Estimation of China's Embodied CO2 Emissions during 2000-2009
中国生态系统碳汇功能提升的技术途径：基于自然解决方案
*通信作者资助项目：国家自然科学基金基础科学中心项目（31988102），国家自然科学基金（32171544、42141004）修改稿收到日期：2022年3月25日专刊：科技支撑“双碳”目标实现S&T Supporting Realization of Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality Goals 基础前沿交叉创新Cross-cutting Innovation in Basic and Frontier Areas引用格式：于贵瑞, 朱剑兴, 徐丽, 等. 中国生态系统碳汇功能提升的技术途径：基于自然解决方案. 中国科学院院刊, 2022, 37(4): 490-501.Yu G R, Zhu J X, Xu L, et al. Technological approaches to enhance ecosystem carbon sink in China: Nature-based solutions. Bulletin of ChineseAcademy of Sciences, 2022, 37(4): 490-501. (in Chinese)中国生态系统碳汇功能提升的技术途径：基于自然解决方案于贵瑞*朱剑兴 徐 丽 何念鹏中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 中国科学院生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室 北京 100101摘要 2030 年前碳达峰、2060 年前碳中和已被确定为中国经济社会发展的重要战略目标。
当前，中国陆地生态系统碳汇能力约为每年 10 亿—13 亿吨二氧化碳（CO 2）。
巩固和提升生态碳汇功能，需要与国土空间规划和生态保护等相结合，稳定现有森林、草原、湿地、滨海碳碳汇，进而实施生态保护与修复等重大增汇工程，同时还需要推动生态系统管理及新型生物/生态碳捕集、利用与封存技术（Bio-CCUS/Eco-CCUS ）的开发应用。
通过统筹陆地-河流-海洋国土空间规划和各种增汇技术，有望实现中国区域生态系统自然和人为碳汇功能倍增目标，即在 2050—2060 年实现每年 20 亿—25亿吨 CO 2 的碳汇贡献。
中国关于碳排放发言稿英文
中国关于碳排放发言稿英文Ladies and gentlemen,Good morning/afternoon/evening. It is a great pleasure to be here today to discuss the issue of carbon emissions in China and its impact on climate change. As one of the world's largest economies and greenhouse gas emitters, China has a crucial role to play in addressing this global challenge, not only for the benefit of its own people but also for the well-being of the entire planet.Firstly, let us examine the current situation of carbon emissions in China. It is undeniable that over the past few decades, China has experienced rapid economic growth and industrialization, which have had a significant impact on its carbon emissions. According to data from the Global Carbon Atlas, China is currently the largest emitter of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the world, accounting for approximately 28% of global emissions in 2019.The consequences of such high levels of carbon emissions are devastating. Climate change is a reality that affects all countries and it has profound implications for the environment, economy, and human health. Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and the melting of polar ice caps are just some of the impacts that we are already witnessing. If we do not take urgent action to reduce carbon emissions, the consequences will only worsen, leading to irrevocable damage to our planet and the well-being of future generations.However, it is important to note that China is not solely responsible for the current state of global carbon emissions.Historically, developed countries have contributed the most to the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. As we move forward in addressing this issue, it is crucial to adopt a fair and equitable approach that takes into account historical responsibility and national circumstances. It is unfair to ask developing countries like China to make the same level of emission reductions as developed countries, without providing adequate support, resources, and technology transfer.That being said, China acknowledges the urgency and necessity of reducing carbon emissions and has made significant efforts in this regard. The Chinese government has set ambitious climate targets and implemented a range of policies and measures to achieve them. For instance, in 2020, President Xi Jinping announced that China aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. This commitment demonstrates China's determination to address the issue of climate change and transition to a low-carbon economy.To achieve these targets, China is adopting a multi-faceted approach. Firstly, China is investing heavily in renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, and hydroelectric power. China is already the largest producer of solar panels and wind turbines in the world and has made substantial progress in increasing the share of renewable energy in its energy mix. Furthermore, China is phasing out coal-fired power plants and promoting the use of natural gas as a cleaner alternative.Secondly, China is implementing energy efficiency measures across industries, buildings, and transportation. Through the implementation of energy-saving technologies and practices, Chinaaims to reduce energy consumption and, consequently, carbon emissions. The government is also promoting the development and use of electric vehicles, which have the potential to significantly reduce emissions in the transportation sector.Thirdly, China is exploring carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies to effectively reduce emissions from industries and power plants. CCS involves capturing CO2 emissions from the source and storing them underground, preventing them from being released into the atmosphere. This technology has the potential to play a significant role in reducing carbon emissions, and China is investing in research and development to make it more cost-effective and commercially viable.In addition to these domestic measures, China is actively participating in international cooperation on climate change. China has ratified the Paris Agreement and is committed to its implementation. China is also contributing to global climate finance and technology transfer, especially to developing countries, to support their efforts in mitigating and adapting to climate change.Ladies and gentlemen, as we navigate the path towards a sustainable future, it is crucial for all countries, including China, to work together in a spirit of cooperation and shared responsibility. Climate change is a global challenge that requires a global response, and no country can solve it alone. Developed countries must fulfill their commitments to provide financial resources, technology transfer, and capacity building support to developing countries. Developing countries, including China, must continuetheir efforts to reduce emissions and transition to low-carbon development pathways.In conclusion, China recognizes the importance of addressing carbon emissions and mitigating climate change. The Chinese government has set ambitious targets and is implementing a range of policies and measures to achieve them. China is investing in renewable energy, promoting energy efficiency, exploring carbon capture and storage technologies, and actively participating in international cooperation. However, achieving the desired outcomes requires the collaboration and support of the international community. Let us work together towards a sustainable and prosperous future for all.Thank you.。
生态中国英语作文120字
Ecological China: A Green Vision for theFutureEcological China, a vision of harmony with nature, isat the forefront of global sustainability efforts. This commitment to environmental protection extends from urban centers to rural villages, where renewable energy and green infrastructure are prioritized. Massive reforestation projects and wildlife conservation measures have restored habitats and biodiversity. Education on environmental awareness is widespread, encouraging individuals to adopt eco-friendly practices. This comprehensive approach ensures that economic growth is balanced with ecological well-being, setting an example for the world to follow.Ecological China is not just a slogan; it's a way of life. From the bustling cities of Shanghai and Beijing tothe serene countryside, the Chinese people are embracing green living. Electric vehicles and public transportation are becoming the norm, reducing carbon emissions. Green building practices are integrated into urban planning, providing habitats for wildlife and creating urban oases.The government's commitment to ecological restoration is evident in their investment in clean energy and waste management systems. Solar and wind power are being harnessed to meet energy demands, while recycling and composting efforts are reducing waste. This focus on sustainability is paying dividends, with China becoming a global leader in eco-friendly technology and innovation.Ecological China is also about cultural preservation. Traditional practices like farming and fishing are being reimagined to be more environmentally friendly, ensuring that these cultures thrive alongside modernization. This blend of tradition and innovation is creating a unique Chinese identity that values both human and ecological harmony.In conclusion, Ecological China represents a bold step towards a sustainable future. By prioritizing environmental protection, the Chinese people are demonstrating that economic growth and ecological well-being can go hand in hand. This vision of a green China is not only transforming the country but also inspiring the world to pursue more sustainable paths.**生态中国：未来的绿色愿景**生态中国，这一与自然和谐共生的愿景，正引领着全球可持续发展的潮流。
国际贸易对碳排放的影响外文文献翻译中英文
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文The effects of international trade on Chinese carbon emissionsB Wei ，X Fang ，Y WangAbstractInternational trade is an important impact factor to the carbon emissions of a country. As the rapid development of Chinese foreign trade since its entry into the WTO in 2002, the effects of international trade on carbon emissions of China are more and more significant. Using the recent available input-output tables of China and energy consumption data, this study estimated the effects of Chinese foreign trade on carbon emissions and the changes of the effects by analyzing the emissions embodied in trade between 2002 and 2007. The results showed a more and more significant exporting behavior of embodied carbon emissions in Chinese international trade. From 2002 to 2007, the proportion of net exported emissions and domestic exported emissions in domestic emissions increased from 18.32% to 29.79% and from 23.97% to 34.76%, respectively. In addition, about 22.10% and 32.29% of the total imported emissions were generated in processing trade in 2002 and 2007, respectively, which were imported and later exported emissions. Although, most of the sectors showed a growth trend in imported and exportedemissions, sectors of electrical machinery and communication electronic equipment, chemical industry, and textile were still the biggest emission exporters, the net exported emissions of which were also the largest. For China and other developing countries, technology improvement may be the most favorable and acceptable ways to reduce carbon emissions at present stage. In the future negotiations on emissions reduction, it would be more fair and reasonable to include the carbon emissions embodied in international trade when accounting the total emissions of an economy. Keywords: input-output analysis, carbon emissions, international trade, ChinaIntroductionGlobal warming has been considered an indisputable fact. The main reason is that the warming of the global climate system is due to the continuous increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the result of human activities (IPCC, 2007). In order to avoid the possible negative impact on human society's global warming, a series of measures have been taken to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions to slow down global warming. However, around the CO2 emission reduction and the future allocation of carbon emission rights, the game plays a different interest group.With the development of globalization, the impact on the international trade of the environment is becoming more and moresignificant, including the potential impact of carbon emissions from geographical relocation. Many researchers estimate that it is reflected in international trade in certain countries as well as in the world economy (Wykoff and Rupp, carbon emissions in 1994; Schaefer and Lealdesa, 1996, Machado et al., 2001 Year; Munksgaard, Peder and Sen, 2001; Ahmed and Wykov, 2003; Sanchez-Chóliz and Duarte, 2004; Peters and Hess, 2006, 2008; Mäenpää et al, 2007; Keman et al., 2007). The general conclusion is that in a more open economy, the impact of large foreign trade on the carbon emissions of a country. In addition, all these studies have pointed out that import and export trade cannot ignore a relatively open economy; otherwise, energy and carbon emissions figures may be seriously distorted by this economy (Machado et al., 2001). In terms of total volume, the value of China’s trade surplus increased from US$30.43 billion in 2002 to US$261.83 billion in 2007 (National Bureau of Statistics, 2008). The rapid growth of China’s foreign trade will have a significant effect on China’s carbon emissions.As one of the countries with the highest carbon emissions, China is facing increasing pressure to reduce emissions. However, China is also a big country in international trade. The rapid development of China’s economy has led to steady growth in foreign trade. From 1997 to 2002, China’s total import and export value increased by an average annual growth rate of 14.35%. Since joining the World Trade Organization, theaverage annual growth rate of China’s trade has jumped to 28.64%. From 2002 to 2007, the value of exports compared with 2002, it increased by 2.7 times in 2007 to reach US$1.2177.8 billion. Imports also soared to US$955.95 billion in 2007, which was 2.2 times higher than the 2002 imports. In terms of total volume, the value of China’s trade surplus increased from US$30.43 billion in 2002 to US$261.83 billion in 2007 (National Bureau of Statistics, 2008). The rapid growth of China’s foreign trade will have a significant effect on China’s carbon emissions.However, quantitative assessment of the impact of China's international trade in energy use and carbon emissions has only recently begun. Estimates from the IEA (2007) show that China's domestic production and export of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions account for 34% of total emissions, and if it is used in 2004, the weighted average carbon intensity of commodity countries imported from China is estimated. China's net exports of EM-rich CO2 may be more than 17% of total emissions in 2004 (Levin, 2008). Using a single-area input-output model, Pan et al. (2008) estimated that their production of energy and emissions in 2002 accounted for 16% and 19% of China’s net exports of primary energy consumption, respectively, in 2002. In the input-output analysis, China reported that the discharge volume of pre-grid discharges to the United States accounted for about 5%. Weber et al. (2008), ESTI mating production exported from China's carbon dioxide emissions from1987 to 2005. In 2005, about one-third of China's emissions were due to production exports, and this proportion has risen from 12% in 1987 to 21% in 2002. In developed countries, consumption is driving this trend. Wei et al.'s estimation (2009a) also found that the presence of emissions in China's economy in 2002 reflected significant export behavior; in addition, subsequent exports (processing trade played by EMIS--) were total imports of 20 %the above. In addition, using a multi-area input-output model, Peters and Hewei (2008) also found that export emissions represented 24.4% of China's domestic emissions, and the proportion of imports in 2001 was only 6.6%. A similar study by Atkinson et al. (2009) also shows that China is a net exporter of carbon emissions in international trade. In recent years, using ecological input-output based on physical access programs, MOD-Y eling, Chen and Chen (2010) estimated that in 2007 China's export of carbon dioxide emissions and total energy were respectively 32.31% and 33.65% of total emissions.Both the United States and European countries are major importers of China’s export carbon emissions. Using the economic input-output life cycle assessment software, Ruihe Harris (2006) found that about 7% of China’s carbon dioxide emissions from exports to the United States during the period of 1997-2003 were produced by 14% of the total; the US’s CO2 emissions will At 3%-6%, if increased imports from Chinahave been produced in the United States. AP-walking a similar approach, Lee Hewitt found that bilateral trade between the United Kingdom and China (2008) produced about 4% of CO2 emissions. In 2004, China's CO2 emissions were for the UK market to produce goods and the UK trade decreased. About 11%. Weber et al. (2008) also found that most of China’s recent export emissions went to developed countries, approximately 27% of the United States, 19% of the EU-27, and 14% of the remaining Annex B countries, mainly Japan and Australia. And New Zealand. Recently, Xu et al. (2009) studied the impact of energy consumption and exhaust emissions on the environment. From 2002 to 2007, the use of environmental input-output analysis and adjustment of bilateral trade data reflected trade in the East (from China to the United States). Zhang (2009) has also obtained similar results. Energy and CO2 account for about 12% and 17% of China's energy consumption, and China's CO2 emissions are 8% and 12%, respectively.Although China's international trade is a meaningful research on carbon emissions, further related research is necessary because of the rapid development of China's foreign trade, especially the development of processing trade. According to statistics (National Bureau of Statistics, 2008), the export share of processing trade has been more than 50% of total exports since 1996. In 2002 and 2007, the share of processing trade reached 55.26% and 50.71%, which will be processing trade. Thenecessary distinction between the impact of general trade and China's carbon emissions.Since China's input-output table is only 5 years, we have chosen from 2002 (entry to the WTO) to 2007 (the latest issue), and China's international trade input-output table has impact on carbon emissions with the view of the last requirement of this paper. Influence changes. In addition, we distinguish between domestic processing trade and import investment in the assessment of production processes (import emissions and re-exports), which will help us to further understand the impact of international trade on emissions status. In this study, we tried to answer three questions: 1) What is the net emissions generated by foreign trade in China as a big country's foreign trade? 2) China from 2002 to 2007, International How does trade affect carbon emissions? 3) From 2002 to 2007, which departments were the major emitters of China's import and export trade and their roles?Uncertainty in the calculation of carbon emissionsThe calculation of emissions from China's trade reflects a certain degree of uncertainty. One is that the input-output analysis itself has many inherent uncertainties (more discussion in Lenzen, 2001). Based on an input-output table for China's single region, it allows us to obtain a relatively accurate assessment of the emissions that are reflected in China's exports, but this error may be more pronounced when estimatingthe emissions of goods and services exported to China. (Lenzen , 2001; Lenzen et al., 2004). Another important factor of uncertainty is that the calculations come from different regions, which may underestimate the method of importing the carbon intensity factor that is reflected in the import of larger proportion of finished product producing countries and tertiary industries, and the smaller proportion of secondary industries. In addition, the method of pro-grade introduction of the column will inevitably result in some errors in order to obtain a matrix from the inlet of the original import and export table.At present, for reasons of data availability, we cannot fully quantify the accuracy of our calculations, but preliminary estimates suggest that the use of more accurate data results from research will not significantly change the conclusions of this analysis. These restrictions will be improved through the use of multi-zone import and export tables and out-of-zone more detailed industry carbon intensity and sector-to-sector production processes in the future for detailed analysis.Understand the impact of international trade on carbon emissions in ChinaFrom 2002 to 2007, the impact of foreign trade on China’s carbon emissions has greatly expanded. It may be largely related to two factors. The first is the coal-based energy consumption structure. The secondary industry-based production structure will maintain high domestic energyintensity. In 2002, the coal consumption exchange was only 66.3% of the total energy consumption. The 44.8% of China's gross domestic product (GDP) is due to the secondary industry in 2002 (National Bureau of Statistics, 2008). In 2007, related stock prices rose as high as 69.5% and 48.6%, respectively, which will lead to the fact that the unit exports are higher than the carbon emissions reflected in unit imports. The second factor, which may be a more important factor, is the rapid growth of export trade. From 2002 to 2007, China’s exports increased by 246.80%, while imports increased by 199.97% (National Bureau of Statistics, 2008). Export growth is significantly higher than imports, which may lead to a sharp increase in net exports. Decomposition analysis using input and output structures, Liu et al. (2010) also found that the total export expansion of export and energy-intensive products tends to expand, reflecting the export of energy from 1992 to 2005, but the improvement and change of energy efficiency in the primary energy consumption structure can offset part of the impact on export energy. The above driving force is implemented.Although, based on the coal-based energy consumption structure, the carbon dioxide emissions produced by the secondary industry-based production structure, the more important role, it may be difficult for China to adjust because of its endowment characteristics, and in a very short time Its structural characteristics and its current economicdevelop ment stage. In addition, the expansion of China’s foreign trade, including the expansion of the trade surplus, is mainly the result of the market economy’s maximizing its comparative advantage. The development-replacement of China's economy not only provided many of the world's goods and services, but also reduced the nation's production-based relative costs in developed countries. China’s foreign trade has always played an important role in the development of the world economy, due to its huge market, stable government system and abundant cheap labor. Therefore, it can be argued that at the current stage, for China's better methods to reduce the impact of international trade on national or global CO2 emissions should be to improve its production technology, reduce the intensity of energy consumption as a whole, not only to control China The amount of foreign trade. In addition, the imported goods from China should take part in China's carbon emission responsibilities, because the CON-consumer demand of foreign consumers has generated a large amount of China's carbon emissions, especially for consumers in developed countries.ConclusionDespite some uncertainties in this study, most areas produced from the details of the data, we can conclude that international trade has a significant impact on China's carbon emissions, and changed the impact of time on going. Compared with 2002 emissions, domestic exportemissions in 2007 increased from 267.07 MTC to 718.31 MTC, with a speed increase of over 160%; net exports also increased correspondingly, from 204.08 MTC up to 615.65 MTC, over 200% growth rate Now. From 23.97% in 2002, the share of domestic emissions from domestic emissions jumped to 34.76% in 2007. The share of pre-net transplants that exceeded domestic emissions also rose from 18.32% in 2002 to 29.79% in 2007. The results show that more and more significant net export behaviors of implied carbon emissions exist in China's economy and processing trade have more and more significant effects on carbon emissions.Regardless of the emissions of imported emissions or exports, most industries showed a growth trend in 2007. Compared with 2002, emissions although the sectoral emissions have changed for the entire economy from 2002 to 2002, The impact, of which the largest percentage of imported major department or China's export emissions remain unchanged. The largest import emissions (all or actual imports) come from the industries of electrical machinery and communications electronics, chemicals, smelting and rolling plus metals. Electrical machinery and communications electronics equipment, chemicals, textiles and other sectors are the largest emitters of exports, net exports of which are also the largest. Technological progress may be the most favorable and acceptable way for China and other developing countries toreduce their carbon emissions. Considering that the world’s largest carbon emissions and the recent increase in emissions are in developing countries, the historical responsibility for the current responsibilities, developed countries should also take more efforts to help developing countries reduce their carbon emissions. Economic growth through technical assistance And financial support. In the car's list of future emissions reductions, which include the total economic output, the carbon emissions reflected in international trade will be fair and reasonable.中文译文国际贸易对中国碳排放的影响: 一份具有经验性的分析作者：B Wei ，X Fang ，Y Wang摘要国际贸易是一个国家碳排放量重要的影响因素,自2002年加入世贸组织,中国对外贸易的快速发展对碳排放的影响越来越显著。
中国主要双边贸易隐含二氧化碳排放测算——基于区分加工贸易进口非竞争型投入产出表
Analysis of Embodied CO2 Emissions in China＇s Bilateral Trade： A Processing Trade Differentiated Non-Competitive Import Input-Output Approach 作者： 刘宇[1]
作者机构： [1]中国科学院科技政策与管理科学研究所,100190
出版物刊名： 财贸经济
页码： 96-108页
年卷期： 2015年 第5期
主题词： 隐含碳排放;非竞争型;加工贸易;消费侧
摘要：贸易隐含碳排放对于一个国家实际排放量的估算非常关键。
国内外学者对贸易中的隐含二氧化碳排放做了很多研究,发现其价值很大,中国的二氧化碳排放严重高估。
本文使用最新的2007年区分加工贸易进口非竞争型的投入产出表重新测算了中国与主要贸易伙伴美国、日本、欧盟以及其他国家双边贸易中的隐含碳排放。
结果显示,2007年中国因贸易产生的二氧化碳排放量只有4亿吨,远远低于目前的估计。
2007年我国消费侧二氧化碳排放只下降了4亿吨,为56.28
亿吨,按照百分比看,贸易转移碳排放只占生产侧排放的6.6%。
因此,中国隐含碳排放量实际上远
远没有那么大,不应再强调贸易转移对我国二氧化碳排放量的影响,而应该立足于我国自身的节能减排,大力发展低碳经济。
中国生物多样性英语作文
As a high school student with a keen interest in environmental science, Ive always been fascinated by the rich tapestry of life that thrives within Chinas vast and diverse ecosystems. The countrys biological diversity, or biodiversity, is a treasure trove of unique species and ecosystems that play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of our planet. In this essay, I will delve into the importance of Chinas biodiversity, the challenges it faces, and the steps being taken to protect it.China is home to a myriad of ecosystems, ranging from the lush tropical rainforests of Xishuangbanna to the arid deserts of Xinjiang, and from the frozen tundra of the Tibetan Plateau to the bustling wetlands along the Yangtze River. This diversity of habitats supports an astonishing array of life forms, including over 30,000 species of higher plants and more than 6,000 species of vertebrates. Among these are many endemic species, such as the Giant Panda and the Chinese Alligator, which are found nowhere else in the world.The importance of biodiversity extends beyond the aesthetic beauty of these species. Biodiversity is the foundation of ecosystem services, which are the benefits that humans derive from nature. These services include pollination of crops, water purification, climate regulation, and the provision of food, medicine, and materials. For example, the forests of China absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide, helping to mitigate the effects of climate change. Moreover, traditional Chinese medicine relies heavily on the countrys rich biodiversity, with many plant and animal species used in the treatment of various ailments.However, Chinas biodiversity is under threat. Habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, and climate change are some of the major factors contributing to the decline of species and ecosystems. The expansion of agriculture, urbanization, and infrastructure development has led to the destruction of natural habitats, forcing many species into smaller and more fragmented areas. The construction of largescale hydroelectric dams, such as the Three Gorges Dam, has also had significant impacts on river ecosystems and the species that depend on them.Poaching and illegal wildlife trade are further exacerbating the decline of certain species. The demand for luxury items, traditional medicines, and exotic pets drives the illegal hunting and trafficking of animals, pushing some species to the brink of extinction. The Chinese Pangolin, for instance, is critically endangered due to its high demand for its scales and meat in traditional medicine and as a delicacy.Despite these challenges, there are efforts being made to protect and conserve Chinas biodiversity. The Chinese government has established a network of nature reserves, which now cover over 15% of the countrys land area. These protected areas provide a safe haven for many endangered species and help to preserve critical habitats. The establishment of the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, for example, is a significant step towards the conservation of the islands unique ecosystems and species.In addition to government initiatives, there is a growing awareness among the public about the importance of biodiversity. Educational programs andcampaigns are being carried out to raise awareness about the value of biodiversity and the need for its conservation. The success of the Giant Panda conservation program, which has seen the species status improve from endangered to vulnerable, is a testament to the power of collective action.Furthermore, China is actively participating in international efforts to combat biodiversity loss. As a signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity, China is committed to the global goals of conserving biodiversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from genetic resources. The countrys leadership in the establishment of the Belt and Road Initiative also presents opportunities for promoting green development and sustainable practices along the route.In conclusion, Chinas biodiversity is a precious resource that plays a vital role in the health of our planet and the wellbeing of its inhabitants. While the challenges facing biodiversity are significant, the efforts being made to protect and conserve it offer hope for a sustainable future. As a high school student, I am inspired by the resilience of nature and the dedication of those working to protect it. I believe that through education, awareness, and collective action, we can ensure the continued survival and prosperity of Chinas rich biodiversity for generations to come.。
2018年上半年CATTI二级笔译汉译英第二篇：碳排放量
2018年上半年CATTI⼆级笔译汉译英第⼆篇：碳排放量2018年上半年CATTI⼆级笔译汉译英第⼆篇:碳排放量Source: Internet(prepared by: alexcwlin; edited by: Adam Lam)第⼆篇Part 22006年，中国⼀个三⼝之家的碳排放量平均为2.7吨。
In 2006, a Chinese family of three on average had a carbon footprint of 2.7 tonnes.⽬前，这⼀数字已升⾄3.5吨。
⽽在北京、上海、⼴州等⼤城市，每个家庭的平均碳排放量已接近10吨。
Presently, this number has risen to 3.5 tonnes, with that in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou approaches10 tonnes.碳汇（carbon sink）主要是指森林吸收并储存⼆氧化碳的能⼒。
“Carbon sink” mainly refers to the forest’s ability to absorb and store carbon dioxide.森林是陆地⽣态系统中最⼤的碳汇库。
In the ecosystem, the forest is the largest on-land carbon sink vault.在降低⼤⽓中温室⽓体浓度、减缓全球⽓候变暖中具有⼗分重要的独特作⽤。
It plays a very important and unique role in lowering greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere and slowing down global warming.---------------------------------------------------------------据统计数字，每⼈每年只要种3棵树，就可吸收个⼈当年排放的⼆氧化碳。
The Road to Low-Carbon Transformation
22CHINA TODAYCHINA made the commitment to reduce its CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by 40-45 percent by 2020 as compared with 2005 at the UN Climate Change Conference 2009in Copenhagen; and simultaneously increase the proportion of non-fossil energy consumption to 15 percent of its total energy mix. That commitment was honored ahead of schedule. By 2019, China’sBy HE JIANKUNCO2 emissions per unit of GDP had dropped by 48 percent, and its non-fossil energy consumption ratio had risen to 15.3 percent.On September 22, Chinese President Xi Jinping, at the General Debate of the 75th Session of the United Nations (UN) General Assembly, declared that China would endeavor to reach CO2 emissions peak be-fore 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. What will this mean for the world’s second largest economy?Taking advantage of the local abun-dance of sunshine, photovoltaicpower generation in Ganzi County of Sichuan Province brings people clean energy.speCial reporT23January 2021economic recovery, and the services sector with low energy consumption, including catering, tour-ism, and entertainment industries, often see a slow bounce back, carbon emissions may rise during the process.Moreover, the attainment of CO2 emissions peak will not necessarily entail its reaching the energy consumption peak. To maintain economic growth, the energy demand grows. Therefore, all the newly increased needs for energy should be met by non-fossil fuel sourced energy. Under these circumstances, carbon intensity should be lowered to offset the new carbon emissions due to GDP growth, namely the decrease rate of carbon in-tensity per unit of GDP should be higher than the growth rate of GDP .To slash carbon intensity, energy consumption transformation plays a crucial role. According to a 2020 report on China’s energy development, the country’s coal consumption accounts for 57.7 per-cent of its total energy consumption, and the pro-portion of non-fossil fuel consumption to the total primary energy consumption is 15.3 percent. In order to achieve carbon neutrality prior to 2060, China has to build a nearly carbon-zero energy structure with new energy and renewable energy as the mainstay by the middle of the century, and increase its non-fossil energy proportion in the energy system to between 70-80 percent. In addition, the proportion of non-fossil fuels used in power generation should also be raised to more than 90 percent in 2050 from the current 32 percent. To realize the transformation, China needs to invest more than RMB 100 trillion in the coming 30 years.To achieve carbon neutrality amidst the current global scenario demands huge efforts of all coun-tries, and developing countries will face more chal-lenges. In order for China to meet its carbon-zero target by 2060, it will make more strenuous efforts than its developed counterparts to attain their car-bon neutrality goal by 2050. From carbon emissions peaking to carbon neutrality, the developed world has a transition period of 50-70 years; however, China will only require 30 years. After 2030, China will need to have an average annual emission reduc-tion rate of 8-10 percent, far higher than that of the developed world.Nowadays, developed countries have enteredComplicated Challenges AheadChina’s low-carbon development transition faces three major tough challenges: economic structural adjustment and industrial upgrading, optimization of the energy structure, and establishment of a green low-carbon economic system.In addition, the still raging COVID-19 pandemic makes the low-carbon economic transformation even more challenging. As energy-intensive indus-tries like manufacturing and construction often lead24CHINA TODAYspeCial reporTtheir post-industrialization stage with their energy demands having reached their peaks. Since theeconomic crisis in 1998, most of developed countries have seen their overall energy demands gradually de-cline. On the premise of no energy demand increase, to realize the transformation of an energy system, it only needs adjustment of the energy structure, and that new energy and renewable energy be used to replace coal. On the contrary, China is now in a stage of quite rapid economic and social development with its energy demands rising. It faces the dual challenge of meeting the increased energy demands and ad-justing the existing ones. Despite its great efforts in developing renewable energy, China still can’t meet its newly added energy demands with renewable energy, which make it inevitable that for a certain period the country’s coal consumption will still see some increment. The comparison makes it evident that China’s task is more onerous than that faced by developed countries. However, it also provides an excellent opportunity for China to realize leapfrog development, which surely demands painstaking ef-forts by the nation.Essential MeasuresCooperative actions to cope with climate changeare in the common interest of the whole humanity asthe climatic problems en-danger the Earth’s ecologicalsafety and the very existence and development of humansociety. Many countries haveshown a strong willingness for cooperation as broadconsensus has been reachedin the international com-munity. Against the backdrop of the global green development transition, advanced technologies for low-carbon development and the capability to effect low-carbon transformation will give a country a competitive edge and vault it to global leadership status for sustainable development.It is a challenging task for China to realize carbon neutrality before 2060. For this reasom, the following aspects should become priorities in the country’s efforts to meet the target.The first priority is to greatly advance economic transformation and make innovation the driving force for green development. China should further develop the digital economy and hi-tech indus-tries, and push forward low-carbon development through digitalization. Meanwhile, China shouldalso slash greenhouse gas emissions by restrict-ing the development of energy-intensive heavy and chemical industries and adjust product and industrial structures while maintaining sustained economic development.Secondly, China needs to conserve natural resources, develop the circular economy, and sup-port sustained economic and social development with as optimized energy and resource consump-tion as possible. To this end, China needs towidely adopt advanced technologies and speed up energy substitution. By 2050, China must complete the building of a nearly carbon-zero energy sys-tem with new energy and renewable energy as the principal part.During the next 10 years, China should also ac-celerate the development of wind and solar power and realize an average annual growth of 100 million kilowatts. Such industries featuring high energy con-sumption as steel, cement, petrochemical, chemi-cal, and building materials should take the lead inattaining CO2 emissions peak during the 14th Five-The first priority is to greatly advance econom-ic transformation andmake innovation the driving force forgreen development.Electric vehiclesand charging pileson display at the2020 ShanghaiPudong Interna-tional AutomotiveExhibition held last October.Year Plan period. In addition, China should further improve the carbon trading market, advance emis-sions reduction and technical innovation by taking advantage of the market mechanism, and encourage non-governmental investment in low-carbon green industries.Moreover, China needs to seek nature-based solu-tions by relying on forests, grasslands, and wetlands as carbon sinks and improve the ecological system’s capacity for carbon absorption by strengthening protection, management, and restoration of the eco-environment.China’s Policy OrientationIn the efforts to realize economic recovery while coping with the COVID-19 pandemic, countries should stick to green, high-quality, and sustainable development, which will help the world confront global ecological crises and promote global sustain-able development. On this, a consensus has been widely reached in the international community that is now working on how to realize low-carbon eco-nomic transition during the economic recovery. China must formulate a long-term development strategy for the low-carbon transition. While ensuring that it meets its centennial goal of building the coun-try into a modern socialist country by the middle of the century, China should also blaze its way to real-ize green development and meet the net-zero target oriented toward the global goal of keeping global temperature increase below two degrees Celsius, thus making its contribution to global ecological safety, which will be commensurate with its rising compos-ite strength and international influence. China’s prac-tices in this field will serve as valuable experience for other countries. The country will play a leading role in global economic transformation, riding the trend of low-carbon development. CHE JIANKUN is vice chairman of China’s National Experts Pan-el on Climate Change and head of the academic committee of the Institute of Climate Change and Sustainable Developmentof Tsinghua University.Dynagreen Envi-ronmental Protec-tion Group, locatedin the industrialpark of circu-lar economy inTongzhou Districtof Beijing, ownsthe world-leadingwaste-to-energypower plant.25January 2021。