Bonding Theories
学生沉迷于电脑游戏的原因英语作文

学生沉迷于电脑游戏的原因英语作文全文共6篇示例,供读者参考篇1Why Do Students Get Hooked on Video Games?Hi there! My name is Billy and I'm a 5th grader at Oakdale Elementary School. Today, I want to talk to you about something that a lot of kids my age really like - video games! You've probably noticed how many of us spend hours and hours every day playing games on our computers, phones, and game consoles. Some adults think we're just lazy or wasting our time, but there are actually some pretty good reasons why gaming is so much fun for us kids. Let me explain!First of all, video games are exciting and engaging in a way that a lot of other activities just aren't. When you're playing a great game, you get totally absorbed into another world full of adventure, challenges, and endless possibilities. It's like being the star of your own epic movie or book, but better because you're the one controlling what happens! The best games have amazing storylines, incredible graphics that make everything seem real, and challenging gameplay that keeps you hookedtrying to beat the next level or slay the next monster. It makes total sense why we'd rather spend an afternoon slaying dragons and exploring ancient ruins than just sitting there reading a book or watching TV.Another big reason gaming is so appealing is that it allows us to experience things we could never do in real life. One day I'm a brave knight fighting off an army of evil skeletons, and the next I'm a racecar driver drifting around sharp turns at 200 mph! Games let us be anyone or anything we can imagine, all from the safety of our bedroom. They also let us explore vast open worlds, cosmic galaxies, and countless other realms that just don't exist outside of our screens. For kids like me with wild imaginations and thirst for adventure, that's an incredibly appealing prospect that most other activities can't compete with.But video games aren't just pure fantasy and escapism –they're also incredible learning experiences that help exercise our minds. Tons of games require quick thinking, smart strategizing, and good problem-solving abilities in order to progress. We have to study patterns, analyze our opponents' moves, manage resources wisely, and sometimes even use concepts from math, science, and history if we want to succeed. Games basically trick us into having fun while unknowinglypracticing all kinds of valuable mental skills! No wonder so many teachers and parents these days are actually using educational games as learning tools.Perhaps the biggest draw of gaming, however, is that it's a great way to socialize and bond with friends both near and far. With online multiplayer, we can team up with our buddies from school and take on crazy co-op missions together as a squad. But gaming also connects us to an entire global community of people who love the same games we do. We can match up with other players from across the world, chat with them, trade strategies, and forge new online friendships over our shared interests. For kids who sometimes struggle with shyness or making pals in the "real world," this online social connection is an awesome outlet where we can be ourselves and bond over the games we love.That sense of community is part of what makes gaming culture so fun and engaging overall. We love watching gameplay streams from famous gamers, analyzing the lore and discussing mind-blowing theories about our favorite titles, and even attending giant conventions like Comic-Con just to revel in our shared passion for particular game franchises. Once you're reallyinto gaming, it becomes this whole crazy subculture to immerse yourself in!So while some grown-ups might not understand it, I hope I've explained why gaming exerts such a powerful pull on kids like me. With their amazing production values, endless possibilities for adventure, exercise for our minds, social connectivity, and overall awesome gaming culture, it's easy to see how we can become completely hooked! Games stimulate our youthful imaginations and desire for exploration like nothing else.Of course, I realize it's important not to become so obsessed that I neglect normal life – even us gamers need to make time for school, chores, exercise, and face-to-face interaction. But as long as we can balance our gaming time wisely, there's nothing wrong with pursuing our pixel-based passions to the fullest. The video game worlds we love to get lost in are just too incredibly immersive and endlessly entertaining to resist!So there you have it – the full scoop on why this generation of kids is "addicted" to gaming. We're not just brainlessly staring at screens, but exploring visually stunning virtual universes that engage our minds and creative spirits in ways the real worldsimply can't match. Now if you'll excuse me, I've got a dragon to slay and a kingdom to save!篇2Why Students Get Hooked on Computer GamesHi there! My name is Timmy and I'm in the 5th grade. My teacher Mrs. Robinson asked us to write an essay about why kids our age sometimes play too many video games and computer games. I've seen a lot of my friends and even some big kids get really into gaming, so I think I know a thing or two about this topic!The first big reason is that computer games are just super fun and exciting! All the bright colors, cool characters, and amazing storylines make you feel like you're in a totally different world. It's way more thrilling than just watching a movie or reading a book. You get to be the hero battling monsters and going on epic quests! How awesome is that?Another reason kids love gaming is the challenges and sense of accomplishment. Lots of games start off pretty easy, but then get harder and harder as you go along. You have to figure out the strategies, get new power-ups and tools, and beat increasingly difficult levels and bosses. I remember how proud Ifelt when I finally defeated Bowser and saved Princess Peach in Super Mario Galaxy! Overcoming those tough obstacles feels so rewarding.Games also let you use your creativity in open worlds where you can build anything you can imagine. My friend Jacob is obsessed with Minecraft and is always showing me the elaborate castles, cities, and machines he's created. Having that kind of freedom to be inventive and make your own fun is really appealing compared to more restrictive games.I think another big draw is that you can play and connect with friends online. When we're gaming together, we can talk over headsets, coordinate as a team, and share the excitement of new achievements and epic battles. It almost feels like you're hanging out in person rather than just at home alone. Online gaming has become a huge social activity for kids.Some games also have really cool customization options where you can design your own characters and unlock different skins, gear, accessories, and special abilities. I spent so much time choosing my perfect look and loadout in Fortnite! Having that personal connection to your in-game characters and weapons makes you even more invested.On top of all that, gaming can provide an escape from stress, boredom, or problems at school or home. When my parents are fighting or I'm having a tough time with bullies, I can take a break in my favorite virtual worlds and just have fun for a while without worrying about real life stuff. The games give you an outlet and let you be in control instead of feeling powerless.Of course, too much gaming can become an addiction if you get carried away constantly chasing that feeling of excitement, accomplishment, and escape. It's important to have other hobbies and spend time with friends in the real world too. But there are so many reasons computer games are entertaining and appealing, especially for kids our age. We're captivated by the imagination, challenges, creativity, social connection, and sense of identity they provide.Well, that's my take on why students get hooked on gaming!I gotta go now and get back to my Pokemon playthrough. Catch you later!篇3Why Kids Get Hooked on Video GamesVideo games are super fun and exciting! I love playing them and so do all my friends. We can't get enough of the coolcharacters, awesome graphics, and thrilling adventures. But sometimes we play way too much and our parents get really mad. They're always nagging us to stop playing and do our homework or chores instead. But video games are just so addicting! Here's why kids like me have such a hard time putting the controller down.The amazing graphics and sounds pull you right into the game world. Have you seen how realistic the environments and character animations look these days? It's like you're actually there! The details are incredible - from the textures on the buildings to the facial expressions on the heroes. And the sound effects and music really bring it all to life. Every punch, explosion and power-up noise gets your heart pumping with excitement. When I'm playing, I honestly forget I'm just staring at a screen. My brain thinks I'm right in the middle of the action!The gameplay and challenges are super engaging too. Each level or mission presents new obstacles to overcome through problem-solving, quick reflexes, and strategy. You have to really focus and use your brain to progress. Just when you think you've mastered the game, a tough new enemy or hazard gets thrown at you. That makes you want to keep playing until you finallybeat that challenge. The sense of accomplishment when you finally do is such a rush!The stories and characters also suck you in. The writers craft these epic tales of good versus evil spanning multiple games in a series. You get really invested in the heroes and their quests to save the world or galaxy. Their personalities and back stories make you care about them, like they're your friends. And just when you think the bad guys are defeated, a shocking plot twist gets you hooked on finding out what happens next.Many games also have online multiplayer modes where you can battle or cooperate with millions of real people worldwide. Voice chat lets you trash talk opponents or strategize with teammates. It's awesome bonding with buddies over headsets as you take on challenges together. You feel like you're part of this huge online community united around this shared interest.Plus, games provide an escape from the stresses and boredom of normal life. School can be super frustrating with mean teachers piling on tedious homework every night. At home, my parents are always nagging me about chores, behavior, grades, you name it. Games let me tune out those hassles for a while and immerse myself in an exciting fantasy world where Iget to be the hero. No more bullies or grown-ups yelling at me - just me exploring freely, blasting bad guys, and being awesome!You also get to experience things in games that you could never do in real life, like wielding a flaming sword, driving a race car at 200 mph, or traveling to outer space. It's a total adrenaline rush without any actual risk or danger. Where else could a10-year-old get that kind of crazy thrill? No wonder we can't pull ourselves away!On top of all that, many games now have these reward systems that keep you hooked. You earn new gear, skins, accessories or abilities by completing challenges or investing more time played. Of course you're gonna grind to get that sweet new sword or unique outfit for your character! And once you collect part of a set, you have to keep playing to acquire the rest. There's also randomized loot boxes with rare gear that's a total lottery - you always want to earn more to open the next box and see what surprises are inside.Game developers are really smart - they purposely design their products using lasers, colors, sounds, surprises and other tricks to tap right into our brain's reward/pleasure centers. It's like they're training us to crave that constant stream of little thrills and rewards so we keep coming back over and over againlike lab rats hooked on a drip feed of treats. It's some kind of drug, but for our minds instead of our bodies!Maybe now you can see why we kids go a little overboard sometimes. Games provide this instant gratification that real life simply can't match. That's what makes them so irresistible and addictive. They cram in all this explosive action, fantasy fulfillment, and mental candy that stimulates our senses and desire for fun and achievement. No boring schoolwork or household tasks could ever compete with that for a 10-year-old's limited attention span!So please don't judge us too harshly parents. We're only human after all, with immature childish brains prone to obsession over the latest shiny thing. You were young once too and probably zoned out over whatever ridiculous fad captivated kids back then. At least our video game habit is keeping us inside out of trouble instead of getting into more dangerous vices.Just have a little patience and understanding. We'll eventually outgrow this phase and move on to more productive pastimes better suited for grown-ups. But for now, we're just wired to go gaga over our beloved video games and can't help but indulge in their wondrous digital worlds. Thanks for listeningto me explain our side of things. Now if you'll excuse me, I need to get back to rescuing Princess Peach from Bowser!篇4Why Do Kids Get Hooked on Video Games?Hey there! My name is Billy and I'm a 5th grader. Today, I want to tell you all about the really cool video games we play and why they are so much fun that us kids can't stop playing them!First off, video games aren't just fun and games (pardon the pun!). They let us explore amazing worlds that don't exist in real life. One of my favorite games is called Battle Royale Galaxy Wars. In this game, you get to be a space soldier fighting against alien zombies on other planets. The graphics are so life-like, it's like you're really there! The alien zombie's gooey insides look downright disgusting when you shoot them. Pretty awesome, right?Another reason video games are the best is the challenges they give us. School work is okay I guess, but it's nothing compared to the thrill of trying to get to the next level or beat the high score. My brain has to really work hard to figure out the puzzles and tricks. Just when I think I'm good enough to beat alevel, the game throws an even harder challenge at me. It keeps me coming back for more!Probably the number one reason why we kids go nuts over video games though is the social side of it. By playing online, we can team up with friends from school or make new friends from across the world! We'll put on our headsets and chat about strategies and just clown around. Sometimes we'll be up till 2am playing because we're having such a blast. Our parents get pretty mad about that!Speaking of parents, a lot of them complain about how we're "addicted" to video games. I don't think that's really true though. We just get really into the games because they're exciting! The other day I was playing Realm Conquest and I had finally gathered a massive army to attack the Evil Sorcerer's castle. Just as my siege was about to begin, my mom yelled that it was time for dinner. I was like "oh man, just 5 more minutes!" Doesn't every kid get obsessed with fun activities like that?Sure, maybe some kids played way too much during quarantine when we were stuck at home. With school being virtual, what else were we supposed to do? The games gave us a way to hang out with our friends and just have a good time. Nowthat we're back in school, we don't get to play as much. We've got soccer practice, homework, and all sorts of other stuff.At the end of the day though, I don't think playing a bunch of video games is terrible for us. It's a hobby, just like reading books or collecting baseball cards. Maybe we get a little too into it sometimes, but we're kids! That's kind of our job - to go a little overboard on the things we love. The games teach us about strategy, working as a team, and just letting our imaginations run wild. As long as we're still doing our chores and schoolwork,什么有错?I could probably talk about video games all day, but I'm gonna log off for now. A new update just dropped for Galaxy Battles, and I've got to lead my squad in the fight against the Alien Overlord! Maybe I'll tell you more about it at recess tomorrow. Game on!篇5Why Students Get Hooked on Computer GamesComputer games are super fun and exciting! There are so many awesome games to play these days. From battle royale games like Fortnite, to open world adventures like Minecraft, to classic platformers and puzzlers - there's something for everyoneto enjoy. But sometimes kids can get a bit too into gaming and it becomes an addiction. Let me tell you about some of the top reasons why us students get hooked on gaming.The Number One reason has to be because games are just so darn entertaining! They let us explore crazy new worlds, take on fun challenges, and use our creativity and problem solving skills. Games tap into our natural human instinct to play. We're born loving to play make-believe, build forts, have adventures, and be the hero slaying the dragon. Well, computer games let us do all those things in amazing digital worlds! No wonder they suck us in.Another big reason is that games never get boring as they constantly level up and change. Most games have hundreds of missions, levels and challenges to beat. Just when you think you've mastered a game, it throws new obstacles and puzzles at you. Games are designed to always keep you striving for the next goal. They give us a constant sense of progression and achievement as we earn new abilities, loot, customizations and unlockables. The fun never ends!Games also allow us to connect with our friends in awesome ways. We can team up online, chat, cooperate on missions and compete against each other. Gaming is a social experience now.It's like the modern version of hanging out at the park or playing pick-up sports, except even more interactive and immersive. We get to dive into these shared worlds together and create memories.Another factor is that games provide an escape from the stresses and routines of daily life. School can be rough with all the homework, tests, pressures and drama. Games offer a nice retreat where we can be the hero, explore freely, conquer challenges and feel powerful and in control. They allow us to inhabit addictive virtual realities on our own terms.The design of modern games also psychology tricks us into playing more and more. They're engineered to release rewards on variable schedules to keep us chasing that sense of accomplishment. Games make heavy use of things like milestone rewards, random loot drops, unlockable costumes andclosure-driven narratives that compel us to push just a little further each time. It's like a high-tech version of how slot machines work.Speaking of addictive design, a lot of games now have battle passes, loot boxes and other monetization schemes thatпсихология-nudge us into spending money to progress faster or get special items. Once we've invested money, we feel obligatedto keep playing to get our money's worth. Games have turned into these live service hobbies we feel compelled to engage with daily.I think peer pressure and FOMO are also culprits. When all your friends are hardcore gaming, you don't want to be the only one missing out and falling behind. Games are social statuses and topics of conversation now. We end up gaming for hours just to be able to participate in all the gaming jokes, memes and ice breakers.And honestly, many games today are just mind-blowingly good in terms of graphics, gameplay, creativity and production values. We've never had such polished and well-made games before. It's hard not to get sucked into masterpiece games that look and feel like interactive movies with incredible worlds to explore. They've become works of art we want to experience and master down to the last detail.Those are some of the biggest reasons why us students end up spending way too much time gaming nowadays. Between the irresistible fun, sense of achievement, social world, stress escape and even manipulative psychology tricks, games have become hard core addictions for many of us. They're designed from the ground up to keep us playing compulsively. It can definitelybecome an unhealthy obsession if we're not careful to set limits and balance games with other essential life priorities. But games are just so incredibly awesome and immersive these days, that moderation is tough!篇6Why Students Get Hooked on Computer GamesHey there! My name is Jamie and I'm going to tell you all about why us kids just can't get enough of those awesome computer games. You see, there's a bunch of really cool reasons why gaming is so much fun and can get us totally hooked!First off, computer games are crazy exciting with amazing graphics that make everything seem real. The characters and worlds look so life-like, it's like you're actually there! The sounds and music pull you right into the action too. Like when you're battling monsters or racing cars, you can hear every clash, roar and engine revving. It gets your heart pumping with adrenaline!The gameplay itself is a huge thrill too. There's always some epic quest or mission to go on. You might have to rescue a princess from an evil sorcerer's clutches. Or survive apost-apocalyptic zombie wasteland. Or command an army to conquer new lands. Games let you become the hero and live outextraordinary adventures that would never happen in real life. How cool is that?Another major reason kids love gaming is the sense of achievement you get. Completing tough levels, unlocking characters and solving mind-bending puzzles gives you a rush of pride. You feel so smart and accomplished when you finally beat that crazy hard boss after hours of trying. Plus you can level up your characters, earn loot and get all sorts of awesome new abilities and gear. The more you play, the more powerful you become!Speaking of playing more, games are designed to keep you hooked with addictive gameplay loops. You're constantly getting new challenges, rewards and objectives that make you want to play "just a little longer" to reach that next goalpost. Before you know it, hours have flown by! Game developers are really clever at tapping into our strong desire to make progress and see what's coming next.But it's not just about the solo experience for a lot of us gamers. These days, many of the biggest games let you play cooperatively or competitively online with friends. That means you can go on an epic adventure tackling quests together as a team. Or you can put your skills to the ultimate test and try todominate opponents from around the world on the multiplayer battlefield! Gaming with your buddies adds a super fun social element.Honestly though, a major part of the obsession is that gaming gives us an escape from reality. When you're fully immersed in a digital fantasy world, all your real-world stresses and problems seem to melt away. No more worrying about homework, chores, bullies or family issues. You can just get lost in the role-playing and thrilling gameplay for hours on end. For kids with tough lives, games provide a welcoming alternate universe to take a mental break.Don't get me wrong though - games can become an unhealthy addiction if you overdo it too much. I've heard horror stories of kids failing classes, getting no exercise and ruining relationships because they did nothing but game zombie-style all day and night. That's taking things way too far. Everything should be enjoyed in moderation, including video games.But for most of us, gaming is just an awesome hobby that we're super passionate about. It exercises our brains withhand-eye coordination, problem solving and quick decision making. It allows us to interact with awesome stories and characters. And it provides an appealing social hangout to battleor adventure with friends from the comfort of our homes. No wonder we kids find ourselves frequently hooked!So those are the main reasons why us students go gaga over computer and video games. The exciting gameplay, amazing graphics, rewarding achievements and gripping social experiences make the digital worlds incredibly attractive to dive into. Games give us an adrenaline-packed, consequence-free outlet to be the heroes we dream of. They allow us to escape the routine doldrums of normal kid life and immerse ourselves in epic fantasy adventures. As long as we have balance and don't take it overboard, a little gaming obsession isn't too bad at all in my books. Now if you'll excuse me, I need to get back to rescuing that princess from Bowser!。
研究生化学课程英文翻译

研究生化学课程英文翻译1. IntroductionIn recent years, the field of chemistry has made significant advancements and breakthroughs. As a result, the demand for well-trained graduate students in the field of chemistry has increased. Graduate-level chemistry courses play a crucial role in providing students with a solid foundation in various areas of chemistry. However, it is important to accurately translate these courses into English to cater to the international student community. This document aims to provide English translations for a selection of graduate-level chemistry courses.2. Course 1: Organic ChemistryCourse Description (课程描述)This course focuses on the study of organic compounds, their properties, reactions, and synthesis. The course covers topics such as structure determination, functional group transformations, and spectroscopic analysis. Emphasis is placed on understanding the mechanisms and principles underlying organic reactions.Course Objectives (课程目标)•Understand the fundamental concepts of organic chemistry.•Identify and classify different organic compounds.•Perform organic synthesis and solve related problems.•Analyze and interpret spectroscopic data of organic compounds.Course Outline (课程大纲)1.Introduction to Organic Chemistry2.Bonding, Structure, and Rotation in Organic Molecules3.Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4.Stereochemistry5.Alkyl Halides and Nucleophilic Substitution6.Alcohols, Ethers, and Epoxides7.Alkenes and Alkynes8.Reaction Mechanisms and Organic Spectroscopy9.Aromatic Compounds10.Carbonyl Compounds11.Amines12.Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives13.Bioorganic Chemistry3. Course 2: Physical ChemistryCourse Description (课程描述)This course covers the principles and theories of physical chemistry, focusing on the application of mathematical and physical principles to chemical systems. Topics include thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, spectroscopy, and kinetics. Practical applications of physical chemistry principles in chemical analysis are also explored.Course Objectives (课程目标)•Understand the fundamental principles of physical chemistry.•Apply mathematical and physical methods to solve problems in chemical systems.•Analyze and interpret spectroscopic data.•Understand the theoretical basis of chemical reactions and kinetics.•Apply physical chemistry principles in chemical analysis.Course Outline (课程大纲)1.Introduction to Physical Chemistry2.Gases and the Kinetic Molecular Theory3.Thermodynamics: The First Law4.Thermodynamics: The Second and Third Laws5.Equilibrium6.Quantum Mechanics7.Spectroscopy8.Molecular Structure and Bonding Theories9.Molecular Symmetry and Group Theory10.Chemical Kinetics11.Statistical Thermodynamics12.Electrochemistry13.Chemical Analysis Techniques4. Course 3: Inorganic ChemistryCourse Description (课程描述)This course provides an in-depth exploration of the principles and theories of inorganic chemistry. Topics covered include the periodic table, coordination compounds, organometallic chemistry, and descriptive inorganic chemistry.Emphasis is placed on understanding the electronic structure and bonding in inorganic compounds.Course Objectives (课程目标)•Understand the fundamental principles of inorganic chemistry.•Identify and classify different types of inorganic compounds.•Analyze the electronic structure and bonding in inorganic compounds.•Understand the reactivity and coordination chemistry of transition metals.•Apply inorganic chemistry principles in various chemical systems.Course Outline (课程大纲)1.Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry2.Atomic Structure and Periodicity3.Bonding Models in Inorganic Chemistry4.Symmetry and Group Theory5.Acid-Base Chemistry6.Coordination Chemistry7.The Crystal Field and Ligand Field Theoriesanometallic Chemistry9.Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry10.Main Group Chemistry11.Transition Metal Chemistry12.Bioinorganic Chemistry5. ConclusionGraduate-level chemistry courses are essential for building a strong foundation in the various sub-disciplines of chemistry. Accurate and effective translations of these courses into English are necessary to facilitate international student participation. The English translations provided for three representative courses - Organic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Inorganic Chemistry - aim to meet this need. These course descriptions, objectives, and outlines can be utilized to create informative and accessible course materials for international students studying chemistry at the graduate level.**Note:** The above translations are for refer ence purposes only and may require further review and refinement based on specific course curricul um and context.。
我的家人喜欢看的电视节目英语作文

我的家人喜欢看的电视节目英语作文英文回答:Growing up in a household with diverse tastes in television programs, my family and I have always enjoyed bonding over our favorite shows. While our preferences may vary, there are a few TV programs that have become beloved staples in our household.First and foremost, one show that we all eagerly anticipate watching together is "Friends." This iconic sitcom never fails to entertain us with its witty humor and relatable characters. Whether it's Chandler's sarcastic remarks or Phoebe's quirky antics, there's always something for everyone to enjoy. We often find ourselves quoting memorable lines from the show and reminiscing about our favorite episodes.Another show that holds a special place in our heartsis "Game of Thrones." Despite its fantasy elements andintricate plotlines, this epic series has captivated us from the very beginning. We love discussing the latest twists and turns, speculating about the fate of ourfavorite characters, and debating theories about the show's ending. It's been a rollercoaster ride of emotions, but we wouldn't have it any other way.In addition to these popular shows, we also have a soft spot for classic sitcoms like "The Office" and "Parks and Recreation." There's something comforting about revisiting the familiar settings and quirky characters of these comedy series. Whether we're laughing at Michael Scott's antics or rooting for Leslie Knope's ambitious endeavors, these shows never fail to brighten our day.Of course, our tastes aren't limited to just one genre. We also enjoy watching reality competition shows like "MasterChef" and "The Great British Bake Off." It's fascinating to see talented chefs and bakers showcase their skills under pressure, and we often find ourselves inspired to try out new recipes at home.Overall, television has played a significant role in bringing my family closer together. Whether we're laughing, crying, or cheering on our favorite contestants, these shared experiences have created lasting memories that we'll cherish for years to come.中文回答:在一个家庭中长大,家人们对电视节目的口味各不相同,但我们总是喜欢围坐在一起观看我们喜爱的节目。
原子轨道能量

8-2 Covalent Bonds
covalent bond, is a chemical bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between the two atoms.
There are several theories to explain the formation of covalent bond:
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键长 l/pm
74 154 134 120 145 110 109 96
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LINUS CARL PAULING (1901–1994)
Linus Pauling was the only winner of two unshared Nobel Prizes in different categories. He is also considered by many to be the greatest chemist of the 20th century. He was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on molecular structure and chemical bonds, and he won the Peace Prize in 1962 for his efforts to prevent the testing and use of nuclear weapons.
the big bang theory S2E13

先生们我告诉你们哟Gentlemen,I put it to you:最难吃西米布丁也好过其他口味优质布丁the worst tapioca pudding is better than the best pudding of any other flavor.首先明眼人都知道这话错的因为最好的布丁是巧克力口味First off,that is axiomatically wrong because the best pudding is chocolate.其次西米的有机结构使布丁黏糊糊摇晃晃有潜在致命危险Secondly,the organic structure of tapioca makes it a jiggling bowl of potential death.是从植物里提取...It is extracted from the plant...嘿我在考虑留点胡子Hey,I'm thinking of growing a mustache.不是吧?No kidding?傅满洲那样的? 八字胡又尖又长?Fu Manchu,a handlebar,pencil?- 是从植物中提取- 还没想好呢- It's extracted from the plant. - I'm not sure yet.乔治·克鲁尼现在也留胡子呢You know,George Clooney has one now.真的? 我看到过他在Ralphs超市买龙舌兰酒Really? I once saw him shopping at Ralph's. He was buying tequila.你以为他们会有仆人跑腿买酒吗?You'd think a guy like that would have some kind of booze lackey.好啦太残忍了All right,this is cruel.我们还是让他说完不然人家要爆头了We'd better let him finish before his head explodes.好吧Sheldon 为啥西...All right,Sheldon,why is tap...西米由食用木薯根茎提取而成Tapioca is extracted from the root of the plant manihot esculenta!由于富含高浓度的氰化物Due to a high concentration of cyanide,其本身有毒性如加工不当即食用会致命it is poisonous in its raw form and lethal if prepared improperly!现在爽了吧?Feel better now?同时可可豆也是巴西的从中能提取巧克力做最好的布丁It is also indigenous to Brazil as is the coa bean,from which we get chocolate,the best pudding. 求你们别再耍我了!And you promised you wouldn't do that anymore!嘿HofstadterHey,Hofstadter.嘿KripkeHey,Kripke.听说你最新的反质子衰变实验了Heard about your latest anti-proton decay experiment.收集两万数据却没啥有用的结果20,000 data runs and no statistically significant results.灰常了得Very impressive.蠢货一个What a jerk.别气馁Leonard 没用的结果也是结果Don't feel bad,Leonard. Negative results are still results.- 就算两万又算啥- 行啦!- Even 20,000 of them. - All right!求你们别在给我打气了Please don't cheer me up anymore.别呀不要让他打击到你Kripke哪根葱Come on. Don't let him get to you. It's Kripke.对呀大蠢蛋一个Yeah,he's a ginormous knob.所以他孤单用餐而不能坐到这酷酷的桌子来That's why he eats by himself instead of sitting here at the cool table.说得对呀For shizzle.确实啊Kripke确实缺乏咱固有的那种基本社交技巧It's true Kripke lacks the basic social skills that we take for granted.但他还操控着新的开放科学网格计算机But he also controls the new open science grid computer而我需要它来模拟宇宙早期的结构形态that I need to use to run some simulations of structure formation in the early universe. 看你有没有那命用上吧Well,good luck getting time on it.他可只让他的朋友使用The only people he lets use it are his friends.那解决办法很简单嘛Well,then,the solution is simple.我去和他做朋友I shall befriend him.Kripke!Kripke!啥事?Yeah?你觉得我们交个朋友如何?What would you say to the idea of you and I becoming friends?我觉得木有啥兴趣哟I would say I have no interest in becoming your friend.当真?Really?你个里里外外不受欢迎的家伙目光还真是相当短浅呀That seems rather shortsighted coming from someone who is generally considered altogether unlikable.不如重新考虑下吧?Why don't you take some time to reconsider?行呀我去想想Yeah,I'll do that.看来咱这开局不错啊Well,I think we're off to a terrific start.好了There you go.现在所有Wolowitz发来的邮件都会直接进入垃圾箱Now any e-mail from Wolowitz will go right into your spam folder.多谢其实骚扰邮件倒没啥他穿浴衣的度假照比较雷人Thanks. I mean,the e-mail doesn't bother me as much as the vacation pictures of him in a bathingsuit.是呀我也收到了那可不是浴衣是晒痕Yeah,I got the same one,and that's not a bathing suit. It's a tan line.你好我是Sheldon CooperHello,this is Sheldon Cooper.这是给Barry Kripke的留言I am leaving a message for Barry Kripke.Barry 很高兴在食堂与你邂逅Barry,it was pleasant seeing you today in the cafeteria.我注意到你买了推荐沙拉I saw that you purchased the chef's salad.显然你不知道推荐沙拉是食堂的杂碎肉骗人把戏Apparently,you did not know that the chef's salad is kitchen trickery to utilize scrap meat.不过呢我希望你用餐愉快Nevertheless,I hope you enjoyed it.我在追踪待定友谊的发展状况期待你来电给它定位哟I'm following up on our pending friendship and I look forward to hearing from you regarding itsstatus.我是Sheldon CooperSheldon Cooper.胆小发明家又咋了?What's up with Ichabod?他在交友呢Uh,he's trying to make a new friend.真的? 不错嘛Oh,really? Well,good for him.除非他像杰佩托做出皮诺曹不然没戏的Well,unless he makes one out of wood like Geppetto,I don't think it's gonna happen. 那你们咋成为朋友的?How did you guys become friends?大学公告板上的一张传单There was a flyer on the bulletin board at the university:"招募室友吹口哨的勿扰""Roommate wanted.Whistlers need not apply."你就搬进去了?And you moved in anyway?我以为他说着玩的I assumed he was joking.你绝对想不到有多少量子物理学家都有反复无常的一面You'd be surprised how many particle physicists have a whimsical side.Howard和Raj呢? 我是说他咋和他们好上的?What about Howard and Raj? I mean,how did he become friends with them?不知道碳原子是如何构成苯环的?I don't know. How do carbon atoms form a benzene ring?价电子亲近Proximity and valence electrons.是呀你这样说也是哈Well,sure,when you put it that way.但相处的也不错是吧But it all worked out,right?差不多吧尽管我很怀念口哨I suppose. I do miss whistling,though.不是吧?Oh,come on. Really?警告一次First warning.Penny Penny PennyPenny? Penny? Penny?给你的This is for you.你好SheldonHello,Sheldon.这是啥?What is this?我设计的调查表It's a questionnaire I devised.我和一位同事交友遇到点困难I'm having some difficulty bonding with a colleague at work所以我想做些小调查更好的了解为什么我目前的朋友们喜欢我so I'm doing a little research to better understand why my current friends like me.嗯这个问题值得考虑Yes,well,that is a good question.但你确定这是最好的办法了?But is this really the best way to figure it out?问得好社会学家很大程度是忽悠I agree. The social sciences are largely hokum.但又不能插一个电极到你的大脑探测你对我友谊问题的反应But short of putting electrodes in your brain and monitoring your response to my companionship, 就这方法还凑合了this is the best I can do.好"问题1: 按吸引力程度给Sheldon Cooper以下各方面排序Okay,"Question one: "Rank the following aspects of Sheldon Cooper "in order of appeal:"聪明洁癖有趣Java程序编写?"{\cruthless attention to hygiene;playfulness; JA V A applet writing"?也许头一个问题答案过分明显{\c谁不知道我最吸引人的特质之一有趣an aspect of my most appealing trait: playfulness.你直接把它排到1号吧Why don't you just go ahead and rank that number one?恐怕剩下的我不能指导你了I'm afraid you're on your own for the rest.用不了三个小时就可以完成It should take you no more than three hours.等下这玩意儿有多少个问题呀?Well,wait. How many questions are on this thing?区区211个Only 211.别担心为了照顾你这份高中毕业就能读懂Don't worry. In deference to you,I kept them all at a high school graduate reading level.还得谢你哥们儿Thanks,pal.客气啥...姐们儿You got it... buddy.Sheldon 亲爱的你有没有考虑过通过让人开心来交友啊?Sheldon,honey,did you ever consider making friends by being,I don't know,pleasant?那当然是一个发人深思的假设Well,that's certainly a thought-provoking hypothesis.我看你论文写这题目好了May I suggest it as the topic for your essay?你的调查问卷十分让人失望呀Your questionnaire,very disappointing.我逢题必答呀SheldonI answered every question,Sheldon.你选择题很有规律嘛You answered the multiple choice questions in a pattern:A B B A C A B B A CA- B-A-C.A- B-A-C.你发现了哈Oh,you picked up on that,huh?我怎么会发现不了?How could I not?行行好超过200个问题Come on. There's over 200 questions.看有些问题吧And look at some of these things."Sheldon之于友谊如同太空梭之于什么?""Sheldon is to camaraderie as the space shuttle is to blank?"这里有些适合的答案呀There are a number of acceptable answers.例如C近地运输机For example,Near-Earth transport."但绝对不是B鳄梨种植工But certainly not Avocado rancher."你在论文里还说等到赛昂人接管地球我在交友方面会更有运气And your essay suggesting that I'd have better luck making friends if I wait till the Cylons takeover?请别Please.等等那篇我可是认真写的Now hold on. I put some real work into that.是呀可比Wolowitz好多了Yes,well,it's better than what Wolowitz did.他画了一个大阴囊的发情浣熊He drew a raccoon with what appears to be a distended scrotum.还真有点可爱哟It's kinda cute.只要不看它那玩意儿Until you get to the scrotum.我怎么会有希望建立新的友情关系?What hope do I have for establishing new relationships given that现存的朋友们都舍不得用他们漫长生命的少许小时来帮助我my current friends apparently could not take a few hours out of their lives to help me? Sheldon 我没打算为大蛋蛋浣熊说话Sheldon,I'm not going to defend a big-balled raccoon.我看不出你能做到Well,I don't see how you could.我想说的是或许你不能把这些当作纯粹智力习题来对待What I'm trying to say is that maybe you can't approach this as a purely intellectual exercise. 你什么意思?What do you mean?还记得你怎么在网上学游泳吗?Well,remember when you tried to learn how to swim using the Internet?我是学过游泳Ididlearn how to swim.在地板上学的On the floor.技巧是相通的The skills are transferable.我只是不想到水里去I just have no interest in going in the water.那你为啥要学游泳呀?Then why learn how to swim?冰盖在融化呀LeonardThe ice caps are melting,Leonard.未来游泳是不可避免的In the future,swimming isn't going to be optional.但你给了我灵感But you do bring up an interesting point.我用不着做新的研究I don't have to break new ground here.肯定很多研究结果是现存的I'm sure much of the research already exists.不不我想说的是如果你想学如何交友No,no,my point is,if you want to learn how to make friends,到咖啡店或者博物馆去then just go out to a coffee shop or a museum.认识些人和他们交流Meet people. Talk to them.了解下人家的生活Take an interest intheirlives.疯了呗That's insane on the face of it.- 走吧- 我们去哪儿?- Come on. - Where are we going?你载我去卖场You're driving me to the mall.我要去买本现存交友领域的理论大全I'm going to acquire a book that summarizes the current theories in the field of friend-making. 你干嘛不直接躺地上游过去呢?Why don't you just lie down on the floor and swim there?Coping with the Death of a Loved One.- 节哀顺变- 感谢你- My condolences. - Thank you.- 家人还是朋友? - 家人- Family or friend? - Family.太遗憾了Too bad.如果是朋友我刚好可以填补空缺If it had been a friend,I'm available to fill the void.没关系她满身卫生球味道It's just as well. She smelled like mothballs.好吧要是你在这嗅人玩我去买点热脆饼Okay,if you're gonna start sniffing people,I'm gonna go get a hot pretzel.劳驾Excuse me.有交友的书吗?Do you have any books about making friends?嗯有但都是写给小孩子的Um,yeah,but they're all for little kids.我想技巧可以推断道理相通嘛I assume the skills can be extrapolated and transferred.可能吧就在木火车那边I guess. They're right over there by the wooden train set.我爱火车I love trains.你当然喜欢了I bet you do.哎呀还真粘Oh,my,that's awfully sticky.好了我来瞧瞧哈...All right,let's see...Bernie Bunny Has Two Daddies Now.估计是同志兔子的故事That's probably about homosexual rabbits.Gerry the Gerbil and the Bullies on the Bus.读过了没啥用Read it. Not helpful.哦有了Oh,here we go.Stu the Cockatoo Is New at the Zoo.Sarah Carpenter作现与其爱人朋友Mark以及鹦鹉斯图"Author Sarah Carpenter lives in Fort Wayne,Indiana居住于印第安纳州韦恩堡"with her husband and best friend,Mark,and their cockatoo Stu."没有点交友专家的样子你说是吧?Hardly makes her an expert in making friends,wouldn't you agree?我不喜欢鸟类它们多吓人I don't like birds. They scare me.我也是诶Me,too.很多人都意识不到Most people don't see it.你读啥呢?What are you reading?Curious George.哦猴子我可喜欢Oh,I do like monkeys.好奇乔治就是猴子Curious George is a monkey.算是人格化的但没错Somewhat anthropomorphized,but yes.或许啥时候咱俩去看个猴子呗你觉得好不?Say,maybe sometime you and I could go see monkeys together. Would you like that? 好哇Okay.Sheldon 你干嘛呢?Sheldon,what are you doing?我和这小女孩交朋友呢你叫什么名字?I'm making friends with this little girl. What's your name?RebeccaRebecca.嗨Rebecca 我是你的新朋友SheldonHi,Rebecca. I'm your new friend,Sheldon.不别搞了走吧No,you're not. Let's go.- 我俩聊得正投机呢- 别抬头上面有摄像头- We were really hitting it off. - Don't look up. There's cameras.我想知道哈在"你有多了解Sheldon"那项********the "How well do you know Sheldon" section,他最喜欢的氨基酸你们填的啥?what did you put for his favorite amino acid?- 赖氨酸- 赖氨酸- Lysine. - Lysine.完了我本来写了赖氨酸又改了Damn it,I had lysine and changed it.太好了时间刚刚好Oh,good,you're just in time.我想我解开了交友解题步骤I believe I've isolated the algorithm for making friends.Sheldon 交友哪有解题步骤啊Sheldon,there is no algorithm for making friends.得了听他讲完要是真有啥发现Well,hear him out. If he's really onto something,咱就在动漫大会上弄个展台赚他一笔we could open a booth at Comic-Con.Make a fortune.是这样我最初和Kripke搭话就跟See,my initial approach to Kripke had the same deficiencies鹦鹉斯图刚到公园时一样有着缺陷as those that plagued Stu the Cockatoo when he was new at the zoo.鹦鹉斯图?Stu the Cockatoo?没错他是动物园新成员Yes. He's new at the zoo.超赞的书It's a terrific book.我摘录它的精华制作了流程图来指导我I've distilled its essence into a simple flow chart that will guide me through the process. 有没有考虑过出门时把他装进大木箱里?Have you thought about putting him in a crate while you're out of the apartment?你好Kripke? 我是Sheldon CooperHello,Kripke? Sheldon Cooper here.我想到哈你没回我的电话It occurred to me that you hadn't returned any of my calls是因为我没为发展友情提出实际建议because I hadn't offered any concrete suggestions for pursuing our friendship.或许咱俩该一起吃个饭Perhaps the two of us might share a meal together.了解I see.那有没有时间喝个热饮?Well,then perhaps you'd have time for a hot beverage?最受欢迎的有茶咖啡可可Popular choices include tea,coffee,cocoa.了解了解别先别挂I see. No,no,no,wait. Don't hang up yet.那娱乐娱乐怎么样呢?What about a recreational activity?我们肯定有共同爱好I bet we share some common interests.说说你有啥兴趣爱好Tell me an interest of yours.真的呀? 骑真马?Really? On actual horses?再说个兴趣爱好Tell me another interest of yours.抱歉不到逼不得已我才不下水游泳I'm sorry. I have no desire to get in the water till I absolutely have to. 再说个兴趣爱好Tell me another interest of yours.哦这问题要无限循环下去了Uh-oh,he's stuck in an infinite loop.我来搞定I can fix it.有意思但口技不是个人娱乐项目吗?Interesting,but isn't ventriloquism by definition a solo activity?再说个兴趣爱好Yeah. Tell me another interest of yours.你喜不喜欢猴子呀?Is there any chance you like monkeys?你咋回事嘛? 人人都喜欢猴子What is wrong with you? Everybody likes monkeys.别挂KripkeHang on,Kripke.没办法时选择不太讨厌的项目A loop counter and an escape to the least objectionable activity. Howard 聪明啊Howard,that's brilliant.你居然想到了I'm surprised you saw that.天呀Sheldon咋交不到朋友呢?Gee,why can't Sheldon make friends?好了Kripke 你刚说那兴趣爱好是我不太讨厌的All right,Kripke,that last interest strikes me as the least objectionable, 我提议咱一起去玩and I would like to propose that we do that together.明天Tomorrow.是的我付钱好的拜拜Yes,I'll pay. All right,good-bye.好啦该学学攀岩了All right. Time to learn rock climbing.要知道我超喜欢口技哟You know,I am a fan of ventriloquism.要不你我还有你的小假人去喝个热饮Maybe you,me and your dummy could go get a hot beverage.你喝时他表演He could talk while you drink.不鸟我想攀岩Nope. I wanna climb some rocks.这家伙比在电脑上看起来大啊This appears significantly more monolithic than it did on my laptop.想看原始人怎么用骨头当武器呢One expects to see hominids learning to use bones as weapons.你恐高啊Cooper?You afraid of heights,Cooper?哪能啊恐高完全不合理Hardly. A fear of heights is illogical.然而害怕掉下来才是有发展眼光的说法A fear of falling,on the other hand,is prudent and evolutionary.你说要巩固我们的友情我最少要爬多高呀?What would you say is the minimum altitude I need to achieve to cement our newfound friendship?好啦这开生日会呢小盆友都爬Come on,they have birthday parties here. Little kids climb this.小原始人吧Little kid hominids perhaps.你工作就干这点事啊? 父母一定很骄傲哈So is this your entire job? Your parents must be so proud.- 来啊Cooper - 来了Kripke- Let's go,Cooper. - I'm coming,Kripke.好的绳子貌似很结实Okay,the harness seems to be secure.刚才有点不能自制但网上说那是正常情况A small amount of incontinence just now,but the Web site said that's to be expected.也不咋难嘛像是垂直游泳this isn't so bad. It's like vertical swimming.嘿瞧瞧Cooper 都爬到一半了Hey,look at you,Cooper. You're almost halfway to the top.是吗?I am?我错了我恐高I was wrong. It is a fear of heights.你还好吗Cooper?You all right there,Cooper?不太好Not really.感觉像是反正切曲线接近渐近线了I feel somewhat like an inverse tangent function that's approached an asymptote.你是说你卡住了?Are you saying you're stuck?反正切曲线接近渐近线哪个字你不明白啊?What part of inverse tangent function approaching an asymptote did you not understand? 我都明白我又不是白痴接着爬啦I understood all of it. I'm not a moron. Just keep going.我想我做不到Yeah,I don't think I can.那就爬下去Well,then climb back down.不行更没可能了No,that doesn't seem any more likely.你打算咋办Cooper?What's your plan,Cooper?不能算是啥打算我想我要晕菜了Well,it's not exactly a plan,but I think I'm going to pass out.抱歉咱再做一次行吗?I'm sorry,can we please just do it one more time?好的一二一二三Okay. One,two,one,two,three,and...小事一件但真是怀念啊It's a little thing,but you really do miss it.大家好Hello,everyone.我带新朋友Barry Kripke回家吃饭了I brought my new friend Barry Kripke home for dinner.你们也好啊Hello to you,too.攀岩怎样?How was rock climbing?他晕过去了He passed out.跟个意大利腊肠一样吊在那Just hung there like a big salami.那那那是我的座Tha-tha-that's where I sit.你还有固定座位呢? 咋这么怪捏Ooh,you have a special spot? What kind of wacko are you?看你有多少时间How much time you got?来点中餐?You want some Chinese food?太好了有牙线没?Terrific. Got any dental floss?在洗手间In the bathroom.马上回来Be right back.吃中餐前要先把牙里的印度菜弄出来I got to floss the Indian food out of my teeth if I'm gonna eat Chinese.Sheldon 还好吗?Sheldon,are you okay?哦好呀全晕过去了但值了Oh,yes,I pass out all the time,but it was worth it.我和Kripke的友情有了质的进展但这也产生了一个尴尬的问题I've made substantial progress in bonding with Kripke,which brings me to an awkward moment. 咋了?What's that?维持五个朋友的友情太困难了所以...Maintaing five friendships promises to be a Herculean task,so...我要开除你们其中一个I'm going to have to let one of you go.我我选我吧Me,me,let it be me.Leonard 你是我的室友我的出行工具Leonard,you are my roommate,my source of transportation,床单烘干后你会为我叠好and you help me fold my sheets when they come out of the dryer.你安全了You are safe.- 能吹口哨不? - 别犯傻- Can I whistle? - Don't be silly.Howard 你没有博士学位你的古龙水刺激感官{\c your cologne is an assault on the senses;犹太重大节日期间你不能参与电子游戏and you're not available for video games during the Jewish high holidays.我有罪啊我淘汰了Guilty as charged. I'm out.不你也安全No. You too are safe.哦不是吧我该怎么做呀?Oh,come on. What do I have to do?好了我知道怎么个意思了Okay,you know what? I see where this is going.我不属于你们中的一员我也不是科学家直接告诉我...I'm not one of you guys. I'm not a scientist,so just tell me...Penny Penny Penny 你说的都对但请听我说完Penny,Penny,Penny,everything you're saying is true,but please allow me to continue.Raj 你被淘汰了Raj,you're out.问的好That's a good question.你的确为这个同类的小团体注入了异域的文化While you do provide a certain cultural diversity to an otherwise homogenous group,但你问卷的回答太闹心了your responses to the questionnaire were truly disturbing.你怎么会觉得我最喜欢的氨基酸是谷氨酰胺?How could you for a moment think that my favorite amino acid is glutamine?他写了赖氨酸又改了He had lysine,but changed it.早干啥了RajShoulda,woulda,coulda,Raj.我喜欢在吃东西前打牙线以便牙缝迎接新的食物I like to floss before I eat so my gum pockets are open for new food.你好啊!Hello!我以前怎会没注意到你?How did I walk past you?- 我是Barry - Penny- I'm Barry. - Penny.呃这名字不咋性感嘛Eh,that's not a very hot name.我要叫你RoxanneI'm going to call you Roxanne.哦饺子Ooh,pot stickers.突然前我变得如此优质了哈?Suddenly,I'm looking pretty good,huh?Kripke 我在想你能不能借我用用开放科学网格计算机呢?So,Kripke,I was wondering if there's any chance you could get me some time on the open science gridcomputer?- 不行- 不行? 我们是朋友啊- No. - No? But we're friends.抱歉不行我的盆友I'm sorry. No,my friend.搞不懂了I'm confused.我以为你会让朋友用那机器的I was given to understand that you allow your friends time on the machine. 不不是那么回事有正式安排的我做不了主No,that's wrong. There's an official schedule. I have no control over it.看来整个尝试都是徒劳了Well,this entire endeavor seems to have been an exercise in futility.Raj 你可以回来了Raj,you're back in.他喜欢猴子He likes monkeys.我得表扬他的坚持精神you gotta give him credit for sticking with it.我看他是没那细胞I didn't think he had it in him.这次差点就到顶了啊。
Bonding

MOT处理步骤
(1)选定中心原子离子的价电子轨道,并按对称性的 差别对其进行分类
晶体场理论的优缺点
体场理论的最大优点:(1)能够解释配合物的颜色和 吸收光谱;(2)对磁性和配合物稳定性也能很好说明 晶体场理论是在中心原子和配体的静电作用的基础上 建立起来的。d轨道的分裂完全由于静电作用,它假定 配体的电子不进入中心原子的轨道,而中心原子的d电 子也不进入配体的轨道,配位键完全具有离子键的性 质,没有共价键的性质。 (1)不能解释光谱化学序列; (2)不能应用于含有键的配合物,如羰基配合 物、夹心配合物、烯烃配合物等。
对于晶体场理论所不能解释的涉及轨道重叠方 面的问题,分子轨道理论能够很好予以说明。 所以如用分子轨道理论来处理轨道重叠部分, 把得出的结果加进晶体场理论的结果,就更符 合实际,这就是配位场理论。如轨道重叠成为 主要部分,那么就完全用分子轨道理论。
配位场理论
Moleculer Orbital Therory
配位场 组态
t2g1eg0 t2g2eg0 t2g3eg0
弱 场 t2g3eg1 t2g3eg2 t2g4eg2 t2g5eg2
t2g6eg2 t2g6eg3
在Td场中,由于t较小,只有八面体的4/9,这样小的 分裂能值不会超过成对能P,因此四面体配合物中d电子排 布取高自旋状态,很难形成低自旋配合物。
2«1«o
Jahn-Teller稳定化能
对于Cu2, (t2g)6(dx2-y2)1(dz2)2: dZ2上两个电子能量共 降低½12,dx2-y2上一个 电子能量上升½1,由于 J-T效应中心离子d轨道 产生额外的稳定化能½1, 称为J-T稳定化能
你从化学中收货到了什么英语作文

你从化学中收货到了什么英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Title: What I Have Gained from ChemistryChemistry is a fascinating subject that deals with the composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter. Throughout my studies of chemistry, I have gained valuable knowledge and skills that have enriched my understanding of the world around me. In this essay, I will discuss the various things that I have gained from studying chemistry.First and foremost, studying chemistry has improved my critical thinking skills. The subject requires logical reasoning, problem-solving, and analytical skills to understand complex concepts such as chemical reactions, bonding theories, and equilibrium. By practicing these skills in chemistry, I have become a more logical and rational thinker in everyday situations.Secondly, chemistry has deepened my understanding of the natural world. Through studying the periodic table, chemical elements, and compounds, I have learned about the buildingblocks of matter and how they interact with each other. This knowledge has allowed me to appreciate the beauty and complexity of the world at a molecular level.Furthermore, studying chemistry has improved my laboratory skills. In practical experiments, I have learned how to safely handle chemicals, perform titrations, measure volumes, and analyze data. These hands-on experiences have taught me the importance of precision, accuracy, and attention to detail in scientific research.Moreover, studying chemistry has equipped me with a strong foundation in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) subjects. By understanding the principles of chemistry, I have developed a solid grasp of scientific concepts that are applicable in various fields such as biology, physics, and environmental science.Additionally, chemistry has enhanced my communication skills. Whether writing lab reports, presenting research findings, or engaging in class discussions, I have learned how to communicate complex scientific ideas in a clear and concise manner. This skill is invaluable in academic, professional, and personal settings.In conclusion, studying chemistry has been a rewarding experience that has enriched my intellectual growth and personal development. Through gaining critical thinking skills, deepening my understanding of the natural world, improving my laboratory skills, building a strong foundation in STEM subjects, and enhancing my communication skills, I have become a more well-rounded and knowledgeable individual. Chemistry has opened my eyes to the wonders of the scientific world and inspired me to pursue further studies in the field. I am grateful for all that I have gained from studying chemistry and look forward to continuing my exploration of this fascinating subject in the future.篇2Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter. Through studying chemistry, I have gained various insights and discoveries that have greatly enriched my knowledge and understanding of the world around me.One of the most significant things I have gained from studying chemistry is a deeper appreciation for the complexity and beauty of the natural world. Chemistry allows us to explore and understand the fundamental building blocks of matter, fromthe smallest atoms to the largest molecules. This knowledge has helped me to see the interconnectedness of all things and appreciate the intricate relationships that exist in the universe.Another valuable takeaway from studying chemistry is the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Chemistry involves a lot of experimentation, data analysis, and hypothesis testing, which have helped me to develop a systematic and logical approach to solving problems. I have learned how to break down complex problems into smaller, more manageable parts and use scientific reasoning to reach solutions. These skills are not only valuable in the field of chemistry but can also be applied to various other areas of study and work.Furthermore, studying chemistry has also given me a greater understanding of everyday phenomena and processes. Chemistry is all around us, from the food we eat to the air we breathe, and by studying chemistry, I have gained a better understanding of the chemical reactions and processes that occur in our daily lives. This knowledge has allowed me to make more informed choices about my health and well-being and has also inspired me to be more mindful of the impact of my actions on the environment.In conclusion, studying chemistry has been a rewarding and enriching experience for me. It has opened my eyes to the wonders of the natural world, honed my critical thinking skills, and deepened my understanding of the world around me. I am grateful for the knowledge and insights that I have gained from studying chemistry, and I look forward to continuing my exploration of this fascinating field in the future.篇3Title: What I Have Gained from ChemistryChemistry is a fascinating subject that delves into the mysteries of matter and its interactions. Throughout my studies of chemistry, I have gained a deep appreciation for the fundamental principles that govern the natural world. From understanding the structure of atoms to exploring the reactions that drive chemical processes, chemistry has opened my eyes to the wonders of the universe.One of the most important things I have gained from studying chemistry is a strong foundation in analytical thinking. Chemistry requires a logical and systematic approach to problem-solving, as well as the ability to interpret and analyze data. By honing these skills in the laboratory and in theclassroom, I have not only become a more effective chemist but also a more critical thinker in all aspects of my life.Furthermore, chemistry has taught me the importance of precision and attention to detail. In the laboratory, even the smallest error can have significant consequences, so it is essential to be meticulous in experimental procedures and record-keeping. This emphasis on accuracy has carried over into my everyday life, where I strive to be thorough and precise in everything I do.Another valuable lesson I have learned from chemistry is the power of collaboration and teamwork. In the lab, chemists often work together to design experiments, analyze results, and draw conclusions. By working with my peers, I have developed strong communication skills and learned how to effectively collaborate with others to achieve a common goal. These skills have proven invaluable in my academic and professional pursuits.In addition to these practical skills, studying chemistry has also enriched my understanding of the world around me. Through my exploration of chemical principles, I have gained a deeper appreciation for the beauty and complexity of the natural world. From the elegant symmetry of crystal structures to the intricate mechanisms of biochemical reactions, chemistry hasshown me that there is an underlying order to the universe that is both awe-inspiring and humbling.Overall, my journey through the world of chemistry has been incredibly rewarding. Not only have I gained valuable skills and knowledge, but I have also developed a greater appreciation for the wonders of the natural world. Chemistry has not only enriched my academic and professional pursuits but has also expanded my horizons and inspired me to continue exploring the mysteries of science. I am truly grateful for all that I have gained from studying chemistry, and I look forward to continuing my exploration of this fascinating field for years to come.。
三氯乙烯各元素化合价

三氯乙烯各元素化合价三氯乙烯是一种有机化合物,由一分子乙烯与三分子氯气反应得到。
它的化学式为C2H3Cl3,其中乙烯分子中的碳原子的化合价为2,氯原子的化合价为1。
乙烯的化合价为2,氯的化合价为1。
化合价是指元素在化合物中的价态或点式表示中所显示的一种定量化的性质。
它是根据元素与其他元素结合时所表现出的化学性质和化学键的性质来确定的。
化合价的大小决定了元素在化合物中所呈现的化学活性,以及它与其他元素的元素键种类和数目。
在三氯乙烯中,碳原子具有化合价2。
化合价2表示碳原子与氯原子形成的共价键中,碳原子和氯原子都共享了两个电子。
这是因为碳原子原子核外有4个价电子,而氯原子原子核外有7个价电子。
为了使双方都得到最稳定的电子构型,碳原子与氯原子共享2个电子,并形成共价键,得到稳定的化学键。
在三氯乙烯中,乙烯分子的碳原子具有化合价2,而氯原子具有化合价1。
这种化合价组合使得三氯乙烯较为稳定,并具有一定的化学活性。
三氯乙烯常用于工业生产中,例如作为溶剂、去垢剂、消毒剂、防腐剂等。
三氯乙烯还具有较高的挥发性和毒性,因此在使用和处理过程中需要注意安全。
个人观点和理解方面,对于化学化合物的化合价,我认为它不仅仅是对元素化学结构的描述,更是对化学反应和化学键形成的一种解释。
化合价不仅关系到元素和化合物的化学性质,还对于研究元素和化学反应的机理有重要的指导意义。
对于三氯乙烯这种有机化合物来说,化合价的理解尤为重要。
掌握三氯乙烯的化合价,可以更好地了解其化学性质和反应过程。
化合价也与三氯乙烯的应用密切相关。
知道三氯乙烯中碳原子的化合价为2,氯原子的化合价为1,可以更好地理解它在溶剂、去垢剂等方面的应用。
化合价是对元素在化合物中的化学性质和化学键性质的定量描述。
在三氯乙烯这个例子中,碳原子的化合价为2,氯原子的化合价为1。
化合价的理解有助于我们更深入地研究和了解三氯乙烯的化学性质和应用。
参考文献:1. Scott, J. D. (2017). The Nature of Chemical Bonding: Theories and Models. Accessed from:2. Smith, J. C. (2013). Valence Bond Theory: From Chemical Accuracy to Predictive Power. Accessed from: 化合价是对元素在化合物中的化学性质和化学键性质的定量描述。
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Coordination Chemistry IIBonding为了说明配合物的物理和化学性质如配位数、几何构型、磁学性质、光学性质、热力学稳定性和动力学反应性等等。
化学家们相继提出了各种配合物的成键理论即化学键理论,化学键理论主要研究中心原子和配体之间结合力的本性,Kossel(1916)和Magnus(1922)提出了离子模型,经修正及推广应用,发展成较为完善的Electrostatic Theory,能够说明一些配合物性质,如配位数、几何构型和稳定性。
但这个理论把中心原子和配体都看作没有内部结构的点电荷或偶极子,不能用来说明配合物的磁学性质和光学性质。
后来Sidgwick(1923)和Pauling(1928)提出配位共价模型,发展为Valence Bond Theory。
他们考虑了中心原子和配体的结构,能较好说明许多配合物的配位数、几何构型、磁学性质和一些反应活性。
这个理论统治该领域达二十多年,但价键理论只能说明配合物在基态时的性质,而不能说明与激发态有关的性质(如配合物的颜色和光谱),也不能说明同一过渡金属系列中不同配位数的相对稳定性等等。
推广离子模型是在H.Bethe(1929)和J.H.Van Vleck(1932)等人的工作基础上发展起来的,这个模型考虑了中心原子的电子结构,但把配体仍看作是点电荷或偶极子,即考虑了中心原子被引进配体中去后,中心原子结构受到配体的静电场影响而发生的变化,因而可看作是改进的静电理论,通常称为Crystal Field Theory。
晶体场理论没有考虑中心原子和配体的电子轨道重叠,因而用来说明中心原子和配体重叠很少的配合物是比较成功的。
但对于重叠较多的配合物,晶体场理论只能看作是粗糙的近似。
把晶体场理论中导出的分离能∆和场强参数Dq(∆≡10Dq)不用理论数值(实际也难以计算)而用由光谱等实验所得出的经验数值来调整,可以得到较好的结果。
即使如此,晶体场理论仍不能用于特殊低价和特殊高价的配合物,也不能用于羰基配合物、夹心配合物及烯烃配合物等。
Van Vleck(1935)把Molecular Orbital Theory用到配合物化学键的研究中。
这种方法比前面所讲的方法更为严谨,但过于复杂,计算量很大,受到计算机容量不够或耗费机时太多的限制。
因此,还只对少数配合物分子进行了非经验计算,大多数计算都是用各种半经验的分子轨道近似的方法进行的,所得结构的可靠程度大大取决于所用近似方法的精确度。
目前Ligend Field Theory一词没有明确的界定,有人把处理配合物结构的晶体场理论和分子轨道理论结合在一起称为配位场理论,也有人只将晶体场理论称为配位场理论(当然加上了轨道重叠的处理)。
1958年山寺用角重叠模型来简化分子轨道的处理方法,可以得出晶体场的若干参数,大大弥补了以上两个理论的不足,后来经焦更生等人整理成为一般的理论,称为Angular Overlap Theory.1.Valence Bond Theory (VBT )1.1理论要点Pauling 等人于30年代初提出杂化轨道理论,并用该理论处理配合物的形成问题,建立了配合物的价键理论。
该理论的要点为:作为配合物形成体的中心原子提供空的轨道,其轨道数等于配位原子数目,从而同配体形成配位键。
这些轨道要进行杂化,以便能同配体的电子轨道达成最大程度的重叠,生成强的σ键。
当中心原子具有空的价电子轨道,配体有一对或多对孤电子(或有π电子),则由配体提供的电子对进入中心原子的空轨道,于是配体和中心原子共享电子对而形成配位键,如Ag ++2:NH 3 → [H 3N:Ag:NH 3]+即, Ag ++2NH 3 → [Ag(NH 3)2]+配位键的电子云形状是以中心原子和配位原子的核的连线为对称轴的圆柱体,故又称为σ配键,其数目就是中心原子的配位数,如上列反应中有两个Ag-N 配键,故Ag +的配位数为2。
能量相差不大的原子轨道可通过线性组合而构成相同数目的杂化轨道,利用对称性原理和要求杂化轨道的波函数是归一的和相互正交,很容易得出杂化轨道的波函数。
为使配合物有足够的稳定性,中心原子以形成杂化轨道来接受配体的电子对。
例如,Ag +的原子轨道,由于s 轨道和p 轨道能量相差不大,可以通过线性组合来构成数目相同的杂化轨道,ψ1=21(s+p) ψ2=21(s-p)两个sp 杂化轨道分别指向中心原子的直线两端,配体电子对所占轨道必须与中心原子的杂化轨道作最大的重叠,即在杂化轨道极大值的方向与中心原子结合,才能生成稳定的键,因此配合物具有一定的空间构型,故[Ag(NH 3)2]+为直线型结构,其它配位数为2 的配合物也一样。
同理,由一个s 轨道和三个p 轨道,线性组合可以得到四个等价的sp 3杂化轨道,它们分别指向正四面体的四个顶点。
由一个d 、一个s 和两个p 轨道组成的dsp 2杂化轨道,它们分别指向平面正方形的四个顶点。
由原子轨道线性组合而成的杂化轨道列于下表。
根据电子云最大重叠原理,这些杂化轨道的极大值指向配体,配体就在这个方向与中心离子相结合,因而配合物具有一定的空间构型。
1.2高自旋与低自旋第一过渡系列过渡元素有不成对电子,其磁矩同原子中不成对电子数n 有如下关系:()B n n μμ2+=(玻尔磁子)对磁矩的测量,可以知道原子中有几个不成对电子,从而为配合物的结构提供了重要线索。
第一过渡系列金属阳离子未成对电子数与磁矩的关系测定配合物Fe(C 2O 4)33-的磁矩为5.8μB ,即推断中心离子Fe 3+具有5个不成对电子,而Fe 3+为d 5组态,说明Fe 3+与C 2O 42-生成配离子后,其电子结构没有发生变化,配体电子进入sp 3d 2杂化轨道。
3d 4s 4p 4d而Fe(CN)63-的磁矩为2.2μB ,相当于有1个不成对电子,可知Fe 3+形成配合物时,其d 电子发生重排,以空出轨道接受配体的电子对,配体电子对占据d 2sp 3杂化轨道。
3d 4s 4p 4d我们把Fe(C 2O 4)33-类情况,即中心原子的电子结构不受配体的影响,电子排布符合洪特规则(自旋最大状态最稳定),称为高自旋配合物。
在此中心原子d 电子没有发生重排,配体提供的电子对占据最外层的ns 、np 、nd 空轨道,所以又称为outer-orbital complex 。
Fe(CN)63-的情况不同,中心原子d 电子发生重排,减少了不成对电子,称为低自旋配合物。
由于配体的电子对进入中心原子的内层d 轨道,故又称为inner-orbital complex 。
1.3理论应用1. 磁性的解释(顺磁性——有未成对电子;抗磁性——无未成对电子);配位数的解释;几何构型的解释。
2. 热力学稳定性:价键理论认为,(1)采用外层ns 、np 3、nd 2或采用(n-1)d 2、ns 、np 3杂化时,n-1层有空的d 轨道的配合物是不稳定的;(2)由于高自旋配合物的键能低于低自旋,一般低自旋配合物较稳定(但需克服电子成对能)。
例:[Co(NH3)6]Cl3和[Co(NH3)6]Cl2在氧化还原、热力学、热稳定性等方面都具有显著的区别。
前者非常稳定,而后者稳定性较差。
这些性质的不同可用价键理论予以说明。
从磁矩测量证明,[Co(NH3)6]2+仍保持着3个不成对电子,Co2+在生成配合物时电子结构没有改变,并没有因为NH3的配位而改变原有的电子排布,仅仅在它的外层轨道中容纳NH3的电子对,和NH3主要靠静电引力而结合。
Co(®)为d7组态,采用sp3d2杂化:3d 4s 4p 4d这类靠静电引力联系起来的配合物在水溶液中容易离解,热稳定性和氧化还原稳定性也都比较差。
(实际上如采用d2sp3杂化,则必须把1个d电子激发到能量较高的5s轨道上去,此电子易于失去,即Co(NH3)62+易于被氧化成Co(NH3)63+,稳定性差。
)而[Co(NH3)6]3+的磁矩证明,其为反磁性,没有成单电子。
[Co(NH3)6]3+的电子结构和[Co(NH3)6]2+不同,Co3+和配位的NH3相互作用,改变了中心离子的电子排布。
对于Co(Ⅲ)、d6组态来讲,Co(NH3)63+配合物中,Co3+采用d2sp3杂化,即:3d 4s 4p 4d所以该配合物结合紧密,Co3+的电子结构和惰性气体Kr的结构相似,稳定性高。
3. 离域π键[Ni(CN)4]2-Ni2+ 3d84s04p0中心离子采取dsp2杂化平面正方形构型4个σ配键在[Ni(CN)4]2-中,除存在4个σ配键外,还存在一个离域π键。
因为Ni2+除采取dsp2杂化外,还有一空的p z轨道,而九个原子在同一平面上(形成离域π键的原子必须在同一平面上),此时CN-的Πz(充满的)轨道可与之重叠,形成9原子8电子离域π键,增加了[Ni(CN)4]2-的稳定性。
1.4理论的评价价键理论概念明确,模型具体,其假定与化学工作者所熟悉的价键概念相一致,易为化学工作者所接受,能反映配合物的大致面貌,说明配合物某些性质。
例如从杂化轨道的概念说明了配位数和空间构型,高自旋和低自旋的概念。
也在一定程度上定性说明了配合物的氧化还原稳定性、热力学稳定性及配合物的反应性等。
价键理论的缺点主要有;1. 这一理论认为配合物中所有的3d轨道能量均相同, 这是不真实的;2. 3d和4d的能量差较大, 但人为地一会儿用3d, 一会儿又用4d来成键, 至少是不恰当的;3. 稳定性不能定量说明。
如过渡金属与某些配体所形成配合物的稳定性与中心原子的d电子数有如下顺序:d0<d1<d2<d3><d4>d5<d6<d7<d8><d9>d10以上事实用价键理论难以定量地加以说明。
4. 价键理论只是讨论了配合物基态的性质,对激发态无能为力,所以无法解释配合物的颜色及吸收光谱。
5. 对于一些非经典配合物如羰基配合物,二茂铁等不能很好地加以说明。
6. 个别情况不能予以解释。
例:Cu2+为d9组态,其配合物为平面正方形,如[Cu(H2O)4]2+、Cu(NH3)42+。
从价键理论出发进行解释,平面正方形要采用dsp2杂化,这样,Cu2+的一个3d电子必须有要激发到能量较高的4p轨道上去。
3d 4s 4p 4dCu2+:这样的话,这个4p电子容易失去,该配合物会非常不稳定,应具有强还原性,易于氧化成Cu(III),事实相反,Cu(II)配合物非常稳定。
因之,价键理论无法解释这个事实。
2. Crystal Field Theory(CFT)晶体场理论是改进的静电理论(Electrostatic Theory (EST ))。