Why Do We Need Business Process Support Balancing Specialization and Generalization with BP
Why Do We Need Business Process Support? Balancing Specialization and Generalization with BPS SystemsGil Regev, Alain WegmannSwiss Federal Institute of TechnologyEPFL-IC-LAMS CH-1015 Lausannehttp://lamswww.epfl.ch{gil.regev, alain.wegmann}@epfl.chAbstract. Businesses face a changing environment with an uncertain future.They need to specialize their business processes in order to become successfulin the short term. This specialization, however, becomes a problem in the longterm, when conditions change. A BPS system could help the business toachieve and maintain the balance between specialization and generalization.1 IntroductionThe goals and activities defined by business processes can be seen as motivated by the business’s wish to survive in a hostile environment. In this view, business processes regulate the relationships of the business with its internal and external stakeholders [5]. Business processes are often the result of a fit between the needs and capabilities of the internal stakeholders of the business and the opportunities and threats the business identifies in its environment. Changes within the business and in the internal and external environmental conditions disrupt this fit and render business processes inadequate to current conditions. These changes in environmental conditions force the business to change its processes ever so often. These changes could involve an attempt to change the business processes or the conditions that render the processes inadequate or both at the same time.Business processes also need to be stable. If they change too often they disrupt the business’s operational ability and confuse the stakeholders who quickly lose confidence in the business. Moreover, business processes are part of the identity of the business, its very own way of doing things [4]. Changing business processes means changing this identity. This is extremely hard to do, for businesses and people alike. The ever changing environment, however, doesn’t give many options to business’s but to change. It could be said that what business’s want to do least is to change but they don’t have much choices.A continuous reevaluation of processes and conditions is, therefore, needed but some stability of both is also necessary.A business process support (BPS) [1] system, therefore, should help the business to balance both change and stability. Two extreme positions of what a BPS system should be like are the following:361• As a big brother specifying the activities that need to be performed in a process and preventing people from deviating from them• As an advisor helping people to behave responsibly (i.e. to know what is the advisable process for the conditions at hand (select a relevant process template) and advising them on the risks involved in deviating from the defined process).In practice a BPS system will integrate these two positions. To which of these extremes it resembles more depends on the nature of the business, most notably the way it sees itself and its environment.2 What can be learned from BPR about BPS systems?Hammer and Champy [2] say that traditional businesses chopped up the work they performed into independent activities that could be performed with no thinking. Each activity was performed by a specialist who was trained to do only this activity. The result was that even simple things were chopped into small activities that needed to be pasted together. Much of the work of middle management was performed in order to paste these activities together into a meaningful whole delivering value to the customer and controlling the people who perform these activities so that they don’t deviate from them.The result, according to Hammer and Champy, were businesses that were obsessed with pasting and controlling their activities and therefore were internally focused rather than looking externally toward their customers.The cure, prescribed by Hammer and Champy was to see the whole rather than the parts. They defined the whole as the value that the business provides to customers; the parts being the activities necessary for providing this value. Only the strictly necessary activities for the provision of the value were to be performed in the reengineered process. The structure adopted by the business was supposed to be a consequence of the reengineered process. Once the process was known, the necessary structure that should support this process was to be defined.This extreme prescription is recognized, even by Hammer, to have saved businesses by destroying them [3]. We can identify at least three reasons for this:• The total focus on customer value ignores the business’s need to get value such as financial contributions from the customer so that the business doesn’t disintegrate[5].• A business process needs to protect the business from its customers at the same time that it delivers value to them.• Structure doesn’t simply flow from process. Mintzberg et al. [4] see this as “Structure follows strategy…as the left foot follows the right.” Businesses could not simply invent a new structure that corresponds to the reengineered process.Existing businesses are not startups that begin with a clean sheet of paper. Startups, by the way, will soon have a structure that prevents them from changing too.Together with the rhetoric about reengineering business’s that failed to materialize, Hammer and Champy had a few brilliant insights. We list two of them below.Hammer and Champy’s first insight is that traditional business processes were full of controls whose objective was to ensure that the “process was not abused.” These362controls are directly related to the need of the business to get a financial return for its services and to protect itself from threatening customers. In Hammer and Champy’s, view, however, many of these controls ended up costing more than the potential losses the business could incur from the abuses. They thus specify that business processes should be designed with the least number of controls. Only the essential ones are to be kept. Or even better, a new process should be defined that eliminates most of the controls even if this means taking the risk of some abuse. As an example, Hammer and Champy cite automobile insurance companies that don’t check claims that involve only small amounts of money. In order to limit the risk from repair shops overbilling, these insurance companies perform a periodic check of each repair shop’s pattern of repairs. When a pattern doesn’t fit the standard pattern, the insurance company may suspect the repair shop of abuse. Using a BPS system enables the insurance company to identify these patterns and therefore reduce the need for a business process with many controls that specify many specialized activities.Hammer and Champy second insight was that information systems should be used to run business processes by generalists rather than specialists. A similar viewpoint was stated by Gerald and Daniela Weinberg in the 1970s when they argued that [6]:“People are specialists only because our machines are thus far so limited; With properly specialized machines, people could become generalists once more, leaving the specialist strategy where it belongs-with the machines.”The Weinbergs of course, describe an ideal situation that today’s technology cannot satisfy. We can, for example, only dream about everybody doing a little bit of surgery and a little bit of bookkeeping, and a little bit of train driving. Current BPS systems don’t come close to giving us such power. In many business processes, however, it is possible to introduce BPS systems that help people perform several activities rather than only one.3 Balancing specialization and generalizationSome business processes are performed in conditions that are fairly well known and their result needs to be guaranteed because even one or few misses are considered unacceptable. This is, for example, the case of mission critical processes, assembly chain, health care processes etc. In these cases the process is usually known with precision and the actual activities performed should strictly follow the process. We call this kind of process a hard normative process. The activities to be performed and their order depend little or not at all on the opinions of the people running the process. Indeed, the process is designed so that it is independent of such opinions so that the result is continuously guaranteed, regardless of the people who perform the process.Many other processes, an order fulfillment process for example, are somewhat different. The activities to be performed and their order are less rigidly prescribed than those in the hard normative process. Some activities may be omitted (such as credit checking) and the order can be changed (if for example we want to trade off the rapidity with which a sale is performed at the expense of the security of checking the customer’s credit worthiness. Of course, some risks are taken in each one of these alternatives. If time is taken to check the credit history of the customer, it may make363the process run longer and the customer may purchase the goods from another supplier. If on the other hand the rapidity is privileged, the business may end up selling the goods to a customer who may default on the payment. Many other conditions apply for even this simple example. For example, the business may have an ongoing relation with the customer, in which case it may forego credit checking altogether. Credit checking may be deferred and the sale approved with the condition that the credit check proves positive, rather than waiting idle for the credit checking to be processed. We call this kind of processes soft normative processes.Soft normative processes may have different versions as defined by Hammer and Champy. Each version has a set of advantages and risks to it and is triggered by a different set of conditions. However, neither all the options, nor all their associated advantages and risks, nor all the conditions are specifiable in advance, for example when the requirements for the BPS system are defined.When performing soft normative processes People need information about the possible activities to perform for a given business event so that they don’t need to be specialists assigned to just one process. For example, a person assigned to follow through on a customer’s insurance claim is already specialized in this one process even though she may not be specialized in each of the individual activities comprising the process.People need advice on what version of the process to trigger in response to the conditions that they believe are present. They could use information about the potential risks they are incurring if they apply a version that has less or more controls.Detailed modeling of a business process as proposed in [1] may be needed to identify potential risks, advantages and conditions so that the information could be presented to people applying the process. Some of these risks may have disappeared due to changes in the business and/or its environment. Some others may have appeared since the process was last updated. Hence, detailed modeling of the business process is only a prerequisite for its redesign.The problems faced by people and businesses alike are that specialists cannot instantly become generalists, generalists cannot instantly become specialists, and for both generalists and specialists risks and opportunities are not easy to differentiate,A business with a specialist organization cannot transition effortlessly and in a short time into a generalist organization. G eneralists and specialists differ in their outlook on the world, in their education and training.G eneralists,in principle, cannot perform as well as specialists in their area of specialty. They may not have the knowledge that the specialists have internalized. On the other hand, generalists, again in principle, can address a larger range of problems than specialists because they have a more global view. G eneralists can therefore, perform reasonably well in several areas but a specialist will outperform them in each of these areas.Thus, total redesign of a business process is often not a viable option. A BPS system may be used to help the business that performs soft normative processes to transition from a specialized organization to a more generalized one. In summary, a BPS system should help a business to resolve the competing requirements for specialization and generalization as they are described in [6].3643 Ideas for the Requirements of a BPS SystemFor the support of hard normative processes, the BPS system is used to enforce the adherence of the performed activities to those specified in the business process. It should rather be viewed as the “Big Brother” extreme we have defined in the introduction.For the support of soft normative processes where a perfect assessment of current conditions is difficult or impossible to achieve, the BPS system may be better seen as a guide doing its best to advise the business about what processes to perform and how to perform these processes.The following list gives some ideas about the role of such a BPS system:• A BPS system may help a person who performs a process to not specialize in each of the activities. However, some specialization is necessary at least in the specific process itself.• The help provided by the BPS system could be in the form of the outcome expected from the process, the different versions of the process and the conditions under which each version is applicable. These conditions can have the form of an assessment of risks and advantages.• A BPS system can provide generalists with some of the information that a specialists internalizes as knowledge. It cannot, however, provide all of this information. Moreover, simply providing the information (even all of it) will not result in the same efficiency. The BPS system could therefore be used to link generalists with specialists when and where these specialists are needed.• A BPS system can be used to help specialists acquire a more generalized view of a process or set of processes. It could be used to transition these specialists into generalists.The ideas in the list above show that BPS systems can be seen as identical to knowledge management systems. In essence, a BPS system could enable the business as a whole to adopt a mixture of generalized and specialized processes and structure that should help it to adapt the unknown conditions of the future.References1.Ian Alexander, Ilia Bider, G il Regev.REBPS'03: Motivation, Objectives and Overview,CAISE'03 Workshops Proceedings, Klagenfurt, 2003.2. Hammer, M., and Champy, J.Reengineering the Corporation– A Manifesto for BusinessRevolution,Nicholas Brealey Publishing, London, 1994.3. Hammer, M., Beyond Reengineering, HarperCollins, New York, 1996.4. Henry Mintzberg, Bruce Ahlstrand, Joseph Lampel.Strategy Safary– The complete guidethrough the wilds of strategic management, Prentice Hall, London, 1998.5. Gil Regev and Alain Wegmann.Regulation Based Linking of Strategic Goals and BusinessProcesses, Workshop on Goal-Oriented Business Process Mod eling,London, September 2002.6. Weinberg, D. and Weinberg, G. M.,General Principles of Systems Design, Dorset House,New York, 1988.365。
Business_Issues
• Do you know what you are looking for?
– What are we trying to accomplish?
• Behavioral aspect
– If yes, its impact on people? – If not, can we modify existing process to enable automation? (its impact on organization structure/culture)
• Exercise: business process for hiring?
2
Business Processes and Business Fucntions
3
Order Fulfillment Process
Figure 2-1
4
How do Information Systems fit?
Sales and marketing systems
Manufacturing and production systems Finance and accounting systems
Human resources systems
13
Sales and Marketing System
• What BPs can it automate?
9
Exercise: BI from Processing Travelling Claim
• After automating the processing of traveling claim:
国际商务英语写作模板商业计划书
国际商务英语写作模板：商业计划书篇一：商业计划书模板---英文版精编资料商业计划书模板---英文版BUSINESS PLAN TEMPLATEBUSINESS PLAN[My Company]123 Main StreetAnytown, USA 10000123-4567[Your Name][DATE]TABLE OF CONTENTS...商业计划书商业计划书模板---英文版BUSINESS PLAN TEMPLATEBUSINESS PLAN[My Company]123 Main StreetAnytown, USA 10000123-45671[Your Name][DATE]2TABLE OF CONTENTSExecutive Summary ....................................................................................... (1)Management ................................................................................ (2)[Company] History ............................................................................................ . (5)[Product/Service] Description ................................................................................... .. (7)Objectives....................................................................................... . (9)Competitors ................................................................................. .. (10)Competitive Advantages ................................................................................... . (11)Innovation ..................................................................................... . (13)Pricing ............................................................................................ .. (14)Specific Markets .......................................................................................... . (15)Growth Strategy .......................................................................................... . (16)Market Size and Share ............................................................................................... . (17)Targeting New Markets .......................................................................................... .. (18)Location ......................................................................................... (19)Manufacturing Plan .................................................................................................. (20)Research &Development ............................................................................... (21)Historical Financial Data ................................................................................................. .. (22)Proforma Financial Data ................................................................................................. .. (23)Proforma Balance Sheet ............................................................................................... . (26)Cost Control ........................................................................................... (27)Effects of Loan or Investment .................................................................................... . (28)Attachments ................................................................................. . (29)3Executive Summary [My Company] was formed asa [proprietorship, partnership, corporation] in [Month, Year] in [City, State], by [John Doe] in response to the following market conditions:[Startup, growth] opportunities exist in [Product/Service].The need for use of efficient distribution (转载于: 小龙文档网:国际商务英语写作模板：商业计划书)and financial methods in these overlooked markets.[I/We] have several customers who are willing to place large [orders,contracts] within the next three months.Several other prospective [customers/clients] have expressed serious interest in doing business within six months. [I/We] previously owned a company that was active in the widget markets. Over the past few years I spent much time studying ways to improve overall performance and increase profits. This plan is a result of that study. The basic components of this plan are:1. Competitive pricing2. Expand the markets3. Increased advertising4. Lower our unit costs,5. Thereby achieving higher profits.1. Sign contracts2. Increased advertising3. Increase office staffTo this end, [I/we] need investment from private individuals and/or companies. A total of $XXX is being raised which will be used to finance working capital, plant and equipment. The company will be incorporated and common stock issued to investors. The company will be run as a [proprietorship, partnership, corporation].Financial Goals Sales Net Income Earnings pershareYear 1 $25,000 .01 Year 2 $250,000 .12 Year 3 $375,000 .141Management[Name] [Title]??[Experience]??Sales growth from zero to $1,000,000 in five years.??Led market in market share - 30%.Formulated advertising budgets & campaigns.Pioneered new distribution channels. Established national sales force.Established national repair & service centers.Brought new and innovative products to the market.Designed point-of-purchase materials.[Education}University of BostonBoston, MA- Computer SciencesPresidentJohn Q. Doe, Chief Executive Officer, and Director since February 1988 and President since January 1990. Mr. Doe was the founder and Chief Executive Officer of the original operating company known as Random Excess, Inc. He has had experience in the widget field with his own firm, John Doe Co., of Oshkosh (Wisconsin), from 1980 to 1987. This firm was sold to FatCat Widgets, Inc. in 1987.篇二：商务英语写作(商业计划书写作格式)商务英语写作:商业计划书写作格式XX-03-24 13:39:08 来源：爱词霸资讯官网封面(Title page)企业的名称和地址Name and address of business负责人的姓名和地址Name(s) and address(es) of principals企业的性质Nature of business报告机密性的陈述Statement of confidentiality目录(Table of contents)1. 概述/总结(Executive summary)2. 行业及市场分析(Industry analysis)对未来的展望和发展趋势(Future outlook and trends)竞争者分析(Analysis of competitors)市场划分(Market segmentation)行业预测(Industry forecasts)3. 企业的描述(The description of the venture)企业的宗旨和目标（Mission statement and objectives）产品或服务的描述(Description of the product or service)企业的规模(Size of business)产品的进一步开发(Future potential/product development)竞争优势(Competitive advantage)办公设备和人员(Office equipment and personnel)创业者的背景(Backgrounds of entrepreneurs)4. 生产计划(Production plan)制造进程/被分包的数量(Manufacturing process / amount subcontracted)选址(Location)厂房(Physical plant）机械和设备(Machinery and equipment）原材料的供给情况(Sources of raw materials to be supplied)生产能力和提高的可能性(Output limitations，if any，and scale-up possibilities）质量控制计划(Quality control plans)5. 营销计划(The marketing plan)定价(Pricing)分销(Distribution)促销(Promotion)产品预测(Product forecasts)预见的涨价(Anticipated mark-up)竞争对手的反映(Competitors’response)市场份额预测(Market share projection)控制(Controls)6. 组织计划(Organizational plan)所有权的形式(Form of ownership)合作者或主要股权所有人的身份(Identification of partners or principal shareholders)负责人的权利(Authority of principals)管理层成员的背景(Management team background)组织成员的角色和责任(Roles and responsibilities of members of organization)7. 风险与对策分析(Assessment of risks)企业弱点的评价(Evaluate weakness if business)新技术(New technologies)应急计划(Contingency plan)8. 财务计划(Financial plan)各类业绩比率和投资回报(Summary of performance ratios, ROI etc.)销售预测(Sales forecasts)财务预测的假设(Assumptions underpinning financial forecasts)损益表(Income statement / Profit and lossstatement)预测现金流量表(Cash flow projections)资产欠债预估表(Pro forma balance sheet)量本利分析(Break-even analysis)资金来源和运用(Sources and applications of funds)9. 融资需求(Financing requirements)融资前的活动小结(Summary of operations prior to financing)此刻的股东和未付债款(Current shareholders, loans outstanding)资金需要量及时间(Funds required and timing)投资回报(The deal on offer)资本欠债比率和盈利与利息比率(Anticipated gearing and interest cover)投资者退出方式(Exit routes for investors)附录(Appendix)1. 管理人员简历(Management team biographies)2. 职业咨询人员背景(Names and details of professional advisors)3. 技术参数和图纸(Technical data and drawings)4. 专利、版权、设计等(Details of patents,copyright, designs）5. 审计的报表(Audited accounts)6. 信件(Letters)7. 市场调研数据(Market research data)8. 租约或合同(Leaser or contracts)9. 供给商的报价单(Price lists from suppliers)10. 客户的定单(Orders from customers)篇三：英文商业计划书模板英语商业计划书（Business Plan）第一讲：概述第二讲：现状分析第三讲：目标肯定第四讲：组织结构第五讲：产品分析第六讲：市场分析第七讲：市场策略第八讲：生产分析第九讲：财务分析第十讲：附件第一讲：概述(executive summary)概述是整个商业计划的第一部份，相当于整个商业计划的浓缩，使整个商业计划的精华所在。
mutual例句
mutual例句1. Mutual respect is the key to a great friendship. You know, like how two trees in a forest support each other without asking for anything in return. For example, me and my best friend, we always listen to each other's opinions, no matter how crazy they seem. If I say I want to start a business selling handmade candles, he doesn't laugh at me. Instead, he gives me some really good advice on how to make it work. That's mutual respect right there.2. We need to have mutual understanding in a relationship. It's like two dancers who have to be in sync. Let's say you're dating someone. Sometimes you might be in a bad mood and not want to talk much. Your partner should understand that it's not because of them. Just like when they're super busy with work and can't go on a date, you should be okay with it too. My sister and her boyfriend are like that. They understand each other's situations and it makes their relationship so much stronger.3. Mutual trust is as precious as a diamond. Imagine you're ona journey with a friend, and you have to rely on each other to get through tough times. In a group project at school, I trusted myteammate completely. I knew he would do his part well, and he trusted me too. He was responsible for the research part, and I was in charge of the presentation. We didn't keep checking on each other every five minutes. We just knew we could count on one another. That's what mutual trust is all about.4. Mutual admiration can make a person feel on top of the world. It's kind of like two stars shining brightly in the sky, each making the other look even more beautiful. I once met an artist and a writer. The artist was amazed by the writer's words, and the writer was in awe of the artist's paintings. They would always praise each other's work. “Your paintings are like windows to another world,” the writer would say. And the artist would reply, “Your words are like magic spells.” Their mutual admiration was so inspiring.5. In a team, mutual cooperation is a must. It's like all the parts of a machine working together to make it run smoothly. Take a soccer team, for instance. The strikers can't score goals without the midfielders passing them the ball. And the defenders need to work together to stop the other team from scoring. When I played in alocal soccer league, our team understood this well. We practiced together, passed the ball to each other, and covered for one another. That's the power of mutual cooperation.6. Mutual support can be a real lifesaver. It's like having a warm blanket on a cold night. My neighbor was going through a tough time financially. Instead of just feeling sorry for him, the whole neighborhood pitched in. We all gave a little bit of what we could. Some donated food, some helped with his kids' schoolwork. He was so grateful, and it made our community feel closer. It shows that when we offer mutual support, we can get through hard times together.7. Mutual benefit is a smart way to do business or even make friends. It's like a two - way street. If you're a freelancer, for example, and you team up with another freelancer who has different skills. You can refer clients to each other. I know two graphic designers. One is really good at logo design, and the other is great at web design. They often recommend each other to their clients. They both benefit from this relationship, and it helps them grow their businesses.8. Mutual enjoyment in a hobby can bring people closer. It's like two birds singing the same song. My dad and his friend love fishing. They can spend hours by the river, sharing stories, and enjoying the peace and quiet. They don't even care if they catch a lot of fish or not. Just the fact that they both love fishing and can do it together makes them happy. That's the beauty of mutual enjoyment in a hobby.9. Mutual growth is something we should all strive for in a relationship. It's like two plants growing side by side, helping each other reach for the sun. In a study group, my classmates and I pushed each other to learn more. If one of us understood a difficult concept, we would explain it to the others. And when we all faced a tough assignment, we worked together to find solutions. We grew not only in knowledge but also in our ability to work as a team.10. Mutual honesty is the foundation of any real connection.It's like a clear mirror that shows who you really are. I had a friend who once borrowed some money from me. Instead of making up excuses when he couldn't pay it back right away, he was honestwith me about his situation. I really appreciated that. And I was also honest with him when I had some issues. Because of our mutual honesty, our friendship remained strong.In conclusion, mutual things like respect, understanding, trust, etc. are super important in different aspects of our lives. They can make our relationships better, whether it's with friends, family, partners, or colleagues.。
商务原因英文作文
商务原因英文作文英文：As a business professional, I have encountered various situations where I needed to explain my decisions or actions due to business reasons. It is important to communicate effectively in these situations to maintain good relationships with clients and colleagues.One common reason for business decisions is cost-cutting. For example, if a client requests a certain service that is too expensive, I may need to explain that we cannot provide that service at that price due to budget constraints. In this case, I would explain the reasons for the cost and offer alternative solutions that fit within their budget.Another reason for business decisions is time constraints. For example, if a project deadline is approaching, I may need to explain why certain tasks cannotbe completed within the given timeframe. In this case, I would explain the reasons for the delay and offer solutions to ensure the project is completed on time.中文：作为一名商务人士，我遇到过各种需要因商务原因解释我的决定或行动的情况。
鼓励创业英语作文
鼓励创业英语作文Encouraging Entrepreneurship。
Entrepreneurship is the backbone of a thriving economy. It drives innovation, creates jobs, and fosters economic growth. Encouraging and supporting entrepreneurs is essential for the success of any economy. In this essay, we will discuss the importance of entrepreneurship and the ways in which we can encourage and support aspiring entrepreneurs.First and foremost, entrepreneurship is crucial for driving innovation. Entrepreneurs are often the ones who come up with new ideas and bring them to life. They are the ones who challenge the status quo and push the boundaries of what is possible. Without entrepreneurs, we would not have many of the technological advancements and breakthroughs that we enjoy today. Therefore, it is important to encourage and support entrepreneurship in order to foster a culture of innovation.Furthermore, entrepreneurship creates jobs and drives economic growth. Small businesses and startups are often the biggest job creators in an economy. By encouraging and supporting entrepreneurship, we can create more job opportunities for people and reduce unemployment. Additionally, successful entrepreneurs often reinvest their profits into their businesses or other ventures, which further stimulates economic growth. This is why it is crucial to support and encourage entrepreneurship in order to create a more prosperous society.So how can we encourage and support aspiring entrepreneurs? There are several ways to do this. Firstly, we can provide access to resources and support networks for entrepreneurs. This can include mentorship programs, business incubators, and access to funding. By providing aspiring entrepreneurs with the resources and support they need, we can help them turn their ideas into successful businesses.Secondly, we can create a regulatory environment thatis conducive to entrepreneurship. This means reducing red tape and bureaucratic hurdles that often hinder small businesses and startups. By streamlining the process of starting and running a business, we can make it easier for entrepreneurs to bring their ideas to life.In addition, we can also promote entrepreneurship through education and training. By teaching young people about entrepreneurship and providing them with the skills and knowledge they need to start and run a business, we can inspire the next generation of entrepreneurs.Finally, we can celebrate and showcase successful entrepreneurs in order to inspire others. By highlighting the stories of successful entrepreneurs, we can show aspiring entrepreneurs that it is possible to turn their dreams into reality.In conclusion, entrepreneurship is crucial for driving innovation, creating jobs, and fostering economic growth. In order to encourage and support aspiring entrepreneurs, we can provide access to resources and support networks,create a regulatory environment that is conducive to entrepreneurship, promote entrepreneurship through education and training, and celebrate and showcase successful entrepreneurs. By doing so, we can create a more vibrant and prosperous economy for all.。
《高级综合商务英语1》参考答案
高级商务英语系列教材总主编：叶兴国王光林高级综合商务英语1主编：彭青龙（习题答案）外语教学与研究出版社Unit 1 GlobalizationLead-in1. Quiz1) B 2) C 3) D 4) A 5) A2. A Mini CaseSuggested answers:●As Zara continues to expand, it might have to open other distribution centers onother continents. Language, culture, and work relations may vary significantly from the closely-managed operation currently in place in Spain. The company may run into more specific challenges in accommodating customers‘requirements due to a lack of cultural sensitivity. Zara‘s expansion globally may pose the challenge of moving from a more centralized management style to a more global style.●Lorena needs to ensure that she has a truly international team in place withmembers from both multilingual and multicultural background; draw up a plan on how global logistics will support global expansion; start a succession plan and train new logistics managers who could be ready to take on overseas responsibilities; and encourage store managers to include suggestions on cultural specifics which may help in making the final product and brand expansion successful.Text AI.Reading Comprehension1.Determine whether the following statements are true or false. Write a T fortrue, an F for false, and an NG for not given.1) T 2) F 3) T 4) F 5) F 6) T 7) T 8) F 9) T 10) NG2.Essay Questions1)The modern multinational companies have had passed through three phases. Firstcame the 19th-century ―international model‖, with firms based in their home country and selling goods through overseas sales offices. This was followed by the classic multinational firm in which the parent company created smaller versions of itself in countries around the world. And now it has been replaced by a single integrated global entity in which the firm will move people and jobs anywhere in the world, based on the right cost, the right skills and the right business environment.2)The big attractions from emerging markets are low-cost labor, highly skilledpersonnel, and a chance to cooperate with the government as a potential customer.3)They are lacking the management talents who can practice and support businessoperating models that will allow them to generate profitable growth in more mature markets over the long term.4)The single biggest challenge facing Western multinationals is the lack ofemerging-market experience in their senior ranks. Moreover, multinationals have great trouble retaining the managers they do have in emerging markets.―Well-trained, good, honest people are scarce in emerging markets. Multinationals are better at training these people than emerging-market companies, which prefer to poach them once they are trained.‖II.Blank-filling: Complete the following sentences with the words given in the box. Change the form when necessary.1) cutting-edge 2) commoditized 3) aggressive 4) forge 5) benchmark 6) blueprint 7) expatriates 8) deploy 9) ferocious 10) substantial III.Paraphrasing1.Rewriting: Rewrite the underlined part of each sentence in your own words.1) ―In the 97 years of the company‘s history, never had a particular kind of product or merchandise been managed outside the U.S.,‖he says excitedly, noting that ―Latin America now reports to Shanghai.‖2) But the assault on its services business led by a trio of Indian outsourcing upstarts, Tata Consulting Services, Infosys and Wipro, posed a big threat to the field that might be the main sources of growth for the company as expected by Mr. Palmisano.3) In many emerging markets the most attractive potential customer is the government, because of the government‘s urgent needs to improve the infrastructure facilities in a wide range, from the mobile telephone networks to roads, airports and ports, energy and water supply.4) A 2007 study of China‘s top 200 publicly traded companies found that it is still difficult even for the leading companies in China to compete with those global giants.5) American multinationals now have a ―ferocious interest in attracting non-Americans to the board‖, but they can find only a few qualified executives from the European countries, not to mention those from emerging markets.2. Sentence Transformation: Complete the following sentences based on the structures given.1) Because of the fact that hot labor markets in emerging markets are causing extremely high turnover rates, every big multinational is aiming to win the ―war for talent‖ and taking it as one of the most urgent issues.2) It is believed that as a big multinational company it enjoys advantages in recruiting and retaining talented managers than the local competitors.3) Despite the growth of their revenue which increased on the back of China‘s continued economic growth, they could only create half of the value of their global competitors.4) No longer the ―young bucks or retirement-posing types‖as they used to be,nowadays the expatriate managers appointed by multinationals to work in emerging markets are generally of a much higher quality.5) Compared with those old multinationals, the firms in emerging markets are typically lacking the depth of management talent, though the founders are often impressive.IV.Translation1.Sentence Translation1) 这一雄心勃勃的策略是对来自新兴市场的激烈竞争做出的回应。
TED英语演讲：创业公司如何才能成功_英语演讲稿_
TED英语演讲：创业公司如何才能成功Bill Gross,他是“安静的巨鲨”。
在20xx年内，他把一个小创业公司打造成由100多个公司组成的商业帝国。
这位商业巨佬亲自传授他的创业方法。
下面是小编为大家收集关于TED英语演讲：创业公司如何才能成功，欢迎借鉴参考。
创业公司如何才能成功演讲者：Bill GrossI'm really excited to share with you some findings that really surprise me about what makes companies succeed the most, what factors actually matter the most for startup success.I believe that the startup organization is one of the greatest forms to make the world a better place.非常高兴，能够与你们分享一些使我感到十分惊讶的发现。
这些发现是关于什么最能使公司成功以及对于创业公司，什么因素最要紧。
我相信，创业组织是使世界成为更好的地方的最伟大的形式之一。
If you take a group of people with the right equity incentives and organize them in a startup, you can unlock human potential in a way never before possible. You get them to achieve unbelievable things.But if the startup organization is so great, why do so many fail? That's what I wanted to find out.如果你能用合适的股权激励来召集一帮人并且把他们组织起来创业的话你就能以前所未有的方式释放了人类潜能。
为什么企业要承担社会责任的英语作文
为什么企业要承担社会责任的英语作文Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become increasingly important in today's society. 企业社会责任在当今社会变得越来越重要。
Companies are expected to not only focus on profitability but also contribute to the well-being of society. 企业被期待不仅关注利润，还要为社会福祉做出贡献。
There are several reasons why businesses should take on social responsibility. 企业应当承担社会责任的原因有许多。
Firstly, businesses have a significant impact on the environment and communities in which they operate. 首先，企业对其经营环境和社区有着重要的影响。
By adopting sustainable practices and supporting local communities, companies can help create a more positive impact on society. 通过采取可持续的做法并支持当地社区，企业可以帮助创造对社会更为积极的影响。
This can lead to increased trust from consumers and other stakeholders, ultimately benefiting the company's reputation and bottom line. 这可以导致消费者和其他利益相关者对企业的信任增加，最终有益于公司的声誉和利润。
如何使团队更好的和有效的跨文化沟通英文
Many enterprises have tended to be flattened, making the cross-sectoral，cross—cultural communication between the communication and cooperation is more frequent。
Departments have equal status，there is no superior—subordinate relationship，supposedly interpersonal communication should be relatively easy。
But the reality of the situation is that the cost of coordination between departments is quite high，the cost of such communication exists not only in the large—scale organization，is also plagued by small and medium—sized companies.Many things, in fact, is not complicated, but the poor communication between people，that you want to move out of the boss，even to coordinate boss’s boss. Around in a big circle, and take a long detour, you and me his valuable time wasted。
As the saying goes, a waste of time is a waste of money，this is actually a high interpersonal communication costs. There is a saying that very directly，to move out of the boss to coordination，is his ability to communicate incompetent。
英语语言学
Unit 1.The Origin of LanguageTo learn a language, we must learn from its origin. The first unit of the book, Towards a Good Understanding of the English Language, is the origin of language. Taking about the western culture, the Bible is the most important stuff. The Bible has a so important influence on the western culture that the origin of language also can be related to the Bible.I want to devide the text A into three parts. The first part is about three stories of the origin of language. And the second and the third parts are all talking about the various theories of the origin of language.There are totally three stories of the Bible mentioned in the first part of the textbook which are about the origin of the language.The first one is the story of the Tower of Bable. It tells us why there are so many different languages in the world.The second one may be the ealiest to tell the origin of language. According to the Christian beliefs, the language was God‟s gift to mankind.The third one is about some conjectures. Andreas Kemke, a swede, has his conjecturing that in the gadern of Eden Adam spoke in Danish, the serpent in French, and the deity in Swedish, but it more ahout the Kemke than the origin og language. And there are two experiments of recreating the conditions which the theorists consider necessary for the origin of language. The ancient Egyptian king Psammetichus was one of the theosists. Accoring to his analysis, he dediceded that children would naturaly speak Phrygian and that Phrygian was an “older”language than Egyptian.Another one who wanted to study the origin of the language is James IV of Scotland in the early sixteenth century. And the result was that his children reportedly spoke “good Hebrew”.Human beings always want to explore the unknown things and miraculous world, and the origin of language is one of them. In China, there is a peison named Cang Jie who is the invebtor of Chinese charactors in legend. In the Bible, there is a story that language is a God‟s gift to mankind. However, what is the truth that how language began and arise?Scientific interpretations hold that language is human invention, and language originated in the process of labor. There are four steps of the labor which is the Bow-wow theory, the Pooh-pooh theory, the Yo-he-ho theory and the evolution theory. Language together with labor makes us human.In the third part of the text A, some people‟s research results have been listed who contributed to the studies of the origin of language.There are two theories impressed me the most. The first is Merlin Donald‟s coevolution. I am very interested in his theory. The reason that language appeared is that people needed a way to communitate to others and let the civilization pass by. I totally agree with the words he writes that “A shared communitative culture, with sharing of mental representations to some degree, must have come first, before language, creating a social environment in which language would have been usefuland adaptive.”And also a theory named mirror neurons is very important. This is from the aspect of biology. “Mirror neurons will do for psychology what DNA did for biology: they will provide a unifying framenwork and help explain a host of mental abilities that have hitherto remained mysterious and inaccessible to experiments”. To be honest, I don‟t understand this sentence‟s meaning. But I am also interested in this theory. The development of human beings from ape men is because the evolution of the cerebrum and the appearance of language is the reflection of the development of the original society. I have always been interested in the origination of life, and also the origins of civilization. If there will be a changce to know more about this theory of mirror neurons, it would be perfect.I learned the Bible in this semaster and knew that every aspect in the western culture can be related to the Bible. And the origin of language also has the relationship with the Bible. We don‟t need to find evidence to support whether this theoty is true. This is their religious belief, and this is a part of their culture. Though learning of these bibilical stories, I can understand the Jewish culture deeeper and remember more background knowledge.However, there is also something that I can‟t remember, including those people who are named Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Terrence Deacon, and Merlin Donald and thoeries mentioned in the third parts. Although I am interested in the theory of mirror neurons, it is also very difficult for me to understand. But this part really let me feel very professional and feel like a major in language‟ student. However, these may be too professional to understand and to remember.The origin of language in the western culture is very attractive, and it is very different from Chinese culture. This lesson gives me a changce to be close to the original world and a more professional space.Unit 2 English as a Globle LanguageWe are a group of students who are major in English, and some of us will be a translator or interpreter in the future. According to the biblical story which is named the Tower of Bable, there are so many languages that people who speak two types of languages cannot understand each other. Therefore, thanslation has played a central role in human interaction for thousands of years. However, if there is a global language and everyone in the world can understand it, there is no need for translating or interpreting and people can communicate fluently with all the people. So this unit 2 is talking about the global language.The text A is about “Why do we need a global language?” and there is a phrase called “lingua franca”. Lingua franca is a language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing a mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both mother tongues. Lingua francas have arisen around the globe throughout human history, sometimes for commercial reasons but also for diplomatic and administrative convenience, and as a means of exchanging information between scientists and other scholars of different nationalities.There are some reasons the text A has given that why we need a global language.In communities where only two or three languages are in contact, bilingualism (or trilingualism) is a possible solution, for most young people can acquire more than one language with unselfconscious ease. But in communities where there are many languages in contact, as in muvh of Africa and South-east Asia, such a natural solution does not readily apply. The problem has traditionally been solved by finding a language to act as a lingua franca, or “common language”.The geographical extent to which a lingua franca can be used is entirely governed by political factors. Many Lingua Franca extend over quite small domains-between a few ethnic groups in one part of a single country, or linking the trading populations of just a few countries, as in the West African case.The prospect that a lingua franca might be needed for the whole world is something which has emerged strongly only in the twentieth century, and since the 1950s in particular. The chief international forum for political communication-the United Nations dates only from 1945. At a more restricted level, multinational regional or political grounpings have come into being. The pressure to adopt a single langua franca, to facilitate communication in such contexts, is considerable, the alternative being expensive and impracticable multi-way translation facilities.The need for a global language is particularly appreciated by the international academic and business communities, and it is here that the adoption of a single lingua franca is most in evidence, both in contacts being made daily all over the global.Language choice is always one of the most sensitive issues facing a planning committee. Usually a small number of languagea have been designated official languages for an organization‟s activities: for example, the UN was established with five official languages -English, French, Spanish, Russian and Chinese. The common situation is one where a committee does not have to be involved-where all the participants at an international meeting automatically use a single language, as autilitarian measure (a “working language”), because it is one which they all have come to learn for separate reasons. This situation seems to be slowly becoming a reality in meetings around the world, as general competence in English now.“Could anything stop a language, once it achieves a global status?‟. The short answer must be “yes”. If language dominance is a matter of political and especially economic influence, then a revolution in the balance of global language. The accuracy and speed of real-time automatic translation is undoutedly going to improve dramatically in the next twenty-five to fifty years, but it is going to take much longer before this medium becomes so globally widespread and so economically accessible to all, that is poses a threat to the current availability and appeal of a global language. And during this time frame, all the evidence suggests that the position of English as a global language is going to become stronger. By the time automatic translation matures as a popular communicative. It will be very interesting to see what happens then-whether the presence of a global language will eliminate the demand for world translation services, or whether the economics of automatic translation will so undercut the cost of global language learning that the later will become otiose. It will be an interesting battle 100 years from now.As an English major student, I feel proud but also have a lot of pressure. In the future, English may be lingua franca, and is used widely. It is a wonderful changce for me. In contract, that means all of people who live in the earth can speak English, and my major skill becomes a common sense. I have no superiority.After learning the unit 2, I feel that it gives me confidence and also pressure. I need not only to continue working hard, but to enrich my knowledge. Maybe I cannot live until the English becoming the lingua franca, but just do as the saying: “Grap the opportunity, and face the challenge”.Unit 3 Sound in the English LanguageFor languages learners, there are four basic skills which are listening, speaking, reading and unit 1 and unit 2, there is a specific introduction of the origin of language and the importance of English which has been becoming the global language. Therefore, the unit 3 introduces an aspect of English and the foru basic skills are also based on this aspect. That is sounds in the English language.First of all, it is the importance of sounds. All of the languages in the world are a tool to communicate. In China, there is Chinese for people who speak Chinese to communicate, and so English, French, and Italian are. The point is speaking. A language is not only written on the book, but also and more important for talking to others and expressing people‟s thoughts. Therefore, at the very beginning of learning a language, learning how to pronunce is the first step. And the text A of the unit 3 has introduced some concept of the sounds in the English language.Let‟s first take a look at the basic mechanism that is used to produce speech sound in English and in most Indo-European language. The first phase in the process of articulation is called pulmotic egressive mechanism, meaning that source of the air to be used in speech is the lungs and that the direction of the airflow is outward. It is important to note as other certain speech sounds.As the air leaves the lungs it continues upward in the windpipe, and enters the so-called vocal tract, where it is modified in various ways by the movements of the speech organs called articulators. All speech sounds can be classified according to where in the vocal tract this modification takes place and how exactly this modification is carried out. As a third term in the description of speech sounds, we can specify how active the vocal cords are: whether they vibrate (in voiced sounds) or not (in the voiceless sounds).There are some concepts. What are segmental features of speech? The features mentioned above characterize individual segments, that is, speech sounds-manner; place and voicing are the so-called segmental features of speech. Larger chunks of pronunciation also have characteristics of their own- theses are the so-called suprasegmental features.The title of the text A is Phonetics and Phonology. Let‟s take a look at the conceptions of Phometics and Phonology. The scientific study of the segmental and suprasegmental features of speech is called phnonetics. And a different point of view is taken by the branch of linguistics called phonology. The phonology is deals with speech and sounds, and it borrows the terms and notions of phonetica, but it only uses them as tools to achieve the ultimate objective: describe the functions the segments have in speech, the relationships they contract with each other and the various systems and patterns they constitute.The title of text C is Pronunciation for international intelligibility. Until very recently few teachers or learners really questioned the idea that in order to be understood when speaking English, students would need to get as close as possible in their pronnciation to one of the dominant native-speaker accents,such as Received Pronunciation, the standard British accent, or GA, the USA equivalent.There is a paragraph which the professor asked us to remember. “Joanne Kenworthy, in Teaching English Pronunciation, puts forward the concept of comfortableintelligibility as a suitable goal for the majority of learners. The term is slef-explanatory, but does not actually pin down which features of English pronunciation need to be learned in order to attain this intelligibility. With this problem in mind, perhaps, Bryan Jenner attempted to determine …what all native speakers of all varietied aheb in common which enables them to communicate effectively with native speakers of varieties other than their own‟. The results of his analyisis were brought together in the Common Core, which is a list of the features of English pronunciation Jenner considered essential for intelligibility anywhere in the world.”For the unit 3, I think it is too difficult for me to understand. Because there are too many professional words in this unit that I cannot really understand. Like the phonetics and phonology, I may remember their meanings this semester, but one year later I can‟t make sure whether they will still in my mind.Just from the aspect of academic, this unit is wonderful. There are many new concepts for me, and gives me a system of what I have learned about the sounds in college. In class, the teacher used many time to explain the text B. It is very useful, because our class didn‟t have the class of pronunciation and my pronunciation is not very good. The exlanatory of the text B not only provides us some spcific knowledge of English pronunciation, but also gives me a chance to improve my pronunciation.As I said above, learing sounds is very important. However, I don‟t really understand this unit, so I may study this unit again in this winter vacation.Unit 5 Sentence Structures in the English Language As a student who is major in English, the speaking, listening, reading and writing are the basic skills. The grammar is the basis of these skills, and the unit 5 is about the sentence structure in the English language.The text A is talking about the syntax. First, what is the meaning of syntax? The part of the grammar that represents a speaker‟s knowledge of sentences and their structures is called syntax. Part of what we mean by syntactic structure is word order. The meaning of a sentence depends largely on the order in which words occur in a sentence. Howeverm sometimes, a change of word order has no effect on meaning. The grammars of all languages include rules of syntax that reflect speakers‟knowledge of these facts.The text A also introduces the “grammatical or ungrammatical”. In English and in every language, every sentence is a sequence of words, but not every sentence of words is a sentence. Sequences of words that conform to the rules of syntax are well-formed or grammatical, and those that violate the syntactic rules are lii formed or ungrammatical.There is a question in the textA which is “What grammaticality is not based on”. The ability to make grammaticality judgements does not depend on having heard the sentence before. But you syntactic knowledge tells you that it is grammatical. Grammaticality judgements do not depend on whether the sentence is meaningful or not. Although thses sentences do not make sense, they are syntactically well formed. You may understand ungrammatical sequences even though you know they are not well formed. On the other hand, grammatical sentences may be uninterpretable if they include nonsense strings, that is, words with no agreed-on meaing. Some sentences are amusing because they comply with syntactic rules and sound like good English. Grammaticality does not depend on the truth of sentences, if it did, lying would be impossible. Nor does it depend on whether real objects are being discussed, nor on whether something is possible. Untrue sentences can be grammatical, sentences discussing unicorns can be grammatical, and sentences referring to pregnant fathers can be grammartical.Accordng to the text B, there is a theory of the sentence structure which can be performed by a tree convey. I feel this part is both easy and dificult. It is eacy because the professor explained the contents specificly in the class. The professor used the “S”to represent the sentence, the “NP”to represent the noun phrase, “VP”to the verb phrase and so on. In this way, the tree conveys are much easier. However, it is also difficult for our students, because this theory is still under study, and this tree conveys are the basic one and the simplest one. If there is not a teacher who can explain this theory for me, it is difficult to understand and master the basic tree conveys just depended on the textbook. But there are many examples in the text B and it is very helpful for me to understand. For example, the example sentence is “The child found the puppy”, and the exlanatory words are “the …tree‟is upside down with its …root‟being the entire sentence, The child found the puppy, and its …leaves‟being the individual words, the , child, found, the puppy. The tree conveys the same informationas the nested parentheses, but more clearly. The groupings and subgroupings reflect the hierachical structure of the tree. The tree diagram shows among other things that the phrase found the pippy divides naturally into branches, one for the verb found and the other for the direct object the puppy. A different division, say f ound the and puppy, is unnatural”. If there is no the tree diagram, I can‟t understand these exlanatory words. Therefore, I think this is the best point of this unit. Not onlt the text B, but also the text A also has a lot of examples to help us to understand these concepts and theories.Some students feel that it is useless for us to learn the structure of sentences, because we all know how to write a sentence and know the grammar. In contract, I feel it is necessery for us who are the major in English. I have two reasons. The first one is based on the academic aspect. We learn a language, not only need to learn how to use it, but also need to know why we use it in that way. Through this book “Towards a Good Understanding of the English Language”, we learned the origin of language, the global language, the sounds in the English language and the words in the English language, the final one is the sentence structures in the English language. This is a process which progresses step by step, and to study a language deeply. The second reason is realier. Nowadays, there are more and more people who can speak English as second language, even speak another language as their third language. So what is our superiority as an English major student? We must study English deeply and more professional than them. Therefore, to learn more professional aspects of English, not only those basic skills, is the important weapon for us to fight with them in the workplaces in the future.。