预测油田卤水中溶解碳酸钙浓度的最小量。

1.引言随着油田卤水压力和温度变化,气体可能会从储层到地表的运动,导致某些固体沉淀。

为了保持注水井压力平衡并将油运移到生产井,有时需要将卤水注入到储层中,因此,过量的盐垢可以沉积在储层或井眼内。

对于大部分油田结垢多会发生在此过程中。

碳酸钙沉积通常是一个自发的过程,沉积形成的主要原因是二氧化碳从水相逸出,导致油气层的压力下降,该过程会除去了水中的碳酸,直到方解石溶解完全。

在恒定二氧化碳分压下,方解石的溶解性随温度的降低而降低[1-4]。

根据公式(1),碳酸钙沉积垢来自碳酸钙沉淀:Ca2+ + CO32-→ CaCO3↓下面的公式为碳酸的电离式[5–7]:CO2 + H2O → H2CO3H2CO3→ H+ + HCO3-HCO3-→ H+ + CO32-若要形成碳酸氢根离子和氢离子,碳酸要电离,因为碳酸的第一电离常数远大于它的第二电离常数,从碳酸第一电离离子化的氢离子与水中自由的碳酸根离子结合。

此外,碳酸钙沉淀的方程式可以说明[8–10]:Ca(HCO3)2→CaCO3↓+ CO2↑+ H2O碳酸钙的溶解度很大程度上取决于二氧化碳在水中的含量(即二氧化碳气体逸出时所需最小的分压)[10–12]。

二氧化碳气体注入到储层卤水可产生酸性溶液,能溶解地层中的方解石,压力的下降导致二氧化碳气体从酸性溶液中逸出,并且在近井地带的地层空隙和射孔眼处沉积碳酸盐垢。

而且,在井筒附近产生的垢会进一步导致气井产能的下降和更多结垢的产生[13,14]。

Bahadori借助范德蒙德行列式的相关性来研究估算油田卤水溶解的碳酸钙浓度[15]。

本论文中涉及到的最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM),是作为一种传统简化的支持向量机(SVM)来预测油田卤水中溶解碳酸钙浓度量的大小。

遗传算法(GA)偶合来优化主题,用于确定超参数。

据我们所了解的,目前还没有文献记录采用支持向量方法进行天然气产能建模。

2.原理理论2.1 最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)支持向量机(SVM)最初形成的是一种智能化的系统方法[16]。

支持向量机已被广泛应用于分类,回归分析和模式识别,是一种非常有效的而方法[17]。

支持向量机的原理是对于线性不可分的情况,通过使用非线性映射算法将低维输入空间线性不可分的样本转化为高维特征空间使其线性可分,从而使得高维特征空间采用线性算法对样本的非线性特征进行线性分析成为可能,并且基于结构风险最小化理论之上在特征空间中建构最优分割超平面[18]。

这种新方法基于结垢风险最小化理论(SRM)和统计学理论(SLT)概念[19]。

支持向量机通过求解二次规划(QP)问题来发现目标函数的全局最小值,而不是获得局部最优解。

与其他回归技术不同,二次规划问题是一个凸函数[20]。

然而,这种做法可能会耗时并且困难,因为它需要各种非线性公式(QP),Suyken 和Vandewalle [21]建议最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)作为支持向量机(SVM)的一个备用方法。

SVM也具有LSSVM类似的优点。

此外,需要一个二次规划(QP)可代替多个非线性公式(线性规划),这使得计算问题简单且容易处理。

LSSVM公式中的非线性函数可表示如下,给出训练集{Xk,Yk},K=1,2,…N,其中Xk∈R n,是第i个输入到输入集合空间,Yk∈R输出值为特定输入变量的对应值(即Xk),N是指训练样本的数目,通过一个非线性映射,把样本空间映射到一个高维乃至无穷维的特征空间中,构造的回归模型如下:其中w表示权重向量,而b是一个偏置术语,上表“n”是数据区域的范围,“n h”表示未知区域(高维和无穷维)的范围[20]。

当应用LSSVM时会产生一个新的优化问题,该方法涉及的优化问题如下:根据下列等式进行约束:其中r表示正则化参数的平衡训练误差和模型阐述[19],e k是回归误差。

拉格朗日乘子理论构造如下,以找到优化问题的约束条件:其中,a k拉格朗日乘子或支集值,为了获得上述方程的解,对上述方程中的变量w,b,e k,a k微分:在除去变量w和e后,获得Karush-Kuhn-Trucker系统如下:其中y=[y1,…yN] T,1N=[1,…1] T,a=[a1,…aN] T,I是一个单位矩阵,是内核函数,必须满足Mercerd的条件内核函数三种典型的选择方法如下所示:(1)线性核函数K(x,y)=x·y;(2)多项式核函数K(x,y)=[(x·y)+1]^d;(3)径向基函数K(x,y)=exp(-|x-y|^2/d^2)由此LSSVM模型函数估计如下:其中(b,a)是式(14)线性系统的解。

文献中,一些综合性描述支持向量机内容是可用的[16,21,23],并且对最小二乘支持向量机理论的解释很详细[21,24],此外,刘等人[25–27],提供了LSSVM理论价值的解释,以及SVM和LSSVM在有关情况下的区别,所以,感兴趣的读者可以参考上述文献以了解更多的细节。

2.2 遗传算法遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm)是模拟达尔文生物进化论的自然选择和遗传学机理的生物进化过程的计算模型,是一种通过模拟自然进化过程搜索最优解的方法。

遗传算法是从代表问题可能潜在的解集的一个种群(population)开始的,而一个种群则由经过基因(gene)编码的一定数目的个体(individual)组成。

每个个体实际上是染色体(chromosome)带有特征的实体。

染色体作为遗传物质的主要载体,即多个基因的集合,其内部表现(即基因型)是某种基因组合,它决定了个体的形状的外部表现。

因此,在一开始需要实现从表现型到基因型的映射即编码工作。

由于仿照基因编码的工作很复杂,我们往往进行简化,如二进制编码,初代种群产生之后,按照适者生存和优胜劣汰的原理,逐代(generation)演化产生出越来越好的近似解,在每一代,根据问题域中个体的适应度(fitness)大小选择(selection)个体,并借助于自然遗传学的遗传算子(genetic operators)进行组合交叉(crossover)和变异(mutation),产生出代表新的解集的种群。

这个过程将导致种群像自然进化一样的后生代种群比前代更加适应于环境,末代种群中的最优个体经过解码(decoding),可以作为问题近似最优解。

1. 初始化:此阶段由r和C2超参数来创造染色体,C2表示正规化因素,r 代表RBF核函数的宽度,染色体A的定义为A={a1,a2},其中a1和a2与r和C2相对应的,此外,选定种群数量大小为20的,最大的代分配给100,初始化代分配给0。

2. 评价适应度: 此阶段,对每一个解(染色体)指定一个适应度的值,根据问题求解的实际接近程度来指定(以便逼近求解问题的答案)。

测试数据的平均相对偏差为适应度函数。

其中Ca i actual表示实际碳酸钙浓度的大小,Ca i predicted表示用LSSVM模型预测碳酸钙浓度的级数。

3. 选择:选择的目的是把优化的个体(或解)直接遗传到下一代或通过配对交叉产生新的个体再遗传到下一代。

轮盘赌选择法(roulette wheel selection)是最简单也是最常用的选择方法。

图1 遗传算法的超参数选择流程图4. 交叉:所谓交叉是指把两个父代个体的部分结构加以替换重组而生成新个体的操作。

生成每一对新的染色体的可能性为0.8,且执行单点交叉,新染色体结合为新的个体后代。

5. 变异:变异操作遵循交叉操作,并确认是否有染色体变异来进行进一步创造,在目前的进展中,均匀变异概率为0.05,此进化方法设计并执行。

6. 下一代:一代一代演化下去,直到达到期望的解为止。

7. 终止条件:当最优个体的适应度达到给定的阈值,或者最优个体的适应度和群体适应度不再上升时,或者迭代次数达到预设的代数时,算法终止,预设代数为100。

3.方法论GA-LSSVM是由实验室1.8免费工具箱和遗传算法工具箱MATLABR2009a 对LSSVM变量进行优化。

在识别和收集数据之后,再定义LSSVM模型的输入和输出参数,在文献数据库的基础上,油田卤水中溶解碳酸钙浓度量作为LSSVM 预测模型的输出参数,该模型有两个输入参数:压力和温度。

识别收集的实际数据库分为两个子集。

首先在预测培训的过程中,利用整个数据的80%(63个数据点),50个等于数据线,剩余的13个组成样本设置,来检验上述建议方法的评估能力和完整性。

与其他内核函数比较,RBF核的参数少并且有最佳的整体性能,因此RBF 核函数在文献中被视为一种合适有效的内核函数[30,31]。

在利用LSSVM模型和RBF核函数开发模型,在上述方程中超参数r2和C2规范很重要,因为这两个参数在获得高估计完整性和概括性的LSSVM模型中有很重要的作用,其中r2为正则化因子,C为样本方差[20]。

根据Ahmadi等,其中包括Levenberg-Marquardt(LM)和Simplex SlmelatedAnnealingAlgvrithm(M-SIMPSON)不倡导不是基于逐代优化技术的方法,因为支持向量机无法处理高非线性问题。

基于逐代优化技术即遗传算法,已经用于对超参数(r2和C2)的评估,AARD的测试数据为遗传算法的适应度,重复优化过程才肯能确定,相应的ARRD变量如图2所示.在图2中,36代后ARRD稳定,并达到最佳态,通过这种方式,从油田卤水溶解碳酸钙浓度量获得r2和C2级数值,分别为20.961370794和1072577.9326。

图2-ARRD变异随代数的变化4.结果和讨论在本研究中,确定参数r2和均方误差(MSE)评价预测模型有效性和准确性的指标,计算MSE和r2的表达式如下:其中,N表示数据点的数量,y i actual表示第i个数值,y i predicted表示第i个输出模型值,y i actual平均表示实验观察数据的平均值。

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